250:
The development of the 4GL was influenced by several factors, with the hardware and operating system constraints having a large weight. When the 4GL was first introduced, a disparate mix of hardware and operating systems mandated custom application development support that was specific to the system
331:
Table-driven (codeless) programming, usually running with a runtime framework and libraries. Instead of using code, the developer defines their logic by selecting an operation in a pre-defined list of memory or data table manipulation commands. In other words, instead of coding, the developer uses
336:
that can be used for this purpose). These types of tools can be used for business application development usually consisting in a package allowing for both business data manipulation and reporting, therefore they come with GUI screens and report editors. They usually offer integration with lower
103:
The concept of 4GL was developed from the 1970s through the 1990s, overlapping most of the development of 3GL, with 4GLs identified as "non-procedural" or "program-generating" languages, contrasted with 3GLs being algorithmic or procedural languages. While 3GLs like
449:
for the problem of rapid application development in short periods of time. Vendors often provide sample systems such as CRM, contract management, bug tracking from which development can occur with little programming.
311:
Later 4GL types are tied to a database system and are far different from the earlier types in their use of techniques and resources that have resulted from the general improvement of computing with time.
68:-friendly, powerful, and versatile. While the definition of 4GL has changed over time, it can be typified by operating more with large collections of information at once rather than focusing on just
259:. Though it has roots back to the beginning, the system has proven successful in many applications and has been ported to modern platforms. The latest variant is embedded in the BIS offering of
1597:
343:
take a description of the data format and the report to generate and from that they either generate the required report directly or they generate a program to generate the report (see also
1482:
390:
So-called "XTalk" languages, developed initially with Apple's
Hypercard in 1987. Hypercard was the progenitor of more modern and powerful programs such as SuperCard, Toolbook and LiveCode.
185:
The motivations for the '4GL' inception and continued interest are several. The term can apply to a large set of software products. It can also apply to an approach that looks for greater
1306:
189:
properties and implementation power. Just as the 3GL offered greater power to the programmer, so too did the 4GL open up the development environment to a wider population.
228:
Another example of Nomad's power is illustrated by
Nicholas Rawlings in his comments for the Computer History Museum about NCSS (see citation below). He reports that
1674:
218:
As interfaces improved and allowed longer statement lengths and grammar-driven input handling, greater power ensued. An example of this is described on the
609:
140:
with 4GL-like features have been developed as add-ons for most popular 3GLs, producing languages that are a mix of 3GL and 4GL, blurring the distinction.
236:: "give 6% raises to engineers whose job ratings had an average of 7 or better." Martin provided a "dozen pages of COBOL, and then just a page or two of
215:
as hardware progressed to larger memory and terminal interfaces. Even with its limitations, this approach supported highly sophisticated applications.
1348:
MacDonell, Stephen (November 1993). "Software development, CASE tools and 4GLs—A survey of New
Zealand usage. Part 1: 750 New Zealand organisations".
124:
remain popular for a wide variety of uses, 4GLs as originally defined found uses focused on databases, reports, and websites. Some advanced 3GLs like
1976:
1605:
1559:
1492:
1273:
304:, a mathematical software company. Cohen left Mathematica and founded Information Builders to create a similar reporting-oriented 4GL, called
1971:
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197:
1845:
1303:
205:
1453:
598:
1945:
1660:
1757:
1950:
1815:
1772:
1762:
1752:
1542:
274:
201:
196:(8 bytes used for sequencing) where a card's tag would identify the type or function. With judicious use of a few cards, the
144:
49:
1940:
1729:
1323:
697:
358:
749:
Extract data from files or database to create reports in a wide range of formats is done by the report generator tools.
1123:
350:
Similarly, forms generators manage online interactions with the application system users or generate programs to do so.
361:
tools, specifications of screens and reports, and possibly also the specification of some additional processing logic.
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1869:
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503:
193:
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89:
53:
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could offer a wide variety of processing and reporting capability whereas the equivalent functionality coded in a
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39:
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113:
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1283:
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for data manipulation, file reshaping, case selection, and data documentation in the preparation of data for
125:
774:
1529:
337:
level DLLs generated from a typical 3GL for when the need arises for more hardware/OS specific operations.
414:
410:
129:
117:
1831:
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825:
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394:
Some 4GLs have integrated tools that allow for the easy specification of all the required information:
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1404:
85:
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436:
4GL products could be integrated to produce database definitions and the forms and reports programs.
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991:
909:
743:
682:
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97:
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The early input scheme for the 4GL supported entry of data within the 72-character limit of the
1914:
919:
769:
433:
164:
1428:
1363:
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was automated to allow the input of the results of system analysis and design in the form of
229:
156:
1483:"Data Mining Software, Data Analysis, and More: Unisys Business Information Server Features"
1919:
1899:
1712:
1683:
384:
282:
244:." Rawlings offered the following single statement, performing a set-at-a-time operation...
45:
8:
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137:
17:
1133:
865:
474:
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316:
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An interesting twist to the 4GL scene is realization that graphical interfaces and the
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175:
171:
155:
Though used earlier in papers and discussions, the term 4GL was first used formally by
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406:
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1909:
1560:"How Salesforce is using low-code orchestration to save 'floundering IoT projects'"
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959:
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81:
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93:
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asked
Rawlings for a Nomad solution to a standard problem Martin called the
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combine some 4GL abilities within a general-purpose 3GL environment, and
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that belongs to a class of languages envisioned as an advancement upon
1321:
357:) attempt to automatically generate whole systems from the outputs of
296:
One of the early (and portable) languages that had 4GL properties was
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than to teach programmers the "intricacies of railroad operations".
1193:
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727:
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289:. The idea was that it was easier to teach railroad experts to use
281:
to develop a system in a project that was an early example of 4GL,
186:
77:
42:
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done by the user form a 'language' that is poorly understood.
1324:"Domain-Specific witness Languages:An Annotated Bibliography"
1055:
954:
949:
800:
677:
529:
519:
481:
418:
376:
305:
109:
1528:
Barbara
Canning McNurlin; Ralph H. Sprague (2004). "Ch. 9".
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133:
73:
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712:
445:
In the twenty-first century, 4GL systems have emerged as
167:. In some primitive way, early 4GLs were included in the
69:
1635:
76:. Languages claimed to be 4GL may include support for
143:
In the 1980s and 1990s, there were efforts to develop
753:
Data manipulation, analysis, and reporting languages
1322:Arie van Deursen; Paul Klint; Joost Visser (1998).
535:
Forté TOOL (transactional object-oriented language)
417:etc., from which hundreds of thousands of lines of
96:. Some researchers state that 4GLs are a subset of
1682:
1579:"The Best Low-Code Development Platforms for 2019"
1304:Domain-Specific Languages for Software Engineering
1200:
267:is now known as VISION:BUILDER and is offered by
1963:
1598:"25 simple tools for building mobile apps fast"
1596:Sayer, Martin Heller and Peter (6 April 2018).
1512:
1274:List of fourth-generation programming languages
204:could subsume, perhaps, a whole box or more of
1853:
1839:
1668:
1255:
332:table-driven algorithm programming (see also
251:in order to ensure sales. One example is the
1515:User-Designed Computing: The Next Generation
1433:Application Development Without Programmers.
1223:
1049:
1087:Database-driven GUI application development
668:
327:A number of different types of 4GLs exist:
161:Application Development Without Programmers
1846:
1832:
1675:
1661:
1531:Information Systems Management in Practice
1405:"Definition of fourth-generation language"
458:
1353:
1347:
1114:Low code / No code development platforms
599:Oracle Application Development Framework
440:
1977:Fourth-generation programming languages
1946:Category:Lists of programming languages
163:to refer to non-procedural, high-level
27:Group of computer programming languages
14:
1964:
1576:
353:More ambitious 4GLs (sometimes termed
341:Report-generator programming languages
145:fifth-generation programming languages
50:third-generation programming languages
32:fourth-generation programming language
1951:List of programming languages by type
1827:
1656:
1595:
1391:"Roger Clarke's Software Generations"
1941:Category:Lists of computer languages
1628:"DronaHQ. Build apps without coding"
981:
718:
653:(development and support were ended)
552:(development and support were ended)
447:"low code" environments or platforms
1972:Programming language classification
1557:
182:(1969 internal use, 1979 release).
24:
1124:1C:Enterprise programming language
64:details, making the language more
56:aims to provide a higher level of
25:
1988:
511:(Microsoft Windows, web, mobile)
300:developed by Gerald C. Cohen at
54:programming language generations
1620:
1589:
1577:Marvin, Rob (August 10, 2018).
1570:
1551:
1521:
403:systems development methodology
1684:Types of programming languages
1506:
1475:
1446:
1422:
1397:
1383:
1341:
1315:
1296:
1201:Screen painters and generators
557:Enterprise Generation Language
355:fourth generation environments
13:
1:
1784:
1289:
1284:Rapid application development
792:(plus transaction processing)
421:would be generated overnight.
379:provide sophisticated coding
1816:Programming paradigms navbox
1491:. 2006-08-21. Archived from
775:Clarion Programming Language
415:entity life history diagrams
411:entity relationship diagrams
7:
1267:
453:
10:
1993:
1256:Music Programming language
872:) now VISION:BUILDER of CA
398:James Martin's version of
150:
1933:
1862:
1743:
1690:
1537:. Pearson/Prentice Hall.
1224:Web development languages
1050:Mathematical optimization
98:domain-specific languages
86:mathematical optimization
1885:Knowledge representation
1870:Architecture description
1513:Louis Schlueter (1988).
1279:Domain-specific language
1159:Microsoft Power Automate
992:4th Dimension (Software)
628:(Microsoft Windows only)
612:(Productivity/Framework)
322:
211:The 72-character format
490:4GL Cobol/PLI generator
484:4GL RPG/COBOL Generator
459:General use / versatile
165:specification languages
1371:Cite journal requires
770:Audit Command Language
724:Speedware EasyReporter
434:Oracle Developer Suite
1805:Programming languages
1435:Prentice-Hall, 1981.
1309:May 16, 2011, at the
703:OpenROAD (Ingres 4GL)
504:Cognos PowerHouse 4GL
441:Low code environments
275:The Santa Fe railroad
213:continued for a while
1900:Programming language
1880:Hardware description
870:Sterling/Informatics
385:statistical analysis
287:programming by users
255:system developed by
46:programming language
1608:on 18 November 2017
606:(Productivity/PaaS)
269:Computer Associates
174:(1967) product and
52:(3GL). Each of the
610:Jmix/CUBA Platform
555:IBM Rational EGL (
426:Oracle Corporation
407:data flow diagrams
234:Engineer's Problem
1959:
1958:
1856:computer language
1794:Computer language
1781:
1780:
1558:Forrest, Conner.
1544:978-0-13-101139-7
1454:"IBM Punch Cards"
1218:SB+/SystemBuilder
1103:SB+/SystemBuilder
1041:Can be used with
862:) now part of BIS
719:Report generators
475:Unify Corporation
317:related reasoning
283:rapid prototyping
159:in his 1981 book
82:report generation
62:computer hardware
16:(Redirected from
1984:
1848:
1841:
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1803:
1798:
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1677:
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1663:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1634:. Archived from
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1604:. Archived from
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1568:
1567:
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1519:
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1479:
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1469:
1460:. Archived from
1458:www.columbia.edu
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1335:
1326:. Archived from
1319:
1313:
1300:
960:Wolfram Language
471:Accell/SQL (4GL)
400:data engineering
60:of the internal
21:
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1730:Very high-level
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1632:www.dronahq.com
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1311:Wayback Machine
1301:
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1203:
1198:
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1029:Visual DataFlex
987:
979:
878:a component of
755:
721:
674:
671:query languages
666:
461:
456:
443:
430:Oracle Designer
365:Data management
325:
153:
94:web development
90:GUI development
28:
23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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1925:Transformation
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1373:|journal=
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733:Oracle Reports
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636:Team Developer
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482:Formerly Synon
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424:More recently
422:
392:
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387:and reporting.
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334:control tables
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26:
9:
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1875:Data exchange
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1659:
1658:
1655:
1638:on 2019-08-09
1637:
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1580:
1573:
1565:
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1533:
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1524:
1516:
1509:
1495:on 2006-08-21
1494:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1464:on 2019-02-16
1463:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1442:
1441:0-13-038943-9
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:Martin, James
1425:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1392:
1386:
1378:
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1356:
1351:
1344:
1330:on 2009-02-02
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