5108:
5072:
4999:
4945:
4654:
4611:
4565:
4384:
4284:
4230:
4161:
4095:
4062:
237:
76:
4815:
4253:
4211:
2277:
2190:
2072:
2056:
1939:
1854:
1621:
1250:
1104:
819:
195:
5237:
5093:
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4916:
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3488:
3455:
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3157:
3139:
3117:
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2518:
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2247:
2205:
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2136:
2094:
2013:
1760:
1729:
1536:
1521:
1506:
1457:
1288:
1177:
1150:
1065:
1039:
971:
938:
863:
792:
761:
738:
644:
512:
481:
451:
385:
348:
159:
4588:
4311:
4122:
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3740:
3684:
3628:
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3427:
3408:
3381:
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3334:
3307:
3280:
3257:
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209:
4968:
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4696:
4542:
4495:
2484:
2418:
2365:
2292:
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2228:
2036:
1994:
1918:
1786:
1710:
1687:
1668:
1649:
1586:
1563:
1480:
1434:
1415:
1384:
1311:
1192:
1127:
1013:
990:
912:
889:
678:
613:
590:
555:
416:
177:
14639:
4893:
223:
14649:
5195:
5223:
5209:
4028:
333:
1956:
afterward. At most, animal life could survive about 3 to 100 million years after plant life dies out. Just like plants, the extinction of animals will likely coincide with the loss of plants. It will start with large animals, then smaller animals and flying creatures, then amphibians, followed by reptiles, and finally, invertebrates. In the book
3727:
This is also the highest estimated possible time for the Black Hole Era (and subsequent Dark Era) to commence. Beyond this point, it is almost certain that the universe will be an almost pure vacuum, with all baryonic matter having decayed into subatomic particles, gradually winding down their energy
3373:
vanishes by
Hawking radiation, assuming it does not accrete any additional matter nor merge with other black holesβthough it is most likely that this supermassive black hole will nonetheless merge with other supermassive black holes during the gravitational collapse towards "Milkomeda"/"Milkdromeda"
3149:
The estimated time until 90β99% of brown dwarfs and stellar remnants (including the Sun) are ejected from galaxies. When two objects pass close enough to each other, they exchange orbital energy, with lower-mass objects tending to gain energy. Through repeated encounters, the lower-mass objects can
2326:
There is a roughly 1-in-100,000 chance that the Earth will be ejected into interstellar space by a stellar encounter before this point, and a 1-in-300-billion chance that it will be both ejected into space and captured by another star around this point. If this were to happen, any remaining life on
1932:, according to NASA Ames scientist Kevin Zahnle, this is the earliest time for plate tectonics to eventually stop, due to the gradual cooling of the Earth's core, which could potentially turn the Earth back into a waterworld. This would, in turn, likely cause the extinction of animal life on Earth.
3577:
On this vast timescale, even ultra-stable iron stars will have been destroyed by quantum-tunnelling events. At this lower end of the timescale, iron stars decay directly to black holes, as this decay mode is much more favourable than decaying into a neutron star (which has an expected timescale of
3724:
Highest estimate for the time until all iron stars collapse via quantum tunnelling into neutron stars or black holes, assuming no proton decay or virtual black holes, and that black holes below the
Chandrasekhar mass cannot form directly. On these timescales, neutron stars above the Chandrasekhar
4372:
sent to such a distant region of the galaxy. There will be a 24-light-year shift in the cluster's position in the galaxy during the time it takes the message to reach it, but as the cluster is 168 light-years in diameter, the message will still reach its destination. Any reply will take at least
1968:
state that some animal life may be able to survive in the oceans. Eventually, however, all multicellular life will die out. The first sea animals to go extinct will be large fish, followed by small fish, and then finally, invertebrates. The last animals to go extinct will be animals that do not
1955:
is no longer possible. Without plant life to recycle oxygen in the atmosphere, free oxygen and the ozone layer will disappear from the atmosphere allowing for intense levels of deadly UV light to reach the surface. Animals in food chains that were dependent on live plants will disappear shortly
1898:
to reach the surface. The rising temperatures will increase chemical reactions in the atmosphere, further lowering oxygen levels. Plant and animal communities become increasingly sparse and isolated as the Earth becomes more barren. Flying animals would be better off because of their ability to
10860:
Adams, F. C.; Graves, G. J. M.; Laughlin, G. (December 2004). GarcΓa-Segura, G.; Tenorio-Tagle, G.; Franco, J.; Yorke, H. W. (eds.). "Gravitational
Collapse: From Massive Stars to Planets. / First Astrophysics meeting of the Observatorio Astronomico Nacional. / A meeting to celebrate Peter
7399:
The last time acidification on this scale occurred (about 65 mya) it took more than 2 million years for corals and other marine organisms to recover; some scientists today believe, optimistically, that it could take tens of thousands of years for the ocean to regain the chemistry it had in
3048:) pass close to each other, their planets' orbits can be disrupted, potentially ejecting them from the system entirely. On average, the closer a planet's orbit to its parent star the longer it takes to be ejected in this manner, because it is gravitationally more tightly bound to the star.
2841:
The estimated time by which the expansion of the universe isolates all gravitationally bound structures within their own cosmological horizon. At this point, the universe has expanded by a factor of more than 100 million from today, and even individual exiled stars are isolated.
2694:
itself. The universe would enter into a "rip singularity" when all non-zero distances become infinitely large. Whereas a "crunch singularity" involves all matter being infinitely concentrated, in a "rip singularity", all matter is infinitely spread out. However, observations of
11664:
p. 596: table 1 and section "black hole decay" and previous sentence on that page: "Since we have assumed a maximum scale of gravitational binding β for instance, superclusters of galaxies β black hole formation eventually comes to an end in our model, with masses of up to
2606:
with about 54.05% of its present mass. At this point, if the Earth survives, temperatures on the surface of the planet, as well as the other planets in the Solar System, will begin dropping rapidly, due to the white dwarf Sun emitting much less energy than it does today.
2044:
The Sun's luminosity will have increased by 10%, causing Earth's surface temperatures to reach an average of around 320 K (47 Β°C; 116 Β°F). The atmosphere will become a "moist greenhouse", resulting in a runaway evaporation of the oceans. This would cause
1629:
The supercontinent's formation, thanks to a combination of contientality increasing distance from the ocean, an increase in volcanic activity resulting in atmospheric CO2 at double current levels, increased interspecial competition, and a 2.5 percent increase in
2661:
around their edges and will completely disintegrate in another 40 million years. Three months before the Big Rip, star systems will become gravitationally unbound, and planets will fly off into the rapidly expanding universe. Thirty minutes before the Big Rip,
293:
fuel via fusion and burn out. The Sun will likely expand sufficiently to overwhelm most of the inner planets (Mercury, Venus, and possibly Earth), but not the giant planets, including
Jupiter and Saturn. Afterwards, the Sun would be reduced to the size of a
3435:
The highest estimate for the time it would take for all nucleons in the observable universe to decay, if they do not decay via the above process, but instead through any one of many different mechanisms allowed in modern particle physics (higher-order
6408:
126:
These timelines begin at the start of the 4th millennium in 3001 CE, and continue until the furthest and most remote reaches of future time. They include alternative future events that address unresolved scientific questions, such as whether
2064:
High estimate until all plant life dies out, assuming some form of photosynthesis is possible despite extremely low carbon dioxide levels. If this is possible, rising temperatures will make any animal life unsustainable from this point on.
377:
second longer than it is today. To compensate, either a leap second will have to be added to the end of a day multiple times during each month, or one or more consecutive leap seconds will have to be added at the end of some or all months.
1810:
to slow and eventually stop once the oceans evaporate completely. With less volcanism to recycle carbon into the Earth's atmosphere, carbon dioxide levels begin to fall. By this time, carbon dioxide levels will fall to the point at which
3211:
having fallen into each other, and planets into their stars, via emission of gravitational radiation, only solitary objects (stellar remnants, brown dwarfs, ejected planetary-mass objects, black holes) will remain in the universe.
3108:
Collisions between brown dwarfs will create new red dwarfs on a marginal level: on average, about 100 stars will be shining in what was once "Milkomeda". Collisions between stellar remnants will create occasional supernovae.
704:
However, according to more recent studies in 2016, anthropogenic climate change, if left unchecked, may delay this otherwise expected glacial period by as much as an additional 50,000 years, potentially skipping it entirely.
8601:
O'Malley-James, Jack T.; Greaves, Jane S.; Raven, John A.; Cockell, Charles S. (2012). "Swansong
Biospheres: Refuges for life and novel microbial biospheres on terrestrial planets near the end of their habitable lifetimes".
2449:
with the Milky Way, forming an elliptical galaxy dubbed "Milkomeda". There is also a small chance of the Solar System being ejected. The planets of the Solar System will almost certainly not be disturbed by these events.
1827:
plant life is likely to be a long-term decline rather than a sharp drop. It is likely that plant groups will die one by one well before the critical carbon dioxide level is reached. The first plants to disappear will be
2937:
The estimated time by which the cosmic background radiation cools to a floor temperature of 10 K and does not decline further. This residual temperature comes from horizon radiation, which does not decline over time.
1862:
As Earth begins to warm and carbon dioxide levels fall, plantsβand, by extension, animalsβcould survive longer by evolving other strategies such as requiring less carbon dioxide for photosynthetic processes, becoming
9677:
Guinan, E. F.; Ribas, I. (2002). Montesinos, Benjamin; Gimenez, Alvaro; Guinan, Edward F. (eds.). "Our
Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate".
4936:
satellites' orbits will decay, and they will re-enter Earth's atmosphere, carrying with them a message to any far future descendants of humanity, and a map of the continents as they are expected to appear then.
94:
While the future cannot be predicted with certainty, present understanding in various scientific fields allows for the prediction of some far-future events, if only in the broadest outline. These fields include
7939:'How long will the Rockies last?' The numbers suggest that in about 50 to 60 million years the remaining mountains will be gone, and the park will be reduced to a rolling plain much like the Canadian prairies.
6565:
847:
glaciation (38Β°N to 49Β°N), assuming a migration rate of 10 metres per year, and that a possible renewed glaciation by this time has not prevented this. (However, humans have already introduced non-native
8383:
O'Malley-James, Jack T.; Greaves, Jane S.; Raven, John A.; Cockell, Charles S. (2014). "Swansong
Biosphere II: The final signs of life on terrestrial planets near the end of their habitable lifetimes".
2358:'s orbit by this time, sending the inner Solar System into chaos. Other possible scenarios include Mercury colliding with the Sun, being ejected from the Solar System, or colliding with Venus or Earth.
5831:"Astronomers Found a Planet That Survived Its Star's Death β The Jupiter-size planet orbits a type of star called a white dwarf, and hints at what our solar system could be like when the Sun burns out"
5367:
This has been a tricky question for quite a while; see the 2001 paper by
Rybicki, K. R. and Denis, C. However, according to the latest calculations, this happens with a very high degree of certainty.
2255:
The Sun will have reached a maximum surface temperature of 5,820 K (5,550 Β°C; 10,020 Β°F). From then on, it will become gradually cooler while its luminosity will continue to increase.
6219:
2961:
that they emit are stretched so that their wavelengths are greater than the physical diameter of the horizon. The resolution time for such radiation will exceed the physical age of the universe.
13577:
3961:-generated Big Bang to produce a new universe identical to our own, assuming that every new universe contained at least the same number of subatomic particles and obeyed laws of physics within
2198:
Lower estimate until all remaining life, which by now had been reduced to colonies of unicellular organisms in isolated microenvironments such as high-altitude lakes and caves, goes extinct.
10392:
13600:
11610:
When galaxies collide, the supermassive black holes in the central contract eventually find their way into the centre of the newly created galaxy where they are ultimately pulled together.
6447:
3150:
gain enough energy in this manner to be ejected from their galaxy. This process eventually causes "Milkomeda"/"Milkdromeda" to eject the majority of its brown dwarfs and stellar remnants.
3071:; with too little free hydrogen to form new stars, all remaining stars slowly exhaust their fuel and die. By this time, the universe will have expanded by a factor of approximately 10.
10668:
13507:
4839:
of multiple human species with a "diversity of form and adaptation that would astound us". This would be a natural process of isolated populations, unrelated to potential deliberate
10267:
Kalirai, Jasonjot S.; Hansen, Brad M. S.; Kelson, Daniel D.; Reitzel, David B.; et al. (March 2008). "The
Initial-Final Mass Relation: Direct Constraints at the Low-Mass End".
9802:
3265:
Estimated time for all nucleons in the observable universe to decay, if the hypothesized proton half-life takes the largest possible value, 10 years, assuming that the Big Bang was
2377:
caused by the massive, water-rich atmosphere will result in Earth's surface temperature rising to 1,400 K (1,130 Β°C; 2,060 Β°F)βhot enough to melt some surface rock.
6758:
2922:
volume. Beyond this point, particles of unbound intergalactic matter are effectively isolated, and collisions between them cease to affect the future evolution of the
Universe.
5942:
Komatsu, E.; Smith, K. M.; Dunkley, J.; Bennett, C. L.; et al. (2011). "Seven-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Interpretation".
5529:"Who Will Have the Last Word on the Universe? β Modern science suggests that we and all our achievements and memories are destined to vanish like a dream. Is that sad or good?"
3955:
3914:
3830:
12729:
2745:
The Moon may collide with the Earth or be torn apart to form an orbital ring due to the decay of its orbit, assuming the Earth and Moon are not engulfed by the red giant Sun.
7326:
Berski, Filip; DybczyΕski, Piotr A. (November 2016). "Gliese 710 will pass the Sun even closer: Close approach parameters recalculated based on the first Gaia data release".
1120:
if such acidification goes unchecked; the recovery of marine ecosystems after the acidification event that occurred about 65 million years ago took a similar length of time.
4134:, for nuclear weapons waste, is planned to be protected until this time, with a "Permanent Marker" system designed to warn off visitors through both multiple languages (the
3873:
3776:
5501:
5429:
3720:
3664:
3610:
3555:
3374:
of other Local Group galaxies. This supermassive black hole might be the very last entity from the former Local Group to disappearβand the last evidence of its existence.
12837:
8062:
12156:
1718:
The supercontinent (Pangaea Ultima, Novopangaea, Amasia, or Aurica) will likely have rifted apart. This will likely result in higher global temperatures, similar to the
6557:
6469:
1899:
travel large distances looking for cooler temperatures. Many animals may be driven to the poles or possibly underground. These creatures would become active during the
12178:
12763:
11826:
Tegmark, Max (7 February 2003). "Parallel universes. Not just a staple of science fiction, other universes are a direct implication of cosmological observations".
6880:
Monnier, J. D.; Tuthill, P.; Lopez, GB; Cruzalebes, P.; et al. (1999). "The Last Gasps of VY Canis Majoris: Aperture Synthesis and Adaptive Optics Imagery".
2890:
The Universe's expansion, assuming a constant dark energy density, multiplies the wavelength of the cosmic microwave background by 10, exceeding the scale of the
668:
2304:
if the inner core continues to grow in size, based on its current growth rate of 1 mm (0.039 in) in diameter per year. Without its liquid outer core,
10694:
2918:
The estimated time by which the Universe will have expanded by a factor of more than 10, reducing the average particle density to less than one particle per
2373:
The Sun's luminosity will have increased by 35β40%, causing all water currently present in lakes and oceans to evaporate, if it had not done so earlier. The
1343:, causing the current locations of Los Angeles, California and San Francisco, California to merge. The Californian coast will begin to be subducted into the
10475:
Vikhlinin, A.; Kravtsov, A.V.; Burenin, R.A.; Ebeling, H.; et al. (2009). "Chandra Cluster Cosmology Project III: Cosmological Parameter Constraints".
6850:
3269:
and that the same process that made baryons predominate over anti-baryons in the early Universe makes protons decay. By this time, if protons do decay, the
298:, and the outer planets and their moons would continue orbiting this diminutive solar remnant. This future situation may be similar to the white dwarf star
9444:
Waszek, Lauren; Irving, Jessica; Deuss, Arwen (20 February 2011). "Reconciling the Hemispherical Structure of Earth's Inner Core With its Super-Rotation".
6227:
1492:
model created by Christopher R. Scotese, a new subduction zone will open in the Atlantic Ocean and the Americas will begin to converge back toward Africa.
13299:
8658:
Heath, Martin J.; Doyle, Laurance R. (2009). "Circumstellar Habitable Zones to Ecodynamic Domains: A Preliminary Review and Suggested Future Directions".
3612:
years), and later decaying into a black hole. The subsequent evaporation of each resulting black hole into subatomic particles (a process lasting roughly
6658:
4013:
11691:
Andreassen, Anders; Frost, William; Schwartz, Matthew D. (12 March 2018). "Scale-invariant instantons and the complete lifetime of the standard model".
10807:
Busha, Michael T.; Adams, Fred C.; Wechsler, Risa H.; Evrard, August E. (20 October 2003). "Future Evolution of Structure in an Accelerating Universe".
8532:
12490:
3044:
The estimated time for stars (including the Sun) to undergo a close encounter with another star in local stellar neighborhoods. Whenever two stars (or
9866:
9832:
5803:"A Crystal Ball Into Our Solar System's Future β Giant Gas Planet Orbiting a Dead Star Gives Glimpse Into the Predicted Aftermath of our Sun's Demise"
13471:
8892:
7448:
1911:
due to the intense heat and radiation. Much of the land would become a barren desert, and plants and animals would primarily be found in the oceans.
12598:
8750:
7814:
10382:
10033:
9883:
would just be two great big fuzzy balls of stars and mostly empty space passing through each other harmlessly over the course of millions of years.
6254:
3389:
The estimated time until ultramassive black holes of 10 (100 trillion) solar masses, predicted to form during the gravitational collapse of galaxy
1097:, a halo of icy bodies orbiting at the edge of the Solar System, thereafter raising the likelihood of a cometary impact in the inner Solar System.
13191:
2049:
to stop completely, if not already stopped before this time. Pockets of water may still be present at the poles, allowing abodes for simple life.
2006:
into the mantle. If this were to continue uninterrupted, it would reach an equilibrium where 65% of present-day surface water would be subducted.
13611:
12946:
12456:
6439:
13286:
12429:
10973:
7514:
7983:
7898:
5830:
5179:
1680:'s mantle temperature to reach its maximum. Then, over a period of about 100 million years, major subduction occurs and the crust is recycled.
10064:
4748:
1450:
to sink beneath the surface of the ocean, while a more recently formed chain of "new Hawaiian Islands" will then have emerged in their place.
12044:
10660:
13496:
12975:
3203:
The estimated time until most or all of the remaining 1β10% of stellar remnants not ejected from galaxies fall into their galaxies' central
5705:
9794:
7295:"An Update on the Future Flyby of Gliese 710 to the Solar System Using Gaia EDR3: Slightly Closer and a Tad Later than Previous Estimates"
7206:
7142:
6780:
12266:
10637:
10563:
260:
9556:
Luhmann, J. G.; Johnson, R. E.; Zhang, M. H. G. (1992). "Evolutionary impact of sputtering of the Martian atmosphere by O pickup ions".
9241:. Springer-Praxis books in astronomy and space sciences. London ; New York : Chichester: Springer ; Praxis. p. 509.
7836:
7084:
Tuthill, Peter; Monnier, John; Lawrance, Nicholas; Danchi, William; et al. (2008). "The Prototype Colliding-Wind Pinwheel WR 104".
659:
will pass within 3.024 light-years of Earth, becoming the closest star to the Sun. It will recede after about 8,000 years, making first
8247:
7271:
6750:
5538:
5173:
3393:, decay by Hawking radiation. This marks the end of the Black Hole Era. Beyond this time, if protons do decay, the universe enters the
3315:
Assuming that protons do not decay, estimated time for rigid objects, from free-floating rocks in space to planets, to rearrange their
1614:. This will likely result in a glacial period, lowering sea levels and increasing oxygen levels, further lowering global temperatures.
321:
after a finite time. This infinite future could allow for the occurrence of even massively improbable events, such as the formation of
11574:
6968:
French, Robert S.; Showalter, Mark R. (August 2012). "Cupid is doomed: An analysis of the stability of the inner uranian satellites".
2492:
Mars reaches the same solar radiation flux as Earth today, after which it will suffer a similar fate to the Earth as described above.
1167:
12594:
8093:
6329:"Colour evolution of Betelgeuse and Antares over two millennia, derived from historical records, as a new constraint on mass and age"
5271:
3125:
The estimated time until stellar close encounters detach all planets in star systems (including the Solar System) from their orbits.
1466:
13386:
Korycansky, D. G.; Laughlin, Gregory; Adams, Fred C. (2001). "Astronomical engineering: a strategy for modifying planetary orbits".
13212:
12721:
7545:
7420:
4135:
3327:. On this timescale, any discrete body of matter "behaves like a liquid" and becomes a smooth sphere due to diffusion and gravity.
1750:
1185:
Due to tidal deceleration gradually slowing Earth's rotation, a day on Earth is expected to be one minute longer than it is today.
309:
Long after the death of the solar system, physicists expect that matter itself will eventually disintegrate under the influence of
12101:
9895:
Braine, J.; Lisenfeld, U.; Duc, P. A.; Brinks, E.; et al. (2004). "Colliding molecular clouds in head-on galaxy collisions".
9659:
8219:
6078:
Finkleman, David; Allen, Steve; Seago, John; Seaman, Rob; et al. (June 2011). "The Future of Time: UTC and the Leap Second".
236:
14248:
14084:
5614:
5345:
This represents the time by which the event will most probably have happened. It may occur randomly at any time from the present.
3250:
Estimated time for all remaining planets and stellar-mass objects, including the Sun, to disintegrate if proton decay can occur.
9628:
6535:
3725:
mass rapidly collapse into black holes, and black holes formed by these processes instantly evaporate into subatomic particles.
3270:
3068:
754:
will have to be added to the end of every day, or the length of the day will have to be officially lengthened by one SI second.
12844:
11517:
10528:
10320:
9948:
7180:
3397:, in which all physical objects have decayed to subatomic particles, gradually winding down to their final energy state in the
12148:
11288:
10152:
8054:
3090:, have lifespans of roughly 10β20 trillion years). After this point, the stellar-mass objects remaining are stellar remnants (
1741:, or massive, hyperenergetic supernova, occurs within 6,500 light-years of Earth; close enough for its rays to affect Earth's
13713:
13682:
13652:
13101:
12914:
12413:
12322:
12297:
10631:
10601:
10557:
9246:
8286:
7042:
6422:
11196:
9252:
8028:
7680:
7638:
7386:
7245:
6827:
6816:. Komatik Series, ISSN 0840-4488. Vol. 4. Arctic Institute of North America of the University of Calgary. p. 202.
6477:
12189:
10360:
10241:
4558:-rich breathable atmosphere, using only plants with solar efficiency comparable to the biosphere currently found on Earth.
849:
12206:
11593:
11538:
Page, Don N. (1976). "Particle Emission Rates from a Black Hole: Massless Particles from an Uncharged, Nonrotating Hole".
314:
14685:
10698:
5889:
Adams, Fred C.; Laughlin, Gregory (1997). "A dying universe: the long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects".
4369:
2022:
924:
898:
437:
13366:
13200:
about 12 km/s... should survive recognizable at least to a distance β10 parsecs, and most probably to 100 parsecs.
12751:
7953:"Basins and bedrock: Spatial variation in 10Be erosion rates and increasing relief in the southern Rocky Mountains, USA"
13065:
12878:
12347:
12185:
11227:
11186:
11148:
11116:
9504:
8693:
8277:
Calkin, P. E.; Young, G. M. (1996), "Global glaciation chronologies and causes of glaciation", in Menzies, John (ed.),
7790:
5597:
5167:
5024:
3173:, if the Earth is not ejected from its orbit by a stellar encounter or engulfed by the Sun during its red giant phase.
1928:
264:
8566:
3188:
Around this timescale most stellar remnants and other objects are ejected from the remains of their galactic cluster.
13263:
13176:
11672:... the timescale for black holes to radiate away all their energy ranges ... to 10 years for black holes of up to 10
10226:
10177:
9540:
8314:
8132:
8022:
7932:
7674:
7632:
7380:
7239:
6952:
6821:
6736:
3841:(Because the total number of ways in which all the subatomic particles in the observable universe can be combined is
3370:
2761:
2446:
1159:
11322:
1571:
According to Christopher R. Scotese, due to the northward movement of the West Coast of North America, the coast of
8536:
6854:
4055:
nuclear satellite, launched in 1965 to an orbit 700 km (430 mi) above Earth, will return to the surface.
289:, or a loss of the energy available to do work, must rise over time. Stars will eventually exhaust their supply of
7759:
2999:
The estimated time of peak habitability in the universe, unless habitability around low-mass stars is suppressed.
2301:
2175:
Tidal acceleration moves the Moon far enough from the Earth to the point where it can no longer stabilize Earth's
14198:
13853:
11805:
Carroll, Sean M.; Chen, Jennifer (27 October 2004). "Spontaneous Inflation and the Origin of the Arrow of Time".
9165:
8443:
6858:
4374:
2726:, with each showing only one face to the other. Thereafter, the tidal action of the white dwarf Sun will extract
2576:
2545:
The Earth and Moon are very likely destroyed by falling into the Sun, just before the Sun reaches the top of its
1336:
548:, which experiences more pronounced seasonal variation due to a higher percentage of land, will be more extreme.
278:
12789:
12698:
12114:, "Launched in 1965 and carrying about 4.5 kilograms of uranium 235, Snap 10A is in a 1,000-year orbit ..."
6558:"Scientists predict a volcanic eruption that would destroy humanity could happen sooner than previously thought"
2898:
undetectable. However, it may still be possible to determine the expansion of the universe through the study of
2511:, resulting in its core becoming as bright as the combined luminosity of all the stars in the Milky Way galaxy.
2183:
becomes chaotic and extreme, leading to dramatic shifts in the planet's climate due to the changing axial tilt.
14077:
13348:
12815:
12668:
10998:
Loeb, Abraham; Batista, Rafael; Sloan, W. (2016). "Relative Likelihood for Life as a Function of Cosmic Time".
10626:. The University of Arizona space science series. Vol. 30. University of Arizona Press. pp. 176β177.
9742:
8476:
8330:
Farnsworth, Alexander; Lo, Y. T. Eunice; Valdes, Paul J.; Buzan, Jonathan R.; et al. (25 September 2023).
5296:
4196:
17:
7231:
Physical Processes in the Solar System: An introduction to the physics of asteroids, comets, moons and planets
7062:
3086:
The time by which all stars in the universe will have exhausted their fuel (the longest-lived stars, low-mass
10861:
Bodenheimer for his outstanding contributions to Astrophysics: Red Dwarfs and the End of the Main Sequence".
9880:
8955:
6132:
5301:
5256:
4147:
2631:
747:
374:
158:
42:
12482:
8600:
8382:
2857:
The expected time when the net light emission from the combined "Milkomeda" galaxy begins to decline as the
14160:
9858:
9558:
5057:
4361:, a collection of radio data transmitted on 16 November 1974, reaches the distance of its destination, the
2862:
2145:
1795:
282:
13448:
10414:
Caldwell, Robert R.; Kamionkowski, Marc; Weinberg, Nevin N. (2003). "Phantom Energy and Cosmic Doomsday".
9824:
7570:; Weil, Anne (9 March 2000). "Delayed biological recovery from extinctions throughout the fossil record".
3463:
The estimated time for black dwarfs of 1.2 solar masses or more to undergo supernovae as a result of slow
2826:. The temperature of the background will continue to cool in proportion to the expansion of the universe.
920:
14451:
12587:
12126:
12080:. Atomics International Division of North American Aviation, Inc., Canoga Park, California. NAA-SR-12073.
9764:
Chyba, C. F.; Jankowski, D. G.; Nicholson, P. D. (1989). "Tidal Evolution in the Neptune-Triton System".
8717:
7806:
6157:
Mengel, M.; Levermann, A. (4 May 2014). "Ice plug prevents irreversible discharge from East Antarctica".
5355:
5291:
4710:
4601:
4131:
2815:
1529:
Due to the gradual slowing of Earth's rotation, a day on Earth will be one hour longer than it is today.
1332:
313:, as even the most stable materials break apart into subatomic particles. Current data suggests that the
176:
12236:
10029:
7868:"Summit erosion rates deduced from 10Be: Implications for relief production in the central Appalachians"
6000:
Linde, Andrei (2007). "Sinks in the landscape, Boltzmann brains and the cosmological constant problem".
5101:
Estimated timescale for the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft to collide with a star (or stellar remnant).
3834:
Around this vast timeframe, quantum tunnelling in any isolated patch of the universe could generate new
2270:
Earth's surface temperature will reach around 420 K (147 Β°C; 296 Β°F), even at the poles.
13803:
13783:
13674:
13195:
10549:
9766:
7030:
6751:"Human-made climate change suppresses the next ice age β Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research"
5281:
5251:
4220:
3919:
3878:
3794:
3729:
3398:
1273:
274:
12460:
6250:
2236:
High estimate until the Earth's oceans evaporate if the atmospheric pressure were to decrease via the
14847:
14514:
14363:
14243:
13793:
13706:
12938:
12433:
12100:. Vol. 52, no. 15, 547. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 30 March 1978. p. 5.
10958:
7504:
6882:
5841:
5145:
4274:
2700:
2305:
1878:. These adaptations are likely to appear near the beginning of the moist greenhouse. The decrease in
1470:
1139:
will erode further, deepening slightly, but principally widening into a broad valley surrounding the
980:
38:
13327:
10115:
7952:
7867:
6032:
3417:
1753:. However, the supernova would have to be precisely oriented relative to Earth to have such effect.
1272:
Even without a mass extinction, by this time most current species will have disappeared through the
14213:
10056:
8331:
7704:"Improved estimate of tidal dissipation within Mars from MOLA observations of the shadow of Phobos"
7034:
5701:
5049:
4985:
4327:
4020:. Barring an extremely unlikely collision with some object, the craft should persist indefinitely.
3844:
3747:
3420:; 95% confidence interval is 10 to 10 years due in part to uncertainty about the top quark's mass.
1401:
1090:
441:
429:
13125:
Gott, J. Richard (May 1993). "Implications of the Copernican principle for our future prospects".
12054:
8499:
6414:
5528:
5472:
5400:
3691:
3635:
3581:
3526:
14678:
14469:
14120:
13644:
12971:
11456:
6587:
Schorghofer, Norbert (23 September 2008). "Temperature response of Mars to Milankovitch cycles".
5385:
Manuscript was updated after publication; lifetime numbers are taken from the latest revision at
5133:
4270:
3962:
3358:
3204:
3170:
2784:
2642:
1611:
541:
537:
494:
425:
11884:
In "Science and Ultimate Reality: From Quantum to Cosmos", Honoring John Wheeler's 90th Birthday
11882:(7 February 2003). Barrow, J. D.; Davies, P. C. W.; Harper, C. L. (eds.). "Parallel Universes".
9532:
8500:"Rodinia to Gondwanaland to Pangea to Amasia: alternating kinematics of supercontinental fusion"
8124:
5727:
Blackman, J. W.; Beaulieu, J. P.; Bennett, D. P.; Danielski, C.; et al. (13 October 2021).
5697:
5376:
Around 264 half-lives. Tyson et al. employ the computation with a different value for half-life.
1806:
in the ground as carbonate. As water evaporates from the Earth's surface, rocks harden, causing
1465:
Earth will likely have been hit by an asteroid comparable in size to the one that triggered the
194:
14826:
13823:
13634:
13322:
11178:
10896:(March 2000). "Life, The Universe, and Nothing: Life and Death in an Ever-Expanding Universe".
10110:
9387:"Atmospheric pressure as a natural climate regulator for a terrestrial planet with a biosphere"
9274:
Neron de Surgey, O.; Laskar, J. (1996). "On the Long Term Evolution of the Spin of the Earth".
8980:"Atmospheric pressure as a natural climate regulator for a terrestrial planet with a biosphere"
7267:
7202:
7138:
6944:
6788:
6027:
5266:
4864:
4836:
4756:
2686:(10 seconds) before the Big Rip, atoms would break apart. Ultimately, once the Rip reaches the
999:
622:
13247:
12586:
Artaxo, Paulo; Berntsen, Terje; Betts, Richard; Fahey, David W.; et al. (February 2018).
12258:
10621:
10543:
10336:, p. 16. Based upon the weighted least-squares best fit with the initial mass equal to a
5560:
3500:
matter in stellar remnants, planets, and planetary-mass objects has either fused together via
2649:
will grow ever sparser. Around 200 million years before the Big Rip, galaxy clusters like the
208:
14652:
14284:
14229:
14183:
14168:
13813:
13638:
13170:
12430:"Cornell News: "It's the 25th Anniversary of Earth's First (and only) Attempt to Phone E.T.""
11511:
10522:
10314:
10220:
10171:
9942:
8965:
8332:"Climate extremes likely to drive land mammal extinction during next supercontinent assembly"
7844:
6730:
6410:
Bad Astronomy: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Astrology to the Moon Landing "Hoax"
5261:
5043:
4824:
4725:
4174:
3835:
3780:
The highest estimate for the time it takes for the universe to reach its final energy state.
3501:
3266:
2760:
All the β47 galaxies of the Local Group will coalesce into a single large galaxyβan expanded
1895:
1365:
572:
13409:
13239:
13093:
13085:
12906:
12898:
10191:
Rybicki, K; Denis, C. (May 2001). "On the Final Destiny of the Earth and the Solar System".
9918:
9779:
9524:
9287:
9191:
8255:
7339:
7022:
6936:
5840:
2657:
would be destroyed. Sixty million years before the Big Rip, all galaxies will begin to lose
536:
will be less extreme than they are today, as it will be facing away from the Sun at Earth's
14535:
14504:
13953:
13848:
13699:
13545:
13463:
13405:
13314:
13251:
13134:
12636:
12550:
12379:
12010:
11957:
11901:
11845:
11769:
11710:
11631:
11547:
11475:
11272:
11079:
11017:
10915:
10870:
10742:
10494:
10433:
10286:
10200:
10102:
9992:
9914:
9775:
9718:
9687:
9567:
9484:
9453:
9398:
9346:
9283:
9187:
9136:
9097:
9046:
8991:
8911:
8841:
8788:
8732:
8621:
8452:
8403:
8346:
8174:
8011:(2008). "Can the Earth Deliver the Biomass-for-Fuel we Demand?". In Pimentel, David (ed.).
7967:
7882:
7715:
7579:
7467:
7335:
7103:
6987:
6901:
6667:
6656:
Matthews, R. A. J. (Spring 1994). "The Close Approach of Stars in the Solar Neighborhood".
6635:
6596:
6350:
6299:
6201:
6166:
6097:
6019:
5961:
5908:
5752:
5639:
5453:
would remain unchanged regardless of which conventional units they were listed in, be they
5449:
Although listed in years for convenience, the numbers at this point are so vast that their
5160:
4685:
4573:
Estimated time by which humanity could colonize our Milky Way galaxy and become capable of
4551:
4104:
3366:
2919:
2891:
2792:
2351:
844:
840:
746:
Due to lunar tides decelerating the Earth's rotation, a day on Earth is expected to be one
727:
603:
580:
112:
3342:
The estimated time until a black hole of 1 solar mass today, decays by Hawking radiation.
8:
14409:
13868:
13828:
13298:
Begtrup, G. E.; Gannett, W.; Yuzvinsky, T. D.; Crespi, V. H.; et al. (13 May 2009).
13216:
12722:"Spent Nuclear Fuel: A Trash Heap Deadly for 250,000 Years or a Renewable Energy Source?"
7537:
7509:
7412:
7023:
6685:
Berger, A.; Loutre, M. F. (23 August 2002). "An Exceptionally Long Interglacial Ahead?".
6440:"Africa's desert to become lush green tropics as monsoons MOVE to Sahara, scientists say"
4182:
4170:
4017:
3958:
3478:
2796:
2646:
1354:
1320:
1263:
1117:
950:
545:
533:
460:
13549:
13467:
13318:
13255:
13138:
12640:
12554:
12391:
12383:
12022:
12014:
11969:
11961:
11905:
11849:
11773:
11714:
11635:
11551:
11479:
11276:
11083:
11029:
11021:
10919:
10874:
10754:
10746:
10498:
10437:
10290:
10204:
10106:
9996:
9722:
9691:
9571:
9488:
9457:
9402:
9350:
9166:"Long-term evolution of the Galilean satellites: the capture of Callisto into resonance"
9140:
9101:
9050:
8995:
8915:
8845:
8792:
8736:
8625:
8456:
8407:
8350:
8178:
7971:
7925:
Of rocks, mountains and Jasper: a visitor's guide to the geology of Jasper National Park
7886:
7719:
7583:
7471:
7107:
6991:
6905:
6671:
6639:
6600:
6354:
6303:
6205:
6170:
6101:
6041:
6023:
5965:
5912:
5756:
5643:
2327:
Earth could potentially survive for far longer if it survived the interstellar journey.
964:(GRB), and an even smaller chance that such a GRB could pose a threat to life on Earth.
14821:
14816:
14811:
14806:
14801:
14796:
14671:
14358:
14336:
14203:
14027:
13998:
13933:
13926:
13662:
13569:
13429:
13395:
13158:
13049:
13026:
13001:
12660:
12568:
12540:
12364:
12096:
12026:
12000:
11973:
11947:
11935:
11891:
11835:
11806:
11787:
11759:
11726:
11700:
11655:
11499:
11465:
11033:
11007:
10939:
10905:
10842:
10816:
10782:
10758:
10732:
10510:
10506:
10484:
10457:
10423:
10302:
10276:
10144:
10010:
9982:
9930:
9904:
9525:
9421:
9386:
9364:
9336:
9203:
9177:
9088:
Franck, S. (2000). "Reduction of biosphere life span as a consequence of geodynamics".
9070:
9014:
8979:
8929:
8901:
8865:
8831:
8659:
8637:
8611:
8468:
8419:
8393:
8211:
8192:
8164:
8117:
7603:
7485:
7457:
7119:
7093:
7003:
6977:
6917:
6891:
6718:
6612:
6527:
6340:
6289:
6113:
6087:
6053:
6009:
5977:
5951:
5924:
5898:
5835:
5776:
5742:
5663:
5629:
5533:
5286:
5228:
4928:, before the etching is destroyed by poorly understood interstellar erosion processes.
4832:
4828:
4504:
4339:
3572:
3560:
3441:
3293:
3131:
that was once the Sun will have cooled to 5 K (β268.15 Β°C; β450.67 Β°F).
3099:
2899:
1948:
1812:
1768:
1599:
1328:
634:
630:
564:
357:
222:
11913:
11857:
8085:
5671:
2730:
from the system, causing the lunar orbit to decay and the Earth's spin to accelerate.
14791:
14786:
14781:
14776:
14771:
14766:
14761:
14756:
14751:
14739:
14439:
14318:
14218:
14071:
13974:
13878:
13678:
13648:
13561:
13533:
13340:
13259:
13240:
13150:
13107:
13097:
13061:
13031:
12920:
12910:
12874:
12652:
12572:
12409:
12343:
12318:
12293:
11917:
11861:
11791:
11730:
11647:
11491:
11223:
11182:
11144:
11112:
11037:
10931:
10893:
10834:
10762:
10627:
10597:
10585:
10553:
10461:
10449:
10136:
10128:
10005:
9970:
9734:
9730:
9636:
9536:
9500:
9496:
9426:
9359:
9324:
9242:
9207:
9109:
9062:
9037:
Caldeira, Ken; Kasting, James F. (1992). "The life span of the biosphere revisited".
9019:
8924:
8887:
8857:
8689:
8472:
8423:
8310:
8282:
8187:
8152:
8128:
8089:
8018:
7928:
7786:
7670:
7628:
7595:
7480:
7443:
7376:
7351:
7235:
7123:
7038:
6948:
6937:
6817:
6722:
6710:
6702:
6519:
6499:
6418:
6117:
6045:
5973:
5780:
5768:
5728:
5655:
5593:
5458:
5276:
5012:
5008:
4906:
4663:
4199:
and later commercialized. (The Rosetta Project uses this technology, named after the
3324:
3297:
2470:
2374:
2180:
2106:
1974:
1872:
1864:
1324:
1205:
1086:
310:
299:
186:
13573:
11659:
11503:
10943:
10846:
10514:
10306:
10148:
10014:
9934:
9368:
8933:
8869:
8817:
8816:
Antoja, T.; Helmi, A.; Romero-GΓ³mez, M.; Katz, D.; et al. (19 September 2018).
8641:
8196:
7489:
7168:
6921:
6616:
6327:
NeuhΓ€user, R.; Torres, G.; Mugrauer, M.; NeuhΓ€user, D. L.; et al. (July 2022).
6057:
5981:
5928:
5667:
4300:, future languages should retain just 1 out of 100 "core vocabulary" words on their
14557:
14545:
14373:
14341:
14173:
14042:
13958:
13948:
13863:
13557:
13553:
13503:
13433:
13421:
13413:
13332:
13162:
13142:
13086:
13021:
13013:
12899:
12664:
12644:
12558:
12387:
12030:
12018:
11965:
11909:
11853:
11777:
11718:
11639:
11555:
11487:
11483:
11345:
11280:
11260:
11087:
11025:
10923:
10826:
10750:
10502:
10441:
10294:
10208:
10120:
10087:
10000:
9922:
9726:
9632:
9598:
9575:
9492:
9461:
9416:
9406:
9385:
Li, King-Fai; Pahlevan, Kaveh; Kirschvink, Joseph L.; Yung, Yuk L. (16 June 2009).
9354:
9195:
9144:
9105:
9074:
9054:
9009:
8999:
8919:
8849:
8822:
8796:
8740:
8629:
8511:
8460:
8411:
8354:
8182:
7975:
7890:
7723:
7701:
7660:
7607:
7587:
7475:
7343:
7306:
7111:
7007:
6995:
6909:
6694:
6604:
6531:
6511:
6358:
6307:
6174:
6105:
6037:
5969:
5916:
5807:
5760:
5733:
5647:
5585:
5200:
5053:
5016:
4752:
4744:
4362:
4293:
4192:
3289:
3045:
2977:
2727:
2580:
2579:, achieving its maximum radius of 256 times the present-day value. In the process,
2347:
2214:
1746:
1447:
1393:
1267:
1047:
805:
774:
214:
128:
108:
11977:
10445:
9199:
7347:
5802:
1749:, assuming the hypothesis is correct that a previous such explosion triggered the
474:. For a few months, the explosions should be easily visible on Earth in daylight.
14619:
14484:
14461:
14429:
14381:
14368:
14331:
14313:
13943:
13938:
13666:
12130:
12049:
11643:
11172:
11168:
10889:
10086:
Lorenz, Ralph D.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; McKay, Christopher P. (15 November 1997).
9926:
9236:
8012:
7664:
7622:
7370:
7229:
6999:
6811:
5450:
5020:
4902:
4574:
4358:
4178:
4139:
3670:
2722:
If the Earth and Moon are not engulfed by the Sun, by this time they will become
2408:
2126:
2102:
2046:
1965:
1823:
photosynthesis (β99 percent of present-day species) will die. The extinction of C
1807:
1738:
1696:
1607:
1553:
1495:
1489:
1443:
1344:
1227:
1051:
979:
Earth will likely have been hit by an asteroid of roughly 1 km in diameter,
961:
928:
723:
568:
322:
270:
116:
63:
10350:
10245:
7951:
Dethier, David P.; Ouimet, W.; Bierman, P. R.; Rood, D. H.; et al. (2014).
7025:
The Long Thaw: How Humans Are Changing the Next 100,000 Years of Earth's Climate
5236:
532:
to occur on opposite sides of Earth's orbit. This means that the seasons in the
14724:
14719:
14714:
14562:
14552:
14351:
14223:
14193:
14178:
13963:
13921:
13916:
13788:
12563:
12528:
11722:
11164:
9707:"Runaway and moist greenhouse atmospheres and the evolution of earth and Venus"
9391:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
8984:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
8358:
7567:
7311:
7294:
6515:
6276:
Saio, Hideyuki; Nandal, Devesh; Meynet, Georges; EkstΓΆm, Sylvia (2 June 2023).
5764:
5524:
5061:
4989:
4958:
4925:
4883:
4736:
4578:
4508:
4297:
4243:
4115:
along with other data of historical interest, if stored in optimum conditions.
3362:
3064:
2881:
2696:
2654:
2527:
2237:
2156:' atmosphere, its surface temperature rises to levels akin to Earth during the
2149:
1803:
1595:
1140:
902:
875:
832:
699:
691:
660:
13633:
Adams, Fred C. (2008). "Long term astrophysical processes". In Bostrom, Nick;
13417:
12091:
11284:
8853:
8633:
8415:
8055:"Kiss that Hawaiian timeshare goodbye / Islands will sink in 80 million years"
5920:
5651:
4755:. (Normal erosion processes active on Earth are not present due to the Moon's
4150:
has provided the theoretical basis for United States plans for future nuclear
2553:, breaking into a ring of debris, most of which falls to the Earth's surface.
1987:. The only life left on the Earth after this will be single-celled organisms.
1661:
to roughly 40Β° north and south, the amount of arid land will increase by 25%.
14841:
14743:
14642:
14592:
14540:
14474:
14446:
14434:
14424:
14414:
14296:
14140:
14066:
14015:
13968:
13883:
13843:
13838:
13833:
13766:
13154:
13111:
12924:
11782:
11745:
11256:
10935:
10838:
10132:
8050:
7355:
7169:"Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards"
6784:
6706:
6363:
6328:
6312:
6277:
6049:
5801:
Blackman, Joshua; Bennett, David; Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe (13 October 2021).
5659:
5615:"A dying universe: the long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects"
5141:
4323:
4262:
4238:
Most probable estimated lifespan of technological civilization, according to
4200:
3966:
3437:
3019:
2723:
2466:
2396:
2122:
2110:
1961:
1776:
1700:
1549:
1405:
1340:
1297:
1213:
1163:
1025:
1021:
836:
782:
770:
708:
599:
67:
13052:(1985). "The Origins of Evolutionary Novelty And Galactic Colonization". In
11559:
10413:
9411:
9004:
8801:
8776:
8745:
7702:
Bills, Bruce G.; Gregory A. Neumann; David E. Smith; Maria T. Zuber (2005).
6698:
6192:
Hockey, T.; Trimble, V. (2010). "Public reaction to a V = β12.5 supernova".
5056:, compensating for the Sun's rising brightness and outward migration of the
629:
reaches a warming peak of the northern hemisphere during the c. 50,000-year
14614:
14608:
14274:
14208:
14130:
14061:
14010:
13911:
13858:
13798:
13565:
13344:
13081:
13017:
13002:"Speciation durations and Pleistocene effects on vertebrate phylogeography"
12894:
12656:
11921:
11865:
11651:
11495:
11310:
11092:
11067:
10593:
10453:
10355:
10212:
10140:
9854:
9738:
9430:
9066:
9023:
8978:
Li, King-Fai; Pahlevan, Kaveh; Kirschvink, Joseph L.; Yung, Luk L. (2009).
8861:
8558:
7599:
7164:
6714:
6523:
5772:
5242:
5214:
5137:
4901:
Humanity has a 95% probability of being extinct by this date, according to
4840:
4718:
4667:
4301:
4072:
4008:
3568:
3390:
3232:
3095:
2687:
2671:
2556:
2549:
phase. Before the final collision, the Moon possibly spirals below Earth's
2508:
1545:
1397:
1369:
1259:
1223:
1217:
1136:
1003:
871:
719:
687:
398:
168:
136:
96:
13035:
10690:
9602:
6278:"The evolutionary stage of Betelgeuse inferred from its pulsation periods"
2953:
The estimated time by which all objects beyond our former Local Group are
14706:
14624:
14602:
14509:
14494:
14289:
14269:
14259:
14188:
14145:
14125:
14054:
13873:
13775:
13671:
Heliophysics: Evolving Solar Activity and the Climates of Space and Earth
13425:
13400:
13385:
12690:
12623:
McKay, Christopher P.; Toon, Owen B.; Kasting, James F. (8 August 1991).
11896:
11879:
11840:
11314:
10910:
10821:
10617:
10428:
9909:
9593:
Shlermeler, Quirin (3 March 2005). "Solar wind hammers the ozone layer".
9149:
9124:
8436:
7728:
7703:
7462:
6896:
6608:
6178:
5903:
5634:
5454:
4954:
4831:
predicted that if humanity has been dispersed among genetically isolated
4781:
4675:
4239:
4108:
3273:, in which black holes are the only remaining celestial objects, begins.
3208:
3166:
3128:
3103:
3091:
2788:
2765:
2683:
2650:
2638:
2627:
2603:
2550:
2404:
2400:
1900:
1868:
1742:
1658:
1635:
1603:
1424:
751:
295:
228:
12871:
Between Rocks And Hard Places: Discovering Ireland's Northern Landscapes
8437:
Strom, Robert G.; Schaber, Gerald G.; Dawson, Douglas D. (25 May 1994).
8014:
Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems: Benefits and Risks
6379:
6109:
4717:
will have eroded one metre, in a moderate climate, assuming a rate of 1
4173:'s several ongoing projects, including a 10,000-year clock known as the
1162:, that are unstable because of gravitational interaction of the several
14702:
14694:
14519:
14419:
14326:
14301:
14104:
13888:
13053:
12997:
12005:
11952:
11811:
10337:
8008:
7751:
6500:"'Super-eruption' timing gets an update β and not in humanity's favour"
6404:
6014:
4953:
Maximal estimated lifespan of technological civilization, according to
4859:
4800:
4776:
4620:
4532:
4527:
4484:
4465:
4416:
4365:
4188:
4002:
3996:
3564:
2981:
2675:
2427:
2176:
2084:
2080:
2003:
1887:
1879:
1832:
1799:
1719:
1631:
1572:
1113:
1094:
1082:
1074:
801:
664:
521:
463:
394:
318:
242:
75:
13449:"Astroengineering, or how to save the Earth in only one billion years"
13336:
10124:
9579:
8464:
7894:
7292:
4684:
Planned lifespan of the Human Document Project being developed at the
2430:
the Earth did when it first formed, 4.5 billion years ago from today.
960:. There is a small chance WR 104 is spinning fast enough to produce a
602:
eruption large enough to eject one teratonne (one trillion tonnes) of
14582:
14499:
14135:
14047:
14022:
14003:
13893:
13599:
Zhang, J.; GeceviΔius, M.; Beresna, M.; Kazansky, P. G. (June 2013).
13146:
12785:
12694:
12648:
12363:
Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; et al. (2017).
9479:
McDonough, W. F. (2004). "Compositional Model for the Earth's Core".
9465:
9058:
7979:
7591:
7203:"Badlands National Park β Nature & Science β Geologic Formations"
4805:
4740:
4679:
4671:
4639:
4597:
4460:
4440:
4319:
4151:
4143:
3990:
3984:
3509:
3445:
3087:
2958:
2885:
2858:
2691:
2546:
2474:
2218:
2118:
2026:
1908:
1904:
1840:
1836:
1598:. Four potential arrangements of this configuration have been dubbed
1358:
1235:
957:
853:
828:
809:
778:
712:
653:
502:
498:
471:
433:
406:
361:
303:
164:
132:
120:
88:
12843:. New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services. Archived from
12811:
12624:
9706:
8438:
6813:
Shield Country: The Life and Times of the Oldest Piece of the Planet
5148:, at an ambient temperature of 30 Β°C (86 Β°F; 303 K).
4373:
another 25,000 years from the time of its transmission (assuming no
14150:
13993:
13903:
13761:
13751:
13534:"Seemingly unlimited lifetime data storage in nanostructured glass"
12622:
12545:
11764:
11705:
11012:
10966:
Revista Mexicana de AstronomΓa y AstrofΓsica, Serie de Conferencias
10957:
Adams, Fred C.; Laughlin, Gregory; Graves, Genevieve J. M. (2004).
10927:
10863:
Revista Mexicana de AstronomΓa y AstrofΓsica, Serie de Conferencias
10830:
10787:
10298:
9182:
8836:
7115:
7058:
6913:
6345:
6294:
5747:
5590:
Predicting the future: An introduction to the theory of forecasting
5386:
5046:, before the information stored on them is rendered unrecoverable.
4984:, mostly through the remains of underground infrastructure such as
4644:
4421:
4266:
4052:
3617:
3394:
3320:
2954:
2895:
2667:
656:
520:
By this point, halfway through Earth's precessional cycle, Earth's
290:
11470:
10737:
10489:
10281:
9987:
9795:"When Our Galaxy Smashes into Andromeda, What Happens to the Sun?"
9341:
8906:
8664:
8616:
8398:
8169:
7444:"Simulations of the Population of Centaurs I: The Bulk Statistics"
7098:
6982:
6092:
5956:
4823:
Vertebrate species separated for this long will generally undergo
14489:
14479:
14401:
14392:
14377:
14264:
14109:
14032:
13741:
12759:
12695:"The Physics of Interstellar Travel: To one day, reach the stars"
9825:"NASA's Hubble Shows Milky Way is Destined for Head-On Collision"
8516:
4977:
4714:
4397:
4335:
4331:
4085:
4081:
3674:
3505:
3471:
3464:
3228:
2690:, cosmic strings would be disintegrated as well as the fabric of
2623:
2392:
2343:
2157:
2114:
1970:
1844:
1639:
1350:
1201:
1029:
750:
second longer than it is today. In order to compensate, either a
695:
467:
402:
286:
246:
200:
182:
14279:
13532:
Zhang, J.; GeceviΔius, M.; Beresna, M.; Kazansky, P. G. (2014).
12315:
Where Do We Come From?: The Molecular Evidence for Human Descent
12290:
Emigrating Beyond Earth: Human Adaptation and Space Colonization
7505:"Birth of an Ocean: The Evolution of Ethiopia's Afar Depression"
6326:
5726:
2768:
coalescing will mark the effective completion of its evolution.
598:
The best-guess recurrence rate for a "civilization-threatening"
111:, which has revealed how matter behaves at the smallest scales;
14587:
13746:
13281:
The Earth After Us: What legacy will humans leave in the rocks?
11192:
10474:
10387:
7293:
de la Fuente Marcos, RaΓΊl; de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos (2020).
4967:
4932:
4873:
4695:
4555:
4541:
4494:
4112:
3613:
3497:
3468:
2663:
2483:
2417:
2364:
2291:
2261:
2227:
2035:
1993:
1983:
1926:
As pointed out by Peter Ward and Donald Brownlee in their book
1917:
1883:
1785:
1709:
1686:
1667:
1648:
1585:
1576:
1562:
1479:
1433:
1414:
1383:
1373:
1310:
1209:
1191:
1126:
1078:
1055:
1012:
989:
953:
911:
888:
879:
677:
612:
589:
576:
554:
529:
525:
415:
100:
13598:
13531:
12588:"Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing"
12527:
Bailer-Jones, Coryn A. L.; Farnocchia, Davide (3 April 2019).
12123:
11938:(21 March 2003). "The statistics of string / M theory vacua".
8686:
Rare earth : why complex life is uncommon in the universe
3559:
A low estimate for the time until all iron stars collapse via
3029:, runs out of hydrogen in its core and becomes a white dwarf.
2814:
The universe will have expanded by a factor of 6,000, and the
2465:
The Sun, having now exhausted its hydrogen supply, leaves the
2308:
shuts down, and solar winds gradually deplete the atmosphere.
2083:
life dies out on Earth due to carbon dioxide starvation. Only
131:, whether the Earth survives when the Sun expands to become a
14597:
14346:
14037:
13985:
13601:"5D Data Storage by Ultrafast Laser Nanostructuring in Glass"
13297:
12529:"Future stellar flybys of the Voyager and Pioneer spacecraft"
11750:
10088:"Titan under a red giant sun: A new kind of "habitable" moon"
6879:
6220:"A giant star is acting strange, and astronomers are buzzing"
4705:
4330:, the 2,600-square-kilometre (1,000 sq mi) area of
3957:, this is also the time required for a quantum-tunnelled and
3015:
2584:
2355:
1875:
1677:
1277:
1239:
1231:
1208:
valley, causing a new ocean basin to divide the continent of
852:
on a much shorter timescale, causing a shock to the regional
835:, will have naturally spread north through the United States
80:
14663:
12905:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press. pp.
12232:
10723:
Loeb, Abraham (2011). "Cosmology with Hypervelocity Stars".
9164:
Lari, Giacomo; Saillenfest, Melaine; Fenucci, Marco (2020).
7083:
5092:
5033:
4915:
4849:
4790:
4766:
4629:
4517:
4474:
4450:
4430:
4406:
4348:
4042:
3838:, resulting in new Big Bangs giving birth to new universes.
3487:
3454:
3194:
3179:
3156:
3138:
3116:
3077:
3054:
3035:
3005:
2990:
2967:
2944:
2928:
2909:
2871:
2848:
2832:
2805:
2774:
2751:
2736:
2713:
2613:
2593:
2566:
2536:
2517:
2498:
2456:
2436:
2383:
2333:
2314:
2246:
2204:
2166:
2135:
2093:
2012:
1759:
1728:
1634:, is likely to trigger an extinction event comprable to the
1535:
1520:
1505:
1456:
1287:
1176:
1149:
1064:
1038:
1032:
considered the "freshest" of its kind, will have worn away.
970:
937:
927:, will rise above the surface of the ocean and become a new
862:
791:
760:
737:
643:
511:
480:
450:
384:
347:
254:
13736:
13722:
13092:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press. p.
12838:"Time it takes for garbage to decompose in the environment"
11261:"Time Without End: Physics and Biology in an Open Universe"
10383:"Ask Ethan: Could The Universe Be Torn Apart In A Big Rip?"
8815:
8562:
8279:
Past glacial environments: sediments, forms, and techniques
8212:"Period of the Sun's Orbit Around the Galaxy (Cosmic Year)"
7810:
5083:
4981:
4976:
Future archaeologists should be able to identify an "Urban
4732:
4393:
3508:
or decayed from a higher mass element into iron-56 to form
3474:
3316:
2980:, the closest star to the Sun today, at a distance of 4.25
2679:
2658:
2285:
High estimate until all remaining Earth life goes extinct.
2153:
1978:
1772:
1301:
1089:)βto the Sun before moving away. This will gravitationally
626:
490:
104:
12207:"How do we warn future generations about our toxic waste?"
11622:
Frautschi, S. (1982). "Entropy in an expanding universe".
11594:"Black holes can help us answer many long-asked questions"
10333:
10266:
8139:
all the rings should collapse in about 100 million years.
6873:
5941:
5208:
4195:
writing medium on nickel plate, a technology developed at
2559:
may reach surface temperatures necessary to support life.
949:
At some point in the next few hundred thousand years, the
428:"ice plug" in the next few centuries were to endanger the
123:, which examines how human societies and cultures evolve.
13300:"Nanoscale Reversible Mass Transport for Archival Memory"
13242:
A Scenario for Interstellar Exploration and Its Financing
12996:
9301:
9299:
9297:
8945:
8943:
8559:"Questions Frequently Asked by the Public About Eclipses"
7752:"Pangea Ultima will form 250 million years in the Future"
6077:
4014:
trajectories which will take them out of the Solar System
3231:
in the observable universe to decay, if the hypothesized
1891:
84:
12585:
11111:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 92.
11065:
10806:
9894:
9384:
9125:"Biotic feedback extends the life span of the biosphere"
8977:
8775:
Bounama, Christine; Franck, S.; Von Bloh, David (2001).
7950:
5107:
5071:
4998:
4944:
4721:(1 mm in 1,000 years, or β1 inch in 25,000 years).
4653:
4610:
4564:
4383:
4283:
4229:
4160:
4094:
4061:
3496:
Assuming protons do not decay, estimated time until all
3477:
fusion, as the declining electron fraction lowers their
2707:
is c. β0.991, meaning the Big Rip is unlikely to occur.
1423:
The estimated time for Earth to naturally replenish its
139:
will be the eventual end of all matter in the Universe.
13691:
11690:
9763:
9609:
8716:
Franck, S.; Bounama, C.; Von Bloh, W. (November 2005).
8329:
5800:
2575:
The Sun reaches the top of the red-giant branch of the
1695:
According to the extroversion model first developed by
440:, this is separate from the shorter-term threat to the
119:, which shows how continents shift over millennia; and
13669:. In Schrijver, Carolus J.; Siscoe, George L. (eds.).
12526:
12432:. Cornell University. 12 November 1999. Archived from
11991:
Ashok, S.; Douglas, M. (2004). "Counting flux vacua".
10242:"Planetary Nebulae and the Future of the Solar System"
9294:
9163:
8940:
8241:
8239:
8237:
6275:
5888:
4747:
will erode by this time, along with those left by all
2984:, leaves the main sequence and becomes a white dwarf.
2622:
The estimated time until the end of the universe in a
1947:
Carbon dioxide levels will fall to the point at which
1794:
The Sun's increasing luminosity begins to disrupt the
11343:
10781:
Ord, Toby (5 May 2021). "The Edges of Our Universe".
10695:
Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
10661:"Earth and Moon May Be on Long-Term Collision Course"
9273:
8774:
8715:
8281:, vol. 2, Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 9β75,
7843:. University of Tennessee Press. 2011. Archived from
5475:
5403:
3922:
3881:
3847:
3797:
3750:
3694:
3638:
3584:
3529:
3165:
The estimated time until the Earth collides with the
3067:
ends in galaxies. This marks the transition from the
1372:, although topography will actually rise as regional
13667:"Planetary habitability on astronomical time scales"
12149:"Microsoft is Storing Source Code in an Arctic Cave"
11068:"M dwarfs: planet formation and long term evolution"
11066:
Adams, F. C.; Bodenheimer, P.; Laughlin, G. (2005).
8886:
SchrΓΆder, K.-P.; Smith, Robert Connon (1 May 2008).
6320:
5190:
3235:
takes its smallest possible value (8.2 Γ 10 years).
432:, it would take up to this long to melt completely.
13365:Abumrad, Jad; Krulwich, Robert (12 February 2010).
12533:
Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society
12362:
10956:
10859:
9660:"Solar system could go haywire before the Sun dies"
9555:
9325:"The collision between the Milky Way and Andromeda"
8679:
8677:
8675:
8653:
8651:
8234:
6659:
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society
6131:McClure, Bruce; Byrd, Deborah (22 September 2021).
686:According to Berger and Loutre (2002), the current
11344:Nishino H, Clark S, Abe K, Hayato Y, et al. (
11211:
8818:"A dynamically young and perturbed Milky Way disk"
8718:"Causes and timing of future biosphere extinction"
8307:Applied climatology : principles and practice
8300:
8298:
8246:Williams, Caroline; Nield, Ted (20 October 2007).
8116:
7866:Hancock, Gregory; Kirwan, Matthew (January 2007).
5613:Adams, Fred C.; Laughlin, Gregory (1 April 1997).
5495:
5423:
4863:passes near one of the stars in the constellation
4674:salt mine in Austria, which stores information on
4604:will cease to be radiologically lethal to humans.
4587:
4310:
4121:
3949:
3908:
3867:
3824:
3786:
3770:
3739:
3714:
3683:
3658:
3627:
3604:
3549:
3518:
3426:
3416:A 2018 estimate of Standard Model lifetime before
3407:
3380:
3348:
3333:
3306:
3279:
3256:
3241:
3218:
3169:Sun due to the decay of its orbit via emission of
62:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
13006:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
12365:"The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties"
11798:
10327:
10085:
9975:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
9964:
9962:
9960:
9958:
9443:
9329:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
8893:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
8157:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
7449:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
7441:
6380:"Vega: The North Star of the Past and the Future"
6333:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
6282:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
6073:
6071:
6069:
6067:
5361:
3371:collision of the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies
2884:ends in galaxies as galaxies are depleted of the
1396:will wear away to a plain, assuming a rate of 60
14839:
13238:Bignami, Giovanni F.; Sommariva, Andrea (2013).
13237:
12966:
12964:
12408:. New York City: Time Home Entertainment. 2012.
12092:"U.S. ADMISSION: Satellite mishap released rays"
11819:
10997:
10190:
9518:
9516:
8672:
8648:
8309:. London, England: Routledge. pp. 127β128.
7669:. London, England: Penguin UK (published 2001).
7442:Horner, J.; Evans, N. W.; Bailey, M. E. (2004).
7325:
6934:
3977:
3732:, assuming it does not happen before this time.
3361:of "Milkomeda"/"Milkdromeda" from the merger of
2117:, completing the 1:2:4:8 chain. (Currently only
1514:The Sun's luminosity will have increased by 1%.
1368:peaks will largely wear away, weathering at 5.7
777:, which results from their movement through the
13364:
13060:. University of California Press. p. 274.
13058:Interstellar Migration and the Human Experience
12342:. Stanford University Press. pp. 341β342.
11575:"More Evidence for Coming Black Hole Collision"
9971:"Distant Future of the Sun and Earth Revisited"
9036:
8888:"Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited"
8295:
8153:"Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited"
7538:"NOVA Online | Everest | Birth of the Himalaya"
6967:
6935:Schaetzl, Randall J.; Anderson, Sharon (2005).
6651:
6649:
6462:
6431:
6156:
5729:"A Jovian analogue orbiting a white dwarf star"
5503:is 1 followed by 10 (100 quindecillion) zeroes.
4708:objects in the environment will be decomposed.
4304:compared to that of their current progenitors.
3575:, and that Planck-scale black holes can exist.
1266:, if it were on the scale of the five previous
1234:territory, whose boundaries are defined by the
923:(formerly LΕΚ»ihi), the youngest volcano in the
690:period will end, sending the Earth back into a
501:. Although Earth cycles through many different
436:would rise 3 to 4 metres. One of the potential
59:Scientific projections regarding the far future
13000:; D. Walker; G. C. Johns (22 September 1998).
11000:Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
10888:
10725:Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
10610:
9969:Schroder, K. P.; Smith, Robert Connon (2008).
9955:
9629:"Study: Earth May Collide With Another Planet"
9122:
8151:SchrΓΆder, K.-P.; Smith, Robert Connon (2008).
6632:Terraforming: The Creating of Habitable Worlds
6133:"Gamma Cephei, aka Errai, a future North Star"
6064:
6002:Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
5445:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5180:Graphical timeline from Big Bang to Heat Death
4596:The estimated minimum time at which the spent
2818:will have cooled by the same factor to around
2403:, potentially disintegrating into a planetary
905:will still remain in a stabilized atmosphere.
575:far enough north to change the climate of the
14679:
13707:
13502:. Office of Information Technology Services,
13368:Carl Sagan And Ann Druyan's Ultimate Mix Tape
12961:
12398:
12312:
11533:
11531:
11529:
11527:
11217:
11138:
11134:
11132:
11130:
11128:
10959:"RED Dwarfs and the End of The Main Sequence"
10541:
10260:
9968:
9670:
9513:
9380:
9378:
9123:Lenton, Timothy M.; von Bloh, Werner (2001).
9081:
8885:
8881:
8879:
8711:
8709:
8707:
8705:
8245:
8150:
7865:
6773:
6191:
5612:
4892:
4488:passes within 1.9 light-years of Gliese 445.
4342:, will return to normal levels of radiation.
3354:1.54Γ10β1.41Γ10 (15.4β141 novemvigintillion)
3063:A high estimate for the time by which normal
711:will have eroded the remaining 32 km to
698:, regardless of the effects of anthropogenic
358:lunar tides decelerating the Earth's rotation
13456:Revista Mexicana de AstronomΓa y AstrofΓsica
12522:
12520:
12518:
12516:
12514:
12512:
12510:
12508:
11990:
11222:. New York: The Free Press. pp. 85β87.
11163:
10616:
10184:
8683:
8378:
8376:
8374:
8372:
8370:
8368:
7566:
7157:
6842:
6684:
6646:
5431:is 1 followed by 10 (100 septillion) zeroes.
2976:The estimated time until the red dwarf star
1819:is no longer possible. All plants that use C
1594:All the continents on Earth may fuse into a
1112:The estimated time for the full recovery of
505:northern pole stars, Vega is the brightest.
115:, which studies how life evolves over time;
13278:
12356:
12287:
12117:
11804:
11044:
10542:Murray, C. D. & Dermott, S. F. (1999).
10048:
9676:
8768:
8596:
8594:
8592:
8590:
8588:
8586:
8584:
8304:
8276:
7435:
6781:"Niagara Falls Geology Facts & Figures"
6586:
6130:
5944:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
5822:
5720:
5517:
5434:
5082:Numeric overflow in system time for 64-bit
4444:passes within 1.7 light-years of Ross 248.
1357:and create a mountain range similar to the
1216:into the newly formed Nubian Plate and the
317:(or very close to flat), and thus will not
261:Formation and evolution of the Solar System
23:
14686:
14672:
13714:
13700:
13446:
12112:– via National Library of Australia.
11524:
11157:
11125:
10991:
10853:
10718:
10716:
10244:. University of Washington. Archived from
9592:
9375:
8876:
8702:
8688:. New York: Copernicus. pp. 117β128.
8657:
8535:. National Geographic News. Archived from
8086:"Meteorites, Impacts, and Mass Extinction"
7745:
7743:
7741:
7739:
7627:. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 216.
7413:"Grand Canyon β Geology β A dynamic place"
7227:
6678:
5794:
5392:
5370:
5348:
5174:Graphical timeline of the Stelliferous Era
3673:to appear in the vacuum via a spontaneous
3448:, etc.) on time scales of 10 to 10 years.
2025:will have been completely consumed by the
24:
13399:
13326:
13048:
13025:
12939:"Apollo 11 β First Footprint on the Moon"
12873:. Geological Survey of Northern Ireland.
12595:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
12562:
12544:
12505:
12337:
12004:
11951:
11895:
11839:
11810:
11781:
11763:
11746:"Black Dwarf Supernova in the Far Future"
11704:
11621:
11469:
11251:
11249:
11247:
11245:
11243:
11241:
11239:
11091:
11011:
10909:
10820:
10786:
10736:
10584:
10488:
10427:
10280:
10114:
10004:
9986:
9908:
9698:
9478:
9420:
9410:
9358:
9340:
9181:
9148:
9013:
9003:
8923:
8905:
8835:
8800:
8744:
8684:Ward, Peter D.; Brownlee, Donald (2003).
8663:
8615:
8533:"Gamma-Ray Burst Caused Mass Extinction?"
8515:
8430:
8397:
8365:
8186:
8168:
7785:(5th ed.). Brooks/Cole. p. 62.
7727:
7479:
7461:
7368:
7310:
7097:
7061:. Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. 2011.
6981:
6895:
6362:
6344:
6311:
6293:
6091:
6031:
6013:
5955:
5902:
5746:
5633:
5272:List of radioactive nuclides by half-life
4814:
4252:
4210:
2276:
2189:
2071:
2055:
1938:
1853:
1843:broad-leaf forests and finally evergreen
1620:
1446:will have become the last of the current
1335:. This will form a new inland sea on the
1249:
1158:The average orbital half-life of current
1103:
818:
255:Earth, the Solar System, and the universe
13661:
13497:"Date/Time Conversion Contract Language"
13436:. Astrophys.Space Sci.275:349-366, 2001.
12683:
12288:Smith, Cameron; Davies, Evan T. (2012).
12225:
10683:
10658:
8971:
8961:
8949:
8581:
7807:"Continents in Collision: Pangea Ultima"
7780:
7234:. Keenan & Darlington. p. 121.
6655:
6248:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5828:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5144:in glass, a technology developed at the
4835:over this time, the galaxy will host an
4080:), a public art work started in 1993 at
1258:The estimated time for full recovery of
74:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
13205:
13080:
12893:
12179:"Permanent Markers Implementation Plan"
11934:
11878:
11825:
11598:Microscopy UK - Science & Education
11572:
11348:) (2009). "Search for Proton Decay via
11337:
10776:
10774:
10772:
10713:
10343:
10233:
10057:"Earth's Moon Destined to Disintegrate"
9757:
9704:
9549:
9522:
9437:
9322:
9230:
9228:
9226:
9224:
9116:
8497:
8305:Perry, Perry; Russel, Thompson (1997).
8203:
8119:The Cambridge Guide to the Solar System
8049:
7736:
7163:
6848:
6809:
5935:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5584:
5523:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5317:
4575:harnessing all the energy of the galaxy
4277:will equal the actual population size.
4273:will no longer be regionalized, as the
3357:The estimated time until the resulting
3014:The estimated time until the red dwarf
2144:The Sun's rising luminosity causes its
2002:27% of the ocean's mass will have been
1642:in particular are unlikely to survive.
1408:are eroding at a somewhat slower rate.
1296:Maximum estimated time before the moon
83:5β7.5 billion years from now, when the
14:
14840:
13477:from the original on 23 September 2015
13279:Zalasiewicz, Jan (25 September 2008).
12719:
12313:Klein, Jan; Takahata, Naoyuki (2002).
12146:
11743:
11454:in a Large Water Cherenkov Detector".
11236:
11106:
11100:
10802:
10800:
10798:
10578:
10535:
10468:
10079:
10054:
9621:
9472:
9318:
9316:
9314:
9267:
9234:
9087:
9030:
8809:
8551:
8530:
8524:
8479:from the original on 16 September 2020
8123:. Cambridge University Press. p.
8007:
7922:
7774:
7659:
7620:
7535:
7502:
7319:
7260:
7020:
6943:. Cambridge University Press. p.
6470:"Orbit: Earth's Extraordinary Journey"
6377:
6185:
5592:. State University of New York Press.
5154:
4107:, a repository which contains code of
4103:Maximum lifespan of the data films in
3620:is on these timescales instantaneous.
3069:Stelliferous Era to the Degenerate Era
2787:causes all galaxies beyond the former
14667:
13695:
13632:
12701:from the original on 10 February 2014
12604:from the original on 18 February 2019
12422:
12147:Linder, Courtney (15 November 2019).
12075:
12037:
11255:
11051:"Why the Smallest Stars Stay Small".
10979:from the original on 23 December 2018
10158:from the original on 23 December 2018
9888:
9786:
9657:
9615:
9305:
8604:International Journal of Astrobiology
8386:International Journal of Astrobiology
8209:
7989:from the original on 23 December 2018
7904:from the original on 23 December 2018
7762:from the original on 25 February 2019
7695:
7517:from the original on 24 December 2013
7274:from the original on 26 February 2021
7209:from the original on 15 February 2015
6629:
6437:
6403:
6397:
6378:Howell, Elizabeth (9 November 2018).
6242:
5999:
5988:
3875:, a number which, when multiplied by
3022:star with an estimated mass of 0.075
2445:The Andromeda Galaxy will have fully
2129:participate in the 1:2:4 resonance.)
715:, and will therefore cease to exist.
14648:
13124:
12868:
12689:
12406:Time: Disasters that Shook the World
12137:website. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
11573:Overbye, Denis (16 September 2015).
11537:
11309:
11218:Adams, Fred; Laughlin, Greg (1999).
11174:The Anthropic Cosmological Principle
11139:Adams, Fred; Laughlin, Greg (1999).
10769:
10722:
10671:from the original on 1 February 2017
10363:from the original on 24 October 2011
9853:
9792:
9745:from the original on 7 December 2019
9221:
8114:
8077:
7799:
7496:
7389:from the original on 7 November 2020
7248:from the original on 28 October 2020
7065:from the original on 27 October 2012
7051:
6830:from the original on 3 November 2020
6568:from the original on 9 November 2020
5857:
5314:
5060:, accomplished by repeated asteroid
5025:University of California at Berkeley
4905:'s formulation of the controversial
4751:, due to the accumulated effects of
3616:years), and subsequent shift to the
2645:will continue to accelerate and the
1751:OrdovicianβSilurian extinction event
850:invasive earthworms of North America
12483:"Interpretation of NTFS Timestamps"
12104:from the original on 21 August 2021
11181:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10795:
10780:
10701:from the original on 7 January 2019
10659:Dorminey, Bruce (31 January 2017).
9311:
8781:Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
8222:from the original on 10 August 2011
7749:
7641:from the original on 4 October 2020
7503:Haddok, Eitan (29 September 2008).
7375:. Infobase Publishing. p. 53.
7173:Journal of Evolution and Technology
7136:
6761:from the original on 7 January 2021
5829:Ferreira, Becky (13 October 2021).
5689:
4886:will erode into unrecognizability.
4728:will erode into unrecognizability.
3292:of 1 Earth mass today, decays into
2023:Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
1494:Upper estimate for lifespan of the
1280:gradually evolving into new forms.
899:long-term effects of global warming
438:long-term effects of global warming
56:
13580:from the original on 2 August 2021
13513:from the original on 30 April 2021
13189:
12454:
12186:United States Department of Energy
12159:from the original on 16 March 2021
11591:
11516:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
11199:from the original on 1 August 2020
10640:from the original on 1 August 2020
10566:from the original on 1 August 2020
10527:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
10395:from the original on 2 August 2021
10319:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
10239:
10027:
9947:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
9835:from the original on 30 April 2020
9323:Cox, T. J.; Loeb, Abraham (2007).
8569:from the original on 12 March 2010
8498:Hoffman, Paul F. (November 1992).
8096:from the original on 6 August 2017
8083:
8065:from the original on 17 April 2019
8031:from the original on 1 August 2020
7817:from the original on 17 April 2019
7683:from the original on 1 August 2020
7423:from the original on 25 April 2021
7183:from the original on 27 April 2011
6476:. 23 December 2015. Archived from
6226:. 26 December 2019. Archived from
5168:Graphical timeline of the universe
4757:almost complete lack of atmosphere
4531:passes within 0.76 light-years of
4503:Estimated atmospheric lifetime of
4027:
2957:by a factor of more than 10. Even
2894:and rendering its evidence of the
2880:A low estimate for the time until
2587:, and Earth are likely destroyed.
2530:with the expanding red giant Sun.
2342:There is a roughly 1% chance that
1958:The Life and Death of Planet Earth
1929:The Life and Death of Planet Earth
332:
265:List of future astronomical events
57:
14859:
12978:from the original on 29 June 2011
12949:from the original on 3 April 2021
12792:from the original on 16 July 2021
12766:from the original on 21 July 2021
12732:from the original on 10 July 2021
12720:Biello, David (28 January 2009).
12671:from the original on 8 March 2021
12493:from the original on 8 March 2021
12269:from the original on 8 March 2021
12239:from the original on 16 June 2021
12235:. The Long Now Foundation. 2011.
11914:10.1038/scientificamerican0503-40
11858:10.1038/scientificamerican0503-40
11109:Galaxies, Structure and Evolution
10067:from the original on 27 June 2019
10055:Powell, David (22 January 2007).
9869:from the original on 8 March 2021
9483:. Vol. 2. pp. 547β568.
8756:from the original on 31 July 2020
8439:"The global resurfacing of Venus"
7548:from the original on 19 June 2021
7145:from the original on 3 April 2018
6538:from the original on 24 July 2021
6450:from the original on 8 March 2021
6251:"Betelgeuse will explode someday"
4643:passes within 1.3 light-years of
4577:, assuming a velocity of 10% the
4464:passes within 1.8 light-years of
4420:passes within 3.4 light-years of
3950:{\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{56}}}}
3909:{\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{56}}}}
3825:{\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{56}}}}
3481:, assuming protons do not decay.
1969:depend on living plants, such as
1775:far enough from Earth that total
1657:Due to a shift in the equatorial
14647:
14638:
14637:
13592:
13525:
13489:
13440:
13379:
13358:
13291:
13272:
13231:
13183:
13118:
13074:
13042:
12990:
12931:
12887:
12862:
12830:
12818:from the original on 19 May 2014
12804:
12778:
12744:
12713:
12616:
12579:
12475:
12448:
12331:
12306:
12281:
12251:
12199:
12188:. 30 August 2004. Archived from
12171:
12140:
12084:
12069:
11984:
11928:
11872:
11737:
11684:
11615:
11585:
11566:
11325:from the original on 30 May 2009
11303:
11291:from the original on 5 July 2008
11059:
10950:
10882:
10652:
10407:
10375:
10036:from the original on 12 May 2021
10021:
10006:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x
9847:
9817:
9805:from the original on 17 May 2007
9651:
9586:
9360:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13048.x
9255:from the original on 27 May 2021
9110:10.1034/j.1600-0889.2000.00898.x
8925:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x
8188:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x
7481:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08240.x
6939:Soils: Genesis and Geomorphology
6855:National Research Council Canada
6413:. John Wiley and Sons. pp.
6257:from the original on 23 May 2021
6253:. EarthSky Communications, Inc.
6249:Sessions, Larry (29 July 2009).
5708:from the original on 13 May 2012
5695:
5464:
5387:https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.08124
5379:
5235:
5221:
5207:
5193:
5106:
5091:
5070:
5032:
5023:, a technology developed at the
4997:
4966:
4943:
4914:
4891:
4872:
4848:
4813:
4789:
4765:
4694:
4652:
4628:
4609:
4586:
4563:
4540:
4516:
4493:
4473:
4449:
4429:
4405:
4382:
4347:
4309:
4282:
4251:
4228:
4209:
4159:
4120:
4093:
4060:
4041:
4026:
3785:
3738:
3682:
3626:
3517:
3486:
3453:
3425:
3406:
3379:
3347:
3332:
3305:
3278:
3255:
3240:
3217:
3193:
3178:
3155:
3137:
3115:
3076:
3053:
3034:
3004:
2989:
2966:
2943:
2927:
2908:
2870:
2847:
2831:
2804:
2773:
2750:
2735:
2712:
2612:
2602:The Sun becomes a carbonβoxygen
2592:
2565:
2535:
2516:
2497:
2482:
2455:
2435:
2416:
2382:
2363:
2332:
2313:
2290:
2275:
2260:
2245:
2226:
2203:
2188:
2165:
2134:
2092:
2070:
2054:
2034:
2011:
1992:
1937:
1916:
1852:
1784:
1758:
1727:
1708:
1685:
1666:
1647:
1619:
1584:
1561:
1534:
1519:
1504:
1478:
1455:
1432:
1413:
1382:
1309:
1286:
1248:
1190:
1175:
1168:predictions for notable centaurs
1148:
1125:
1102:
1063:
1037:
1011:
988:
969:
936:
910:
887:
861:
817:
790:
759:
736:
676:
642:
611:
588:
553:
510:
479:
449:
414:
383:
346:
331:
235:
221:
207:
193:
175:
157:
13626:
12259:"A Visit to the Doomsday Vault"
11744:Caplan, M. E. (7 August 2020).
10351:"Universe May End in a Big Rip"
9157:
8491:
8444:Journal of Geophysical Research
8323:
8270:
8144:
8108:
8043:
8001:
7944:
7916:
7859:
7829:
7708:Journal of Geophysical Research
7653:
7614:
7560:
7536:Bilham, Roger (November 2000).
7529:
7405:
7362:
7286:
7221:
7195:
7130:
7077:
7014:
6961:
6928:
6803:
6743:
6623:
6580:
6550:
6492:
6371:
6269:
6212:
6150:
6124:
5541:from the original on 2 May 2023
4957:'s original formulation of the
4392:Maximum system time for 64-bit
4375:faster-than-light communication
4242:'s original formulation of the
4219:Projected lifespan of Norway's
4088:, is scheduled for completion.
3018:, as of 2016 the least-massive
2703:suggest that the true value of
2555:During this era, Saturn's moon
2213:The first close passage of the
1544:From its present position, the
981:assuming that it is not averted
925:HawaiianβEmperor seamount chain
808:will likely have exploded in a
571:of Earth's poles will move the
495:fifth-brightest star in the sky
13558:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.033901
13388:Astrophysics and Space Science
13287:Review in Stanford Archaeology
12053:. 20 June 1983. Archived from
11488:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.141801
10731:(4). Harvard University: 023.
9658:Shiga, David (23 April 2008).
9635:. 11 June 2009. Archived from
9497:10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/02015-6
6634:. Springer. pp. 138β142.
5698:"Second Law of Thermodynamics"
5606:
5578:
5553:
5297:Timeline of the early universe
5129:(30 quintillionβ3 sextillion)
5042:Estimated lifespan of the two
4780:comes within 3 light-years of
4197:Los Alamos National Laboratory
3339:1.16Γ10 (11.6 unvigintillion)
3083:1.1β1.2Γ10 (110β120 trillion)
2670:and even extreme objects like
1802:of surface rocks, which traps
1798:; higher luminosity increases
1230:by 180 km (110 mi).
579:back into a tropical one such
13:
1:
14693:
13608:CLEO: Science and Innovations
13175:: CS1 maint: date and year (
12812:"Human Document Project 2014"
12459:. Science 2.0. Archived from
12457:"In regard to the email from"
12392:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001
12076:Staub, D.W. (25 March 1967).
12023:10.1088/1126-6708/2004/01/060
11970:10.1088/1126-6708/2003/05/046
11220:The Five Ages of the Universe
11141:The Five Ages of the Universe
11030:10.1088/1475-7516/2016/08/040
10755:10.1088/1475-7516/2011/04/023
10691:"The Local Group of Galaxies"
10590:From the Big Bang to Planet X
10446:10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.071301
10225:: CS1 maint: date and year (
10176:: CS1 maint: date and year (
9881:Andromeda-Milky Way collision
9238:Mars: a warmer, wetter planet
7927:. Dundurn Press. p. 30.
7139:"WR 104: Technical Questions"
6735:: CS1 maint: date and year (
6510:(7683): 8. 30 November 2017.
6438:Mowat, Laura (14 July 2017).
6042:10.1088/1475-7516/2007/01/022
5509:
5302:Ultimate fate of the universe
5257:Detailed logarithmic timeline
5170:(to 8 billion years from now)
4616:13 September 275,760 CE
4148:Human Interference Task Force
3978:Humanity and human constructs
3868:{\displaystyle 10^{10^{115}}}
3771:{\displaystyle 10^{10^{120}}}
2915:1.05Γ10 (1.05 trillion)
2320:
1331:to flood into the California
1116:ecosystems from human-caused
1058:, will likely have collided.
1006:will have eroded completely.
943:
882:, will likely have collided.
470:will likely have exploded as
11644:10.1126/science.217.4560.593
11143:. New York: The Free Press.
10623:Origin of the Earth and Moon
10507:10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1060
10095:Geophysical Research Letters
9731:10.1016/0019-1035(88)90116-9
9705:Kasting, J. F. (June 1988).
9559:Geophysical Research Letters
9170:Astronomy & Astrophysics
9129:Geophysical Research Letters
7663:(1992). "The Human Impact".
7328:Astronomy & Astrophysics
7228:Landstreet, John D. (2003).
7059:"Frequently Asked Questions"
7000:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.06.031
6589:Geophysical Research Letters
5496:{\displaystyle 10^{10^{50}}}
5424:{\displaystyle 10^{10^{26}}}
4804:passes near the bright star
4619:Maximum system time for the
4389:14 September 30,828 CE
3715:{\displaystyle 10^{10^{76}}}
3659:{\displaystyle 10^{10^{50}}}
3605:{\displaystyle 10^{10^{76}}}
3550:{\displaystyle 10^{10^{26}}}
3285:3.14Γ10 (314 quindecillion)
2757:100 billionβ10 (1 trillion)
2179:. As a consequence, Earth's
2146:circumstellar habitable zone
1471:assuming this is not averted
1077:will pass as close as 0.051
903:anthropogenic carbon dioxide
315:universe has a flat geometry
283:second law of thermodynamics
7:
14452:Geological history of Earth
12045:"Hurtling Through the Void"
11107:Tayler, Roger John (1993).
9200:10.1051/0004-6361/202037445
8777:"The fate of Earth's ocean"
7417:Views of the National Parks
7369:Goldstein, Natalie (2009).
7348:10.1051/0004-6361/201629835
5292:Timeline of natural history
5186:
4602:Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
4132:Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
3728:level until it reaches its
3288:The estimated time until a
3227:The estimated time for all
2934:1.4Γ10 (1.4 trillion)
2816:cosmic microwave background
2764:; the last galaxies of the
2577:HertzsprungβRussell diagram
2399:falls through the planet's
1737:The estimated time until a
1699:, subduction ceases in the
1376:deepen at twice this rate.
1238:peaks and on the plains of
544:, while the seasons in the
10:
14864:
13804:Orders of magnitude (time)
13675:Cambridge University Press
13447:Korycansky, D. G. (2004).
13283:. Oxford University Press.
12338:Greenberg, Joseph (1987).
11723:10.1103/PhysRevD.97.056006
11592:L., Logan Richard (2021).
10550:Cambridge University Press
9927:10.1051/0004-6361:20035732
9897:Astronomy and Astrophysics
9767:Astronomy and Astrophysics
9680:ASP Conference Proceedings
9527:The Future of the Universe
9276:Astronomy and Astrophysics
8725:Biogeosciences Discussions
8359:10.1038/s41561-023-01259-3
7841:Encyclopedia of Appalachia
7783:Essentials of Oceanography
7621:Wilson, Edward O. (1999).
7268:"Uranus's colliding moons"
7031:Princeton University Press
6516:10.1038/d41586-017-07777-6
5974:10.1088/0067-0049/192/2/18
5765:10.1038/s41586-021-03869-6
5282:Orders of magnitude (time)
5252:Chronology of the universe
4924:Most probable lifespan of
4370:interstellar radio message
4338:left deserted by the 1986
4221:Svalbard Global Seed Vault
4187:Estimated lifespan of the
3418:collapse of a false vacuum
3399:heat death of the universe
3247:10β10 (1β100 undecillion)
3011:1.2Γ10 (12 trillion)
2865:stage of peak luminosity.
2641:is less than β1, then the
2526:Earth and Mars may become
1745:and potentially trigger a
1274:background extinction rate
524:will be mirrored, causing
489:As Earth's poles precess,
360:, the average length of a
258:
129:humans will become extinct
61:
14738:
14701:
14633:
14575:
14528:
14515:Time translation symmetry
14460:
14400:
14390:
14312:
14239:
14159:
14100:
13984:
13902:
13812:
13774:
13760:
13729:
13640:Global catastrophic risks
13610:: CTh5Dβ9. Archived from
13056:; Jones, Eric M. (eds.).
12317:. Springer. p. 395.
12292:. Springer. p. 258.
12233:"The Long Now Foundation"
11315:"The End of the Universe"
11285:10.1103/RevModPhys.51.447
11265:Reviews of Modern Physics
11072:Astronomische Nachrichten
10898:The Astrophysical Journal
10809:The Astrophysical Journal
10620:; Righter, Kevin (2000).
10477:The Astrophysical Journal
10269:The Astrophysical Journal
8854:10.1038/s41586-018-0510-7
8634:10.1017/S147355041200047X
8416:10.1017/S1473550413000426
8115:Lang, Kenneth R. (2003).
7419:. National Park Service.
7299:Research Notes of the AAS
7086:The Astrophysical Journal
6883:The Astrophysical Journal
5921:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337
5891:Reviews of Modern Physics
5652:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337
5622:Reviews of Modern Physics
5159:For graphical timelines,
5146:University of Southampton
4827:. Evolutionary biologist
4749:twelve Apollo moonwalkers
4724:Without maintenance, the
4275:effective population size
4035:
4032:
4025:
3982:To date five spacecraft (
3669:The estimated time for a
2888:they need to form stars.
2861:stars pass through their
2795:, removing them from the
2762:"Milkomeda"/"Milkdromeda"
2701:Chandra X-ray Observatory
2507:The Sun may experience a
726:will have been erased by
340:
338:Years from now
337:
330:
148:
107:form, interact, and die;
13721:
13192:"Pioneer Mission Status"
12564:10.3847/2515-5172/ab158e
12340:Language in the Americas
10592:. Camden East, Ontario:
9481:Treatise on Geochemistry
7750:Scotese, Christopher R.
7312:10.3847/2515-5172/abd18d
5702:Georgia State University
5308:
5011:memory device" using an
4711:Various public monuments
4328:Chernobyl Exclusion Zone
4169:Planned lifespan of the
3205:supermassive black holes
3041:3Γ10 (30 trillion)
2791:to disappear beyond the
1796:carbonateβsilicate cycle
1779:are no longer possible.
1498:in their current state.
1349:Africa's collision with
1204:will flood the widening
583:5,000β10,000 years ago.
442:West Antarctic Ice Sheet
430:East Antarctic Ice Sheet
142:
79:Artist's concept of the
39:latest accepted revision
14470:Absolute space and time
14121:Astronomical chronology
13645:Oxford University Press
13418:10.1023/A:1002790227314
13410:2001Ap&SS.275..349K
12625:"Making Mars habitable"
11560:10.1103/PhysRevD.13.198
11457:Physical Review Letters
10416:Physical Review Letters
9919:2004A&A...418..419B
9780:1989A&A...219L..23C
9523:Meadows, A. J. (2007).
9412:10.1073/pnas.0809436106
9288:1997A&A...318..975N
9192:2020A&A...639A..40L
9005:10.1073/pnas.0809436106
8802:10.5194/hess-5-569-2001
8746:10.5194/bgd-2-1665-2005
8248:"Pangaea, the comeback"
8059:San Francisco Chronicle
7340:2016A&A...595L..10B
7270:. astronomy.com. 2017.
6810:Bastedo, Jamie (1994).
6699:10.1126/science.1076120
5134:Superman memory crystal
5132:Estimated lifespan of "
5007:Estimated lifespan of "
4600:stored at New Mexico's
4271:human genetic variation
4033:Date or years from now
3438:baryon non-conservation
3359:supermassive black hole
3262:3Γ10 (30 tredecillion)
3171:gravitational radiation
3060:10 (100 trillion)
2973:4Γ10 (4 trillion)
2950:2Γ10 (2 trillion)
1676:The estimated time for
1638:250 million years ago.
1268:major extinction events
1242:, will cease to exist.
540:and towards the Sun at
497:, becomes the northern
426:Wilkes Subglacial Basin
269:All projections of the
14520:Time reversal symmetry
13824:Italian six-hour clock
13215:. NASA. Archived from
13194:. NASA. Archived from
13018:10.1098/rspb.1998.0492
12972:"The Pioneer Missions"
12078:SNAP 10 Summary Report
11783:10.1093/mnras/staa2262
11093:10.1002/asna.200510440
10213:10.1006/icar.2001.6591
10063:. Tech Media Network.
9859:"Andromeda Is Coming!"
9235:Kargel, J. S. (2004).
7923:Yorath, C. J. (2017).
7781:Garrison, Tom (2009).
7661:Wilson, Edward Osborne
7021:Archer, David (2009).
6630:Beech, Martin (2009).
6364:10.1093/mnras/stac1969
6313:10.1093/mnras/stad2949
5497:
5425:
5267:Far future in religion
5182:(to 10 years from now)
5176:(to 10 years from now)
5163:of these events, see:
5048:Estimated time for an
5044:Voyager Golden Records
4837:evolutionary radiation
4662:Estimated lifespan of
4623:programming language.
3951:
3910:
3869:
3826:
3772:
3716:
3660:
3606:
3551:
3312:10 (100 vigintillion)
3207:. By this point, with
2996:10 (10 trillion)
2626:, assuming a model of
2426:Mars reaches the same
1626:> 250 million
1469:66 million years ago,
1323:, the movement of the
1000:Badlands National Park
998:The rugged terrain of
843:, recovering from the
827:Native North American
781:, renders many of the
623:northern polar ice cap
302:and the Jupiter-sized
91:
14285:Time and fate deities
14230:The Unreality of Time
14169:A series and B series
12756:developer.mozilla.org
12195:on 28 September 2006.
11346:Super-K Collaboration
10545:Solar System Dynamics
9793:Cain, Fraser (2007).
9603:10.1038/news050228-12
9531:. Springer. pp.
8531:Minard, Anne (2009).
8210:Leong, Stacy (2002).
7666:The Diversity of Life
7624:The Diversity of Life
6849:Tapping, Ken (2005).
6159:Nature Climate Change
5561:"Deep Time Reckoning"
5498:
5426:
5262:Far future in fiction
5161:logarithmic timelines
5136:" data storage using
5098:10 (100 quintillion)
5052:project to alter the
4882:Without maintenance,
4825:allopatric speciation
4726:Great Pyramid of Giza
4670:-style repository in
4175:Clock of the Long Now
3952:
3911:
3870:
3827:
3773:
3717:
3661:
3607:
3552:
3502:muon-catalyzed fusion
3224:2Γ10 (2 undecillion)
3162:10 (100 quintillion)
3146:(10β100 quintillion)
2877:10 (1 trillion)
2306:Earth's magnetosphere
2148:to move outwards; as
2107:meanβmotion resonance
2105:is captured into the
1896:ultraviolet radiation
1366:Appalachian Mountains
631:perihelion precession
573:North African Monsoon
319:collapse in on itself
281:must account for the
78:
14536:Chronological dating
14505:Theory of relativity
13849:Daylight saving time
13617:on 6 September 2014.
13246:. Springer. p.
13088:The World Without Us
12901:The World Without Us
12463:on 24 September 2015
12129:19 July 2011 at the
11055:(22). November 1997.
10030:"The End Of The Sun"
9150:10.1029/2000GL012198
8216:The Physics Factbook
7729:10.1029/2004je002376
7400:preindustrial times.
6609:10.1029/2008GL034954
6179:10.1038/nclimate2226
5473:
5401:
4986:building foundations
4982:great coastal cities
4739:'s "one small step"
4688:in the Netherlands.
4686:University of Twente
4326:. At this point the
4296:linguistic model of
4105:Arctic World Archive
3920:
3879:
3845:
3795:
3748:
3692:
3636:
3582:
3527:
3185:10 (100 sextillion)
2920:cosmological horizon
2892:cosmic light horizon
2793:cosmic light horizon
2785:Universe's expansion
2678:will evaporate into
2643:Universe's expansion
2637:. If the density of
2346:'s gravity may make
2302:Earth's core freezes
1890:, allowing for more
1882:will result in less
1835:plants, followed by
1070:1.29 Β± 0.04 million
845:Laurentide Ice Sheet
773:of stars across the
728:post-glacial rebound
604:pyroclastic material
461:red supergiant stars
424:If a failure of the
285:, which states that
113:evolutionary biology
99:, which studies how
13829:Thai six-hour clock
13663:Brownlee, Donald E.
13550:2014PhRvL.112c3901Z
13468:2004RMxAC..22..117K
13319:2009NanoL...9.1835B
13256:2013sief.book.....B
13139:1993Natur.363..315G
13050:Valentine, James W.
13012:(1407): 1707β1712.
12869:Lyle, Paul (2010).
12786:"Memory of Mankind"
12752:"Date - JavaScript"
12726:Scientific American
12641:1991Natur.352..489M
12555:2019RNAAS...3...59B
12384:2017ChPhC..41c0001A
12057:on 22 December 2008
12015:2004JHEP...01..060A
11962:2003JHEP...05..046D
11906:2003SciAm.288e..40T
11850:2003SciAm.288e..40T
11828:Scientific American
11774:2020MNRAS.497.4357C
11715:2018PhRvD..97e6006A
11636:1982Sci...217..593F
11552:1976PhRvD..13..198P
11480:2009PhRvL.102n1801N
11313:(7 February 2016).
11277:1979RvMP...51..447D
11084:2005AN....326..913A
11053:Sky & Telescope
11022:2016JCAP...08..040L
10920:2000ApJ...531...22K
10890:Krauss, Lawrence M.
10875:2004RMxAC..22...46A
10747:2011JCAP...04..023L
10499:2009ApJ...692.1060V
10438:2003PhRvL..91g1301C
10334:Kalirai et al. 2008
10291:2008ApJ...676..594K
10248:on 19 December 2008
10205:2001Icar..151..130R
10107:1997GeoRL..24.2905L
9997:2008MNRAS.386..155S
9879:explained that the
9723:1988Icar...74..472K
9692:2002ASPC..269...85G
9572:1992GeoRL..19.2151L
9489:2003TrGeo...2..547M
9458:2011NatGe...4..264W
9403:2009PNAS..106.9576L
9351:2008MNRAS.386..461C
9141:2001GeoRL..28.1715L
9102:2000TellB..52...94F
9051:1992Natur.360..721C
8996:2009PNAS..106.9576L
8916:2008MNRAS.386..155S
8846:2018Natur.561..360A
8793:2001HESS....5..569B
8737:2006BGeo....3...85F
8626:2013IJAsB..12...99O
8457:1994JGR....9910899S
8451:(E5): 10899β10926.
8408:2014IJAsB..13..229O
8351:2023NatGe..16..901F
8179:2008MNRAS.386..155S
8084:Nelson, Stephen A.
8053:(14 October 2006).
7972:2014Geo....42..167D
7887:2007Geo....35...89H
7720:2005JGRE..110.7004B
7584:2000Natur.404..177K
7510:Scientific American
7472:2004MNRAS.354..798H
7108:2008ApJ...675..698T
6992:2012Icar..220..911F
6906:1999ApJ...512..351M
6851:"The Unfixed Stars"
6693:(5585): 1287β1288.
6672:1994QJRAS..35....1M
6640:2009tchw.book.....B
6601:2008GeoRL..3518201S
6355:2022MNRAS.516..693N
6304:2023MNRAS.526.2765S
6224:National Geographic
6206:2010Obs...130..167H
6171:2014NatCC...4..451M
6110:10.1511/2011.91.312
6102:2011arXiv1106.3141F
6024:2007JCAP...01..022L
5966:2011ApJS..192...19W
5913:1997RvMP...69..337A
5845:on 28 December 2021
5757:2021Natur.598..272B
5644:1997RvMP...69..337A
5155:Graphical timelines
4841:genetic enhancement
4507:, the most durable
4368:. This is the only
4171:Long Now Foundation
3959:quantum fluctuation
3836:inflationary events
3573:virtual black holes
3479:Chandrasekhar limit
3442:virtual black holes
3296:by the emission of
3294:subatomic particles
3127:By this point, the
3122:10 (1 quadrillion)
2900:hypervelocity stars
2797:observable universe
2647:Observable Universe
2021:By this point, the
1355:Mediterranean Basin
1321:Christopher Scotese
1264:Holocene extinction
1118:ocean acidification
868:100,000β10 million
667:the nearest stars (
546:Northern Hemisphere
534:Southern Hemisphere
29:Page version status
14359:Rosy retrospection
14337:Mental chronometry
14161:Philosophy of time
13635:ΔirkoviΔ, Milan M.
13190:Lasher, Lawrence.
12211:newhumanist.org.uk
12097:The Canberra Times
11758:(1β6): 4357β4362.
11579:The New York Times
10894:Starkman, Glenn D.
10596:. pp. 79β81.
10586:Dickinson, Terence
9863:The New York Times
9639:on 4 November 2012
7568:Kirchner, James W.
6080:American Scientist
5836:The New York Times
5534:The New York Times
5493:
5421:
5287:Space and survival
5229:Outer space portal
5077:292,277,026,596 CE
4829:James W. Valentine
4570:100,000β1 million
4505:tetrafluoromethane
4400:operating system.
4340:Chernobyl disaster
4018:interstellar space
3947:
3906:
3865:
3822:
3768:
3730:final energy state
3712:
3656:
3602:
3561:quantum tunnelling
3547:
1975:hydrothermal vents
1769:Tidal acceleration
1575:will collide with
1329:Gulf of California
1262:after a potential
1226:will advance into
1087:astronomical units
894:> 100,000
635:Milankovitch cycle
565:Sahara pump theory
456:10,000β1 million
92:
35:
14835:
14834:
14661:
14660:
14571:
14570:
14546:Circadian rhythms
14364:Tenseβaspectβmood
14219:Temporal finitism
14096:
14095:
14072:Grandfather clock
13684:978-0-521-11294-9
13654:978-0-19-857050-9
13337:10.1021/nl803800c
13198:on 8 April 2000.
13133:(6427): 315β319.
13103:978-0-312-34729-1
12916:978-0-312-34729-1
12635:(6335): 489β496.
12415:978-1-60320-247-3
12372:Chinese Physics C
12324:978-3-662-04847-4
12299:978-1-4614-1165-9
12265:. 20 March 2008.
12153:Popular Mechanics
11693:Physical Review D
11630:(4560): 593β599.
11540:Physical Review D
10633:978-0-8165-2073-2
10603:978-0-921820-71-0
10559:978-0-521-57295-8
10125:10.1029/97GL52843
10101:(22): 2905β2908.
9618:, pp. 33β44.
9580:10.1029/92GL02485
9566:(21): 2151β2154.
9446:Nature Geoscience
9397:(24): 9576β9579.
9308:, pp. 33β47.
9248:978-1-85233-568-7
9045:(6406): 721β723.
8990:(24): 9576β9579.
8830:(7723): 360β362.
8465:10.1029/94JE00388
8339:Nature Geoscience
8288:978-0-7506-2352-0
8090:Tulane University
7895:10.1130/g23147a.1
7578:(6774): 177β180.
7044:978-0-691-13654-7
6424:978-0-471-40976-2
6230:on 8 January 2021
5741:(7880): 272β275.
5586:Rescher, Nicholas
5277:Location of Earth
5152:
5151:
5138:femtosecond laser
5013:iron nanoparticle
4926:Pioneer 10 plaque
4907:Doomsday argument
4713:composed of hard
4676:inscribed tablets
4664:Memory of Mankind
4550:Time required to
4292:According to the
3975:
3974:
3325:quantum tunneling
3298:Hawking radiation
3200:10 (1 nonillion)
2854:800 billion
2375:greenhouse effect
2181:true polar wander
1488:According to the
1325:San Andreas Fault
1206:East African Rift
956:may explode in a
663:(again) and then
563:According to the
393:As Earth's poles
311:radioactive decay
300:MOA-2010-BLG-477L
252:
251:
187:planetary science
47:19 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
14855:
14848:Future timelines
14827:16th and earlier
14688:
14681:
14674:
14665:
14664:
14651:
14650:
14641:
14640:
14558:Glottochronology
14398:
14397:
14314:Human experience
14174:B-theory of time
13772:
13771:
13716:
13709:
13702:
13693:
13692:
13688:
13658:
13619:
13618:
13616:
13605:
13596:
13590:
13589:
13587:
13585:
13529:
13523:
13522:
13520:
13518:
13512:
13504:New York (state)
13501:
13493:
13487:
13486:
13484:
13482:
13476:
13453:
13444:
13438:
13437:
13403:
13401:astro-ph/0102126
13383:
13377:
13376:
13362:
13356:
13355:
13354:on 22 June 2010.
13353:
13347:. Archived from
13330:
13313:(5): 1835β1838.
13304:
13295:
13289:
13284:
13276:
13270:
13269:
13245:
13235:
13229:
13228:
13226:
13224:
13209:
13203:
13202:
13187:
13181:
13180:
13174:
13166:
13147:10.1038/363315a0
13122:
13116:
13115:
13091:
13084:(10 July 2007).
13078:
13072:
13071:
13046:
13040:
13039:
13029:
12994:
12988:
12987:
12985:
12983:
12968:
12959:
12958:
12956:
12954:
12943:Student Features
12935:
12929:
12928:
12904:
12897:(10 July 2007).
12891:
12885:
12884:
12866:
12860:
12859:
12857:
12855:
12849:
12842:
12834:
12828:
12827:
12825:
12823:
12808:
12802:
12801:
12799:
12797:
12782:
12776:
12775:
12773:
12771:
12748:
12742:
12741:
12739:
12737:
12717:
12711:
12710:
12708:
12706:
12687:
12681:
12680:
12678:
12676:
12649:10.1038/352489a0
12620:
12614:
12613:
12611:
12609:
12603:
12592:
12583:
12577:
12576:
12566:
12548:
12524:
12503:
12502:
12500:
12498:
12489:. 6 April 2013.
12479:
12473:
12472:
12470:
12468:
12452:
12446:
12445:
12443:
12441:
12436:on 2 August 2008
12426:
12420:
12419:
12402:
12396:
12395:
12369:
12360:
12354:
12353:
12335:
12329:
12328:
12310:
12304:
12303:
12285:
12279:
12278:
12276:
12274:
12255:
12249:
12248:
12246:
12244:
12229:
12223:
12222:
12220:
12218:
12203:
12197:
12196:
12194:
12183:
12175:
12169:
12168:
12166:
12164:
12144:
12138:
12121:
12115:
12113:
12111:
12109:
12088:
12082:
12081:
12073:
12067:
12066:
12064:
12062:
12041:
12035:
12034:
12008:
11988:
11982:
11981:
11955:
11932:
11926:
11925:
11899:
11897:astro-ph/0302131
11876:
11870:
11869:
11843:
11841:astro-ph/0302131
11823:
11817:
11816:
11814:
11802:
11796:
11795:
11785:
11767:
11741:
11735:
11734:
11708:
11688:
11682:
11680:
11619:
11613:
11612:
11607:
11605:
11589:
11583:
11582:
11570:
11564:
11563:
11535:
11522:
11521:
11515:
11507:
11473:
11453:
11452:
11451:
11444:
11443:
11436:
11435:
11434:
11427:
11426:
11418:
11417:
11416:
11409:
11408:
11400:
11399:
11398:
11391:
11390:
11383:
11382:
11381:
11374:
11373:
11365:
11364:
11363:
11356:
11355:
11341:
11335:
11334:
11332:
11330:
11307:
11301:
11300:
11298:
11296:
11253:
11234:
11233:
11215:
11209:
11208:
11206:
11204:
11169:Tipler, Frank J.
11161:
11155:
11154:
11136:
11123:
11122:
11104:
11098:
11097:
11095:
11063:
11057:
11056:
11048:
11042:
11041:
11015:
10995:
10989:
10988:
10986:
10984:
10978:
10963:
10954:
10948:
10947:
10913:
10911:astro-ph/9902189
10886:
10880:
10878:
10857:
10851:
10850:
10824:
10822:astro-ph/0305211
10804:
10793:
10792:
10790:
10778:
10767:
10766:
10740:
10720:
10711:
10710:
10708:
10706:
10687:
10681:
10680:
10678:
10676:
10656:
10650:
10649:
10647:
10645:
10614:
10608:
10607:
10582:
10576:
10575:
10573:
10571:
10539:
10533:
10532:
10526:
10518:
10492:
10483:(2): 1060β1074.
10472:
10466:
10465:
10431:
10429:astro-ph/0302506
10411:
10405:
10404:
10402:
10400:
10379:
10373:
10372:
10370:
10368:
10347:
10341:
10331:
10325:
10324:
10318:
10310:
10284:
10264:
10258:
10257:
10255:
10253:
10237:
10231:
10230:
10224:
10216:
10188:
10182:
10181:
10175:
10167:
10165:
10163:
10157:
10118:
10092:
10083:
10077:
10076:
10074:
10072:
10052:
10046:
10045:
10043:
10041:
10025:
10019:
10018:
10008:
9990:
9966:
9953:
9952:
9946:
9938:
9912:
9910:astro-ph/0402148
9892:
9886:
9885:
9876:
9874:
9851:
9845:
9844:
9842:
9840:
9821:
9815:
9814:
9812:
9810:
9790:
9784:
9783:
9761:
9755:
9754:
9752:
9750:
9702:
9696:
9695:
9674:
9668:
9667:
9655:
9649:
9648:
9646:
9644:
9633:Fox News Channel
9625:
9619:
9613:
9607:
9606:
9590:
9584:
9583:
9553:
9547:
9546:
9530:
9520:
9511:
9510:
9476:
9470:
9469:
9466:10.1038/ngeo1083
9441:
9435:
9434:
9424:
9414:
9382:
9373:
9372:
9362:
9344:
9320:
9309:
9303:
9292:
9291:
9271:
9265:
9264:
9262:
9260:
9232:
9219:
9218:
9216:
9214:
9185:
9161:
9155:
9154:
9152:
9135:(9): 1715β1718.
9120:
9114:
9113:
9085:
9079:
9078:
9059:10.1038/360721a0
9034:
9028:
9027:
9017:
9007:
8975:
8969:
8959:
8953:
8947:
8938:
8937:
8927:
8909:
8883:
8874:
8873:
8839:
8813:
8807:
8806:
8804:
8772:
8766:
8765:
8763:
8761:
8755:
8748:
8731:(6): 1665β1679.
8722:
8713:
8700:
8699:
8681:
8670:
8669:
8667:
8655:
8646:
8645:
8619:
8598:
8579:
8578:
8576:
8574:
8555:
8549:
8548:
8546:
8544:
8528:
8522:
8521:
8519:
8504:Atlantic Geology
8495:
8489:
8488:
8486:
8484:
8434:
8428:
8427:
8401:
8380:
8363:
8362:
8336:
8327:
8321:
8320:
8302:
8293:
8292:
8274:
8268:
8267:
8265:
8263:
8258:on 13 April 2008
8254:. Archived from
8243:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8227:
8207:
8201:
8200:
8190:
8172:
8148:
8142:
8141:
8122:
8112:
8106:
8105:
8103:
8101:
8081:
8075:
8074:
8072:
8070:
8047:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8036:
8005:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7994:
7988:
7980:10.1130/G34922.1
7957:
7948:
7942:
7941:
7920:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7909:
7903:
7872:
7863:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7833:
7827:
7826:
7824:
7822:
7803:
7797:
7796:
7778:
7772:
7771:
7769:
7767:
7756:Paleomap Project
7747:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7699:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7657:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7646:
7618:
7612:
7611:
7592:10.1038/35004564
7564:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7553:
7533:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7500:
7494:
7493:
7483:
7465:
7463:astro-ph/0407400
7439:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7428:
7409:
7403:
7402:
7396:
7394:
7366:
7360:
7359:
7323:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7290:
7284:
7283:
7281:
7279:
7264:
7258:
7257:
7255:
7253:
7225:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7199:
7193:
7192:
7190:
7188:
7161:
7155:
7154:
7152:
7150:
7137:Tuthill, Peter.
7134:
7128:
7127:
7101:
7081:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7070:
7055:
7049:
7048:
7028:
7018:
7012:
7011:
6985:
6965:
6959:
6958:
6942:
6932:
6926:
6925:
6899:
6897:astro-ph/9810024
6877:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6857:. Archived from
6846:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6807:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6787:. Archived from
6777:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6766:
6747:
6741:
6740:
6734:
6726:
6682:
6676:
6675:
6653:
6644:
6643:
6627:
6621:
6620:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6554:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6496:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6485:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6435:
6429:
6428:
6401:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6390:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6348:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6297:
6273:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6262:
6246:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6235:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6189:
6183:
6182:
6154:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6128:
6122:
6121:
6095:
6075:
6062:
6061:
6035:
6017:
5997:
5986:
5985:
5959:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5906:
5904:astro-ph/9701131
5886:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5844:
5839:. Archived from
5826:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5808:Keck Observatory
5798:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5750:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5676:
5670:. Archived from
5637:
5635:astro-ph/9701131
5619:
5610:
5604:
5603:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5521:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5468:
5462:
5447:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5396:
5390:
5383:
5377:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5359:
5352:
5346:
5343:
5245:
5240:
5239:
5231:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5217:
5212:
5211:
5203:
5201:Astronomy portal
5198:
5197:
5196:
5127:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5110:
5095:
5074:
5050:astroengineering
5036:
5017:molecular switch
5001:
4980:" of fossilized
4970:
4947:
4918:
4895:
4876:
4852:
4817:
4793:
4769:
4753:space weathering
4745:Tranquility Base
4698:
4656:
4632:
4613:
4590:
4567:
4544:
4520:
4497:
4477:
4453:
4433:
4409:
4386:
4363:globular cluster
4351:
4313:
4294:glottochronology
4286:
4255:
4232:
4213:
4191:analog disc, an
4183:Long Bet Project
4163:
4136:six UN languages
4124:
4097:
4064:
4045:
4030:
4023:
4022:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3789:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3742:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3686:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3630:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3521:
3490:
3457:
3429:
3410:
3383:
3367:P2 concentration
3351:
3336:
3309:
3290:micro black hole
3282:
3259:
3244:
3233:proton half-life
3221:
3197:
3182:
3159:
3141:
3119:
3080:
3057:
3046:stellar remnants
3038:
3008:
2993:
2978:Proxima Centauri
2970:
2947:
2931:
2912:
2874:
2851:
2835:
2825:
2823:
2808:
2780:100β150 billion
2777:
2754:
2739:
2728:angular momentum
2716:
2616:
2596:
2569:
2539:
2520:
2501:
2486:
2459:
2439:
2420:
2386:
2370:3.5β4.5 billion
2367:
2336:
2322:
2317:
2294:
2279:
2264:
2249:
2230:
2215:Andromeda Galaxy
2207:
2192:
2172:1.5β4.5 billion
2169:
2141:1.5β1.6 billion
2138:
2096:
2074:
2058:
2038:
2015:
1996:
1973:, or those near
1944:800β900 million
1941:
1923:500β800 million
1920:
1873:associating with
1859:500β800 million
1856:
1791:500β600 million
1788:
1762:
1731:
1715:400β500 million
1712:
1689:
1673:300β600 million
1670:
1651:
1623:
1591:250β350 million
1588:
1565:
1538:
1523:
1508:
1482:
1459:
1448:Hawaiian Islands
1436:
1417:
1402:Southern Rockies
1394:Canadian Rockies
1386:
1313:
1290:
1252:
1194:
1179:
1152:
1129:
1106:
1067:
1041:
1015:
992:
973:
945:
940:
921:KamaΚ»ehuakanaloa
914:
891:
865:
841:CanadaβUS border
821:
806:VY Canis Majoris
794:
785:unrecognizable.
775:celestial sphere
763:
740:
680:
646:
625:could recede as
615:
592:
569:oscillating tilt
557:
514:
483:
453:
418:
405:as the northern
387:
373:
372:
368:
350:
335:
328:
327:
323:Boltzmann brains
275:the Solar System
239:
225:
215:Particle physics
211:
197:
179:
161:
154:
153:
150:
109:particle physics
21:
14863:
14862:
14858:
14857:
14856:
14854:
14853:
14852:
14838:
14837:
14836:
14831:
14734:
14697:
14692:
14662:
14657:
14629:
14620:Time immemorial
14567:
14524:
14485:Coordinate time
14456:
14410:Geological time
14386:
14369:Time management
14332:Generation time
14316:
14308:
14253:
14235:
14155:
14114:
14092:
13980:
13898:
13815:
13808:
13764:
13756:
13725:
13720:
13685:
13655:
13629:
13624:
13623:
13622:
13614:
13603:
13597:
13593:
13583:
13581:
13538:Phys. Rev. Lett
13530:
13526:
13516:
13514:
13510:
13506:. 19 May 2019.
13499:
13495:
13494:
13490:
13480:
13478:
13474:
13451:
13445:
13441:
13384:
13380:
13363:
13359:
13351:
13328:10.1.1.534.8855
13302:
13296:
13292:
13277:
13273:
13266:
13236:
13232:
13222:
13220:
13219:on 21 July 2011
13211:
13210:
13206:
13188:
13184:
13168:
13167:
13123:
13119:
13104:
13079:
13075:
13068:
13047:
13043:
12995:
12991:
12981:
12979:
12970:
12969:
12962:
12952:
12950:
12937:
12936:
12932:
12917:
12892:
12888:
12881:
12867:
12863:
12853:
12851:
12847:
12840:
12836:
12835:
12831:
12821:
12819:
12810:
12809:
12805:
12795:
12793:
12784:
12783:
12779:
12769:
12767:
12750:
12749:
12745:
12735:
12733:
12718:
12714:
12704:
12702:
12688:
12684:
12674:
12672:
12621:
12617:
12607:
12605:
12601:
12597:. p. 212.
12590:
12584:
12580:
12525:
12506:
12496:
12494:
12481:
12480:
12476:
12466:
12464:
12453:
12449:
12439:
12437:
12428:
12427:
12423:
12416:
12404:
12403:
12399:
12367:
12361:
12357:
12350:
12336:
12332:
12325:
12311:
12307:
12300:
12286:
12282:
12272:
12270:
12257:
12256:
12252:
12242:
12240:
12231:
12230:
12226:
12216:
12214:
12205:
12204:
12200:
12192:
12181:
12177:
12176:
12172:
12162:
12160:
12145:
12141:
12131:Wayback Machine
12122:
12118:
12107:
12105:
12090:
12089:
12085:
12074:
12070:
12060:
12058:
12043:
12042:
12038:
11989:
11985:
11933:
11929:
11877:
11873:
11824:
11820:
11803:
11799:
11742:
11738:
11689:
11685:
11678:
11675:
11671:
11668:
11620:
11616:
11603:
11601:
11590:
11586:
11571:
11567:
11536:
11525:
11509:
11508:
11450:
11448:
11447:
11446:
11442:
11440:
11439:
11438:
11437:
11433:
11431:
11430:
11429:
11425:
11423:
11422:
11421:
11420:
11415:
11413:
11412:
11411:
11407:
11405:
11404:
11403:
11402:
11397:
11395:
11394:
11393:
11389:
11387:
11386:
11385:
11384:
11380:
11378:
11377:
11376:
11372:
11370:
11369:
11368:
11367:
11362:
11360:
11359:
11358:
11354:
11352:
11351:
11350:
11349:
11342:
11338:
11328:
11326:
11308:
11304:
11294:
11292:
11254:
11237:
11230:
11216:
11212:
11202:
11200:
11189:
11179:John A. Wheeler
11171:(19 May 1988).
11165:Barrow, John D.
11162:
11158:
11151:
11137:
11126:
11119:
11105:
11101:
11078:(10): 913β919.
11064:
11060:
11050:
11049:
11045:
10996:
10992:
10982:
10980:
10976:
10961:
10955:
10951:
10887:
10883:
10858:
10854:
10805:
10796:
10779:
10770:
10721:
10714:
10704:
10702:
10689:
10688:
10684:
10674:
10672:
10657:
10653:
10643:
10641:
10634:
10618:Canup, Robin M.
10615:
10611:
10604:
10583:
10579:
10569:
10567:
10560:
10552:. p. 184.
10540:
10536:
10520:
10519:
10473:
10469:
10412:
10408:
10398:
10396:
10381:
10380:
10376:
10366:
10364:
10349:
10348:
10344:
10332:
10328:
10312:
10311:
10265:
10261:
10251:
10249:
10240:Balick, Bruce.
10238:
10234:
10218:
10217:
10189:
10185:
10169:
10168:
10161:
10159:
10155:
10116:10.1.1.683.8827
10090:
10084:
10080:
10070:
10068:
10053:
10049:
10039:
10037:
10028:Taylor, David.
10026:
10022:
9967:
9956:
9940:
9939:
9893:
9889:
9872:
9870:
9857:(29 May 2012).
9852:
9848:
9838:
9836:
9831:. 31 May 2012.
9823:
9822:
9818:
9808:
9806:
9791:
9787:
9762:
9758:
9748:
9746:
9703:
9699:
9675:
9671:
9656:
9652:
9642:
9640:
9627:
9626:
9622:
9614:
9610:
9591:
9587:
9554:
9550:
9543:
9521:
9514:
9507:
9477:
9473:
9442:
9438:
9383:
9376:
9321:
9312:
9304:
9295:
9272:
9268:
9258:
9256:
9249:
9233:
9222:
9212:
9210:
9162:
9158:
9121:
9117:
9086:
9082:
9035:
9031:
8976:
8972:
8960:
8956:
8948:
8941:
8884:
8877:
8814:
8810:
8773:
8769:
8759:
8757:
8753:
8720:
8714:
8703:
8696:
8682:
8673:
8656:
8649:
8599:
8582:
8572:
8570:
8557:
8556:
8552:
8542:
8540:
8529:
8525:
8496:
8492:
8482:
8480:
8435:
8431:
8381:
8366:
8345:(10): 901β908.
8334:
8328:
8324:
8317:
8303:
8296:
8289:
8275:
8271:
8261:
8259:
8244:
8235:
8225:
8223:
8208:
8204:
8149:
8145:
8135:
8113:
8109:
8099:
8097:
8082:
8078:
8068:
8066:
8048:
8044:
8034:
8032:
8025:
8006:
8002:
7992:
7990:
7986:
7955:
7949:
7945:
7935:
7921:
7917:
7907:
7905:
7901:
7870:
7864:
7860:
7850:
7848:
7835:
7834:
7830:
7820:
7818:
7805:
7804:
7800:
7793:
7779:
7775:
7765:
7763:
7748:
7737:
7700:
7696:
7686:
7684:
7677:
7658:
7654:
7644:
7642:
7635:
7619:
7615:
7565:
7561:
7551:
7549:
7534:
7530:
7520:
7518:
7501:
7497:
7440:
7436:
7426:
7424:
7411:
7410:
7406:
7392:
7390:
7383:
7367:
7363:
7324:
7320:
7291:
7287:
7277:
7275:
7266:
7265:
7261:
7251:
7249:
7242:
7226:
7222:
7212:
7210:
7201:
7200:
7196:
7186:
7184:
7162:
7158:
7148:
7146:
7135:
7131:
7082:
7078:
7068:
7066:
7057:
7056:
7052:
7045:
7019:
7015:
6966:
6962:
6955:
6933:
6929:
6878:
6874:
6864:
6862:
6847:
6843:
6833:
6831:
6824:
6808:
6804:
6794:
6792:
6791:on 19 July 2011
6779:
6778:
6774:
6764:
6762:
6749:
6748:
6744:
6728:
6727:
6683:
6679:
6654:
6647:
6628:
6624:
6585:
6581:
6571:
6569:
6562:The Independent
6556:
6555:
6551:
6541:
6539:
6498:
6497:
6493:
6483:
6481:
6480:on 14 July 2018
6468:
6467:
6463:
6453:
6451:
6436:
6432:
6425:
6402:
6398:
6388:
6386:
6376:
6372:
6325:
6321:
6274:
6270:
6260:
6258:
6247:
6243:
6233:
6231:
6218:
6217:
6213:
6194:The Observatory
6190:
6186:
6155:
6151:
6141:
6139:
6129:
6125:
6076:
6065:
6033:10.1.1.266.8334
5998:
5989:
5940:
5936:
5887:
5858:
5848:
5846:
5827:
5823:
5813:
5811:
5799:
5795:
5785:
5783:
5725:
5721:
5711:
5709:
5694:
5690:
5680:
5678:
5677:on 27 July 2018
5674:
5617:
5611:
5607:
5600:
5583:
5579:
5569:
5567:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5544:
5542:
5525:Overbye, Dennis
5522:
5518:
5512:
5507:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5448:
5435:
5413:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5384:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5366:
5362:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5315:
5311:
5306:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5222:
5220:
5213:
5206:
5199:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5157:
5128:
5123:
5121:
5115:
5113:
5078:
5062:gravity assists
5021:carbon nanotube
4990:utility tunnels
4903:J. Richard Gott
4359:Arecibo message
4265:trends lead to
4193:ion beam-etched
4179:Rosetta Project
3980:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3671:Boltzmann brain
3648:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3145:
3028:
3025:
2821:
2819:
2706:
2634:
2442:< 5 billion
2210:< 2 billion
2047:plate tectonics
1966:Donald Brownlee
1952:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1808:plate tectonics
1747:mass extinction
1739:gamma-ray burst
1697:Paul F. Hoffman
1608:Pangaea Proxima
1554:Galactic Center
1496:rings of Saturn
1490:Pangaea Proxima
1467:KβPg extinction
1420:50β400 million
1353:will close the
1345:Aleutian Trench
1327:will cause the
1093:members of the
962:gamma-ray burst
951:WolfβRayet star
929:volcanic island
724:Canadian Shield
694:of the current
370:
366:
365:
271:future of Earth
267:
257:
145:
117:plate tectonics
71:
64:List of numbers
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14861:
14851:
14850:
14833:
14832:
14830:
14829:
14824:
14819:
14814:
14809:
14804:
14799:
14794:
14789:
14784:
14779:
14774:
14769:
14764:
14759:
14754:
14748:
14746:
14736:
14735:
14733:
14732:
14727:
14722:
14717:
14711:
14709:
14699:
14698:
14691:
14690:
14683:
14676:
14668:
14659:
14658:
14656:
14655:
14645:
14634:
14631:
14630:
14628:
14627:
14622:
14617:
14612:
14605:
14600:
14595:
14590:
14585:
14579:
14577:
14573:
14572:
14569:
14568:
14566:
14565:
14563:Time geography
14560:
14555:
14553:Clock reaction
14550:
14549:
14548:
14538:
14532:
14530:
14526:
14525:
14523:
14522:
14517:
14512:
14507:
14502:
14497:
14492:
14487:
14482:
14477:
14472:
14466:
14464:
14458:
14457:
14455:
14454:
14449:
14444:
14443:
14442:
14437:
14432:
14427:
14422:
14417:
14406:
14404:
14395:
14388:
14387:
14385:
14384:
14371:
14366:
14361:
14356:
14355:
14354:
14352:time signature
14349:
14339:
14334:
14329:
14323:
14321:
14310:
14309:
14307:
14306:
14305:
14304:
14294:
14293:
14292:
14282:
14277:
14272:
14267:
14262:
14256:
14254:
14252:
14251:
14246:
14240:
14237:
14236:
14234:
14233:
14226:
14224:Temporal parts
14221:
14216:
14211:
14206:
14201:
14196:
14194:Eternal return
14191:
14186:
14181:
14179:Chronocentrism
14176:
14171:
14165:
14163:
14157:
14156:
14154:
14153:
14148:
14143:
14138:
14133:
14128:
14123:
14117:
14115:
14113:
14112:
14107:
14101:
14098:
14097:
14094:
14093:
14091:
14090:
14089:
14088:
14074:
14069:
14064:
14059:
14058:
14057:
14052:
14051:
14050:
14045:
14035:
14030:
14025:
14020:
14019:
14018:
14008:
14007:
14006:
13990:
13988:
13982:
13981:
13979:
13978:
13971:
13966:
13964:Hindu Panchang
13961:
13956:
13951:
13946:
13941:
13936:
13931:
13930:
13929:
13924:
13919:
13908:
13906:
13900:
13899:
13897:
13896:
13891:
13886:
13881:
13876:
13871:
13866:
13861:
13856:
13851:
13846:
13841:
13836:
13831:
13826:
13820:
13818:
13810:
13809:
13807:
13806:
13801:
13796:
13791:
13786:
13780:
13778:
13769:
13758:
13757:
13755:
13754:
13749:
13744:
13739:
13733:
13731:
13727:
13726:
13719:
13718:
13711:
13704:
13696:
13690:
13689:
13683:
13659:
13653:
13628:
13625:
13621:
13620:
13591:
13524:
13488:
13439:
13394:(4): 349β366.
13378:
13357:
13290:
13271:
13264:
13230:
13204:
13182:
13117:
13102:
13073:
13067:978-0520058781
13066:
13054:Finney, Ben R.
13041:
12989:
12960:
12930:
12915:
12886:
12880:978-0337095870
12879:
12861:
12850:on 9 June 2014
12829:
12803:
12777:
12743:
12712:
12682:
12615:
12578:
12504:
12487:Forensic Focus
12474:
12455:Deamer, Dave.
12447:
12421:
12414:
12397:
12355:
12349:978-0804713153
12348:
12330:
12323:
12305:
12298:
12280:
12250:
12224:
12198:
12170:
12139:
12116:
12083:
12068:
12036:
12006:hep-th/0307049
11983:
11953:hep-th/0303194
11927:
11871:
11818:
11812:hep-th/0410270
11797:
11736:
11683:
11676:
11673:
11669:
11666:
11614:
11584:
11565:
11546:(2): 198β206.
11523:
11464:(14): 141801.
11449:
11441:
11432:
11424:
11414:
11406:
11396:
11388:
11379:
11371:
11361:
11353:
11336:
11302:
11271:(3): 447β460.
11257:Dyson, Freeman
11235:
11229:978-0684854229
11228:
11210:
11188:978-0192821478
11187:
11177:. foreword by
11156:
11150:978-0684854229
11149:
11124:
11118:978-0521367103
11117:
11099:
11058:
11043:
10990:
10949:
10928:10.1086/308434
10881:
10852:
10831:10.1086/378043
10815:(2): 713β724.
10794:
10768:
10712:
10682:
10651:
10632:
10609:
10602:
10577:
10558:
10534:
10467:
10406:
10374:
10359:. 1 May 2003.
10342:
10326:
10299:10.1086/527028
10275:(1): 594β609.
10259:
10232:
10199:(1): 130β137.
10183:
10078:
10047:
10020:
9981:(1): 155β163.
9954:
9903:(2): 419β428.
9887:
9846:
9816:
9799:Universe Today
9785:
9756:
9717:(3): 472β494.
9697:
9669:
9650:
9620:
9608:
9585:
9548:
9541:
9512:
9506:978-0080437514
9505:
9471:
9452:(4): 264β267.
9436:
9374:
9335:(1): 461β474.
9310:
9293:
9266:
9247:
9220:
9156:
9115:
9080:
9029:
8970:
8954:
8939:
8900:(1): 155β163.
8875:
8808:
8787:(4): 569β575.
8767:
8701:
8695:978-0387952895
8694:
8671:
8647:
8580:
8550:
8539:on 5 July 2015
8523:
8490:
8429:
8392:(3): 229β243.
8364:
8322:
8315:
8294:
8287:
8269:
8233:
8202:
8163:(1): 155β163.
8143:
8133:
8107:
8076:
8051:Perlman, David
8042:
8023:
8009:Patzek, Tad W.
8000:
7966:(2): 167β170.
7943:
7933:
7915:
7858:
7847:on 21 May 2014
7828:
7798:
7792:978-1337098649
7791:
7773:
7735:
7714:(E7). E07004.
7694:
7675:
7652:
7633:
7613:
7559:
7528:
7495:
7456:(3): 798β810.
7434:
7404:
7381:
7372:Global Warming
7361:
7318:
7285:
7259:
7240:
7220:
7194:
7167:(March 2002).
7156:
7129:
7116:10.1086/527286
7092:(1): 698β710.
7076:
7050:
7043:
7013:
6976:(2): 911β921.
6960:
6953:
6927:
6914:10.1086/306761
6890:(1): 351β361.
6872:
6861:on 8 July 2011
6841:
6822:
6802:
6772:
6755:pik-potsdam.de
6742:
6677:
6645:
6622:
6595:(18): L18201.
6579:
6549:
6491:
6461:
6430:
6423:
6396:
6370:
6339:(1): 693β719.
6319:
6268:
6241:
6211:
6184:
6165:(6): 451β455.
6149:
6123:
6063:
6015:hep-th/0611043
5987:
5934:
5897:(2): 337β372.
5856:
5821:
5793:
5719:
5688:
5628:(2): 337β372.
5605:
5599:978-0791435533
5598:
5577:
5552:
5527:(2 May 2023).
5515:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5488:
5484:
5479:
5463:
5459:star lifespans
5433:
5416:
5412:
5407:
5391:
5378:
5369:
5360:
5347:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5232:
5218:
5204:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5142:nanostructures
5130:
5111:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5088:
5087:
5080:
5079:(292 billion)
5075:
5067:
5066:
5058:habitable zone
5040:
5037:
5029:
5028:
5005:
5002:
4994:
4993:
4974:
4971:
4963:
4962:
4959:Drake equation
4951:
4948:
4940:
4939:
4922:
4919:
4911:
4910:
4899:
4896:
4888:
4887:
4884:Mount Rushmore
4880:
4877:
4869:
4868:
4856:
4853:
4845:
4844:
4843:technologies.
4833:space colonies
4821:
4818:
4810:
4809:
4797:
4794:
4786:
4785:
4773:
4770:
4762:
4761:
4737:Neil Armstrong
4702:
4699:
4691:
4690:
4660:
4657:
4649:
4648:
4636:
4633:
4625:
4624:
4617:
4614:
4606:
4605:
4594:
4591:
4583:
4582:
4579:speed of light
4571:
4568:
4560:
4559:
4552:terraform Mars
4548:
4545:
4537:
4536:
4524:
4521:
4513:
4512:
4509:greenhouse gas
4501:
4498:
4490:
4489:
4481:
4478:
4470:
4469:
4457:
4454:
4446:
4445:
4437:
4434:
4426:
4425:
4413:
4410:
4402:
4401:
4390:
4387:
4379:
4378:
4355:
4352:
4344:
4343:
4317:
4314:
4306:
4305:
4298:Morris Swadesh
4290:
4287:
4279:
4278:
4259:
4256:
4248:
4247:
4244:Drake equation
4236:
4233:
4225:
4224:
4217:
4214:
4206:
4205:
4167:
4164:
4156:
4155:
4142:) and through
4128:
4125:
4117:
4116:
4101:
4098:
4090:
4089:
4068:
4065:
4057:
4056:
4049:
4046:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4031:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3832:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3790:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3743:
3735:
3734:
3722:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3687:
3679:
3678:
3667:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3631:
3623:
3622:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3567:, assuming no
3557:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3522:
3514:
3513:
3494:
3491:
3483:
3482:
3461:
3458:
3450:
3449:
3433:
3430:
3422:
3421:
3414:
3411:
3403:
3402:
3387:
3386:10 β 2.1 Γ 10
3384:
3376:
3375:
3363:Sagittarius A*
3355:
3352:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3329:
3328:
3313:
3310:
3302:
3301:
3286:
3283:
3275:
3274:
3271:Black Hole Era
3263:
3260:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3237:
3236:
3225:
3222:
3214:
3213:
3201:
3198:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3175:
3174:
3163:
3160:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3120:
3112:
3111:
3084:
3081:
3073:
3072:
3065:star formation
3061:
3058:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3039:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3012:
3009:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2986:
2985:
2974:
2971:
2963:
2962:
2951:
2948:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2924:
2923:
2916:
2913:
2905:
2904:
2882:star formation
2878:
2875:
2867:
2866:
2855:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2828:
2827:
2812:
2809:
2801:
2800:
2781:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2758:
2755:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2732:
2731:
2724:tidally locked
2720:
2717:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2699:speeds by the
2697:galaxy cluster
2682:. One hundred
2655:Sculptor Group
2632:
2620:
2617:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2597:
2589:
2588:
2573:
2570:
2562:
2561:
2543:
2540:
2532:
2531:
2528:tidally locked
2524:
2521:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2479:
2478:
2463:
2460:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2440:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2413:
2412:
2390:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2368:
2360:
2359:
2340:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2310:
2309:
2298:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2242:
2241:
2238:nitrogen cycle
2234:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2211:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2173:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2150:carbon dioxide
2142:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2111:Galilean moons
2100:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2039:
2031:
2030:
2019:
2016:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1989:
1988:
1953:photosynthesis
1950:
1945:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1924:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1867:, adapting to
1860:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1817:photosynthesis
1814:
1804:carbon dioxide
1792:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1777:solar eclipses
1766:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1735:
1732:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1693:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1627:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1596:supercontinent
1592:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1569:
1566:
1558:
1557:
1550:one full orbit
1542:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1486:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1463:
1460:
1452:
1451:
1440:
1437:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1390:
1389:50β60 million
1387:
1379:
1378:
1333:Central Valley
1317:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1300:collides with
1294:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1256:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1198:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1156:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1141:Colorado River
1133:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1110:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1071:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1045:
1042:
1034:
1033:
1019:
1016:
1008:
1007:
996:
993:
985:
984:
977:
974:
966:
965:
947:
941:
933:
932:
918:
915:
907:
906:
897:As one of the
895:
892:
884:
883:
869:
866:
858:
857:
833:Megascolecidae
825:
822:
814:
813:
802:red hypergiant
798:
795:
787:
786:
783:constellations
767:
764:
756:
755:
744:
741:
733:
732:
700:global warming
692:glacial period
684:
681:
673:
672:
661:Alpha Centauri
650:
647:
639:
638:
633:aspect of its
619:
616:
608:
607:
596:
593:
585:
584:
561:
558:
550:
549:
518:
517:11,000β15,000
515:
507:
506:
487:
484:
476:
475:
457:
454:
446:
445:
422:
419:
411:
410:
391:
388:
380:
379:
354:
351:
343:
342:
339:
336:
256:
253:
250:
249:
240:
232:
231:
226:
218:
217:
212:
204:
203:
198:
190:
189:
180:
172:
171:
162:
144:
141:
58:
36:
30:
27:
25:
18:5th millennium
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14860:
14849:
14846:
14845:
14843:
14828:
14825:
14823:
14820:
14818:
14815:
14813:
14810:
14808:
14805:
14803:
14800:
14798:
14795:
14793:
14790:
14788:
14785:
14783:
14780:
14778:
14775:
14773:
14770:
14768:
14765:
14763:
14760:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14750:
14749:
14747:
14745:
14741:
14737:
14731:
14730:4th and later
14728:
14726:
14723:
14721:
14718:
14716:
14713:
14712:
14710:
14708:
14704:
14700:
14696:
14689:
14684:
14682:
14677:
14675:
14670:
14669:
14666:
14654:
14646:
14644:
14636:
14635:
14632:
14626:
14623:
14621:
14618:
14616:
14613:
14611:
14610:
14606:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14596:
14594:
14591:
14589:
14586:
14584:
14581:
14580:
14578:
14574:
14564:
14561:
14559:
14556:
14554:
14551:
14547:
14544:
14543:
14542:
14541:Chronobiology
14539:
14537:
14534:
14533:
14531:
14527:
14521:
14518:
14516:
14513:
14511:
14508:
14506:
14503:
14501:
14498:
14496:
14493:
14491:
14488:
14486:
14483:
14481:
14478:
14476:
14475:Arrow of time
14473:
14471:
14468:
14467:
14465:
14463:
14459:
14453:
14450:
14448:
14447:Geochronology
14445:
14441:
14438:
14436:
14433:
14431:
14428:
14426:
14423:
14421:
14418:
14416:
14413:
14412:
14411:
14408:
14407:
14405:
14403:
14399:
14396:
14394:
14389:
14383:
14379:
14375:
14372:
14370:
14367:
14365:
14362:
14360:
14357:
14353:
14350:
14348:
14345:
14344:
14343:
14340:
14338:
14335:
14333:
14330:
14328:
14325:
14324:
14322:
14320:
14315:
14311:
14303:
14300:
14299:
14298:
14297:Wheel of time
14295:
14291:
14288:
14287:
14286:
14283:
14281:
14278:
14276:
14273:
14271:
14268:
14266:
14263:
14261:
14258:
14257:
14255:
14250:
14247:
14245:
14242:
14241:
14238:
14232:
14231:
14227:
14225:
14222:
14220:
14217:
14215:
14212:
14210:
14207:
14205:
14202:
14200:
14197:
14195:
14192:
14190:
14187:
14185:
14182:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14167:
14166:
14164:
14162:
14158:
14152:
14149:
14147:
14144:
14142:
14141:Periodization
14139:
14137:
14134:
14132:
14129:
14127:
14124:
14122:
14119:
14118:
14116:
14111:
14108:
14106:
14103:
14102:
14099:
14087:
14086:
14082:
14081:
14080:
14079:
14075:
14073:
14070:
14068:
14067:Digital clock
14065:
14063:
14060:
14056:
14053:
14049:
14046:
14044:
14041:
14040:
14039:
14036:
14034:
14031:
14029:
14026:
14024:
14021:
14017:
14014:
14013:
14012:
14009:
14005:
14002:
14001:
14000:
13997:
13996:
13995:
13992:
13991:
13989:
13987:
13983:
13977:
13976:
13972:
13970:
13967:
13965:
13962:
13960:
13957:
13955:
13952:
13950:
13947:
13945:
13942:
13940:
13937:
13935:
13932:
13928:
13925:
13923:
13920:
13918:
13915:
13914:
13913:
13910:
13909:
13907:
13905:
13901:
13895:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13880:
13877:
13875:
13872:
13870:
13867:
13865:
13862:
13860:
13857:
13855:
13852:
13850:
13847:
13845:
13844:Relative hour
13842:
13840:
13839:24-hour clock
13837:
13835:
13834:12-hour clock
13832:
13830:
13827:
13825:
13822:
13821:
13819:
13817:
13811:
13805:
13802:
13800:
13797:
13795:
13792:
13790:
13787:
13785:
13782:
13781:
13779:
13777:
13773:
13770:
13768:
13763:
13759:
13753:
13750:
13748:
13745:
13743:
13740:
13738:
13735:
13734:
13732:
13728:
13724:
13717:
13712:
13710:
13705:
13703:
13698:
13697:
13694:
13686:
13680:
13676:
13672:
13668:
13664:
13660:
13656:
13650:
13646:
13642:
13641:
13636:
13631:
13630:
13613:
13609:
13602:
13595:
13579:
13575:
13571:
13567:
13563:
13559:
13555:
13551:
13547:
13544:(3): 033901.
13543:
13539:
13535:
13528:
13509:
13505:
13498:
13492:
13473:
13469:
13465:
13461:
13457:
13450:
13443:
13435:
13431:
13427:
13426:2027.42/41972
13423:
13419:
13415:
13411:
13407:
13402:
13397:
13393:
13389:
13382:
13375:(Radio). NPR.
13374:
13370:
13369:
13361:
13350:
13346:
13342:
13338:
13334:
13329:
13324:
13320:
13316:
13312:
13308:
13301:
13294:
13288:
13282:
13275:
13267:
13265:9788847053373
13261:
13257:
13253:
13249:
13244:
13243:
13234:
13218:
13214:
13213:"LAGEOS 1, 2"
13208:
13201:
13197:
13193:
13186:
13178:
13172:
13164:
13160:
13156:
13152:
13148:
13144:
13140:
13136:
13132:
13128:
13121:
13113:
13109:
13105:
13099:
13095:
13090:
13089:
13083:
13082:Weisman, Alan
13077:
13069:
13063:
13059:
13055:
13051:
13045:
13037:
13033:
13028:
13023:
13019:
13015:
13011:
13007:
13003:
12999:
12993:
12977:
12973:
12967:
12965:
12948:
12944:
12940:
12934:
12926:
12922:
12918:
12912:
12908:
12903:
12902:
12896:
12895:Weisman, Alan
12890:
12882:
12876:
12872:
12865:
12846:
12839:
12833:
12817:
12813:
12807:
12791:
12787:
12781:
12765:
12761:
12757:
12753:
12747:
12731:
12727:
12723:
12716:
12700:
12697:. mkaku.org.
12696:
12692:
12686:
12670:
12666:
12662:
12658:
12654:
12650:
12646:
12642:
12638:
12634:
12630:
12626:
12619:
12600:
12596:
12589:
12582:
12574:
12570:
12565:
12560:
12556:
12552:
12547:
12542:
12538:
12534:
12530:
12523:
12521:
12519:
12517:
12515:
12513:
12511:
12509:
12492:
12488:
12484:
12478:
12462:
12458:
12451:
12435:
12431:
12425:
12417:
12411:
12407:
12401:
12393:
12389:
12385:
12381:
12378:(3): 030001.
12377:
12373:
12366:
12359:
12351:
12345:
12341:
12334:
12326:
12320:
12316:
12309:
12301:
12295:
12291:
12284:
12268:
12264:
12260:
12254:
12238:
12234:
12228:
12212:
12208:
12202:
12191:
12187:
12180:
12174:
12158:
12154:
12150:
12143:
12136:
12132:
12128:
12125:
12120:
12103:
12099:
12098:
12093:
12087:
12079:
12072:
12056:
12052:
12051:
12046:
12040:
12032:
12028:
12024:
12020:
12016:
12012:
12007:
12002:
11998:
11994:
11987:
11979:
11975:
11971:
11967:
11963:
11959:
11954:
11949:
11945:
11941:
11937:
11931:
11923:
11919:
11915:
11911:
11907:
11903:
11898:
11893:
11889:
11885:
11881:
11875:
11867:
11863:
11859:
11855:
11851:
11847:
11842:
11837:
11833:
11829:
11822:
11813:
11808:
11801:
11793:
11789:
11784:
11779:
11775:
11771:
11766:
11761:
11757:
11753:
11752:
11747:
11740:
11732:
11728:
11724:
11720:
11716:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11699:(5): 056006.
11698:
11694:
11687:
11679:
11661:
11657:
11653:
11649:
11645:
11641:
11637:
11633:
11629:
11625:
11618:
11611:
11599:
11595:
11588:
11580:
11576:
11569:
11561:
11557:
11553:
11549:
11545:
11541:
11534:
11532:
11530:
11528:
11519:
11513:
11505:
11501:
11497:
11493:
11489:
11485:
11481:
11477:
11472:
11467:
11463:
11459:
11458:
11347:
11340:
11324:
11320:
11316:
11312:
11311:Baez, John C.
11306:
11290:
11286:
11282:
11278:
11274:
11270:
11266:
11262:
11258:
11252:
11250:
11248:
11246:
11244:
11242:
11240:
11231:
11225:
11221:
11214:
11198:
11194:
11190:
11184:
11180:
11176:
11175:
11170:
11166:
11160:
11152:
11146:
11142:
11135:
11133:
11131:
11129:
11120:
11114:
11110:
11103:
11094:
11089:
11085:
11081:
11077:
11073:
11069:
11062:
11054:
11047:
11039:
11035:
11031:
11027:
11023:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11005:
11001:
10994:
10975:
10971:
10967:
10960:
10953:
10945:
10941:
10937:
10933:
10929:
10925:
10921:
10917:
10912:
10907:
10903:
10899:
10895:
10891:
10885:
10876:
10872:
10868:
10864:
10856:
10848:
10844:
10840:
10836:
10832:
10828:
10823:
10818:
10814:
10810:
10803:
10801:
10799:
10789:
10784:
10777:
10775:
10773:
10764:
10760:
10756:
10752:
10748:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10730:
10726:
10719:
10717:
10700:
10696:
10692:
10686:
10670:
10666:
10662:
10655:
10639:
10635:
10629:
10625:
10624:
10619:
10613:
10605:
10599:
10595:
10591:
10587:
10581:
10565:
10561:
10555:
10551:
10547:
10546:
10538:
10530:
10524:
10516:
10512:
10508:
10504:
10500:
10496:
10491:
10486:
10482:
10478:
10471:
10463:
10459:
10455:
10451:
10447:
10443:
10439:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10422:(7): 071301.
10421:
10417:
10410:
10394:
10390:
10389:
10384:
10378:
10362:
10358:
10357:
10352:
10346:
10339:
10335:
10330:
10322:
10316:
10308:
10304:
10300:
10296:
10292:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10274:
10270:
10263:
10247:
10243:
10236:
10228:
10222:
10214:
10210:
10206:
10202:
10198:
10194:
10187:
10179:
10173:
10154:
10150:
10146:
10142:
10138:
10134:
10130:
10126:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10108:
10104:
10100:
10096:
10089:
10082:
10066:
10062:
10058:
10051:
10035:
10031:
10024:
10016:
10012:
10007:
10002:
9998:
9994:
9989:
9984:
9980:
9976:
9972:
9965:
9963:
9961:
9959:
9950:
9944:
9936:
9932:
9928:
9924:
9920:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9902:
9898:
9891:
9884:
9882:
9868:
9864:
9860:
9856:
9855:Dowd, Maureen
9850:
9834:
9830:
9826:
9820:
9804:
9800:
9796:
9789:
9781:
9777:
9773:
9769:
9768:
9760:
9744:
9740:
9736:
9732:
9728:
9724:
9720:
9716:
9712:
9708:
9701:
9693:
9689:
9685:
9681:
9673:
9665:
9664:New Scientist
9661:
9654:
9638:
9634:
9630:
9624:
9617:
9612:
9604:
9600:
9596:
9589:
9581:
9577:
9573:
9569:
9565:
9561:
9560:
9552:
9544:
9542:9781852339463
9538:
9534:
9529:
9528:
9519:
9517:
9508:
9502:
9498:
9494:
9490:
9486:
9482:
9475:
9467:
9463:
9459:
9455:
9451:
9447:
9440:
9432:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9404:
9400:
9396:
9392:
9388:
9381:
9379:
9370:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9352:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9334:
9330:
9326:
9319:
9317:
9315:
9307:
9302:
9300:
9298:
9289:
9285:
9281:
9277:
9270:
9254:
9250:
9244:
9240:
9239:
9231:
9229:
9227:
9225:
9209:
9205:
9201:
9197:
9193:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9167:
9160:
9151:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9126:
9119:
9111:
9107:
9103:
9099:
9096:(1): 94β107.
9095:
9091:
9084:
9076:
9072:
9068:
9064:
9060:
9056:
9052:
9048:
9044:
9040:
9033:
9025:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8997:
8993:
8989:
8985:
8981:
8974:
8967:
8963:
8962:Brownlee 2010
8958:
8952:, p. 95.
8951:
8950:Brownlee 2010
8946:
8944:
8935:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8917:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8899:
8895:
8894:
8889:
8882:
8880:
8871:
8867:
8863:
8859:
8855:
8851:
8847:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8829:
8825:
8824:
8819:
8812:
8803:
8798:
8794:
8790:
8786:
8782:
8778:
8771:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8738:
8734:
8730:
8726:
8719:
8712:
8710:
8708:
8706:
8697:
8691:
8687:
8680:
8678:
8676:
8666:
8661:
8654:
8652:
8643:
8639:
8635:
8631:
8627:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8610:(2): 99β112.
8609:
8605:
8597:
8595:
8593:
8591:
8589:
8587:
8585:
8568:
8564:
8560:
8554:
8538:
8534:
8527:
8518:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8501:
8494:
8478:
8474:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8445:
8440:
8433:
8425:
8421:
8417:
8413:
8409:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8379:
8377:
8375:
8373:
8371:
8369:
8360:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8333:
8326:
8318:
8316:9780415141000
8312:
8308:
8301:
8299:
8290:
8284:
8280:
8273:
8257:
8253:
8252:New Scientist
8249:
8242:
8240:
8238:
8221:
8217:
8213:
8206:
8198:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8180:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8154:
8147:
8140:
8136:
8134:9780521813068
8130:
8126:
8121:
8120:
8111:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8080:
8064:
8060:
8056:
8052:
8046:
8030:
8026:
8024:9781402086533
8020:
8016:
8015:
8010:
8004:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7954:
7947:
7940:
7936:
7934:9781459736122
7930:
7926:
7919:
7900:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7869:
7862:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7832:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7802:
7794:
7788:
7784:
7777:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7746:
7744:
7742:
7740:
7730:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7705:
7698:
7682:
7678:
7676:9780141931739
7672:
7668:
7667:
7662:
7656:
7640:
7636:
7634:9780393319408
7630:
7626:
7625:
7617:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7563:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7532:
7516:
7512:
7511:
7506:
7499:
7491:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7450:
7445:
7438:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7408:
7401:
7388:
7384:
7382:9780816067695
7378:
7374:
7373:
7365:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7322:
7313:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7289:
7273:
7269:
7263:
7247:
7243:
7241:9780973205107
7237:
7233:
7232:
7224:
7208:
7204:
7198:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7165:Bostrom, Nick
7160:
7144:
7140:
7133:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7080:
7064:
7060:
7054:
7046:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7027:
7026:
7017:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6964:
6956:
6954:9781139443463
6950:
6946:
6941:
6940:
6931:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6884:
6876:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6845:
6829:
6825:
6823:9780919034792
6819:
6815:
6814:
6806:
6790:
6786:
6785:Niagara Parks
6782:
6776:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6746:
6738:
6732:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6681:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6660:
6652:
6650:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6626:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6583:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6553:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6495:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6465:
6449:
6445:
6444:Daily Express
6441:
6434:
6426:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6400:
6385:
6381:
6374:
6365:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6323:
6314:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6272:
6256:
6252:
6245:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6215:
6207:
6203:
6199:
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6188:
6180:
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6160:
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6134:
6127:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6094:
6089:
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6081:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6059:
6055:
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6039:
6034:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5938:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5875:
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5871:
5869:
5867:
5865:
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5861:
5843:
5838:
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5832:
5825:
5810:
5809:
5804:
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5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5723:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5692:
5673:
5669:
5665:
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5649:
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5641:
5636:
5631:
5627:
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5616:
5609:
5601:
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5591:
5587:
5581:
5566:
5562:
5556:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5526:
5520:
5516:
5486:
5482:
5477:
5467:
5460:
5456:
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5442:
5440:
5438:
5414:
5410:
5405:
5395:
5388:
5382:
5373:
5364:
5357:
5351:
5342:
5340:
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5334:
5332:
5330:
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5324:
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5320:
5318:
5313:
5303:
5300:
5298:
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5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5238:
5233:
5230:
5219:
5216:
5210:
5205:
5202:
5191:
5181:
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5172:
5169:
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5164:
5162:
5147:
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5139:
5135:
5131:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5054:Earth's orbit
5051:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4729:
4727:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4324:plutonium-239
4321:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4263:globalization
4260:
4257:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4201:Rosetta Stone
4198:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4029:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3986:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:string theory
3965:predicted by
3964:
3963:the landscape
3960:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3837:
3833:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3723:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3391:superclusters
3388:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3096:neutron stars
3093:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3021:
3020:main sequence
3017:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2672:neutron stars
2669:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2619:22.3 billion
2618:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2542:7.59 billion
2541:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2467:main sequence
2464:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:2.55 billion
2251:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:of the other
2108:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1981:of the genus
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1962:Peter D. Ward
1959:
1954:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1818:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1701:Pacific Ocean
1698:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1406:United States
1403:
1399:
1398:Bubnoff units
1395:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1370:Bubnoff units
1367:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1341:North America
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1319:According to
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1214:African Plate
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:outer planets
1161:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:impact crater
1023:
1022:Meteor Crater
1020:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:
991:
987:
986:
982:
978:
975:
972:
968:
967:
963:
959:
955:
952:
948:
942:
939:
935:
934:
930:
926:
922:
919:
916:
913:
909:
908:
904:
900:
896:
893:
890:
886:
885:
881:
877:
873:
870:
867:
864:
860:
859:
855:
851:
846:
842:
838:
837:Upper Midwest
834:
830:
826:
823:
820:
816:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
796:
793:
789:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
771:proper motion
768:
765:
762:
758:
757:
753:
749:
745:
742:
739:
735:
734:
731:
730:and erosion.
729:
725:
721:
720:glacial lakes
716:
714:
710:
709:Niagara Falls
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
682:
679:
675:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
655:
651:
648:
645:
641:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
617:
614:
610:
609:
605:
601:
600:supervolcanic
597:
594:
591:
587:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
559:
556:
552:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
516:
513:
509:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:
482:
478:
477:
473:
469:
465:
462:
458:
455:
452:
448:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
420:
417:
413:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
389:
386:
382:
381:
376:
363:
359:
355:
352:
349:
345:
344:
334:
329:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
306:orbiting it.
305:
301:
297:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
266:
262:
248:
244:
241:
238:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
192:
191:
188:
184:
181:
178:
174:
173:
170:
166:
163:
160:
156:
155:
152:
151:
140:
138:
134:
130:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
90:
87:has become a
86:
82:
77:
73:
69:
68:List of years
66: and
65:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
14742: /
14729:
14705: /
14615:Time capsule
14609:Tempus fugit
14607:
14529:Other fields
14228:
14209:Perdurantism
14131:Calendar era
14083:
14076:
14062:Cuckoo clock
13999:astronomical
13973:
13799:Unit of time
13730:Key concepts
13670:
13639:
13627:Bibliography
13612:the original
13607:
13594:
13582:. Retrieved
13541:
13537:
13527:
13515:. Retrieved
13491:
13479:. Retrieved
13459:
13455:
13442:
13391:
13387:
13381:
13372:
13367:
13360:
13349:the original
13310:
13307:Nano Letters
13306:
13293:
13280:
13274:
13241:
13233:
13221:. Retrieved
13217:the original
13207:
13199:
13196:the original
13185:
13171:cite journal
13130:
13126:
13120:
13087:
13076:
13057:
13044:
13009:
13005:
12992:
12980:. Retrieved
12951:. Retrieved
12942:
12933:
12900:
12889:
12870:
12864:
12852:. Retrieved
12845:the original
12832:
12820:. Retrieved
12806:
12794:. Retrieved
12780:
12768:. Retrieved
12755:
12746:
12734:. Retrieved
12725:
12715:
12703:. Retrieved
12691:Kaku, Michio
12685:
12673:. Retrieved
12632:
12628:
12618:
12606:. Retrieved
12581:
12536:
12532:
12495:. Retrieved
12486:
12477:
12465:. Retrieved
12461:the original
12450:
12438:. Retrieved
12434:the original
12424:
12405:
12400:
12375:
12371:
12358:
12339:
12333:
12314:
12308:
12289:
12283:
12271:. Retrieved
12262:
12253:
12243:21 September
12241:. Retrieved
12227:
12215:. Retrieved
12213:. 5 May 2022
12210:
12201:
12190:the original
12173:
12161:. Retrieved
12152:
12142:
12135:Zeitpyramide
12134:
12119:
12106:. Retrieved
12095:
12086:
12077:
12071:
12059:. Retrieved
12055:the original
12048:
12039:
11996:
11992:
11986:
11943:
11939:
11930:
11890:(5): 40β51.
11887:
11883:
11880:Tegmark, Max
11874:
11834:(5): 40β51.
11831:
11827:
11821:
11800:
11755:
11749:
11739:
11696:
11692:
11686:
11663:
11627:
11623:
11617:
11609:
11602:. Retrieved
11597:
11587:
11578:
11568:
11543:
11539:
11512:cite journal
11461:
11455:
11339:
11327:. Retrieved
11319:math.ucr.edu
11318:
11305:
11293:. Retrieved
11268:
11264:
11219:
11213:
11201:. Retrieved
11173:
11159:
11140:
11108:
11102:
11075:
11071:
11061:
11052:
11046:
11003:
10999:
10993:
10981:. Retrieved
10969:
10965:
10952:
10904:(1): 22β30.
10901:
10897:
10884:
10866:
10862:
10855:
10812:
10808:
10728:
10724:
10703:. Retrieved
10685:
10673:. Retrieved
10664:
10654:
10642:. Retrieved
10622:
10612:
10594:Camden House
10589:
10580:
10568:. Retrieved
10544:
10537:
10523:cite journal
10480:
10476:
10470:
10419:
10415:
10409:
10397:. Retrieved
10386:
10377:
10365:. Retrieved
10356:CERN Courier
10354:
10345:
10329:
10315:cite journal
10272:
10268:
10262:
10250:. Retrieved
10246:the original
10235:
10221:cite journal
10196:
10192:
10186:
10172:cite journal
10160:. Retrieved
10098:
10094:
10081:
10069:. Retrieved
10060:
10050:
10038:. Retrieved
10023:
9978:
9974:
9943:cite journal
9900:
9896:
9890:
9878:
9871:. Retrieved
9862:
9849:
9837:. Retrieved
9828:
9819:
9807:. Retrieved
9798:
9788:
9771:
9765:
9759:
9747:. Retrieved
9714:
9710:
9700:
9683:
9679:
9672:
9663:
9653:
9641:. Retrieved
9637:the original
9623:
9611:
9594:
9588:
9563:
9557:
9551:
9526:
9480:
9474:
9449:
9445:
9439:
9394:
9390:
9332:
9328:
9279:
9275:
9269:
9257:. Retrieved
9237:
9211:. Retrieved
9173:
9169:
9159:
9132:
9128:
9118:
9093:
9089:
9083:
9042:
9038:
9032:
8987:
8983:
8973:
8957:
8897:
8891:
8827:
8821:
8811:
8784:
8780:
8770:
8758:. Retrieved
8728:
8724:
8685:
8607:
8603:
8571:. Retrieved
8553:
8541:. Retrieved
8537:the original
8526:
8517:10.4138/1870
8507:
8503:
8493:
8481:. Retrieved
8448:
8442:
8432:
8389:
8385:
8342:
8338:
8325:
8306:
8278:
8272:
8260:. Retrieved
8256:the original
8251:
8224:. Retrieved
8215:
8205:
8160:
8156:
8146:
8138:
8118:
8110:
8098:. Retrieved
8079:
8067:. Retrieved
8058:
8045:
8033:. Retrieved
8017:. Springer.
8013:
8003:
7991:. Retrieved
7963:
7959:
7946:
7938:
7924:
7918:
7906:. Retrieved
7878:
7874:
7861:
7849:. Retrieved
7845:the original
7840:
7831:
7819:. Retrieved
7801:
7782:
7776:
7764:. Retrieved
7755:
7711:
7707:
7697:
7685:. Retrieved
7665:
7655:
7643:. Retrieved
7623:
7616:
7575:
7571:
7562:
7550:. Retrieved
7541:
7531:
7519:. Retrieved
7508:
7498:
7453:
7447:
7437:
7425:. Retrieved
7416:
7407:
7398:
7391:. Retrieved
7371:
7364:
7331:
7327:
7321:
7302:
7298:
7288:
7278:23 September
7276:. Retrieved
7262:
7250:. Retrieved
7230:
7223:
7211:. Retrieved
7197:
7187:10 September
7185:. Retrieved
7176:
7172:
7159:
7147:. Retrieved
7132:
7089:
7085:
7079:
7067:. Retrieved
7053:
7024:
7016:
6973:
6969:
6963:
6938:
6930:
6887:
6881:
6875:
6863:. Retrieved
6859:the original
6844:
6832:. Retrieved
6812:
6805:
6793:. Retrieved
6789:the original
6775:
6763:. Retrieved
6754:
6745:
6731:cite journal
6690:
6686:
6680:
6663:
6657:
6631:
6625:
6592:
6588:
6582:
6570:. Retrieved
6561:
6552:
6540:. Retrieved
6507:
6503:
6494:
6482:. Retrieved
6478:the original
6473:
6464:
6452:. Retrieved
6443:
6433:
6409:
6399:
6387:. Retrieved
6383:
6373:
6336:
6332:
6322:
6285:
6281:
6271:
6259:. Retrieved
6244:
6232:. Retrieved
6228:the original
6223:
6214:
6197:
6193:
6187:
6162:
6158:
6152:
6140:. Retrieved
6137:earthsky.org
6136:
6126:
6083:
6079:
6005:
6001:
5947:
5943:
5937:
5894:
5890:
5847:. Retrieved
5842:the original
5834:
5824:
5812:. Retrieved
5806:
5796:
5784:. Retrieved
5738:
5732:
5722:
5710:. Retrieved
5691:
5679:. Retrieved
5672:the original
5625:
5621:
5608:
5589:
5580:
5568:. Retrieved
5564:
5555:
5543:. Retrieved
5532:
5519:
5466:
5394:
5381:
5372:
5363:
5350:
5243:World portal
5215:Stars portal
5158:
5047:
4973:100 million
4950:100 million
4931:
4929:
4898:7.8 million
4879:7.2 million
4858:
4799:
4775:
4772:1.2 million
4730:
4723:
4719:Bubnoff unit
4709:
4683:
4668:self storage
4638:
4526:
4483:
4459:
4439:
4415:
4302:Swadesh list
4186:
4111:projects on
4078:time pyramid
4077:
4073:Zeitpyramide
4071:
4009:New Horizons
4007:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3840:
3839:
3726:
3576:
3569:proton decay
3267:inflationary
3209:binary stars
3126:
3107:
3104:brown dwarfs
3092:white dwarfs
2889:
2838:325 billion
2811:150 billion
2688:Planck scale
2684:zeptoseconds
2572:7.9 billion
2554:
2523:7.5 billion
2509:helium flash
2504:6.6 billion
2489:6.5 billion
2462:5.4 billion
2423:4.5 billion
2389:3.6 billion
2354:as to cross
2350:'s orbit so
2339:3.3 billion
2297:3β4 billion
2282:2.8 billion
2267:2.8 billion
2195:1.6 billion
2099:1.5 billion
2077:1.3 billion
2061:1.2 billion
2041:1.1 billion
1982:
1957:
1927:
1765:600 million
1734:500 million
1692:350 million
1659:Hadley cells
1654:300 million
1568:250 million
1546:Solar System
1541:240 million
1526:180 million
1511:110 million
1493:
1485:100 million
1462:100 million
1363:
1348:
1276:, with many
1271:
1260:biodiversity
1224:Indian Plate
1221:
1218:Somali Plate
1155:2.7 million
1137:Grand Canyon
1004:South Dakota
717:
707:
703:
688:interglacial
669:see timeline
399:Gamma Cephei
308:
279:the universe
268:
169:astrophysics
147:
146:
137:proton decay
135:and whether
125:
97:astrophysics
93:
72:
46:
37:This is the
31:
14625:Time travel
14603:System time
14510:Time domain
14495:Proper time
14319:use of time
14290:Father Time
14270:Immortality
14260:Ages of Man
14189:Endurantism
14146:Regnal year
14126:Big History
14055:water-based
13954:Solar Hijri
13864:Hexadecimal
13814:Measurement
13776:Chronometry
13762:Measurement
13584:6 September
13481:7 September
13462:: 117β120.
12998:Avise, John
12982:5 September
12467:14 November
12061:5 September
11999:(60): 060.
11946:(46): 046.
11936:Douglas, M.
11329:13 February
11193:LC 87-28148
10879:See Fig. 3.
10675:11 February
9774:(1β2): 23.
9749:6 September
9643:8 September
9595:News@nature
8760:2 September
8483:6 September
7821:29 December
7521:27 December
7305:(12): 222.
7149:20 December
6865:29 December
6405:Plait, Phil
6389:25 December
6288:(2): 2765.
6261:16 November
6142:25 December
5696:Nave, C.R.
5455:nanoseconds
5356:short scale
5015:moved as a
5009:Nanoshuttle
4955:Frank Drake
4782:Delta Scuti
4240:Frank Drake
4109:open-source
3565:black holes
3440:processes,
3369:during the
3167:black dwarf
3129:black dwarf
3100:black holes
2982:light-years
2789:Local Group
2766:Local Group
2742:65 billion
2719:50 billion
2676:black holes
2651:Local Group
2639:dark energy
2628:dark energy
2604:white dwarf
2551:Roche limit
2469:and begins
2407:similar to
2405:ring system
2401:Roche limit
2085:prokaryotes
1907:during the
1901:polar night
1869:desiccation
1865:carnivorous
1743:ozone layer
1636:Great Dying
1604:Novopangaea
1439:80 million
1425:fossil fuel
1316:50 million
1293:50 million
1255:10 million
1197:10 million
1132:2 million+
1083:light-years
1054:, moons of
878:, moons of
752:leap second
356:Due to the
296:white dwarf
229:Mathematics
14327:Chronemics
14302:Kalachakra
14214:Presentism
14199:Eternalism
14105:Chronology
14043:mechanical
13994:Main types
13912:Main types
13517:16 October
12546:1912.03503
12539:(59): 59.
12124:Conception
11765:2008.02296
11706:1707.08124
11600:. Micscape
11013:1606.08448
11006:(8): 040.
10788:2104.01191
10399:26 January
10338:solar mass
9839:13 October
9686:: 85β106.
9616:Adams 2008
9306:Adams 2008
9259:29 October
9183:2001.01106
8964:, p.
8837:1804.10196
8510:(3): 284.
8100:13 January
7427:11 October
7069:22 October
7033:. p.
6765:21 October
6346:2207.04702
6295:2306.00287
6200:(3): 167.
6086:(4): 312.
6008:(1): 022.
5849:14 October
5814:14 October
5786:14 October
5748:2110.07934
5712:3 December
5681:10 October
5510:References
5354:Units are
5039:1 billion
5019:through a
5004:1 billion
4921:8 million
4860:Pioneer 11
4855:4 million
4820:2 million
4801:Pioneer 10
4796:2 million
4777:Pioneer 11
4701:1 million
4659:1 million
4621:JavaScript
4533:HIP 117795
4528:Pioneer 10
4485:Pioneer 11
4466:Gliese 445
4417:Pioneer 10
4366:Messier 13
4189:HD-Rosetta
4181:, and the
4144:pictograms
4003:Pioneer 11
3997:Pioneer 10
3677:decrease.
3510:iron stars
3446:sphalerons
3088:red dwarfs
2959:gamma rays
2955:redshifted
2886:gas clouds
2863:blue dwarf
2599:8 billion
2428:solar flux
2323:3 billion
2233:2 billion
2177:axial tilt
2081:Eukaryotic
2018:1 billion
1999:1 billion
1977:, such as
1960:, authors
1894:-damaging
1888:atmosphere
1880:plant life
1833:herbaceous
1800:weathering
1771:moves the
1720:Cretaceous
1632:solar flux
1573:California
1548:completes
1444:Big Island
1427:reserves.
1337:West Coast
1182:3 million
1114:coral reef
1109:2 million
1095:Oort cloud
1075:Gliese 710
1044:1 million
1024:, a large
1018:1 million
831:, such as
829:earthworms
665:Gliese 445
652:The small
538:perihelion
522:axial tilt
472:supernovae
464:Betelgeuse
434:Sea levels
259:See also:
243:Technology
14695:Millennia
14583:Leap year
14500:Spacetime
14374:Yesterday
14275:Dreamtime
14249:Mythology
14136:Deep time
14048:stopwatch
14023:hourglass
14004:astrarium
13934:Gregorian
13927:Lunisolar
13904:Calendars
13894:Time zone
13767:standards
13323:CiteSeerX
13155:0028-0836
13112:122261590
12925:122261590
12736:5 January
12705:29 August
12573:134524048
12273:5 January
12217:14 August
12133:Official
12108:12 August
11792:221005728
11731:118843387
11471:0903.0676
11038:118489638
10972:: 46β49.
10936:0004-637X
10869:: 46β49.
10839:0004-637X
10763:118750775
10738:1102.0007
10705:2 October
10490:0812.2720
10462:119498512
10282:0706.3894
10133:0094-8276
10111:CiteSeerX
10061:Space.com
9988:0801.4031
9873:9 January
9342:0705.1170
9208:209862163
8907:0801.4031
8665:0912.2482
8617:1210.5721
8543:27 August
8473:127759323
8424:119252386
8399:1310.4841
8262:2 January
8170:0801.4031
7881:(1): 89.
7837:"Geology"
7356:0004-6361
7124:119293391
7099:0712.2111
6983:1408.2543
6723:128923481
6707:0036-8075
6572:28 August
6542:28 August
6384:Space.com
6118:118403321
6093:1106.3141
6050:1475-7516
6028:CiteSeerX
5957:1001.4731
5950:(2): 18.
5781:238860454
5660:0034-6861
5570:14 August
5565:MIT Press
5086:systems.
4806:Aldebaran
4741:footprint
4680:stoneware
4672:Hallstatt
4640:Voyager 1
4598:plutonium
4547:100,000+
4461:Voyager 1
4441:Voyager 2
4320:Half-life
4152:semiotics
4016:and into
4012:) are on
3991:Voyager 2
3985:Voyager 1
3321:molecules
2859:red dwarf
2824:10 K
2692:spacetime
2668:asteroids
2666:, stars,
2547:red giant
2475:red giant
2352:eccentric
2219:Milky Way
2152:rises in
2027:Milky Way
2004:subducted
1909:polar day
1905:aestivate
1841:evergreen
1839:forests,
1837:deciduous
1359:Himalayas
1236:Himalayan
1073:The star
1048:Desdemona
958:supernova
901:, 10% of
854:ecosystem
810:supernova
779:Milky Way
718:The many
713:Lake Erie
654:red dwarf
581:as it had
503:naked eye
499:pole star
407:pole star
401:replaces
362:solar day
304:exoplanet
165:Astronomy
133:red giant
121:sociology
89:red giant
14842:Category
14643:Category
14391:Time in
14382:Tomorrow
14244:Religion
14184:Duration
14151:Timeline
14085:Timeline
13884:Sidereal
13752:Eternity
13665:(2010).
13637:(eds.).
13578:Archived
13574:27040597
13566:24484138
13508:Archived
13472:Archived
13373:Radiolab
13345:19400579
12976:Archived
12974:. NASA.
12947:Archived
12945:. NASA.
12816:Archived
12790:Archived
12764:Archived
12730:Archived
12699:Archived
12693:(2010).
12669:Archived
12657:11538095
12608:17 March
12599:Archived
12491:Archived
12440:29 March
12267:Archived
12263:CBS News
12237:Archived
12157:Archived
12127:Archived
12102:Archived
11922:12701329
11866:12701329
11677:☉
11670:☉
11660:27717447
11652:17817517
11504:32385768
11496:19392425
11323:Archived
11289:Archived
11259:(1979).
11203:27 March
11197:Archived
10974:Archived
10944:18442980
10847:15764445
10699:Archived
10669:Archived
10644:27 March
10638:Archived
10588:(1993).
10570:27 March
10564:Archived
10515:15719158
10454:12935004
10393:Archived
10361:Archived
10307:10729246
10162:21 March
10153:Archived
10149:14172341
10141:11542268
10065:Archived
10034:Archived
10015:10073988
9935:15928576
9867:Archived
9833:Archived
9803:Archived
9743:Archived
9739:11538226
9431:19487662
9369:14964036
9253:Archived
9213:1 August
9090:Tellus B
9067:11536510
9024:19487662
8934:10073988
8870:52298687
8862:30232428
8751:Archived
8642:73722450
8567:Archived
8477:Archived
8220:Archived
8197:10073988
8094:Archived
8063:Archived
8035:15 March
8029:Archived
7984:Archived
7899:Archived
7815:Archived
7813:. 2000.
7766:13 March
7760:Archived
7687:15 March
7681:Archived
7645:15 March
7639:Archived
7600:10724168
7546:Archived
7515:Archived
7490:16002759
7421:Archived
7393:15 March
7387:Archived
7272:Archived
7252:15 March
7246:Archived
7207:Archived
7181:Archived
7143:Archived
7063:Archived
6922:16672180
6834:15 March
6828:Archived
6795:29 April
6759:Archived
6715:12193773
6666:(1): 1.
6617:16598911
6566:Archived
6536:Archived
6524:32080527
6484:23 March
6454:23 March
6448:Archived
6407:(2002).
6255:Archived
6234:15 March
6058:16984680
5982:17581520
5929:12173790
5773:34646001
5706:Archived
5668:12173790
5588:(1998).
5539:Archived
5187:See also
5140:-etched
4704:Current
4645:HD 28343
4635:492,300
4593:250,000
4554:with an
4422:Ross 248
4267:panmixia
4067:3183 CE
4053:SNAP-10A
3618:Dark Era
3504:to form
3498:baryonic
3395:Dark Era
3365:and the
3229:nucleons
3144:10 to 10
3027:☉
2896:Big Bang
2471:evolving
2395:'s moon
2217:and the
2127:Ganymede
2103:Callisto
2087:remain.
1971:termites
1845:conifers
1722:period.
1212:and the
1160:centaurs
1085:(10,520
1081:β0.1663
1052:Cressida
995:500,000
976:500,000
946:300,000
917:250,000
824:100,000
797:100,000
766:100,000
657:Ross 248
542:aphelion
364:will be
291:hydrogen
43:reviewed
14653:Commons
14576:Related
14490:Instant
14480:Chronon
14462:Physics
14402:Geology
14393:science
14265:Destiny
14110:History
14078:History
14033:sundial
14016:quantum
13959:Chinese
13949:Islamic
13859:Decimal
13854:Chinese
13816:systems
13742:Present
13546:Bibcode
13464:Bibcode
13434:5550304
13406:Bibcode
13315:Bibcode
13252:Bibcode
13223:21 July
13163:4252750
13135:Bibcode
13036:9787467
13027:1689361
12796:4 March
12770:27 July
12760:Mozilla
12675:23 June
12665:2815367
12637:Bibcode
12551:Bibcode
12497:31 July
12380:Bibcode
12163:25 July
12031:1969475
12011:Bibcode
11958:Bibcode
11902:Bibcode
11846:Bibcode
11770:Bibcode
11711:Bibcode
11632:Bibcode
11624:Science
11548:Bibcode
11476:Bibcode
11273:Bibcode
11080:Bibcode
11018:Bibcode
10916:Bibcode
10871:Bibcode
10743:Bibcode
10495:Bibcode
10434:Bibcode
10367:22 July
10287:Bibcode
10252:23 June
10201:Bibcode
10103:Bibcode
10040:29 July
9993:Bibcode
9915:Bibcode
9776:Bibcode
9719:Bibcode
9688:Bibcode
9568:Bibcode
9485:Bibcode
9454:Bibcode
9422:2701016
9399:Bibcode
9347:Bibcode
9284:Bibcode
9282:: 975.
9188:Bibcode
9176:: A40.
9137:Bibcode
9098:Bibcode
9075:4360963
9047:Bibcode
9015:2701016
8992:Bibcode
8912:Bibcode
8842:Bibcode
8789:Bibcode
8733:Bibcode
8622:Bibcode
8573:7 March
8453:Bibcode
8404:Bibcode
8347:Bibcode
8226:2 April
8175:Bibcode
7968:Bibcode
7960:Geology
7883:Bibcode
7875:Geology
7716:Bibcode
7608:4428714
7580:Bibcode
7552:22 July
7542:pbs.org
7468:Bibcode
7336:Bibcode
7334:: L10.
7104:Bibcode
7008:9708287
6988:Bibcode
6902:Bibcode
6687:Science
6668:Bibcode
6636:Bibcode
6597:Bibcode
6532:4461626
6351:Bibcode
6300:Bibcode
6202:Bibcode
6167:Bibcode
6098:Bibcode
6020:Bibcode
5962:Bibcode
5909:Bibcode
5753:Bibcode
5640:Bibcode
4978:Stratum
4731:On the
4715:granite
4523:90,300
4500:50,000
4480:46,600
4456:44,100
4436:42,200
4412:33,800
4398:Windows
4396:-based
4354:25,000
4336:Belarus
4332:Ukraine
4316:24,110
4289:20,000
4258:10,000
4235:10,000
4216:10,000
4166:10,000
4127:10,000
4086:Germany
4082:Wemding
3675:entropy
3506:iron-56
3465:silicon
2664:planets
2653:or the
2624:Big Rip
2581:Mercury
2473:into a
2393:Neptune
2348:Mercury
2344:Jupiter
2158:ice age
2115:Jupiter
1886:in the
1703:Basin.
1640:Mammals
1552:of the
1404:in the
1374:valleys
1351:Eurasia
1202:Red Sea
1091:perturb
1079:parsecs
1030:Arizona
876:Belinda
839:to the
743:50,000
722:of the
696:ice age
683:50,000
649:36,000
618:25,000
595:17,000
560:15,000
486:11,700
468:Antares
421:10,000
403:Polaris
395:precess
369:⁄
287:entropy
247:culture
201:Biology
183:Geology
101:planets
14593:Moment
14588:Memory
14440:period
14028:marine
14011:atomic
13986:Clocks
13944:Hebrew
13939:Julian
13874:Metric
13747:Future
13681:
13651:
13572:
13564:
13432:
13343:
13325:
13262:
13161:
13153:
13127:Nature
13110:
13100:
13064:
13034:
13024:
12953:26 May
12923:
12913:
12909:β172.
12877:
12854:23 May
12822:19 May
12663:
12655:
12629:Nature
12571:
12412:
12346:
12321:
12296:
12029:
11978:650509
11976:
11920:
11864:
11790:
11729:
11658:
11650:
11604:30 May
11502:
11494:
11445:π
11428:μ
11392:π
11295:5 July
11226:
11185:
11147:
11115:
11036:
10983:21 May
10942:
10934:
10845:
10837:
10761:
10665:Forbes
10630:
10600:
10556:
10513:
10460:
10452:
10388:Forbes
10305:
10193:Icarus
10147:
10139:
10131:
10113:
10071:1 June
10013:
9933:
9809:16 May
9737:
9711:Icarus
9539:
9503:
9429:
9419:
9367:
9245:
9206:
9073:
9065:
9039:Nature
9022:
9012:
8932:
8868:
8860:
8823:Nature
8692:
8640:
8471:
8422:
8313:
8285:
8195:
8131:
8069:21 May
8021:
7993:22 May
7931:
7908:21 May
7851:21 May
7789:
7673:
7631:
7606:
7598:
7572:Nature
7488:
7379:
7354:
7238:
7213:21 May
7122:
7041:
7006:
6970:Icarus
6951:
6920:
6820:
6721:
6713:
6705:
6615:
6530:
6522:
6504:Nature
6421:
6116:
6056:
6048:
6030:
5980:
5927:
5779:
5771:
5734:Nature
5666:
5658:
5596:
5451:digits
4933:LAGEOS
4865:Aquila
4666:(MOM)
4556:oxygen
4177:, the
4146:. The
4140:Navajo
4113:GitHub
4100:2,000
4048:1,000
4036:Event
3469:nickel
3102:) and
2635:= β1.5
2447:merged
2409:Saturn
2397:Triton
2125:, and
2123:Europa
1984:Riftia
1884:oxygen
1612:Aurica
1610:, and
1600:Amasia
1577:Alaska
1400:. The
1298:Phobos
1278:clades
1232:Nepali
1210:Africa
1166:. See
1056:Uranus
954:WR 104
880:Uranus
621:Mars'
577:Sahara
567:, the
530:winter
526:summer
493:, the
390:1,100
353:1,000
341:Event
277:, and
14598:Space
14430:epoch
14420:chron
14378:Today
14347:tempo
14342:Music
14204:Event
14038:watch
13922:Lunar
13917:Solar
13889:Solar
13879:Roman
13869:Hindu
13615:(PDF)
13604:(PDF)
13570:S2CID
13511:(PDF)
13500:(PDF)
13475:(PDF)
13452:(PDF)
13430:S2CID
13396:arXiv
13352:(PDF)
13303:(PDF)
13159:S2CID
12848:(PDF)
12841:(PDF)
12661:S2CID
12602:(PDF)
12591:(PDF)
12569:S2CID
12541:arXiv
12368:(PDF)
12193:(PDF)
12182:(PDF)
12027:S2CID
12001:arXiv
11974:S2CID
11948:arXiv
11892:arXiv
11836:arXiv
11807:arXiv
11788:S2CID
11760:arXiv
11751:MNRAS
11727:S2CID
11701:arXiv
11656:S2CID
11500:S2CID
11466:arXiv
11034:S2CID
11008:arXiv
10977:(PDF)
10962:(PDF)
10940:S2CID
10906:arXiv
10843:S2CID
10817:arXiv
10783:arXiv
10759:S2CID
10733:arXiv
10511:S2CID
10485:arXiv
10458:S2CID
10424:arXiv
10303:S2CID
10277:arXiv
10156:(PDF)
10145:S2CID
10091:(PDF)
10011:S2CID
9983:arXiv
9931:S2CID
9905:arXiv
9535:β83.
9365:S2CID
9337:arXiv
9204:S2CID
9178:arXiv
9071:S2CID
8930:S2CID
8902:arXiv
8866:S2CID
8832:arXiv
8754:(PDF)
8721:(PDF)
8660:arXiv
8638:S2CID
8612:arXiv
8469:S2CID
8420:S2CID
8394:arXiv
8335:(PDF)
8193:S2CID
8165:arXiv
7987:(PDF)
7956:(PDF)
7902:(PDF)
7871:(PDF)
7604:S2CID
7486:S2CID
7458:arXiv
7179:(1).
7120:S2CID
7094:arXiv
7004:S2CID
6978:arXiv
6918:S2CID
6892:arXiv
6719:S2CID
6613:S2CID
6528:S2CID
6474:ExptU
6417:β56.
6341:arXiv
6290:arXiv
6114:S2CID
6088:arXiv
6054:S2CID
6010:arXiv
5978:S2CID
5952:arXiv
5925:S2CID
5899:arXiv
5777:S2CID
5743:arXiv
5675:(PDF)
5664:S2CID
5630:arXiv
5618:(PDF)
5545:2 May
5309:Notes
4706:glass
3916:, is
3563:into
3317:atoms
3016:VB 10
2680:atoms
2659:stars
2630:with
2585:Venus
2557:Titan
2356:Venus
1979:worms
1876:fungi
1871:, or
1678:Venus
1240:India
1228:Tibet
872:Cupid
804:star
143:Lists
105:stars
81:Earth
14822:15th
14817:14th
14812:13th
14807:12th
14802:11th
14797:10th
14317:and
14280:KΔla
13975:List
13969:Maya
13765:and
13737:Past
13723:Time
13679:ISBN
13649:ISBN
13586:2018
13562:PMID
13519:2020
13483:2014
13341:PMID
13260:ISBN
13225:2012
13177:link
13151:ISSN
13108:OCLC
13098:ISBN
13062:ISBN
13032:PMID
12984:2011
12955:2014
12921:OCLC
12911:ISBN
12875:ISBN
12856:2014
12824:2014
12798:2019
12772:2021
12738:2018
12707:2010
12677:2019
12653:PMID
12610:2021
12499:2021
12469:2014
12442:2008
12410:ISBN
12344:ISBN
12319:ISBN
12294:ISBN
12275:2018
12245:2011
12219:2022
12165:2021
12110:2017
12063:2011
12050:Time
11997:0401
11993:JHEP
11944:0305
11940:JHEP
11918:PMID
11862:PMID
11648:PMID
11606:2023
11518:link
11492:PMID
11401:and
11331:2021
11297:2008
11224:ISBN
11205:2016
11183:ISBN
11145:ISBN
11113:ISBN
11004:2016
10985:2016
10932:ISSN
10835:ISSN
10729:2011
10707:2009
10677:2017
10646:2016
10628:ISBN
10598:ISBN
10572:2016
10554:ISBN
10529:link
10450:PMID
10401:2021
10369:2011
10321:link
10254:2006
10227:link
10178:link
10164:2008
10137:PMID
10129:ISSN
10073:2010
10042:2021
9949:link
9875:2014
9841:2012
9829:NASA
9811:2007
9751:2018
9735:PMID
9645:2011
9537:ISBN
9501:ISBN
9427:PMID
9261:2007
9243:ISBN
9215:2022
9063:PMID
9020:PMID
8858:PMID
8762:2019
8690:ISBN
8575:2010
8563:NASA
8545:2012
8485:2018
8311:ISBN
8283:ISBN
8264:2014
8228:2007
8129:ISBN
8102:2011
8071:2014
8037:2020
8019:ISBN
7995:2014
7929:ISBN
7910:2014
7853:2014
7823:2010
7811:NASA
7787:ISBN
7768:2006
7689:2020
7671:ISBN
7647:2020
7629:ISBN
7596:PMID
7554:2021
7523:2010
7429:2020
7395:2020
7377:ISBN
7352:ISSN
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