47:
1295:
38:
175:
183:
207:. All of memory is also directly addressable through a feature, called direct addressing, that combines the twelve-bit displacement and the low-order bits of what would normally be the base register field of the instruction (R0-R7) to form a combined fifteen bit address. No storage protection is provided, except for the low 144 bytes of "protected area".
128:, but the term "minicomputer" was not current, and in any case IBM wanted to emphasize the compatibility of the Model 20 rather than its differences from the rest of the System/360 line. It does, however, have the full System/360 decimal instruction set, that allows for addition, subtraction, product, and dividend of up to 31 decimal digits.
235:
are Move
Characters, Move with offset, Move Immediate, Move Numerics, Move Zones, Compare Logical Immediate, Compare Logical Characters, Edit, And immediate, Or immediate, Test under Mask, and Translate. One particularly unusual logical instruction, not present in other System/360 models, is "Halt
170:
Based on number of systems sold the Model 20 was the most successful model of System/360. According to Pugh "The number of Model 20 processors installed by the end of 1970 in the United States exceeded 7,400." Other models, however, brought in greater revenue. Despite their popularity there are
458:
IBM's announcement proclaimed the 2560 as providing "a card-handling capability never before possible on a single pass through the system." Since all I/O is performed by the processor, the system is particularly suited to controlling timing-dependent devices such as the 2560, where a card can be
535:
supports systems with magnetic tape drives but no disk drives. The minimum configuration for TPS is 4096 bytes of main storage, a card reader, a card punch, a printer and two magnetic tape drives. On such systems TPS provides an assembler and tape manipulation utility programs. Additional
644:, United Kingdom. The system was in a small, abandoned building left untouched for decades, and apparently had been used in that building since all peripherals were still fully wired and interconnected. As of September 2024 the systems have been moved on a long-term loan basis to the
242:
include standard S/360 Branch on
Condition. Instead of "Branch and Link" the instruction set uses "Branch and Store" (BASR, X'0D', and BAS, X'4D') which functions similarly except that a 16-bit link address is stored. "Set PSW" (SPSW, X'B1'), which loads a 32 bit
1116:"The purpose of this manual is to describe the IBM System/360, Model 20, and show how it may be used to process six basic applications: billing, accounts receivable, sales analysis, inventory control, accounts payable, and payroll."
1122:"The purpose of this manual is to show you how to use and modify the Disk Utility programs by describing the job-control and utility control statements and indicating the variety of disk operations these programs can perform."
119:
family announced in
November 1964. The Model 20 supports only a subset of the System/360 instruction set, with binary numbers limited to 16 bits and no floating point. In later years it would have been classified as a 16-bit
210:
The instruction set is a subset of System/360 consisting of 37 instructions instead of 143, with some incompatible instructions, such as a BASR (Branch And Store
Register) rather than BALR (Branch And Link Register).
437:
Card flow is: a read station, a punch station, and on the A2 a print station allowing text to be printed on cards. Cards then flowed into one of the stackers after being processed. This allows it to function as a
162:
wanted the machine to have System/360 architecture. The final result was a compromise where cost concerns predominated: the system leased for under $ 2000 per month (equivalent to $ 19,648 in 2023) including
218:
uses the S/360 "halfword" instructions to operate on 16-bit quantities. Load
Halfword, Add Halfword, Subtract Halfword, Compare Halfword, and Store Halfword were available, along with Add Register and Subtract
446:. As a program can issue a Write Card instruction to print on the card after reading card data with a Read Primary Card or Read Secondary Card instruction, it can also, under program control, function as an
450:
and, as a program can issue a
Primary Card Stacker Select or Secondary Card Stacker Select instruction to select the stacker into which a card should be put after reading card data, it can function as a
278:"Transfer I/O" (XIO, X'D0') performs a data transfer operation on a device. XIO starts a transfer and specifies the number of bytes to be read or written. Data transfer can optionally be performed by
423:) is a peripheral first offered on the Model 20. Due to its reliability problems, often involving card jams, the acronym was frequently interpreted as referring to many less favorable names.
236:
and
Proceed" (HPR, operation code X'99') which will quiesce input/output and stop the processor displaying a code to the operator. Operation can be restarted by pressing the "start" button.
426:
The 2560 has two hoppers into which punch cards can be placed. The cards in the second hopper can contain punched cards to be read or blank cards to be punched. Two models were offered:
391:, model 11 or 12, attached to an integrated "storage control feature" on the CPU. If multiple drives are attached they have to be the same model. Both models use the 1316
1131:
1083:
628:
system of its era, only a few of System/360 Model 20 computers remain. These are primarily the property of museums or collectors. Examples of existing systems include:
199:
The Model 20 was available with six memory sizes: 4, 8, 12, 16, 24 and 32 KB. As in other models of System/360 memory is byte-addressable. It has eight 16-bit
1134:"This reference publication provides programmers with the information required to write programs in the Basic Assembler language of the IBM System/360 Model 20."
1128:"This publication describes the purpose and functions of the Control and Service programs of the IBM System/360 Model 20 Disk Programming System (DPS)."
1005:
This publication provides Model 20 operators with the information required to operate their systems using the Model 20 Tape
Programming System (TPS)
799:
459:
read, punched into, printed on, and sent to a specified output stacker with tight timing requirements if full rated speed is to be maintained.
632:
Two Model 20 processors along with numerous peripherals (forming at least one complete system) located in NĂĽrnberg, Germany were purchased on
1159:
1119:
1398:
352:
328:
56:
723:
388:
1111:
1487:
945:
1087:
836:
536:
capabilities are provided on systems with 8192 bytes of main storage, and still more with four or more magnetic tape drives.
272:"Test I/O and Branch" (TIOB, X'9A') which tests a specified device for any combination of four hardware-dependent conditions.
1125:
968:
524:
to interrupt a running batch program, execute an inquiry program, and then restart the batch job where it was interrupted.
407:
of 270 bytes each. The model 11 has a formatted capacity of 5.4 million bytes, and the model 12 of 2.5 million.
447:
403:
per cylinder. The model 11 uses all cylinders, the model 12 uses only the outermost 103. Each track is divided into ten
1017:
476:
is a control program for a Model 20 with at least 12 KiB of memory and one disk drive. The components of DPS are:
1314:
493:
which handles disk input/output, error recovery, and job-to-job transition, and loads programs to be executed from the
1152:
883:
809:
760:
376:
482:
1413:
991:
204:
1408:
645:
371:
The system can also have an integrated communications adapter. Two adapter versions were available, one for
293:
636:
in April/May 2019 for €3710 by two UK enthusiasts who, over the course of some months, moved the machine to
1145:
372:
1177:
572:
568:
815:
167:
and line printer, compared to around $ 3000 (equivalent to $ 29,472 in 2023) for a comparable 1401.
1382:
316:
430:
Model A1: five card stackers, and an optional printing/interpreter, with two, four or six print heads.
1497:
1492:
511:, and for loading and copying the systems residence disk, backing up and restoring other disk drives.
443:
439:
1263:
136:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
547:
is a set of control programs for a Model 20 computer system with only card input/output devices.
1351:
1340:
286:), that is taking processor cycles from the user program as necessary to perform the operation.
17:
1345:
649:
396:
140:
866:
Proceedings of the April 26–28, 1966, Spring joint computer conference - AFIPS '66 (Spring)
585:
455:. This allows the Model 20 to replace several separate pieces of punched-card equipment.
226:
8:
1377:
655:
As of 2020, a Model 20 processor along with some peripherals is on public display at the
928:
889:
749:
625:
613:
508:
400:
200:
125:
147:
introduced the following year, was designed for scientific and engineering computing.
879:
838:
IBM Field
Engineering Theory of Operation 2311 Disk Storage Drive Models 1, 11 and 12
805:
756:
521:
1461:
893:
869:
656:
861:
641:
452:
1446:
1456:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1168:
947:
IBM Field
Engineering Manual of Instruction, System/360 Model 20 2020 Processor
850:
describes the IBM 2311, including models 11 and 12, used on System/360 model 20
684:
516:
279:
275:"Control I/O" (CIO, X'9B') performs a control (non data) operation on a device.
116:
292:
Like most other models of System/360 the Model 20 is microprogrammed; it uses
1481:
1451:
1132:
IBM System/360 Model 20 / Card Programming Support / Basic Assembler Language
151:
1126:
IBM System/360 Model 20 Disk Programming System Control and Service Programs
970:
IBM System/360 Model 20 Disk Programming System Control and Service Programs
874:
46:
637:
121:
132:
1372:
1367:
1120:
IBM System/360 Model 20 / Disk Programming System / Disk Utility Programs
404:
266:
159:
247:(PSW) replaces the standard "Load PSW". The Model 20 has no concept of
507:
Service programs for library management, I/O device table maintenance,
305:
80:
672:
225:
includes the complete S/360 decimal instruction set for operations on
150:
The design of the Model 20 was the result of a tug of war within IBM.
392:
37:
1040:
993:
IBM System/360 Model 20 Tape Programming System Operating Procedures
171:
relatively few Model 20s in existence in working condition in 2020.
1319:
1309:
1279:
689:
364:
358:
346:
340:
334:
312:
187:
155:
144:
52:
1065:
203:
numbered R8 through R15 which can be used in computations as base
1335:
1137:
664:
556:
174:
1403:
660:
624:
Despite having been sold or leased in very large numbers for a
182:
1466:
1418:
186:
An IBM System/360 Model 20 (with front panels removed), with
1084:"Deutsches Museum - Computers with semiconductor components"
747:
Pugh, Emerson W.; Johnson, Lyle R.; Palmer, John H. (1991).
1113:
Basic Applications — System/360 Model 20 (E20-0098-0)
633:
562:
269:
all peripherals are directly controlled by the processor.
1026:
1000:
977:
954:
914:
845:
777:
322:
164:
69:
671:
A running list of remaining System/360s can be found at
571:
versions were available for CPS, TPS, and DPS including
776:
Bradley, Adam; Blackburn, Christopher; Vaughan, Peter.
410:
905:
903:
504:
loaded by the monitor between jobs handled job setup.
1019:
IBM System/360 Model 20 Disk Programming System PL/I
929:"IBM 360 Model 20 customer engineering announcement"
801:
Building IBM: Shaping an Industry and Its Technology
900:
775:
748:
725:IBM System/360 Model 20 Functional Characteristics
746:
229:operands of up to 31 digits plus sign in storage.
1479:
692:Remote Job Entry terminal, based on the Model 20
154:had wanted a low-end machine that could execute
1076:
1070:IBM 360 Model 20 Rescue & Restoration Blog
859:
1153:
68:International Business Machines Corporation (
673:World Inventory of remaining System/360 CPUs
539:
190:MFCM (Multi-Function Card Machine) at right
1293:
1160:
1146:
862:"The IBM 2560 multi-function card machine"
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
527:
467:
1045:IBM 360 Model 20 Rescue & Restoration
873:
778:"IBM 360 Model 20 Rescue and Restoration"
181:
173:
1033:
703:
591:Disk and tape utility programs such as
135:, Germany, the system was intended for
14:
1480:
1399:Basic Assembly Language and successors
742:
740:
738:
575:(IOCS) macros and processing routines.
259:so SPSW is available to user programs.
143:. An incompatible small computer, the
1141:
619:
579:
265:are unique to the Model 20. Lacking
27:Low-end IBM computer model from 1960s
797:
417:IBM 2560 Multi-Function Card Machine
411:IBM 2560 Multi-Function Card Machine
382:
178:Another IBM System/360 Model 20 CPU.
735:
24:
1167:
1105:
652:, USA for display and restoration.
25:
1509:
377:binary synchronous communications
51:An IBM System/360 Model 20, with
1414:Language for Systems Development
395:which provides a maximum of 203
343:Disk Storage (Models 11 and 12).
315:Magnetic Tape Unit with up to 6
45:
36:
1320:2540 punched-card reader–writer
1310:270x communications controllers
1058:
1010:
984:
961:
751:IBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems
194:
1315:3705 Communications Controller
938:
921:
853:
829:
791:
769:
614:UNIVAC 9200 and 9300 computers
557:Report Program Generator (RPG)
533:Tape Programming Support (TPS)
337:Magnetic Ink Character Reader.
331:Card Read/Punch or Card Punch.
299:
282:(IBM documentation calls this
115:is the smallest member of the
13:
1:
1488:IBM System/360 mainframe line
911:IBM System/360 System Summary
696:
646:System Source Computer Museum
616:were clones of the Model 20.
545:Card Programming System (CPS)
474:Disk Programming System (DPS)
433:Model A2: four card stackers.
294:transformer read-only storage
1066:"The 360's have a new home!"
1029:. December 1968. C33-6007-1.
550:
373:Synchronous transmit-receive
325:Multi-Function Card Machine.
7:
1346:System/360 Operating System
678:
573:Input/Output Control System
462:
387:Model 20 disk storage uses
165:Multi-Function Card Machine
10:
1514:
1409:Hexadecimal floating-point
1336:Basic Operating System/360
1003:. March 1969. C24-9009-3.
1427:
1391:
1360:
1341:Tape Operating System/360
1328:
1302:
1291:
1272:
1191:
1184:
1175:
980:. March 1969. C24-9006-4.
798:Pugh, Emerson W. (1995).
607:
304:As of 1967 the following
263:Input/output instructions
251:or a distinction between
201:general purpose registers
139:and as a replacement for
101:
86:
76:
64:
44:
35:
731:. IBM. 1967. A26-5847-3.
540:Card Programming Support
875:10.1145/1464182.1464221
860:C. E. Spurrier (1966).
528:Tape Programming System
468:Disk Programming System
249:privileged instructions
113:IBM System/360 Model 20
31:IBM System/360 Model 20
1462:IBM zEnterprise System
1383:Solid Logic Technology
1086:. 2020. Archived from
483:Initial Program Loader
191:
179:
1072:. September 11, 2024.
917:. Model 20. A22-6810.
650:Hunt Valley, Maryland
185:
177:
868:. pp. 315–321.
389:IBM 2311 disk drives
233:Logical instructions
131:Developed by IBM in
59:line printer on left
1378:Program status word
1352:Time Sharing System
999:(Fourth ed.).
502:Job Control Program
349:Model 5 Card Punch.
245:Program Status Word
240:Branch instructions
32:
1025:(First ed.).
976:(Fifth ed.).
620:Remaining machines
580:Other IBM programs
495:core-image library
375:(STR) and one for
223:Decimal arithmetic
192:
180:
90:November 1964
30:
1475:
1474:
1289:
1288:
1041:"Project History"
565:subset, DPS only.
522:computer operator
383:2311 Disk Storage
216:Binary arithmetic
109:
108:
16:(Redirected from
1505:
1498:Remote job entry
1493:16-bit computers
1297:
1296:
1189:
1188:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1014:
1008:
1007:
998:
988:
982:
981:
975:
965:
959:
958:
952:
942:
936:
935:
933:
925:
919:
918:
907:
898:
897:
877:
857:
851:
849:
843:
833:
827:
826:
824:
823:
814:. Archived from
795:
789:
788:
786:
784:
773:
767:
766:
754:
744:
733:
732:
730:
720:
657:Deutsches Museum
491:resident monitor
308:were supported:
253:supervisor state
97:
95:
49:
40:
33:
29:
21:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1423:
1387:
1356:
1324:
1298:
1294:
1285:
1268:
1180:
1171:
1166:
1108:
1106:Further reading
1103:
1102:
1093:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1011:
996:
990:
989:
985:
973:
967:
966:
962:
950:
944:
943:
939:
931:
927:
926:
922:
909:
908:
901:
886:
858:
854:
841:
835:
834:
830:
821:
819:
812:
796:
792:
782:
780:
774:
770:
763:
745:
736:
728:
722:
721:
704:
699:
681:
642:Buckinghamshire
622:
610:
597:initialize tape
593:initialize disk
582:
569:Basic Assembler
553:
542:
530:
509:linkage editing
470:
465:
413:
385:
302:
197:
137:data processing
93:
91:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1511:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1442:IBM System/390
1439:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:IBM System/360
1165:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1075:
1057:
1032:
1009:
983:
960:
937:
920:
899:
884:
852:
828:
810:
790:
768:
761:
734:
701:
700:
698:
695:
694:
693:
687:
685:IBM System/360
680:
677:
669:
668:
653:
621:
618:
609:
606:
605:
604:
589:
581:
578:
577:
576:
566:
560:
552:
549:
541:
538:
529:
526:
517:Rollout/Rollin
513:
512:
505:
498:
487:
469:
466:
464:
461:
435:
434:
431:
412:
409:
384:
381:
369:
368:
362:
356:
350:
344:
338:
332:
326:
320:
301:
298:
290:
289:
288:
287:
280:cycle stealing
276:
273:
260:
237:
230:
227:packed decimal
220:
196:
193:
158:instructions.
124:rather than a
117:IBM System/360
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
88:
84:
83:
78:
77:Product family
74:
73:
66:
62:
61:
50:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1510:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1090:on 2020-06-01
1089:
1085:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1028:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1006:
1002:
995:
994:
987:
979:
972:
971:
964:
956:
949:
948:
941:
930:
924:
916:
912:
906:
904:
895:
891:
887:
885:9781450378925
881:
876:
871:
867:
863:
856:
848:. Y26-5897-4.
847:
840:
839:
832:
818:on 2012-05-05
817:
813:
811:0-262-16147-8
807:
804:. MIT Press.
803:
802:
794:
779:
772:
764:
762:0-262-16123-0
758:
755:. MIT Press.
753:
752:
743:
741:
739:
727:
726:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
702:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
676:
674:
666:
662:
658:
654:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:
629:
627:
617:
615:
602:
598:
594:
590:
587:
584:
583:
574:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
554:
548:
546:
537:
534:
525:
523:
519:
518:
510:
506:
503:
499:
496:
492:
488:
485:
484:
479:
478:
477:
475:
460:
456:
454:
449:
445:
441:
432:
429:
428:
427:
424:
422:
418:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
380:
378:
374:
366:
363:
361:Line Printer.
360:
357:
355:Line Printer.
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
314:
311:
310:
309:
307:
297:
295:
285:
281:
277:
274:
271:
270:
268:
264:
261:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
238:
234:
231:
228:
224:
221:
217:
214:
213:
212:
208:
206:
202:
189:
184:
176:
172:
168:
166:
161:
157:
153:
152:John Haanstra
148:
146:
142:
141:tab equipment
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
118:
114:
104:
100:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
55:at right and
54:
48:
43:
39:
34:
19:
1198:
1178:Architecture
1112:
1092:. Retrieved
1088:the original
1078:
1069:
1060:
1049:. Retrieved
1044:
1035:
1018:
1012:
1004:
992:
986:
969:
963:
946:
940:
923:
910:
865:
855:
837:
831:
820:. Retrieved
816:the original
800:
793:
781:. Retrieved
771:
750:
724:
670:
638:Creslow Park
623:
611:
600:
596:
592:
544:
543:
532:
531:
515:
514:
501:
494:
490:
481:
473:
471:
457:
436:
425:
420:
416:
414:
386:
370:
367:Card Reader.
303:
291:
284:time-sharing
283:
267:I/O channels
262:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
232:
222:
215:
209:
198:
195:Architecture
169:
149:
130:
122:minicomputer
112:
110:
105:4–32 KB Core
87:Release date
65:Manufacturer
1447:IBM zSeries
1373:Channel I/O
1368:Bus and Tag
1361:Innovations
1303:Peripherals
520:allows the
453:card sorter
448:interpreter
440:card reader
317:tape drives
306:peripherals
300:Peripherals
160:Fred Brooks
1482:Categories
1457:System z10
1437:System/370
1432:System/360
1094:2020-03-18
1051:2019-05-20
822:2012-10-15
697:References
601:clear disk
586:Sort/Merge
444:card punch
379:(Bisync).
257:user state
81:System/360
1452:System z9
1264:Model 195
626:mainframe
551:Languages
397:cylinders
393:disk pack
219:register,
205:registers
133:Böblingen
126:mainframe
1348:(OS/360)
1329:Software
1280:IBM 9020
1259:Model 95
1254:Model 91
1249:Model 85
1244:Model 75
1239:Model 67
1234:Model 65
1229:Model 50
1224:Model 44
1219:Model 40
1214:Model 30
1209:Model 25
1204:Model 22
1199:Model 20
1192:Standard
894:24960497
690:IBM 2922
679:See also
497:on disk.
489:A small
463:Software
399:with 10
365:IBM 2501
359:IBM 1403
353:IBM 2203
347:IBM 1442
341:IBM 2311
335:IBM 1419
329:IBM 2520
323:IBM 2560
313:IBM 2415
296:(TROS).
188:IBM 2560
156:IBM 1401
145:IBM 1130
57:IBM 2203
53:IBM 1442
1392:Related
665:Germany
405:sectors
94:1964-11
92: (
1404:ES EVM
1273:Custom
1185:Models
1047:. 2019
892:
882:
808:
783:Mar 2,
759:
661:Munich
608:Clones
486:(IPL).
442:and a
401:tracks
102:Memory
18:360/20
1467:IBM Z
1419:PL360
1282:(FAA)
1023:(PDF)
997:(PDF)
974:(PDF)
951:(PDF)
932:(PDF)
890:S2CID
842:(PDF)
729:(PDF)
880:ISBN
806:ISBN
785:2020
757:ISBN
634:eBay
612:The
563:PL/I
480:The
472:The
421:MFCM
415:The
255:and
111:The
1027:IBM
1001:IBM
978:IBM
955:IBM
915:IBM
870:doi
846:IBM
659:in
648:in
640:in
70:IBM
1484::
1068:.
1043:.
953:.
913:.
902:^
888:.
878:.
864:.
844:.
737:^
705:^
675:.
663:,
599:,
595:,
500:A
1161:e
1154:t
1147:v
1097:.
1054:.
957:.
934:.
896:.
872::
825:.
787:.
765:.
667:.
603:.
588:.
559:.
419:(
319:.
96:)
72:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
