270:
tape path before and after the capstan and roller assemblies. The amount of tape in the column is controlled by four optical or vacuum sensors on the sides of the columns. The control electronics keep the curve of the tape loop between the two inner sensors, cueing the supply reel to feed more or stop, and the take-up reel to take more or stop, as necessary. The outer two sensors, at the very top and bottom of the columns, serve to sense malfunctions in the feed mechanism during operation, prompting the control electronics to shut off all operation of the tape transport and vacuum system to prevent damaging the tape. Because of the tension provided by the vacuum columns and the design of the tape path, tape is usually kept in sufficient contact with the relatively high-friction coating on the capstan that a pinch roller is not used.
310:
beginning-of-tape (BOT) and end-of-tape (EOT) marks. 10 feet (3.0 m) of leader and trailer tape is sufficiently long to allow the tape to go down and up the air columns and wrap around the hub a few times. The extra 4 feet (1.2 m) in the trailer is to allow the operating system space to write a few blocks of data after the EOT mark to finalize the tape data segment in a multi-volume dataset. Operators commonly clip off a few inches of leader tape when it becomes frayed. If the leading reflective strip becomes detached from the tape it becomes difficult to read the data, since the BOT point of the dataset is no longer easily located and BOT orientation is nearly impossible. When this happens a new BOT strip is added to the tape and its former data is considered lost.
467:. The primary advantages of the 3400 system are the higher data density (6250 BPI) and support of the "autoloader" cartridge, first seen in the IBM 2420 model 7. Prior to the autoloader cartridge, tapes were sealed in a plastic "tape seal belt" that surrounded the reel and provided contamination protection and rack-hanging capability. The 3420's autoloader cartridge enables the tape operator to mount the reel directly on the hub without having to remove the seal belt. This provides a significant time saving and reduces operator errors, since the operator does not have to remove/replace the belt or thread the tape onto the take-up reel.
571:
254:
and onto the take-up reel, installing three or four winds of tape to provide enough friction for the take-up motor to be able to pull the tape. The operator then initiates an automatic sequence, often by a single press of a button, that closes the protective window, starts the vacuum system, then moves the tape forward until the beginning-of-tape (BOT) foil strip is detected by an optical sensor in the tape path. The control electronics then indicate to the controlling computer that the unit is ready for operation.
555:
122:
583:
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274:
out of its path. Unlike most audio tape systems, the capstan and head assemblies are always in contact with the tape, even during fast forward and reverse operations, only moving the head assembly away from the tape path during high-speed rewind. On some units, manufacturers provided a "fast search" capability which can move the tape quickly a certain number of blocks, then bring the tape to a halt and go back to read the requested data at normal speed.
528:
516:
230:
25:
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130:
500:(if IBM equipment is used) or ASCII, and are either "labeled" (if the data is preceded by a tape header, typically containing a tape name and date), "unlabeled" (if the tape contains no header) or have a "non-standard label" (the tape has a header, but it does not conform to the format expected by the equipment used to read the tape).
253:
To load a tape, an operator removes the protective ring (frequently called a "tape seal belt" because its purpose is to prevent humidity and dust on the media) from the outside of the tape reel and installs the tape on the supply hub, then threads the tape leader through the various roller assemblies
285:
The above describes a typical transport system; however, manufacturers engineered many alternative designs. For example, some designs use a horizontal transport deck where the operator simply sets the tape reel in the supply reel bay, closes the door and presses the load button, then a vacuum system
273:
Tape motion on many systems is bidirectional, i.e. tape can be read either forward or backward at the request of the controlling computer. Because the supply vacuum column keeps a small, constant tension in the reverse direction, the capstan can feed backwards without the tape bunching up or jumping
269:
The vacuum system provides a physical buffer between the precision movements of the capstan and the large movements of the reels by storing a short length of tape in the vacuum column under relatively low tension. The vacuum columns are chambers open at one end, the openings being in line with the
237:
A typical 9-track unit consists of a tape transport—essentially all the mechanics that moves tape from reel to reel past the read/write and erase heads—and supporting control and data read/write electronics. The transport typically consists of a supply motor, a take-up motor, hubs for locking the
246:, miscellaneous rollers which keep the tape in a precise path during operation, and vacuum columns which prevent tape 'snatch'. Data can become corrupted by stretched tape or variations in tape speed, so the transport has to guide the tape through without damaging its edges, move it with minimal
309:
9-track tapes have reflective stickers placed on the non-data side 10 feet (3.0 m) from the beginning of the tape and 14 feet (4.3 m) from the end of the tape to facilitate signaling the hardware to prevent the tape from unwinding from the hubs. These reflective stickers establish the
503:
Data is often written to the tape in blocks, instead of one record at a time. Between blocks, there is an interblock gap, which varies depending on the density, but is typically 5/8 to 3/4 of an inch long. To maximize the amount of data that is stored on a tape, the number of gaps has to be
281:
The sensing of BOT and EOT is achieved by shining a small lamp at the tape's surface at an oblique angle. When the foil strip (glued to the tape) moves past the lamp a photo-receptor sees the reflected flash of light and triggers the system to halt tape motion. This is the main reason that
492:
The maximum data capacity of a 2400 ft reel, with 32,767 byte blocks and recorded at 6250 BPI is 170 megabytes. Typically, much smaller block sizes, such as 4K (4,096 bytes) are used, in which case the storage capacity of the tape is reduced to 113 megabytes.
257:
Like its audio counterpart, moving tape past the read/write heads on a nine-track digital tape drive requires precise control, accomplished by a capstan motor. The capstan motor is designed for very smooth operation. Feedback to the control electronics is accomplished by a
475:
While the earlier tape drives have vacuum columns, some IBM tape drives such as the 8809 drive (1980's) have a flat mount situation and no vacuum columns exist. Tapes are manually mounted and threaded. The drive supports both 800 and 1600 bpi. This drive is used on the
277:
Tapes include an end-of-tape (EOT) foil strip. When EOT is encountered while writing, the computer program is notified of the condition. This gives the program a chance to write end-of-tape information on the tape while there is still enough tape to do so.
208:
For over 30 years the format dominated offline storage and data transfer, but by the end of the 20th century it was obsolete, and the last manufacturer of tapes ceased production in early 2002, with drive production ending the next year.
504:
minimized. Additionally, data stored in blocks can be read and written more quickly than data stored one record at a time. The disadvantage is that data corruption within a block can cause multiple records to be lost.
633:
in)-wide magnetic tape for information interchange using NRZ1 at 32 ftpmm (flux transitions per millimeter, 800 flux transitions per inch or ftpi) or 32 cpmm (characters per millimeter, 800 characters per inch or
313:
Nine-track tapes have densities of 800, 1600, and 6250 8-bit bytes per inch, giving approximately 22.5MB, 45MB and 175MB respectively on a tape with the usual length of 2,400 feet (730 m).
170:
characters, spanning the full width of the tape (including the parity bit). Various recording methods have been employed during its lifetime as tape speed and data density increased, including
447:
The 2400 Series
Magnetic Tape Units were introduced with the System/360 and were the first to use 9-track tape. The dimensions of the tape and reels are identical to those used with
266:", to control tape velocity. Starting and stopping the capstan is controlled by ramp generators to ensure a properly sized inter-record gap, the gap between blocks of information.
286:
draws the tape along the path and onto a take-up hub within the mechanism. Some designs eliminate the vacuum columns in favor of a microprocessor-controlled direct drive design.
484:
there is the 9348-012 and it is a table top drive, flat mounting, but it autoloads the tape reel and auto threads it. The 9348 supports 1600 and 6250 bpi density tapes.
716:
455:. But older 7-track tapes can be read and written only on special 2400 drives equipped with 7-track read and write heads and the 7-track compatibility option.
1110:
302:(phase encoding) tapes use a 0.6 inches (15 mm) inter-record gap (IRG) between data records to allow the tape to stop and start between records. 6250
282:
photographic flash cameras are not allowed in data centers with 9-track tape drives since they can trick the tape drives into falsely sensing BOT and EOT.
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Large Scale
Systems Museum in New Kensington, Pennsylvania working DEC and IBM equipment with half-inch tape (September 2021)
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89:
818:
539:
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61:
647:
in) wide magnetic tape for information interchange using phase encoding at 126 ftpmm (3,200 ftpi), 63 cpmm (1,600 cpi)
515:
108:
68:
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250:, and give it a tension that is low but sufficient to keep the tape in constant contact with the read/write head.
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42:
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194:, sometimes pronounced "nur-zee"). Tapes come in various sizes up to 3,600 feet (1,100 m) in length.
57:
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ANSI INCITS 27-1987 (R2003) Magnetic Tape Labels and File
Structure for Information Interchange
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183:
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1323:
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952:
650:
ANSI INCITS 54-1986 (R2002) Recorded
Magnetic Tape for Information Interchange (6250 cpi,
82:
8:
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605:
40-1993 (R2003) Unrecorded
Magnetic Tape for Information Interchange (9-Track, 800 cpi ,
158:
inch (12.7 mm) wide magnetic tape media and reels have the same size as the earlier
233:
Inside a 9-track tape drive. The vacuum columns are the two gray rectangles on the left.
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819:"eMag Solutions LLC announces end-of-life plan for open reel (9-track) tape"
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870:"BBC documentary filming causes Library of Congress computer crashes"
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format it replaced, but the new format has eight data tracks and one
1147:
996:
Dong JW, Proehl KA, Abramson RL, Christie LG, Domel DR (June 1988).
24:
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963:
750:
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943:
HP 7970 Maintenance Course
Handouts: 800 NRZI & 1600 PE drives
915:
125:
IBM 2401 System/360 tape drives that introduced the 9-track format
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Depending on the operating system, tapes are formatted as either
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The 3400 Series
Magnetic Tape Units were introduced with the
167:
166:
track for a total of nine parallel tracks. Data is stored as
129:
800:— The last manufacturer to produce new 9-track tape (2001).
599:
295:
198:
995:
1494:
998:"A reliable, autoloading, streaming half-inch tape drive"
202:
1083:
787:
1118:
564:
ring prevents the tape from being written when removed
242:(though not necessarily a pinch roller, see below),
1079:
9 track tape drives at
Columbia University, c. 1982
903:
IBM 3420 magnetic tape drive, from the IBM archives
867:
588:
3M 777 High Grade 6250 CPI - Security
Computer Tape
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
306:tapes use a tighter 0.3 inches (7.6 mm) IRG.
948:IBM 2400 Series Tape Drives Component Description
1529:
844:"Qualstar Bids Farewell to 9-Track Tape Drives"
16:Magnetic tape format introduced by IBM in 1964
1104:
821:. eMag Solutions. 2001-12-17. Archived from
661:
576:A typical library of half-inch magnetic tape
973:Magnetic Tape Subsystem Technical Bulletins
846:. Business Wire. 2003-09-22. Archived from
794:) — The first manufacturer of 9-track tape.
521:Full size 1/2" tape reel in protective case
1111:
1097:
637:ISO/IEC 3788:1990 9-track, 12.7 mm (
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
228:
216:
128:
120:
764:(STK) after name change), (acquired by
713:Innovative Data Technology (IDT/Alston)
1543:Computer-related introductions in 1964
1530:
781:
623:/IEC 1863:1990 9-track, 12.7 mm (
1092:
548:strips mark the start and end of tape
533:Two small 1/2" tapes, front and back
487:
289:
212:
205:with the S/360 and nine-track tape.
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1069:Timeline of OEM drive manufacturers
13:
938:Fujitsu M244x Tape Drive CE Manual
868:Howard C. Berkowitz (1987-06-04),
470:
316:
14:
1564:
1027:9906 1600, (-2 → 3200, -5 → 6250)
896:
760:STC / Storage Technology Corp, (
581:
569:
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538:
526:
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23:
34:needs additional citations for
1311:"Eighth" (0.15) inch (3.81 mm)
861:
836:
811:
458:
442:
133:Full-size reel of 9-track tape
1:
1324:KC standard, Compact Cassette
1047:9914V (800, 1600, 3200, 6250)
804:
221:9-track tape drive used with
201:was effectively set at eight
593:
192:non-return-to-zero, inverted
7:
1538:Computer storage tape media
507:
10:
1569:
1410:Three quarter inch (19 mm)
1336:Tarbell Cassette Interface
1120:Magnetic-tape data storage
1075: (archived 2007-09-27)
1065: (archived 2018-06-08)
1053: (archived 2007-09-27)
1043: (archived 2007-09-27)
1033: (archived 2007-09-27)
1020: (archived 2006-09-02)
909: (archived 2005-04-07)
142:magnetic-tape data storage
1505:Four millimeter (3.81 mm)
1504:
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1434:
1409:
1402:
1363:
1310:
1281:
1252:
1169:
1134:
1127:
1014:IBM 9348-012 (1600, 6250)
662:Other drive manufacturers
390:Rewind speed (full reel)
346:Density (bits/in/track)
1470:Eight millimeter (8 mm)
1253:Eight millimeter (8 mm)
1023:Brochures for M4 Data:
1002:Hewlett-Packard Journal
368:Transfer rate (byte/s)
341:3410, 3420, 3422, 3440
238:tape reels in place, a
197:The standard size of a
1371:Exatron Stringy Floppy
1282:Quarter inch (6.35 mm)
717:Laser Magnetic Storage
262:, usually an optical "
234:
226:
144:, introduced with the
134:
126:
1553:Magnetic data storage
1364:Stringy (1.58–1.9 mm)
790:(later spun off into
652:Group Coded Recording
232:
220:
184:group-coded recording
132:
124:
1059:Qualstar 3400 Series
988:(1600 PE, 6250 GCR)
958:M4Data documentation
916:Cipher documentation
768:, now a division of
683:Cipher Data Products
419:Length of reel (ft)
379:Interblock gap (in)
43:improve this article
1548:IBM storage devices
1435:Half inch (12.7 mm)
1389:Rotronics Wafadrive
1342:Commodore Datasette
1170:Half inch (12.7 mm)
953:Kennedy tape models
934:(1600 PE, 6250 GCR)
782:Media manufacturers
705:(incl. Dynec/Dymec)
451:units, such as the
482:AS/400 and iSeries
357:Tape speed (in/s)
244:tape head assembly
235:
227:
135:
127:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1398:
1397:
1135:Wide (19–25.4 mm)
912:At bitsavers.org
488:Other information
440:
439:
430:Base composition
338:2401, 2415, 2420
290:Technical details
213:Typical operation
119:
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1189:TX-2 Tape System
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1010:(7980A, 88780AB)
1009:
990:HP 7974A 1600 PE
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798:Graham Magnetics
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613:; and 6250 cpi,
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562:write protection
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401:Start time (ms)
352:800, 1600, 6250
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140:is a format for
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1354:IBM PC Cassette
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1117:
1073:Wayback Machine
1063:Wayback Machine
1051:Wayback Machine
1041:Wayback Machine
1031:Wayback Machine
1018:Wayback Machine
992:at hpmuseum.net
986:7980A (88780AB)
907:Wayback Machine
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703:Hewlett-Packard
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410:Stop time (ms)
396:51–180 seconds
371:15,000–320,000
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317:IBM generations
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1448:Redwood SD-3
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875:RISKS Digest
873:
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852:. Retrieved
848:the original
838:
827:. Retrieved
823:the original
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688:Control Data
609:; 1600 cpi,
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393:1–4 minutes
330:3400 Series
327:2400 Series
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99:January 2023
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1266:IBM 3570 MP
1231:LTO Ultrium
1183:IBM 7-track
770:Oracle Corp
741:PerkinElmer
459:3400 Series
443:2400 Series
160:IBM 7-track
1532:Categories
1348:DECtape II
927:(1600 PE)
886:2009-03-15
854:2016-03-19
829:2016-03-19
805:References
762:StorageTek
374:1,250,000
360:18.75–200
349:800, 1600
324:IBM Model
264:tone wheel
260:tachometer
69:newspapers
929:TA78 TA79
693:Digi-Data
678:Burroughs
594:Standards
425:2400 max
422:2400 max
298:and 1600
1237:IBM 3592
1213:IBM 3590
1201:IBM 3480
1177:UNISERVO
1148:LINCtape
1142:IBM 7340
964:UNISERVO
751:Qualstar
508:Examples
436:Plastic
433:Plastic
385:0.3-0.6
1512:DDS/DAT
1483:Mammoth
1403:Helical
1195:9-track
1160:CDC 626
1154:DECtape
1122:formats
1071:at the
1061:at the
1049:at the
1039:at the
1029:at the
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962:Univac
905:at the
792:Imation
731:M4 Data
725:Plasmon
721:Philips
709:Kennedy
698:Fujitsu
673:Anritsu
642:⁄
628:⁄
453:IBM 729
449:7-track
363:75–200
186:), and
153:⁄
83:scholar
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1497:(1999)
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1203:(1984)
1197:(1964)
1191:(1958)
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1179:(1951)
1162:(1966)
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1150:(1962)
1144:(1961)
1128:Linear
776:Wangco
723:LMS /
603:INCITS
498:EBCDIC
164:parity
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1477:Data8
1442:ArVid
1416:Sony
1330:DC100
1318:D/CAS
1301:Ditto
1225:T9940
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980:7976A
668:Ampex
168:8-bit
90:JSTOR
76:books
1460:SAIT
1037:9914
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971:IIIC
967:IIIA
932:TU81
925:TU80
922:TS11
920:DEC
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607:NRZI
600:ANSI
560:The
382:0.6
296:NRZI
203:bits
199:byte
188:NRZI
62:news
1495:VXA
1489:AIT
1454:DTF
1425:DST
1418:DIR
1295:SLR
1289:QIC
1272:ADR
1207:DLT
978:HP
882:(5)
766:SUN
727:LMS
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