272:, had indicated that a protest at that time was not prudent, owing to arrival of a NATO squadron at the city port, which could have been interpreted as a reaction to their presence. Members of the agricultural cooperatives were mobilized, with tractors and pickup trucks arriving from around the island, parading around the streets of Ponta Delgada. There were chants of "If you are Azorean come here!", including cries of "exploitation" and unequal treatment by continental Portuguese. The protest wound through streets, following the path of the annual festival of Senhor Santo Cristo dos Milagres, although veering off to the headquarters of the PCP at one point, to provoke the communists.
730:"...6 June 1975/Grandioso protest/Historic mark in the life of the Azores/Dr. Borges Coutinho requested to resign from the position of Civil Governor of the district...the population protested, in an unsophisticated way, its desire. Thousands of people, hundreds of vehicles, an entire island, raised their voices and, against all prohibitions, organized one of the more grandiose and significant protests in history. The cries of independence soon surpassed all other claims. The grave problems of farming, the demand for the resignation of the district chief, everything quickly became a backdrop to the cries for independence."
364:(Ponta Delgada), in the presence of his wife and children, by soldiers who had followed the couple into their home (and bathroom). A relatively wealthy man, having inherited a great fortune, his role was small, although he was loathed by some local militants, he was one of the first to be freed after eight days of jail. During his sentence, the French crew of naval ship docking in Ponta Delgada were surprised, since the Counsel, who should have been waiting, was not in attendance: representatives traveled to the square in Angra do Heroísmo where they waited until he was freed;
665:(1869) where the people defended the interests of their masters and not their own. Yet, 6 June was also, no exception. Three or four thousand protesters were, for the most part, gathered in rural areas by large landowners, to serve as echo (a sad vocation) to the interests of their lords and masters...Democracy, which cost "the eyes off your face" to be won, sometimes these have perverse effects. Indeed, the active minority that oppress and oppressed the people of São Miguel always existed...it was the same that expressed their side in Ponta Delgada on 6 June."
383:, by a platoon of 12 nervous armed soldiers, captained by a marine sergeant, son-in-law of Floriberto Rodrigues. When captured, he and his wife had returned after a dinner with António Costa Santos, and their children were already asleep: when arrested he was counseled to bring a razor. António Menezes, participated in the protests, was a member of MAPA and FLA, and days earlier had accompanied Commander Eduardo Pavão, when he distributed independence pamphlets around Ponta Delgada, aboard a small airplane of the
425:. He was imprisoned after being rounded-up on 10 June (along with Mont'Alverne and Tomás Caetano), around 1:00 in the afternoon by a sergeant and four soldiers. He was a member of the executive council of FLA, when José d'Almeida became its president, to whom he was loyal until his death: all the clandestine actions of FLA was signed off by him, including the protest. He was primarily responsible for the nationalist pamphlet campaign, flying his personal plane and dropping the pamphlets on the island;
753:, with characterizations of the psychological, linguistic, cultural, historical and economic differences between the Azores and the continent, justifying a break with Lisbon. Moreover, there was an indication that the social stratification and beliefs that existed between the two regions were distinct enough to talk of an Azorean people, whose moral authority was not convergent with the Portuguese people. This text went on to exclaim:
647:"...the manifestation of 6 June, was to end the dictatorship that was located in the Azores, created by former Governor Borges Coutinho, ruling as a despot...without any respect for the popular will, and that is why this manifestation occurred,...and that is also why there existed those minorities that I mentioned, that could steer the people to take less worthy actions, that were not within the spirit of these populations."
674:"6 June...is a date that nothing is real and important to the people of these islands, and that will have nothing to do with alleged spontaneous popular reactions...Rather, it represents the expression of a single totalitarian threat that was never eradicated from this earth. It represents, after yesterday, another stage of the liberation of a people, that on these islands know how to answer the melancholy of the past."
784:"reactionary character that was imprinted on the untimely manifestation, that was so skillfully called for by some farmers on São Miguel......the strong measures taken by the MFA, to ensure the continuity of the revolutionary process in São Miguel, neutralizing the harmful actions of reactionary minority groups who, treacherously plotted against national sovereignty."
256:) brought to the Azores a perception that the time to reclaim political autonomy or even independence was at hand for some. The radical politics in the continent, with the spectre of nationalization, contributed daily to the feeling of confrontation, in an archipelago that was openly hostile to communism and leftist ideologies.
601:, resigned a few weeks after the protests, in solidarity with Borges Coutinho. From June to August 1975, there was a rise of terrorist-oriented acts. Various deputies of the MDP/CDE and the PCP were obliged to abandon the Azores in August. The "deportation" of communist supporters to the continent was front-page news in the
816:"to people to remain aware of reactionary maneuvering, to organize a popular surveillance and not to allow of vested interests, be they individuals or groups, or the economic policy of the landlords and property-owners in the district, that want to keep and maintain the exploitative privileges of the people."
841:
Many of the regional right-wing reactionaries, especially those on São Miguel, sought to mystify the importance of the date, suggesting how they allegedly played a major role in bringing about political and administrative autonomy in 1976. But, even as the PS promoted their view in the press of Ponta
585:
Many of the arrested maintained a level of optimism and humor, even as there was no certainty that incarceration would be short-term. Although, much later, various detainees publicly assumed responsibility for their participation in subversive acts, their court cases were dismissed without proof and
581:
In addition, a small band of friends were arrested on
Terceira, aligned with the movement: José Manuel Rodrigues dos Santos (from FIAT), José Silvério Bispo (businessman and photographer from Praia da Vitória), Luís Soares Guiod de Castro (aristocrat and businessman from Angra do Heroismo) and Paulo
297:
António Borges
Coutinho appeared at the top of the staircase, and received a delegation from the protesters to discuss their demands. During the course of this discussion, Coutinho was interrupted by the Military Governor, who affirmed that the Civil Governor should resign, in order to put an end to
528:
Luís
Ricardo Vaz Monteiro Vasconcelos Franco, along with his brother, he was one of the more active protestors: co-author of the groups manifesto, read out at the ERA radio station, and visible on the varanda of the Palace during the Governor's resignation. He was arrested in Atalhada, along Canada
413:
in Ponta
Delgada, and imprisoned aboard a lighthouse ship, before being transported to Terceira. Liberated 15 days later, from popular pressure, for several years he was dedicated to Azorean independence, joining FLA for some time: although he had no involvement in the protest, he did support the
293:
By this time, the first military interventions in the protest, in order to block the crowd, but protesters were able to enter the Civil
Governor's offices. Within the Palace, after a few moments of tension, the protesters demanded the head of Governor Borges Coutinho, the political symbol of the
506:
Luis Manuel Duarte
Domingues, along with his brother, was arrested for their anti-communist acts, and for occupying the regional ERA radio station (later RDP), along with Luís Franco, taking over the installation and broadcasting their manifesto, as well as several episodes of Azorean-flavored
259:
The economic situation in the region was no better. In 1975, half of the population was involved in agriculture, and the nascent economy was asfixated by the price differential between the islands and the continent. Feed, fertilizer, cement and gas/oil were all influenced by cost of transport,
371:
by a
Sergeant and PSP officer; member of the MAPA, he was contacted before the protest by Rainer Daehnart, art dealer and active supporter of anti-communists forces. He was interrogated in the barracks in Ponta Delgada various times, for comments, threats and digressions made about Azorean
857:, which was transformed into an official mouthpiece of PSD reactionary forces and the Micalense extreme-right separatists: during the directorship of Jorge do Nascimento Cabral (between 1981 and 1999), an avowed separatists member of the PSD, and Américo Natalino de Viveiros (after 1999).
891:(approved in 1979), in direct opposition to opposition members of the Socialist Party (who voted against the measure). Yet, the name persisted and no move was made to replace it, since its adoption. On 29 September 2011, a Facebook page was started to promote the movement to replace the
314:
The
Military Governor ordered the imprisonment of the principal individuals allegedly responsible for the acts, resulting in the detention of approximately 29 of the participants. The majority of the people rounded up by local security forces were linked to the political right, some
404:
Bruno
Tavares Carreiro was the son of a historical autonomist, arrested with his father, open independentists and high within the hierarchy of the FLA, he reacted negatively while in prison and proudly criticizing severely the others responsible (particularly Magalhães and
641:
Later, antagonisms over the demonstrations only appeared on 19 March 1976, when deputy Vital
Moreira (PCP) questioned Américo Natalino de Viveiros (PPD), as to the reason for a statement made, regarding the media of Ponta Delgada. Responding, Natalino de Viveiros stated:
1113:. Yet, he was not denounced by national governing body of the PSD, which would have meant his expulsion from the party, since he espoused ideas that were against national unity. Cabral defended his separatist interpretation of autonomy within his newspaper.
356:
in Ponta Delgada, for his involvement as an active protest organizer, founder of the MAPA and its signatory to its manifesto (while his son, painted in black, had improvised a fire in front of the barracks, in a provocative preparatory action before 6
652:
These statements, after the PPD in São Miguel had not campaigned for the resignation of the Civil Governor after the 1975 elections, resulted in a response by Orlando Marques Pinto (MDP/CDE), against the insults made to Borges Coutinho, affirming his
306:
A series of protests occurred in simultaneity with the events (but were likely planned earlier), including the occupation of the headquarters of the regional radio station (ERA) and the main post office, as well as the blockade of the runways of
755:"An exalted word of the moment will follow the words reflected at this historic hour we're living. And this will not be the final word of a few, but of all Azoreans who want it their endeavor and their ability, at present, to make the future."
408:
Carlos Eduardo da Silva Melo Bento, a 33 lawyer, was captured after one in the morning, by various soldiers commanded by a sergeant from Ginetes, friend and supporter of Marcelo Caetano's ANP. He was taken from his four children and wife on
804:"The people of São Miguel held a demonstration on 6 June, as we believed, only with the intention of finding a solution to a number of problems, that had been dragging-on without having been resolved by the competent authorities."
661:"It is foolhardy to assume that three or four thousand voices shouting for more to do, in the name of a whole people or an entire island that has more than one hundred thousand inhabitants. This is reminiscent of last century's
700:, defended the protests, in an editorial in which the principal objective was the support for separatism, was also imprisoned (but he was never tried for his fascist rant nor forced to resign his post). The weekly newspaper
615:
Despite the meaningful political environment on the Continent and the unequivocal condemnation of the demonstration organized by the "reactionary" islanders of São Miguel, the national government, then headed by General
517:
Luis Octávio dos Reis Índio, along with his father and brother, was arrested at his home in Pópulo, after participating with the group occupied the radio station, signing the manifesto and involving himself with the LYS
791:"immediate and severe punishment for the peoples responsible for the protest, and for the shameful disrespect that for a while had been verified, and had multiplied, and intensified after the demonstration on 6th."
576:
Victor do Carmo Cruz, the highest-ranking Portuguese representative at the American consulate, who never hid his antipathy for the communists who had influence in the national government, supporting the Azorean
926:, noting that thousands of people were mobilized on that date in a rare event to force the resignation of the Civil Governor, António Borges Coutinho. The independents' commemorations served to indicate
201:. Inspired by rural property-owners and right-wing factions, the protest forced the resignation of the civil governor and inspired a series of terrorist acts, that ultimately led to the creation of the
521:
Luis dos Reis índio (1918–1994), along with his sons, he entered the Palace of Conceição to pressure the Governor to resign, and participated in the negotiations with General Altino, at the garrison
638:
Though, not attributable to the protests, due to their reactionary nature, the events did not contribute positively to the process of autonomy, which would be discussed in the Constituent Assembly.
286:). In addition, the main captains of the political arm of the FLA appeared, the lawyers Carlos Melo Bento and Abel Carreiro. It was at that time that the protest took on a character of separatism:
522:
472:
João Luis Soares Reis Índio, a farmer, along with his father and brother, was responsible for requesting the Civil Governor announce his resignation on the balcony of the Palace of Conceição;
558:
Valdemar de Lima Oliveira, who participated in the occupation of the radio station and the protests, he was present at the negotiations with General Altino, in his role for the MAPA and FLA;
821:
It is necessary to understand that the Social Democratic Party was a center-left political party, and candidate for the Socialist International, since its interim leader (in the absence of
260:
inflation and the high margins fixed by commercial monopolies. High interest rates and low milk prices put the agricultural industries at risk: many of the farming families were desperate.
342:, while she was sent to her father's home. He was an active organizer and protester during 6 June, who entered the Palace and took to the veranda with the Civil Governor, when he resigned;
275:
The idea was made by the leaders of the protest, José Franco, Luís Indio, Armando Goyannes and Luís Franco, among others, linked to the independence movements like MAPA and, later, FLA.
394:), by armed military: an active member of FLA, Câmara and his father animated the protest on 6 June, with this popularity, but he always remained isolated and alone in his prison cell;
796:
594:
514:, even as he was a continental Portuguese, he defended Azorean independence, joining the "Royal" group, but inevitably living in the United States after the events of the protest;
331:), who participated along with General Altino de Maglhães in the forced resignation of the Civil Governor, in the Palace of Conceição (and tried to prevent violent reprisals);
217:
that united hundreds of protesters. The principal motive of the gathering was to demonstrate agricultural issues, but mixed reactions against the left-leaning policies on the
808:"only opportunist groups, that distorted the purity of this mass movement, grafting on them the echo of prejudicial slogans harmful to the dignity of the Portuguese people."
775:(PPD), although a principal supporter of the original protest, also supported the counter-protest, to distance themselves from the subversive acts of 6 June demonstration.
936:"political parties don't defend the Azores and only look at their navels... autonomy is a certification for the incapacity of Azoreans to govern themselves appropriately."
655:"anti-fascist resistant, paid for with many years in prison and permanent humiliation, while I do not know at that time what you "Mr. Deputy" did, with that affirmation."
221:, and the desire to prevent progressive reforms in São Miguel. In particular, was a proposal by the anti-fascist Civil Governor of the Autonomous District of the Azores,
715:
338:
in Ponta Delgada, even as his wife was expecting their first child. Noting the stress that this would cause, he proposed to the soldiers that they should arrest him on
226:
138:
469:; imprisoned, he eventually travelled to the United States, then returned, before holding the office of President of the municipality of Ponta Delgada for 10 years;
582:
Tadeu Mendes Brum Pacheco. The latter was able to convince his jailers to liberate him for the weekend, so that he could participate as best-man during a wedding.
493:, at the home of Paul de La Bletiére, a right-wing Franco-Algerian, but was more known for his graffiti tagged all over São Miguel, even as he defended the cause;
707:
439:
Gualberto Borges Cabral, was an active organizer and proponent of the protest, as well as member of the FLA and right-wing monarchist, played a role in the
334:
Aguinaldo da Silva Almeida Carneiro (26 June 1951 – 15 March 1999), captured at 3:30 in the morning, by soldiers who were once instructees, at his home on
872:, the newspaper never re-published the comparable facsimile celebrating the foundations of the democratic government. On 6 June 2000 editorial, headlined
268:
Although the protest was prohibited in a joint communique by the Civil and Military Governors, it nonetheless went ahead. The Military Governor, General
829:, one of the major personalities of the democratic opposition in Portugal. Meanwhile, on São Miguel, the situation was dissimilar, since the PPD, under
482:
Técnico José Joaquim Vaz Monteiro Vasconcelos Franco (1929‑1988), was part of the founding members of the MAPA and FLA, and was arrested at his home on
883:
For many, though, the date held some importance, as with the proposal by Ponta Delgada councilman Carlos Rego Costa (PSD), who succeeded in having the
278:
When the procession finally reached the Palace of Conceição, the first placards started to appear, appealing to Azorean freedom, mixed with cries of
842:
Delgada, the media was dominated then by journalists linked to the political right, such as Gustavo Moura, who accomplished a lot while heading the
1224:
A Oposição ao Salazarismo em São Miguel e em Outras Ilhas Açorianas (1950–1974) com Uma Evocação de Ernesto Melo Antunes nas "Campanhas dos Açores"
496:
José Nuno de Almeida e Sousa (1942–1980), a young lawyer, he was a conservative, anti-communist and jurist for the MAPA, arrested at this home on
489:
José Manuel Duarte Dominques, was not apparently involved in organizing the protest, he did participate in clandestine independence meetings, in
868:(from 7 June 1975) on 6 June 2000, with the editorial that sent Moura to prison. In comparison, during the 25th anniversary celebrations of the
288:"We need to be free...we need to demonstrate that the Azores are able to auto-govern themselves....This protest is for independence and is just"
996:
298:
the protests. Coutinho, losing his power base by the Military Governor, therefore resigned publicly on the veranda of the Palace of Conceição.
233:), to implement the reform of rural land rent policies and, possibly, the adoption of agrarian reforms imposed by the Ministry of Agriculture (
543:
Manuel da Ponte Tavares Brum (1924–1989), farmer and businessman, he was an active participant in the protest and apprehended at this home on
294:"communist threat" from the continent. This was the main reason for Luís Franco, and other leaders of the protest: to demand his resignation.
349:, one of the few prisoners who were unjustly detained, in place of his brother Rui, who was intimately involved in the protest and FLA;
742:
669:
On 7 June 1978, José António Martins Goulart, leader of the PS parliamentary group in the Regional Legislative Assembly, affirmed:
969:
1123:
569:. He was remembered for being the first to be liberated, owing to his Canadian citizenship, and the fact that he suffered from
479:; although he eventually went to live in Brazil, his businesses and popular Café LYS were places used by the FLA conspirators;
786:
At the same time, the PS indicated their antagonism towards the MDP/CDE Civil Governors, named in the rest of the country.
1143:
433:
1264:
1110:
1070:
772:
799:(a militant on the extreme-right of the party, and involved in the protest), affirmed in the official communique:
728:
Gaspar Henriques and Manuel Ferreira), supported the protest, as this excerpt suggests (reprinted on 6 June 2010):
428:
Fernando Manuel Mont'Alverne de Sequeira, also captured during 10 June round-up, he was picked up from his home on
771:(MDP/CDE) and the MES condemned the protests, promoting a counter-protest for the following week, on 16 June. The
690:
77:
Desire to prevent progressive reforms that included rural land rent policies and the adoption of agrarian reforms
590:
109:
1249:
768:
711:
319:
Abel da Câmara Carreiro (1916–2006), a sexagenarian lawyer, who was apprehended in the morning at his home, on
725:
573:(forcing his jailers to keep the cell door open) and who wore a white suit, hat and shoes during the protest.
561:
Tomaz Faria Caetano, a successful Portuguese émigré, Caetano returned from Canada, and constructed a chalet (
548:
475:
João Manuel Furtado Rodrigues, businessman and farmer, was arrested in the early hours of the morning, along
458:, was arrested after publicizing the acts of the event: he was arrested at night, at his residence along the
621:
202:
269:
696:
465:
João Gago da Câmara, personally wealthy, the enthusiastic independentist, was apprehended at his home on
352:
António Brum de Sousa Dourado, from a monarchist family and anti-communist, was arrested at his home on
764:
760:
1053:
714:(MDP/CDE) lost local elections, and was demoted by the Minister of the Internal Administration, major
222:
134:
65:
Demonstration over agricultural issues, with mixed reactions against the left-leaning policies on the
1259:
451:, leaving behind his widowed mother in a state of despair, a fact that he never forgave his accusers.
390:
António Nuno Alves da Câmara, a young Azorean ex-military, was spirited from his house in Abelheira (
372:
independence during a Christmas dinner party, where he was denounced by a lieutenant in Fiscal Guard;
830:
1233:
Do Ressentimento ao Reconhecimento: Vozes, identidades e processos políticos nos Açores (1974–1996)
911:
795:
The Popular Party (then forerunner of the PSD), through some of its more notable speakers, such as
422:
194:
166:
822:
417:
Commandant Eduardo José Pereira de Almeida Pavão (30 November 1946 – 7 July 1999) was a pilot for
308:
1102:
924:"6 June was the cry of liberation for the Azorean population from a new dictatorship of the left"
603:
749:
A couple of days later, the same "independence"-oriented commentaries continued to permeate the
1254:
904:
736:
880:, for marking the protest date, he promoted the alleged "historical dimension" of the events.
702:
360:
Antônio Clemente Pereira da Costa Santos, Counsel of France, was also arrested at his home on
315:
separatists/independentists or fascists, who were imprisoned in Angra do Heroísmo, including:
720:
710:, was more pragmatic, noting that the Civil Governor had requested to be replaced after the
869:
552:
218:
198:
66:
27:
914:(FLA) announced their intention to commemorate the 37 years following 6 June protests, to
455:
214:
186:
50:
8:
249:
234:
971:
O grito do Ipiranga dos Açores contra o regime gonçalvista que alastrava no País em 1975
826:
975:
617:
418:
213:
The protest was organized by large property-owners and landed gentry of the island of
990:
1181:(in Portuguese), Angra do Heroísmo (Azores), Portugal: Instituto Açoriano de Cultura
974:(in Portuguese), Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal, 22 September 2011, archived from
540:
area of Ponta Delgada, for his role between José de Almeida and Paul de La Bletiére;
532:
Manuel Oliveira da Ponte, one of the organizers, he was arrested at this home along
900:
659:
The writer Christopher de Aguiar described the events of 6 June 1975 in his diary:
510:
Luis Maria Duarte Moreira (1920–1996), anti-communist, was arrested at his home on
500:
391:
746:
were more pragmatic. The media in Lisbon, in comparison, condemned the protests.
877:
876:, where the author cited the Regional Government of the Azores, under PS leader
627:
The creation of the Regional Junta of the Azores was originally proposed by the
1172:(in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: Cooperativa Editorial e Cultural Arma Cívica
570:
401:
home in Ponta Delgada, and was known for his visceral anti-communist leanings;
1243:
190:
46:
907:
state, who was murdered by people associated with the Salazar government.
525:. He was arrested at his home in Pópulo, by a Sergeant and armed soldiers.
806:
Referring to the objectives of the protest, the underlined that it was,
635:), presided by former Civil Governor Borges Coutinho (in January 1975).
624:, to replace the administration of the three districts of the Azores.
1058:(in Portuguese), Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal: Correio dos Açores
1199:(in Portuguese), Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal: Edição PSD/Açores
1235:(in Portuguese), Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal: Ed. Afrontamento
598:
490:
230:
1190:(in Portuguese), vol. 1, Porto, Portugal: Campo das Letras
566:
367:
António José do Amaral was arrested at 2:00 in the morning, at
54:
812:"no to separatism, though we strive for an autonomous statute"
69:, and the desire to prevent progressive reforms in São Miguel.
1105:, became an avowed separatist from June 1989, affirming that
782:, in Lisbon, on 12 June 1975, distancing themselves from the
864:
republished a commemorative 25th anniversary edition of the
244:
The possibility of freedom and democracy, promoted by the
1226:(in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: Tinta da China Edições
1101:
Jorge do Nascimento Cabral, was a former militant of the
329:
Movement for the Auto-determination of the Azorean People
833:, was in practice a conservative and post-fascist party
145:
José Franco, Luís Indio, Armando Goyannes, Luís Franco
1208:(in Portuguese), Coimbra, Portugal: Editorial Centelha
1141:
397:
Armando Guilherme Goyanes Machad, was arrested in his
345:Álvaro Pereira Branco Moreira was arrested at home on
185:(as it is known locally), was an organized protest by
778:
The PS, released a public statement in the newspaper
724:, with the same fascist slant (and comprising former
454:
Gustavo Manuel Soares Palhinha Moura, journalist for
421:, and colleague of General Diogo Neto, member of the
323:(Ponta Delgada), who was a jurist and founder of the
1071:"Roteiro do 6 de Junho de 1975 – A Vitória dum Povo"
899:in Ponta Delgada, in reverence to the assassinated
85:
Civil protest, leaflet campaign, civil disobedience
1217:(in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: Edição do autor
1144:"FLA volta à rua para comemorar o 6 junho de 1975"
1073:(in Portuguese). Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal.
922:. Álvaro Lemos, during a press conference, stated
1124:"Rua Marechal Humberto Delgado, em Ponta Delgada"
607:, then a mouthpiece of the government in Lisbon.
1241:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
325:Movimento de Autodeterminação do Povo Açoriano
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
375:António Manuel Gomes de Menezes, captured on
1137:
1135:
1133:
205:, and the basis of modern Azorean politics.
1170:Açores – Do 25 de Abril Até aos Nossos Dias
1142:Agência Lusa/AO Online, ed. (28 May 2012).
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
1107:"autonomy is a transition to independence"
1012:
995:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
860:Under the direction of Gustavo Moura, the
116:Rural property-owners, right-wing factions
1130:
718:. Of the remaining newspapers, the daily
1221:
1212:
951:
789:The MDP/CDE, for its part, asked for an
688:, Gustavo Moura, former adherent of the
591:Autonomous District of Angra do Heroísmo
432:, and imprisoned by armed forces at the
284:Long live the independence of the Azores
1203:
1194:
1109:, which resulted in his censure by the
1051:
545:Rua Bernardo Manuel da Silveira Estrela
447:). He was arrested at his residence on
436:command post, along with Eduardo Pavão;
1242:
1230:
1185:
920:"those who had contributed to liberty"
179:6 June 1975 Micalense Farmers' Protest
1231:Mendes, José Manuel Oliveira (2003),
1083:Correio dos Açores (6 June 1975), p.1
1069:Bento, Carlos Melo (2 January 2008).
1068:
1055:6 de Junho foi há trinta e cinco anos
589:Meanwhile, the Civil Governor of the
503:by the army, witnessed by his family;
1176:
1167:
1062:
225:, and President of the Junta Geral,
195:Autonomous District of the same name
916:"show the strength of the Azoreans"
529:das Mercês, at four in the morning;
13:
1146:(in Portuguese). Açoreano Oriental
1009:José Manuel Oliveira Mendes (2003)
460:Estrada Regional da Ribeira Grande
14:
1276:
1213:Coutinho, António Borges (1975),
874:"Unity, An Example Not to Forget"
280:"Viva a independência dos Açores"
620:, determined the need to form a
551:, for his role in occupying the
321:Rua Dr. Armando Cortes Rodrigues
1206:Luta Pela Democracia nos Açores
912:Frente de Libertação dos Açores
910:On 28 May 2012, members of the
441:Movimento Nacionalista Açoriano
1116:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1003:
836:
769:Portuguese Democratic Movement
712:Portuguese Democratic Movement
684:The director of the newspaper
595:Oldemiro Cardoso de Figueiredo
1:
1186:Aguiar, Cristóvão de (1999),
1179:Para Uma Autonomia dos Açores
1052:Furtado, Saes (6 June 2010),
940:
897:Rua Marechal Humberto Delgado
414:sentiments of the protesters.
1215:A Manifestação de 6 de Junho
1188:Relação de Bordo (1964–1988)
797:Américo Natalino de Viveiros
622:Regional Junta of the Azores
445:Azorean Nationalist Movement
301:
203:Regional Junta of the Azores
7:
679:
610:
10:
1281:
1265:June 1975 events in Europe
765:Portuguese Communist Party
208:
193:, the capital of the then-
93:Mass arrests, court trials
21:Micalense Farmers' Protest
1111:legislature of the Azores
932:"disunity of the islands"
928:"that autonomy is frayed"
340:Rua da Vila Nova de Baixo
270:Altino Pinto de Magalhães
239:Ministério da Agricultura
165:
157:
152:
130:
125:
102:
97:
89:
81:
73:
61:
41:
33:
25:
20:
1222:Mesquita, Mário (2009),
1204:Barbosa, Manuel (1978),
423:National Salvation Junta
369:Rua do Diário dos Açores
347:Rua dos Prestes de Baixo
263:
246:Movement of the Captains
773:Social Democratic Party
377:Rua Dr. Armando Narciso
309:Ponta Delgada's airport
223:António Borges Coutinho
135:António Borges Coutinho
1195:Andrade, José (1999),
831:João Bosco Mota Amaral
810:The PPD affirmed that
697:Acção Nacional Popular
385:Aeroclube de S. Miguel
362:Rua Dr. Bruno Carreiro
254:Movimento dos Capitães
253:
238:
1250:History of the Azores
823:Francisco Sá Carneiro
498:Ladeira de Santa Rita
229:(both members of the
227:Álvaro Soares de Melo
139:Álvaro Soares de Melo
870:Carnation Revolution
716:António Arnão Metelo
565:) in the hills atop
199:Carnation Revolution
28:Carnation Revolution
1092:José Andrade (2011)
901:posthumous-Marshall
708:Luciano Mota Vieira
706:, then directed by
703:O Açoriano Oriental
484:Rua dos Mercadoeres
354:Rua Carvalho Araújo
1177:AAVV, ed. (1979),
1168:AAVV, ed. (1977),
903:of the Portuguese
855:Correio dos Açores
751:Correio dos Açores
721:Correio dos Açores
604:Diário de Notícias
449:Rua Coronel Chaves
1197:Histórias do PPDA
862:Açoriano Oriental
848:Açoriano Oriental
737:Diário dos Açores
691:Legião Portuguesa
534:Rua Ilha Terceira
456:Açoriano Oriental
381:Bairro da Vitória
336:Rua Teófilo Braga
175:
174:
121:
120:
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1260:1975 in Portugal
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978:on 6 August 2010
966:
934:suggesting that
918:and show homage
827:Emídio Guerreiro
825:) the professor
523:Fort of São Brás
197:, following the
181:, or simply the
108:Civil Governor,
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761:Socialist Party
740:and the weekly
682:
633:Group of Eleven
618:Vasco Gonçalves
613:
512:Rua dos Manaias
467:Rua do Castilho
419:SATA Air Açores
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893:Rua 6 de Junho
889:Rua 6 de Junho
885:Rua dos Chagas
846:much like the
838:
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734:Meanwhile the
681:
678:
677:
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629:Grupo dos Onze
612:
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597:, also of the
579:
578:
574:
571:claustrophobia
563:Mountain Dream
559:
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477:Rua do Colégio
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1255:1975 protests
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538:Bairros Novos
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501:Fajã de Baixo
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430:Rua de Lisboa
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392:Fajã de Baixo
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191:Ponta Delgada
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47:Ponta Delgada
44:
40:
36:
32:
29:
24:
19:
16:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1148:. Retrieved
1118:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1064:
1054:
1005:
980:, retrieved
976:the original
970:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
909:
896:
892:
888:
884:
882:
878:Carlos César
873:
865:
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815:
814:, appealing
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549:Ribeira Seca
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267:
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245:
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212:
189:farmers, in
182:
178:
176:
144:
133:
126:Lead figures
15:
982:13 February
905:Estado Novo
837:Revisionism
767:(PCP), the
726:Salazarists
411:Rua da Cruz
90:Resulted in
37:6 June 1975
1244:Categories
1162:References
941:References
586:archived.
577:manifesto.
250:Portuguese
235:Portuguese
215:São Miguel
153:Casualties
51:São Miguel
1150:1 January
780:A Capital
663:alevantes
379:, in the
302:Aftermath
219:continent
187:Micalense
67:continent
62:Caused by
991:citation
930:and the
887:renamed
680:Reaction
611:Autonomy
167:Detained
158:Arrested
42:Location
26:Part of
599:MDP/CDE
553:airport
536:in the
491:Cabouco
405:Ricou).
231:MDP/CDE
209:History
98:Parties
82:Methods
866:Açores
844:Açores
763:(PS),
743:A Ilha
686:Açores
567:Furnas
518:group;
507:music;
357:June);
183:6 June
55:Azores
946:Notes
547:, in
264:Event
74:Goals
1152:2013
997:link
984:2012
895:for
853:The
759:The
694:and
177:The
34:Date
1103:FLA
434:PSP
241:).
110:MFA
1246::
1132:^
1014:^
993:}}
989:{{
953:^
850:.
593:,
311:.
290:!
252::
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161:29
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999:)
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486:;
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387:;
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