148:
810:
800:
828:
805:
823:
619:. The increased engine power is not immediately available due to the need to sharply increase engine RPM, to build up pressure and to spin up the turbo, before the turbo starts to do any useful air compression. The increased intake volume causes increased exhaust and spins the turbo faster, and so forth until steady high power operation is reached. Another difficulty is that the higher exhaust pressure causes the exhaust gas to transfer more of its heat to the mechanical parts of the engine.
818:
326:. With the same motivation as Otto, Diesel wanted to create an engine that would give small industrial companies their own power source to enable them to compete against larger companies, and like Otto, to get away from the requirement to be tied to a municipal fuel supply. Like Otto, it took more than a decade to produce the high-compression engine that could self-ignite fuel sprayed into the cylinder. Diesel used an air spray combined with fuel in his first engine.
246:
447:
709:
of the energy lost to waste heat. The use of a turbocharger in diesel engines is very effective by boosting incoming air pressure and in effect, provides the same increase in performance as having more displacement. The Mack Truck company, decades ago, developed a turbine system that converted waste heat into kinetic energy that it fed back into the engine's transmission. In 2005, BMW announced the development of the
302:
234:
68:: Also known as induction or suction. This stroke of the piston begins at top dead center (T.D.C.) and ends at bottom dead center (B.D.C.). In this stroke the intake valve must be in the open position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by producing a partial vacuum (negative pressure) in the cylinder through its downward motion.
343:
391:
the cycle to allow a greater proportion of the cycle for the charge to combust before the power stroke commences. This advantage is reflected in the various Otto engine designs; the atmospheric (non-compression) engine operates at 12% efficiency whereas the compressed-charge engine has an operating efficiency around 30%.
692:
Valve clearance refers to the small gap between a valve lifter and a valve stem that ensures that the valve completely closes. On engines with mechanical valve adjustment, excessive clearance causes noise from the valve train. A too-small valve clearance can result in the valves not closing properly.
428:
Diesel engines by their nature do not have concerns with pre-ignition. They have a concern with whether or not combustion can be started. The description of how likely Diesel fuel is to ignite is called the Cetane rating. Because Diesel fuels are of low volatility, they can be very hard to start when
399:
A problem with compressed charge engines is that the temperature rise of the compressed charge can cause pre-ignition. If this occurs at the wrong time and is too energetic, it can damage the engine. Different fractions of petroleum have widely varying flash points (the temperatures at which the fuel
173:
In testing a replica of the Lenoir engine in 1861, Otto became aware of the effects of compression on the fuel charge. In 1862, Otto attempted to produce an engine to improve on the poor efficiency and reliability of the Lenoir engine. He tried to create an engine that would compress the fuel mixture
663:
between valve and cam is a contact surface on which the cam slides to open the valve. Many engines use one or more camshafts "above" a row (or each row) of cylinders, as in the illustration, in which each cam directly actuates a valve through a flat tappet. In other engine designs the camshaft is in
611:
When idling, and at low-to-moderate speeds, the turbine produces little power from the small exhaust volume, the turbocharger has little effect and the engine operates nearly in a naturally aspirated manner. When much more power output is required, the engine speed and throttle opening are increased
403:
The tendency for the compressed fuel mixture to ignite early is limited by the chemical composition of the fuel. There are several grades of fuel to accommodate differing performance levels of engines. The fuel is altered to change its self ignition temperature. There are several ways to do this. As
708:
Otto engines are about 30% efficient; in other words, 30% of the energy generated by combustion is converted into useful rotational energy at the output shaft of the engine, while the remainder being lost due to waste heat, friction and engine accessories. There are a number of ways to recover some
515:
flutter occurs when the rings oscillate vertically within the piston grooves they reside in. Ring flutter compromises the seal between the ring and the cylinder wall, which causes a loss of cylinder pressure and power. If an engine spins too quickly, valve springs cannot act quickly enough to close
390:
During normal operation of the engine, as the air/fuel mixture is being compressed, an electric spark is created to ignite the mixture. At low rpm this occurs close to TDC (Top Dead Centre). As engine rpm rises, the speed of the flame front does not change so the spark point is advanced earlier in
36:
Four-stroke cycle used in gasoline/petrol engines: intake (1), compression (2), power (3), and exhaust (4). The right blue side is the intake port and the left brown side is the exhaust port. The cylinder wall is a thin sleeve surrounding the piston head which creates a space for the combustion of
416:
The octane rating of a given fuel is a measure of the fuel's resistance to self-ignition. A fuel with a higher numerical octane rating allows for a higher compression ratio, which extracts more energy from the fuel and more effectively converts that energy into useful work while at the same time
329:
During initial development, one of the engines burst, nearly killing Diesel. He persisted, and finally created a successful engine in 1893. The high-compression engine, which ignites its fuel by the heat of compression, is now called the diesel engine, whether a four-stroke or two-stroke design.
556:
An internal combustion engine is on average capable of converting only 40-45% of supplied energy into mechanical work. A large part of the waste energy is in the form of heat that is released to the environment through coolant, fins etc. If somehow waste heat could be captured and turned to
408:
the result is that pre-ignition is much more likely to occur since the fuel mixture is compressed to a higher temperature prior to deliberate ignition. The higher temperature more effectively evaporates fuels such as gasoline, which increases the efficiency of the compression engine. Higher
198:
was the head of engine design. Daimler was a gunsmith who had worked on the Lenoir engine. By 1876, Otto and Langen succeeded in creating the first internal combustion engine that compressed the fuel mixture prior to combustion for far higher efficiency than any engine created to this time.
591:
Supercharging increases the power output limits of an internal combustion engine relative to its displacement. Most commonly, the supercharger is always running, but there have been designs that allow it to be cut out or run at varying speeds (relative to engine speed). Mechanically driven
80:: Also known as power or ignition. This is the start of the second revolution of the four stroke cycle. At this point the crankshaft has completed a full 360 degree revolution. While the piston is at T.D.C. (the end of the compression stroke) the compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited by a
592:
supercharging has the disadvantage that some of the output power is used to drive the supercharger, while power is wasted in the high pressure exhaust, as the air has been compressed twice and then gains more potential volume in the combustion but it is only expanded in one stage.
74:: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of the suction stroke, and ends at T.D.C. In this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture in preparation for ignition during the power stroke (below). Both the intake and exhaust valves are closed during this stage.
608:. A turbocharger is incorporated into the exhaust system of a vehicle to make use of the expelled exhaust. It consists of a two piece, high-speed turbine assembly with one side that compresses the intake air, and the other side that is powered by the exhaust gas outflow.
386:
analysis of the actual four-stroke and two-stroke cycles is not a simple task. However, the analysis can be simplified significantly if air standard assumptions are utilized. The resulting cycle, which closely resembles the actual operating conditions, is the Otto cycle.
333:
The four-stroke diesel engine has been used in the majority of heavy-duty applications for many decades. It uses a heavy fuel containing more energy and requiring less refinement to produce. The most efficient Otto-cycle engines run near 30% thermal efficiency.
424:
or GDI. In a gasoline direct-injected engine, the injector nozzle protrudes into the combustion chamber. The direct fuel injector injects gasoline under a very high pressure into the cylinder during the compression stroke, when the piston is closer to the top.
557:
mechanical energy, the engine's performance and/or fuel efficiency could be improved by improving the overall efficiency of the cycle. It has been found that even if 6% of the entirely wasted heat is recovered it can increase the engine efficiency greatly.
282:
than a traditional piston engine. While
Atkinson's original design is no more than a historical curiosity, many modern engines use unconventional valve timing to produce the effect of a shorter compression stroke/longer power stroke, thus realizing the
270:
The original
Atkinson-cycle piston engine allowed the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes of the four-stroke cycle to occur in a single turn of the crankshaft and was designed to avoid infringing certain patents covering Otto-cycle engines.
181:
founded the first internal combustion engine production company, NA Otto and Cie (NA Otto and
Company). Otto and Cie succeeded in creating a successful atmospheric engine that same year. The factory ran out of space and was moved to the town of
520:', and it can result in piston to valve contact, severely damaging the engine. At high speeds the lubrication of piston cylinder wall interface tends to break down. This limits the piston speed for industrial engines to about 10 m/s.
612:
until the exhaust gases are sufficient to 'spool up' the turbocharger's turbine to start compressing much more air than normal into the intake manifold. Thus, additional power (and speed) is expelled through the function of this turbine.
631:
to the length of the piston stroke. A longer rod reduces sidewise pressure of the piston on the cylinder wall and the stress forces, increasing engine life. It also increases the cost and engine height and weight.
209:
used a hot-tube ignition system and the fuel known as
Ligroin to become the world's first vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine. It used a four-stroke engine based on Otto's design. The following year,
1010:
482:
The maximum amount of power generated by an engine is determined by the maximum amount of air ingested. The amount of power generated by a piston engine is related to its size (cylinder volume), whether it is a
313:
is a technical refinement of the 1876 Otto-cycle engine. Where Otto had realized in 1861 that the efficiency of the engine could be increased by first compressing the fuel mixture prior to its ignition,
584:
One way to increase engine power is to force more air into the cylinder so that more power can be produced from each power stroke. This can be done using some type of air compression device known as a
84:(in a gasoline engine) or by heat generated by high compression (diesel engines), forcefully returning the piston to B.D.C. This stroke produces mechanical work from the engine to turn the crankshaft.
560:
Many methods have been devised in order to extract waste heat out of an engine exhaust and use it further to extract some useful work, decreasing the exhaust pollutants at the same time. Use of the
202:
Daimler and
Maybach left their employ at Otto and Cie and developed the first high-speed Otto engine in 1883. In 1885, they produced the first automobile to be equipped with an Otto engine. The
33:
61:
completes four separate strokes while turning the crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction. The four separate strokes are termed:
693:
This results in a loss of performance and possibly overheating of exhaust valves. Typically, the clearance must be readjusted each 20,000 miles (32,000 km) with a feeler gauge.
615:
Turbocharging allows for more efficient engine operation because it is driven by exhaust pressure that would otherwise be (mostly) wasted, but there is a design limitation known as
713:, a two-stage heat-recovery system similar to the Mack system that recovers 80% of the energy in the exhaust gas and raises the efficiency of an Otto engine by 15%. By contrast, a
174:
prior to ignition, but failed as that engine would run no more than a few minutes prior to its destruction. Many other engineers were trying to solve the problem, with no success.
278:
design of the
Atkinson, its expansion ratio can differ from its compression ratio and, with a power stroke longer than its compression stroke, the engine can achieve greater
217:
In 1884, Otto's company, then known as
Gasmotorenfabrik Deutz (GFD), developed electric ignition and the carburetor. In 1890, Daimler and Maybach formed a company known as
2996:
528:
The output power of an engine is dependent on the ability of intake (air–fuel mixture) and exhaust matter to move quickly through valve ports, typically located in the
94:
stroke, the piston, once again, returns from B.D.C. to T.D.C. while the exhaust valve is open. This action expels the spent air-fuel mixture through the exhaust port.
1360:
1093:
Sprouse III, Charles; Depcik, Christopher (1 March 2013). "Review of organic
Rankine cycles for internal combustion engine exhaust waste heat recovery".
635:
A "square engine" is an engine with a bore diameter equal to its stroke length. An engine where the bore diameter is larger than its stroke length is an
1912:
532:. To increase an engine's output power, irregularities in the intake and exhaust paths, such as casting flaws, can be removed, and, with the aid of an
158:
was a traveling salesman for a grocery concern. In his travels, he encountered the internal combustion engine built in Paris by
Belgian expatriate
2989:
3584:
3418:
2982:
2807:
1353:
863:
2828:
1050:
2662:
166:
produced only 2 horsepower. The Lenoir engine ran on illuminating gas made from coal, which had been developed in Paris by
162:. In 1860, Lenoir successfully created a double-acting engine that ran on illuminating gas at 4% efficiency. The 18 litre
3388:
2800:
1905:
720:
Modern engines are often intentionally built to be slightly less efficient than they could otherwise be. This is necessary for
3084:
2842:
2821:
2814:
1346:
1255:
1233:
2856:
2835:
1323:
3413:
2863:
2849:
409:
compression ratios also mean that the distance that the piston can push to produce power is greater (which is called the
974:
799:
98:
Four-stroke engines are the most common internal combustion engine design for motorized land transport, being used in
1898:
1471:
1182:
639:
engine, conversely, an engine with a bore diameter that is smaller than its stroke length is an undersquare engine.
3332:
2963:
809:
748:
2720:
1024:
659:
along its length, each designed to open a valve during the appropriate part of an intake or exhaust stroke. A
2974:
2616:
2092:
684:
design typically allows higher engine speeds because it provides the most direct path between cam and valve.
3553:
1303:
3142:
2622:
1564:
1491:
903:
218:
147:
3589:
3373:
1387:
1148:
284:
3368:
3248:
2880:
2682:
827:
768:
700:
to automatically compensate for valve train component wear. Dirty engine oil may cause lifter failure.
3213:
2656:
1005:
804:
776:
725:
721:
430:
429:
cold. Various techniques are used to start a cold Diesel engine, the most common being the use of a
421:
260:
374:
stroke. The cycle is closed by an isochoric process and an isobaric compression, characterizing the
3448:
3363:
3198:
2611:
2567:
2069:
1641:
1481:
883:
822:
775:
to meet new mandates include firing after the piston is farthest from the crankshaft, known as top
573:
569:
17:
163:
3312:
3243:
3137:
2692:
2667:
2286:
347:
2471:
1068:
945:
3548:
3383:
3283:
2915:
2687:
2597:
2524:
2097:
1636:
1591:
1501:
1434:
817:
767:). As automakers look to meet these standards by 2016, new ways of engineering the traditional
496:
2013:
322:, Otto Atmospheric, and Otto Compression engines (both 1861 and 1876) were designed to run on
3558:
3337:
3298:
3263:
3104:
2416:
2281:
2036:
1626:
1621:
1601:
1526:
1486:
1476:
1429:
1424:
541:
488:
259:
The
Atkinson-cycle engine is a type of single stroke internal combustion engine invented by
3543:
3471:
3423:
3017:
3008:
2910:
2874:
1631:
1611:
1606:
1596:
1574:
1516:
1407:
1402:
1369:
1338:
318:
wanted to develop a more efficient type of engine that could run on much heavier fuel. The
8:
3512:
3218:
2768:
2489:
2301:
2046:
1865:
1689:
1616:
1511:
1461:
1106:
737:
729:
54:
1266:
1054:
3527:
3378:
3327:
3157:
2778:
2750:
2494:
2426:
1930:
1684:
1554:
1506:
1444:
1175:
Air pollution from motor vehicles: Standards and Technologies for Controlling Emissions
913:
736:
and other atmospheric pollutants. Reductions in efficiency may be counteracted with an
279:
3408:
3288:
3258:
3253:
3208:
3193:
3054:
2925:
2788:
2773:
2760:
2740:
2715:
2559:
1674:
1559:
1544:
1521:
1251:
1229:
1178:
919:
908:
888:
858:
714:
697:
484:
417:
preventing engine damage from pre-ignition. High Octane fuel is also more expensive.
405:
367:
363:
203:
159:
3177:
3167:
3069:
2730:
2677:
2607:
2504:
2381:
2211:
1664:
1659:
1102:
355:
191:
119:
2331:
3456:
3278:
3238:
3233:
3162:
3005:
2920:
2745:
2735:
2725:
2356:
1679:
1669:
1583:
1536:
1439:
1307:
898:
893:
772:
677:
656:
492:
410:
195:
167:
263:
in 1882. The Atkinson cycle is designed to provide efficiency at the expense of
3502:
3492:
3152:
3079:
3039:
2671:
2461:
2436:
2421:
2326:
2273:
1955:
1449:
1121:
843:
628:
533:
507:
suffer severe acceleration forces. At high engine speed, physical breakage and
504:
342:
319:
254:
183:
32:
3004:
1834:
1829:
1804:
1799:
1295:
604:
is a supercharger that is driven by the engine's exhaust gases, by means of a
3578:
3428:
3273:
3268:
3203:
3147:
3059:
2958:
2940:
2652:
2602:
2499:
2451:
2441:
2191:
2145:
2041:
1980:
1860:
1850:
1707:
1496:
1414:
1373:
1289:
982:
878:
868:
853:
565:
561:
529:
400:
may self-ignite). This must be taken into account in engine and fuel design.
383:
315:
310:
264:
214:
produced a four-stroke engined automobile that is regarded as the first car.
155:
2406:
3563:
3522:
3517:
3293:
3114:
3099:
3074:
2401:
2396:
2306:
2150:
2125:
1975:
1392:
1317:
1312:
873:
848:
780:
710:
681:
601:
585:
540:
configuration can be modified to reduce resistance. This process is called
296:
238:
222:
178:
783:. Together, this redesign could significantly reduce fuel consumption and
3507:
3433:
3358:
3353:
3094:
3064:
2953:
2895:
2890:
2707:
2647:
2632:
2587:
2519:
2456:
2411:
2316:
2201:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2064:
1970:
1651:
1456:
1397:
517:
512:
508:
500:
245:
142:
241:
hybrid has an Atkinson-cycle engine as the petrol-electric hybrid engine
3497:
3487:
3438:
3228:
3172:
3109:
3049:
2549:
2534:
2529:
2296:
2135:
2117:
2028:
1990:
1965:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1466:
1419:
1245:
673:
652:
636:
551:
537:
511:
flutter can occur, resulting in power loss or even engine destruction.
275:
136:
115:
99:
81:
446:
2697:
2637:
2577:
2544:
2446:
2431:
2391:
2386:
2366:
2346:
2291:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2130:
2107:
2003:
1960:
1809:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1333:
1198:
1051:"Best Place for Engineering and Technology, Air Standard Assumptions"
741:
665:
616:
211:
370:
is produced, followed by an adiabatic expansion, characterizing the
3461:
3044:
3034:
2935:
2930:
2905:
2642:
2371:
2361:
2351:
2336:
2311:
2155:
2140:
2102:
2074:
2018:
2008:
1945:
1875:
1870:
1855:
1791:
1699:
669:
648:
323:
187:
111:
771:(ICE) have to be considered. Some potential solutions to increase
2582:
2572:
2539:
2514:
2509:
2376:
2341:
2160:
2056:
1998:
1950:
605:
1300:
3119:
3089:
2592:
751:
mandates that vehicles must achieve an average of 34.9 mpg
660:
58:
1173:
Faiz, Asif; Weaver, Christopher S.; Walsh, Michael P. (1996).
3482:
2466:
2321:
1890:
301:
107:
103:
1368:
1201:. US: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
499:). The speed is ultimately limited by material strength and
233:
733:
267:, and is used in some modern hybrid electric applications.
1008:, J. Atkinson, "Gas Engine", issued 1887-08-02
627:
The rod-to-stroke ratio is the ratio of the length of the
2626:
2196:
2084:
1921:
814:
Starting position, intake stroke, and compression stroke.
785:
545:
995:
Ralph Stein (1967). The Automobile Book. Paul Hamlyn Ltd
1269:. p. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
946:"4-STROKE ENGINES: WHAT ARE THEY AND HOW DO THEY WORK?"
190:(The Deutz Gas Engine Manufacturing Company). In 1872,
1246:
Cengel, Yunus A; Michael A Boles; Yaling He (2009).
1223:
832:
Ignition of fuel, power stroke, and exhaust stroke.
552:
Waste heat recovery of an internal combustion engine
436:
186:, Germany in 1869, where the company was renamed to
495:of the fuel, oxygen content of the air and speed (
1226:The Middle Ages of the Internal combustion Engine
1092:
759:) compared to the current standard of 25 mpg
622:
588:, which can be powered by the engine crankshaft.
3576:
1320:, another explanation of the four-stroke engine.
1242:scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/OttoCycle.html
1172:
1025:"Auto Tech: Atkinson Cycle engines and Hybrids"
977:[125 Years of the Four Stroke Engine].
717:may reduce fuel consumption by as much as 40%.
366:compression. Through the combustion of fuel an
2990:
1906:
1354:
1122:"Efficiencies of Internal Combustion Engines"
1069:"Four-stroke engine: how it works, animation"
516:the valves. This is commonly referred to as '
287:improvements the Atkinson cycle can provide.
668:, in which case each cam usually contacts a
1264:
1248:Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach. N.p
1004:
523:
441:
2997:
2983:
1913:
1899:
1361:
1347:
1330:, some videos of car components in action.
1043:
981:(in German). Germany. 2009. Archived from
969:
967:
965:
963:
37:fuel and the genesis of mechanical energy.
1228:. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE).
864:History of the internal combustion engine
337:
2317:Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe
1119:
998:
445:
341:
300:
244:
232:
151:An Otto Engine from 1880s US Manufacture
146:
31:
2663:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
979:Oldtimer Club Nicolaus August Otto e.V.
960:
647:The valves are typically operated by a
544:, and it can be done by hand or with a
420:Many modern four-stroke engines employ
118:. The major alternative design is the
14:
3577:
940:
938:
763:(9.4 L/100 km; 30.0 mpg
755:(6.7 L/100 km; 41.9 mpg
394:
2978:
1894:
1342:
1267:"4 Stroke Internal Combustion Engine"
1149:"BMW Turbo Steamer Gets Hot and Goes"
1140:
346:The idealized four-stroke Otto cycle
1146:
1120:Ferreira, Omar Campos (March 1998).
1107:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.10.017
696:Most modern production engines use
676:that opens a valve, or in case of a
536:, the radii of valve port turns and
3011:components, systems and terminology
1113:
935:
90:: Also known as outlet. During the
24:
3585:Internal combustion piston engines
1217:
687:
651:rotating at half the speed of the
25:
3601:
2327:Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville
1282:
703:
680:a push rod is not necessary. The
491:, losses, air-to-fuel ratio, the
437:Design and engineering principles
404:engines are designed with higher
228:
826:
821:
816:
808:
803:
798:
595:
579:
1191:
1166:
290:
27:Internal combustion engine type
3333:Propeller speed reduction unit
2964:Template:EC car classification
1920:
1147:Neff, John (9 December 2005).
1086:
1061:
1017:
989:
749:Corporate Average Fuel Economy
642:
623:Rod and piston-to-stroke ratio
13:
1:
1318:Animated Engines, four stroke
1250:. The McGraw Hill Companies.
1224:Hardenberg, Horst O. (1999).
928:
130:
3143:Capacitor discharge ignition
1296:Four stroke engine animation
1265:Benson, Tom (11 July 2008).
904:Two- and four-stroke engines
219:Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft
7:
1177:. World Bank Publications.
1095:Applied Thermal Engineering
836:
360: compression (B)
358:expansion, followed by the
324:Illuminating Gas (coal gas)
194:was technical director and
10:
3606:
2653:Gasoline / petrol
2417:Roadster / Spider / Spyder
1301:Detailed Engine Animations
769:internal combustion engine
747:In the United States, the
464: B: Compression
354:stroke is performed by an
305:Audi Diesel R15 at Le Mans
294:
252:
160:Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir
140:
134:
125:
3536:
3470:
3447:
3401:
3346:
3320:
3311:
3186:
3153:Electronic fuel injection
3128:
3025:
3016:
2949:
2873:
2793:(engine / drive)
2787:
2759:
2706:
2558:
2480:
2272:
2210:
2169:
2116:
2083:
2055:
2027:
1989:
1938:
1929:
1843:
1790:
1698:
1650:
1582:
1573:
1535:
1380:
975:"125 Jahre Viertaktmotor"
726:exhaust gas recirculation
570:thermoelectric generation
422:gasoline direct injection
221:. Today, that company is
188:Deutz Gasmotorenfabrik AG
57:(IC) engine in which the
3199:Aircraft engine starting
2432:Sedan delivery/Panel van
572:can be very useful as a
524:Intake/exhaust port flow
442:Power output limitations
362:stroke, performed as an
3244:Mean effective pressure
2693:Liquified petroleum gas
2505:Driverless (autonomous)
1128:(in Portuguese). Brasil
487:or four-stroke design,
376: exhaust (D)
3284:Time between overhauls
2598:Compressed natural gas
2525:Personal rapid transit
1502:Single-acting cylinder
1435:Double-acting cylinder
1126:Economia & Energia
503:. Valves, pistons and
479:
476: D: Exhaust
450:The four-stroke cycle
379:
352: intake (A)
338:Thermodynamic analysis
306:
250:
249:The Atkinson Gas Cycle
242:
152:
38:
3559:Ice protection system
3299:Volumetric efficiency
3264:Overhead valve engine
2864:Dual motor-four-wheel
2462:Town (Coupé de Ville)
1370:Engine configurations
655:. It has a series of
489:volumetric efficiency
458: A: Intake
449:
372: power (C)
345:
304:
248:
236:
150:
35:
3544:Auxiliary power unit
3424:Flight data recorder
2875:Engine configuration
1472:Oscillating cylinder
1313:How Car Engines Work
1306:25 June 2017 at the
742:lean burn techniques
730:catalytic converters
470: C: Power
156:Nikolaus August Otto
3513:Pressure carburetor
3249:Naturally aspirated
3219:Engine displacement
2881:internal combustion
2683:Internal combustion
2490:All-terrain vehicle
2412:Retractable hardtop
1565:Two-and four-stroke
1467:Intake over exhaust
1290:U.S. patent 194,047
779:, and applying the
738:engine control unit
672:, which contacts a
574:waste heat recovery
395:Fuel considerations
55:internal combustion
3590:1864 introductions
3528:Updraft carburetor
3402:Engine instruments
3328:Propeller governor
3224:Four-stroke engine
914:Five-stroke engine
480:
406:compression ratios
380:
307:
280:thermal efficiency
274:Due to the unique
251:
243:
177:In 1864, Otto and
153:
39:
3572:
3571:
3409:Annunciator panel
3397:
3396:
3307:
3306:
3289:Two-stroke engine
3259:Overhead camshaft
3239:Manifold pressure
3209:Compression ratio
2972:
2971:
2268:
2267:
2037:Compact executive
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1584:Inline / straight
1482:Overhead camshaft
1257:978-7-121-08478-2
1235:978-0-7680-0391-8
1057:on 21 April 2011.
948:. UTI. 5 May 2020
920:Six-stroke engine
909:Two-stroke engine
889:Six-stroke engine
859:Desmodromic valve
722:emission controls
715:six-stroke engine
698:hydraulic lifters
485:two-stroke engine
368:isochoric process
16:(Redirected from
3597:
3554:Hydraulic system
3374:Counter-rotating
3318:
3317:
3070:Hydraulic tappet
3023:
3022:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2884:
2843:Front-four-wheel
2794:
2657:direct injection
2568:Alternative fuel
2382:Multi-stop truck
1936:
1935:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1580:
1579:
1575:Cylinder layouts
1363:
1356:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1292:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1261:
1239:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1101:(1–2): 711–722.
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1073:testingautos.com
1065:
1059:
1058:
1053:. Archived from
1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1002:
996:
993:
987:
986:
971:
958:
957:
955:
953:
942:
830:
825:
820:
812:
807:
802:
793:
478:
472:
466:
460:
377:
373:
361:
353:
192:Gottlieb Daimler
120:two-stroke cycle
21:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3549:Coffman starter
3532:
3475:
3466:
3457:Carburetor heat
3449:Engine controls
3443:
3393:
3369:Contra-rotating
3342:
3303:
3234:Ignition timing
3182:
3163:Ignition system
3130:
3124:
3027:
3012:
3003:
2973:
2968:
2945:
2916:Single-cylinder
2878:
2877:
2869:
2857:Rear-four-wheel
2808:Front mid-front
2792:
2791:
2783:
2761:Engine position
2755:
2702:
2688:Liquid nitrogen
2554:
2482:
2476:
2264:
2206:
2165:
2112:
2098:Crossover (CUV)
2079:
2051:
2023:
1985:
1925:
1919:
1889:
1880:
1839:
1786:
1694:
1646:
1569:
1531:
1376:
1367:
1308:Wayback Machine
1288:
1285:
1272:
1270:
1258:
1236:
1220:
1218:General sources
1215:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1118:
1114:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
973:
972:
961:
951:
949:
944:
943:
936:
931:
926:
899:Stroke (engine)
894:Stirling engine
839:
834:
831:
815:
813:
791:
784:
773:fuel efficiency
766:
762:
758:
754:
706:
690:
688:Valve clearance
678:flathead engine
645:
625:
598:
582:
554:
526:
505:connecting rods
493:calorific value
474:
473:
468:
467:
462:
461:
456:
455:
453:
451:
444:
439:
411:expansion ratio
397:
375:
371:
359:
351:
340:
299:
293:
257:
231:
196:Wilhelm Maybach
145:
139:
133:
128:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3603:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3503:Inlet manifold
3500:
3495:
3493:Fuel injection
3490:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3389:Variable-pitch
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3364:Constant-speed
3361:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3080:Obturator ring
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3040:Connecting rod
3037:
3031:
3029:
3020:
3018:Piston engines
3014:
3013:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2850:Mid-four-wheel
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2795:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2665:
2660:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2620:
2614:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2437:Shooting brake
2434:
2429:
2427:Saloon / Sedan
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1933:
1931:Classification
1927:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1487:Overhead valve
1484:
1479:
1477:Opposed-piston
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1374:piston engines
1366:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1321:
1315:
1310:
1298:
1293:
1284:
1283:External links
1281:
1280:
1279:
1262:
1256:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1199:"Fuel Economy"
1190:
1183:
1165:
1139:
1112:
1085:
1060:
1042:
1031:. 14 July 2010
1016:
997:
988:
985:on 7 May 2011.
959:
933:
932:
930:
927:
925:
924:
923:
922:
917:
911:
906:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
844:Atkinson cycle
840:
838:
835:
796:
787:
764:
760:
756:
752:
705:
704:Energy balance
702:
689:
686:
644:
641:
629:connecting rod
624:
621:
597:
594:
581:
578:
553:
550:
534:air flow bench
525:
522:
443:
440:
438:
435:
396:
393:
339:
336:
295:Main article:
292:
289:
261:James Atkinson
255:Atkinson cycle
253:Main article:
230:
229:Atkinson cycle
227:
135:Main article:
132:
129:
127:
124:
96:
95:
85:
75:
69:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3602:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:Other systems
3535:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3474:and induction
3473:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3429:Glass cockpit
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3274:Shock cooling
3272:
3270:
3269:Rotary engine
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:Dual ignition
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:Cylinder head
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3009:piston engine
3007:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:Reciprocating
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2829:Rear mid-rear
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2442:Station wagon
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2332:Coupé utility
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:Sport compact
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2057:Minivan / MPV
2054:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1537:Stroke cycles
1534:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1200:
1194:
1186:
1184:9780821334447
1180:
1176:
1169:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1007:
1001:
992:
984:
980:
976:
970:
968:
966:
964:
947:
941:
939:
934:
921:
918:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
901:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
884:Rotary engine
882:
880:
879:Radial engine
877:
875:
872:
870:
869:Napier Deltic
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
854:Humphrey pump
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
833:
829:
824:
819:
811:
806:
801:
795:
792:
790:
782:
778:
774:
770:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
701:
699:
694:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
658:
654:
650:
640:
638:
633:
630:
620:
618:
613:
609:
607:
603:
596:Turbocharging
593:
589:
587:
580:Supercharging
577:
575:
571:
567:
566:turbocharging
563:
562:Rankine Cycle
558:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:cylinder head
521:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
477:
471:
465:
459:
448:
434:
432:
426:
423:
418:
414:
412:
407:
401:
392:
388:
385:
384:thermodynamic
369:
365:
357:
349:
344:
335:
331:
327:
325:
321:
317:
316:Rudolf Diesel
312:
311:diesel engine
303:
298:
288:
286:
281:
277:
272:
268:
266:
265:power density
262:
256:
247:
240:
235:
226:
224:
220:
215:
213:
208:
207:
200:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
175:
171:
169:
165:
164:Lenoir Engine
161:
157:
149:
144:
138:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
93:
89:
86:
83:
79:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
34:
30:
19:
3564:Recoil start
3523:Turbocharger
3518:Supercharger
3384:Single-blade
3294:Valve timing
3223:
3115:Sleeve valve
3100:Poppet valve
3075:Main bearing
2900:
2751:Twelve-wheel
2708:Drive wheels
2481:Specialized
2402:Pickup truck
2307:Cabrio coach
2151:Sports sedan
2126:Grand tourer
1866:Split-single
1652:Flat / boxer
1549:
1512:Swing-piston
1334:New 4 stroke
1325:
1271:. Retrieved
1247:
1225:
1203:. Retrieved
1193:
1174:
1168:
1156:. Retrieved
1152:
1142:
1130:. Retrieved
1125:
1115:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1076:. Retrieved
1072:
1063:
1055:the original
1045:
1033:. Retrieved
1028:
1019:
1000:
991:
983:the original
978:
950:. Retrieved
874:Poppet valve
849:Miller cycle
797:
788:
781:Miller cycle
746:
732:that reduce
719:
711:turbosteamer
707:
695:
691:
682:overhead cam
646:
634:
626:
614:
610:
602:turbocharger
599:
590:
586:supercharger
583:
559:
555:
527:
481:
475:
469:
463:
457:
427:
419:
415:
402:
398:
389:
381:
332:
328:
308:
297:Diesel cycle
291:Diesel cycle
285:fuel economy
273:
269:
258:
239:Toyota Prius
223:Daimler-Benz
216:
205:
201:
179:Eugen Langen
176:
172:
168:Philip Lebon
154:
97:
91:
87:
77:
71:
65:
50:
46:
42:
40:
29:
3508:Intercooler
3434:Hobbs meter
3359:Blade pitch
3354:Autofeather
3347:Terminology
3254:Monosoupape
3214:Dead centre
3187:Terminology
3095:Piston ring
3065:Gudgeon pin
2901:Four-stroke
2801:Front-front
2741:Eight-wheel
2716:Front-wheel
2648:Natural gas
2633:Fossil fuel
2588:Biogasoline
2274:Body styles
2202:Vintage car
1555:Five-stroke
1550:Four-stroke
1507:Split cycle
1445:Free-piston
1388:Atmospheric
1035:23 February
952:19 November
794:emissions.
777:dead centre
643:Valve train
518:valve float
513:Piston ring
509:piston ring
501:lubrication
348:p-V diagram
143:Otto engine
116:motorcycles
100:automobiles
72:Compression
43:four-stroke
3579:Categories
3498:Gascolator
3488:Carburetor
3439:Tachometer
3321:Components
3313:Propellers
3229:Horsepower
3194:Air-cooled
3173:Spark plug
3138:Alternator
3131:components
3129:Electrical
3110:Rocker arm
3050:Crankshaft
3028:components
3026:Mechanical
2926:Two-stroke
2822:Front-rear
2815:Rear-front
2731:Four-wheel
2721:Rear-wheel
2560:Propulsion
2550:Voiturette
2535:Flying car
2530:Police car
2495:Amphibious
2407:Quad coupé
2297:Berlinetta
2014:Street rod
1956:Subcompact
1560:Six-stroke
1545:Two-stroke
1462:Heron head
1420:Cam engine
1078:25 January
929:References
916:(uncommon)
765:‑imp
757:‑imp
674:rocker arm
653:crankshaft
637:oversquare
538:valve seat
276:crankshaft
237:This 2004
141:See also:
137:Otto cycle
131:Otto cycle
82:spark plug
78:Combustion
47:four-cycle
3158:Generator
2836:Rear-rear
2746:Ten-wheel
2736:Six-wheel
2726:Two-wheel
2638:Fuel cell
2578:Biodiesel
2545:Tow truck
2520:Pedal car
2500:Connected
2472:Vis-Ă -vis
2447:Targa top
2392:Panel van
2387:Notchback
2367:Limousine
2357:Landaulet
2347:Hatchback
2292:Barchetta
2260:S-segment
2255:M-segment
2250:J-segment
2245:F-segment
2240:E-segment
2235:D-segment
2230:C-segment
2225:B-segment
2220:A-segment
2131:Hot hatch
2108:Coupe SUV
2042:Executive
2004:Lead sled
1981:Full-size
1961:Supermini
1006:US 367496
761:‑US
753:‑US
666:crankcase
617:turbo lag
548:machine.
431:glow plug
364:adiabatic
212:Karl Benz
206:Reitwagen
106:, diesel
3462:Throttle
3379:Scimitar
3085:Oil pump
3055:Cylinder
3045:Crankpin
3035:Camshaft
3006:Aircraft
2959:Category
2936:W engine
2921:Straight
2678:Hydrogen
2643:Fuel gas
2608:Electric
2483:vehicles
2422:Runabout
2372:Microvan
2362:Liftback
2352:Kammback
2337:Fastback
2312:Cab over
2302:Brougham
2047:Personal
2019:T-bucket
2009:Lowrider
1976:Mid-size
1492:Pentroof
1440:Flathead
1430:Compound
1408:Rotative
1328:Textbook
1304:Archived
1205:11 April
1158:11 April
1153:Autoblog
1132:11 April
1029:Autos.ca
837:See also
724:such as
670:push rod
649:camshaft
576:system.
378:stroke.
356:isobaric
204:Daimler
112:aircraft
110:, light
18:4-stroke
3338:Spinner
3178:Starter
3168:Magneto
3105:Pushrod
2931:V (Vee)
2906:H-block
2672:plug-in
2670: (
2655: (
2625: (
2623:Ethanol
2612:battery
2610: (
2583:Biofuel
2573:Autogas
2540:Taxicab
2515:Gyrocar
2510:Go-kart
2457:Touring
2452:Torpedo
2397:Phaeton
2377:Minibus
2342:Hardtop
2187:Economy
2182:Classic
2177:Antique
2161:Go-kart
2093:Compact
2070:Leisure
2065:Compact
1999:Hot rod
1971:Compact
1939:By size
1700:V / Vee
1517:Uniflow
1450:Stelzer
1425:Camless
1403:Cornish
606:turbine
542:porting
126:History
92:exhaust
88:Exhaust
3476:system
3279:Stroke
3120:Tappet
3090:Piston
2954:Portal
2941:Wankel
2866:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2789:Layout
2668:Hybrid
2603:Diesel
2593:Biogas
2287:Baquet
2136:Muscle
2118:Sports
2029:Luxury
1991:Custom
1966:Family
1924:design
1861:Radial
1851:Deltic
1497:Rotary
1415:Bourke
1254:
1232:
1181:
1012:
740:using
661:tappet
454:2=BDC
452:1=TDC
350:: the
320:Lenoir
108:trains
104:trucks
66:Intake
59:piston
53:is an
51:engine
45:(also
3483:Avgas
3419:EICAS
2891:Boxer
2769:Front
2698:Steam
2467:T-top
2322:Coupe
2170:Other
2156:Super
1946:Micro
1844:Other
1527:Wedge
1393:Axial
1273:5 May
184:Deutz
3472:Fuel
3414:EFIS
3204:Bore
2896:Flat
2779:Rear
2141:Pony
2103:Mini
2075:Mini
1522:Watt
1457:Hemi
1398:Beam
1381:Type
1372:for
1324:CDX
1275:2011
1252:ISBN
1230:ISBN
1207:2016
1179:ISBN
1160:2016
1134:2016
1080:2020
1037:2013
954:2021
734:smog
728:and
664:the
657:cams
568:and
382:The
309:The
114:and
2774:Mid
2627:E85
2617:NEV
2282:2+2
2197:Van
2192:Ute
2085:SUV
1951:Kei
1922:Car
1835:W30
1830:W24
1825:W18
1820:W16
1815:W12
1782:V24
1777:V20
1772:V18
1767:V16
1762:V14
1757:V12
1752:V10
1740:VR6
1728:VR5
1690:F16
1685:F12
1680:F10
1642:I14
1637:I12
1103:doi
546:CNC
497:RPM
413:).
3581::
2212:EU
1810:W8
1805:W6
1800:W3
1747:V8
1735:V6
1723:V5
1718:V4
1713:V3
1708:V2
1675:F8
1670:F6
1665:F4
1660:F2
1632:I9
1627:I8
1622:I7
1617:I6
1612:I5
1607:I4
1602:I3
1597:I2
1592:I1
1151:.
1124:.
1099:51
1097:.
1071:.
1027:.
962:^
937:^
786:NO
744:.
600:A
564:,
433:.
225:.
170:.
122:.
102:,
49:)
41:A
2998:e
2991:t
2984:v
2883:)
2879:(
2674:)
2659:)
2629:)
2619:)
1914:e
1907:t
1900:v
1876:X
1871:U
1856:H
1792:W
1362:e
1355:t
1348:v
1326:e
1277:.
1260:.
1238:.
1209:.
1187:.
1162:.
1136:.
1109:.
1105::
1082:.
1039:.
956:.
789:x
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
