20 July plot - Knowledge

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aristocratic resentment, writing that the plot was mainly carried out by conservative elites who were initially integrated by the Nazi government but during the war lost their influence and were concerned about regaining it. However, at least in Stauffenberg's case, the conviction that Nazi Germany's atrocities against civilians and prisoners of war were a dishonour to the nation and its military was likely a major motivating factor. Historian Judith Michel assesses the circle around the 20 July Group as a diverse and heterogeneous group that included liberal democrats, conservatives, social democrats, authoritarian aristocrats, and even communists. The common goal was to overthrow Hitler's regime and bring the war to a swift end. There is evidence of the plot encompassing a broad spectrum of plotters which included Communists that April, before the attempted coup, Stauffenberg agreed to cooperate with the Operational Leadership of the KPD (Communist Party of Germany) remaining in Germany. Contacts were established through the Social Democrats Adolf Reichwein and Julius Leber.

1012: 1387: 1142: 1474: 2037: 1459: 1262: 49: 906: 991: 957: 889: 974: 807:, who was involved in Goerdeler's network, came to see him and offered him the support of the opposition if he would make a move to displace Hitler and secure a negotiated end to the war. Nothing came of this meeting, but Popitz was not immediately arrested (although he was later executed towards the end of the war), and Himmler apparently did nothing to track down the resistance network which he knew was operating within the state bureaucracy. It is possible that Himmler, who by late 1943 knew that the war was unwinnable, allowed the plot to go ahead in the belief that if it succeeded he would be Hitler's successor, and could then bring about a peace settlement. 1125: 837: 2168: 923: 255: 2184: 1424:, to death, while putting Beck under arrest; Beck, realising the situation was hopeless, asked for a pistol and shot himself—the first of many attempted suicides in the coming days. At first Beck only seriously wounded himself—he was then shot in the neck and killed by soldiers. Despite protests from Remer (who had been ordered by Hitler to arrest the conspirators), at 00:10 on 21 July the four officers were executed in the courtyard outside, possibly to prevent them from revealing Fromm's involvement. Others would have been executed as well, but at 00:30 1402:, commander of the troops surrounding the Ministry. After assuring him that he was still alive, Hitler ordered Remer to regain control of the situation in Berlin. Major Remer ordered his troops to surround and seal off the Bendlerblock, but not to enter the buildings. At 20:00 a furious Witzleben arrived at the Bendlerblock and had a bitter argument with Stauffenberg, who was still insisting that the coup could go ahead. Witzleben left shortly afterwards. At around this time the planned seizure of power in Paris was aborted when Field Marshal 1134: 940: 387: 2200: 687:, his secretary. Both women wore gloves to avoid leaving fingerprints. On at least two other occasions Tresckow had tried to assassinate the Führer. The first plan was to shoot him during dinner at the army base camp, but this plan was aborted because it was widely believed that Hitler wore a bullet-proof vest. The conspirators also considered poisoning him, but this was not possible because his food was specially prepared and tasted. They concluded that a time bomb was the only option. 2002:, Rommel knew about the conspiracy and advocated that Hitler be arrested and placed on trial. The historian Ian Becket argues that "there is no credible evidence that Rommel had more than limited and superficial knowledge of the plot" and concludes that he would not have acted to aid the plotters in the aftermath of the attempt on 20 July, while the historian Ralf Georg Reuth contends that "there was no indication of any active participation of Rommel in the conspiracy." Historian 621: 5619: 1508:

chaotically, which was due to Himmler’s refusal to “establish specific rules regarding clan guardianship”, however, on February 5, 1945, Keitel’s order was issued, according to which the family of a serviceman who committed high treason was subjected to repression up to and including the death penalty. Presumably, the Sippenhaft regulation was introduced to tighten control over the military and keep them in the army during the final period of the war.

875: 858: 2115:. While acknowledging that Tresckow and other 20 July conspirators had been involved in war crimes, Arnold writes that Gerlach's argument is oversimplified. In 2011, Danny Orbach, a Harvard-based historian, wrote that Gerlach's reading of the sources is highly skewed, and, at times, diametrically opposed to what they actually say. In one case, according to Orbach, Gerlach had falsely paraphrased the memoir of the resistance fighter Colonel 1983:, the civilian leader of the resistance, but not to the plotters led by Stauffenberg, and only came to the attention of Stauffenberg due to his appointment to Rommel's headquarters. The conspirators felt they needed the support of a field marshal on active duty. Witzleben was a field marshal, but had not been on active duty since 1942. The conspirators gave instructions to Speidel to bring Rommel into their circle. 1447: 2066:. Gerlach proved that plotters such as Tresckow and Gersdorff were aware of mass murder happening in the East from at least 1941. He writes: "Especially with reference to the murder of the Jews, 'the SS' had deceived the officers by killing in secret, filing incomplete reports or none at all; if general staff officers protested, the SS threatened them." Gerlach concludes: "This is, of course, nonsense." 262: 1515:, as part of state terror at the end of the war, was a means of intimidation within Nazi Germany, when in reality this practice was not always applied, and most of the terror was adopted only after July 20. This was due to its duality: terror was implemented only in quantities necessary to maintain a level of fear among the population that would not lead them to go over to the side of resistance. 2010:

in confessions made under torture by Stülpnagel and Hofacker, and was included in Goerdeler's papers on a list of potential supporters. Hofacker confessed that Rommel had agreed to demand for Hitler to step down, and if he refused, Rommel would join the other conspirators in deposing Hitler. Rommel was also planned to become a member of the post-Hitler government in papers drawn up by Goerdeler.

1307:'s headquarters and asked him to contact the Allies, only to be informed that Hitler was alive. At 16:40 Stauffenberg and Haeften arrived at the Bendlerblock. Fromm, presumably to protect himself, changed sides and attempted to have Stauffenberg arrested. Olbricht and Stauffenberg restrained him at gunpoint and Olbricht then appointed General 1954:—personal advisor to Stülpnagel—had mentioned a violent upheaval in Berlin, he would not have interpreted it as an assassination. Thus, Rommel's participation remains ambiguous and the perception of it largely has its source in the subsequent events (especially Rommel's forced suicide) and the accounts by surviving participants. 461:) and in other secret circles. Moltke was against killing Hitler; instead, he wanted him placed on trial. Moltke said, "we are all amateurs and would only bungle it". Moltke also believed killing Hitler would be hypocritical: Hitler and National Socialism had turned wrongdoing into a system, something which the resistance should avoid. 1547:, was a fanatical Nazi seen shouting furiously and insulting the accused in the trial, which was filmed for propaganda purposes. The plotters were stripped of their uniforms and given old, shabby clothing to humiliate them for the cameras. The officers involved in the plot were "tried" before the Court of Military Honour, a 1945:, he had turned into Hitler's resolute opponent and in the end supported the coup (though not the assassination itself). He was even the natural leader of the opposition in France to some extent, considering the fact he had drawn many military and political personnel into his orbit in preparation of a "Western solution". 1995:, through whom they hoped to negotiate with the Western Allies, that Rommel could not be counted on for support. Three days before the assassination attempt, on 17 July, Rommel's staff car was strafed by an Allied aircraft in France; he was hospitalised with major injuries and incapacitated on 20 July. 1653:, he was supposed to direct all police forces in Berlin to stand down and not interfere in the military actions to seize the government. However, his actions on 20 July had minimal influence on the events. For his involvement in the conspiracy, he was later arrested, convicted of treason and executed. 2009:

What is not debated are the results of the failed bomb plot of 20 July. Many conspirators were arrested and the dragnet expanded to thousands. Consequently, it did not take long for Rommel to come under suspicion. He was primarily implicated through his connection to Kluge. Rommel's name also came up

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The whole world will vilify us now, but I am still totally convinced that we did the right thing. Hitler is the archenemy not only of Germany but of the world. When, in few hours' time, I go before God to account for what I have done and left undone, I know I will be able to justify what I did in the

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Over the following weeks, Himmler's Gestapo, driven by a furious Hitler, rounded up nearly everyone who had the remotest connection with the plot. The discovery of letters and diaries in the homes and offices of those arrested revealed the plots of 1938, 1939, and 1943, and this led to further rounds

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Approximate positions of the attendees at the meeting in relation to the briefcase bomb when it exploded: 1 Adolf Hitler; 2 Adolf Heusinger; 3 Günther Korten; 4 Heinz Brandt; 5 Karl Bodenschatz; 6 Heinz Waizenegger; 7 Rudolf Schmundt; 8 Heinrich Borgmann; 9 Walther Buhle; 10 Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer;

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The first trials were held on 7 and 8 August 1944. Hitler had ordered that those found guilty should be "hanged like cattle". Many people took their own lives prior to either their trial or their execution, including Kluge, who was accused of having knowledge of the plot beforehand and not revealing

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As Remer regained control of the city and word spread that Hitler was still alive, the less resolute members of the conspiracy in Berlin began to change sides. Fromm was freed from his room and fighting broke out in the Bendlerblock between officers supporting and opposing the coup; Stauffenberg was

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Stauffenberg was seen leaving the conference building by Kurt Salterberg, a soldier on guard duty who did not consider this out of the ordinary as attendees sometimes left to collect documents. He then saw a "massive" cloud of smoke, wood splinters and paper and men being hurled through a window and

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At 12:42 the bomb detonated, demolishing the conference room and killing a stenographer instantly. More than 20 people in the room were injured with three officers later dying. Hitler survived, as did everyone else who was shielded from the blast by the conference table leg. His trousers were singed

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Previously, it was believed that Stauffenberg was mainly responsible for the Valkyrie plan, but documents recovered by the Soviet Union after the war and released in 2007 suggest that the plan was developed by Tresckow by autumn of 1943. All written information was handled by Tresckow's wife, Erika,

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In August and September 1943, Tresckow drafted the "revised" Valkyrie plan and new supplementary orders. A secret declaration began with these words: "The Führer Adolf Hitler is dead! A treacherous group of party leaders has attempted to exploit the situation by attacking our embattled soldiers from

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thinks that the conspirators perhaps mistook Rommel's ambiguous attitude for approval of the assassination, considering: the conspirators normally did not explicitly mention the assassination; Rommel was very naive and attached to Hitler (who was the personification of National Socialism, which had

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Fromm's attempt to win favour by executing Stauffenberg and others on the night of 20 July had merely exposed his own previous lack of action and apparent failure to report the plot. Having been arrested on 21 July, Fromm was later convicted and sentenced to death by the People's Court. Despite his

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and told the plotters that Hitler had survived the explosion. As a result, the plot to mobilise Operation Valkyrie would have no chance of succeeding once the officers of the Reserve Army knew that Hitler was alive. There was more confusion when Stauffenberg's aircraft landed and he phoned from the

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Encyclopedia of Contemporary German Culture, "The heroes of West German accounts at this time were the men involved in the largely conservative, nationalist resistance of the July Plot of 1944. It was not until much later that a new generation of left-liberal historians pointed out how little many

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While the primary goal of the plotters was to remove Hitler from power, they did so for various reasons. The majority of the group behind the 20 July plot were conservative nationalists—idealists, but not necessarily of a democratic stripe. Martin Borschat portrays their motivations as a matter of

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was listed in several notes of the conspirators as a possible Minister of Armaments; however, most of these notes stated Speer should not be approached until after Hitler was dead and one conjectural government chart had a question mark beside Speer's name. This (in addition to Speer being one of

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To Poland, which was fighting against Nazi Germany with both its army and government in exile, the territorial demands and traditional nationalistic visions of resistance were not much different from the racist policies of Hitler. Stauffenberg, as one of the leaders of the plot, stated five years

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of 20 July 1944. The badges were struck in three values: gold, silver, and black. (The colours denoted the severity of the wounds received by each recipient.) A total of 100 badges were manufactured, and 47 are believed to have actually been awarded. Each badge was accompanied by an ornate award

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On 18 July rumours reached Stauffenberg that the Gestapo had knowledge of the conspiracy and that he might be arrested at any time—this was apparently not true, but there was a sense that the net was closing in and that the next opportunity to kill Hitler must be taken because there might not be

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By mid-1943, the tide of war was turning decisively against Germany. The army plotters and their civilian allies became convinced that Hitler should be assassinated, so that a government acceptable to the western Allies could be formed, and a separate peace negotiated in time to prevent a Soviet

2077:. Such actions led historians to question the motives of the plotters, which seemed more concerned with the military situation than with Nazi atrocities and German war crimes. However some others assert that, in such actions, Tresckow had to act out of principle to continue with his coup plans. 1990:

and Strölin on 27 May in Germany, ostensibly at Rommel's request, although the latter was not present. Neurath and Strölin suggested opening immediate surrender negotiations in the West, and, according to Speidel, Rommel agreed to further discussions and preparations. Around the same timeframe,

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Sippenhaft was proposed and introduced by Heinrich Himmler and remained in effect until the end of the war. Its distribution was aimed at creating fears among Wehrmacht members for their families in the event of an attempted betrayal. At first, the practice was not regulated and was carried out

510:). The bomb failed to detonate, and a second attempt a week later with Hitler at an exhibition of captured Soviet weaponry in Berlin also failed. These failures demoralised the conspirators. During 1943 Tresckow tried without success to recruit senior army field commanders such as Field Marshal 600:

Many members of the plot had helped the Nazis gain power and shared revisionist foreign policy goals pursued by Hitler, and even at the time of the plot were anti-democratic, hoping to replace Hitler with a conservative-authoritarian government involving aristocratic rule. They opposed popular

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When I heard that German officers had tried to kill Adolf Hitler ... I was enraged. I fully concurred with the sentences imposed on them, strangling I felt was too good for them; this was the time, precisely, when we were at a very ... precarious military situation. And the only man who could

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Tresckow and the inner circle of plotters had no intention of removing Hitler just to see him replaced by the dreaded and ruthless SS chief, and the plan was to kill them both if possible—to the extent that Stauffenberg's first attempt on 11 July was aborted because Himmler was not present.

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in December 1942, despite his religious scruples, he concluded that the Führer's assassination was a lesser moral evil than Hitler's remaining in power. Stauffenberg brought a new tone of decisiveness to the ranks of the resistance movement. When Tresckow was assigned to the Eastern Front,

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11 Heinrich Berger; 12 Heinz Assmann; 13 Ernst John von Freyend; 14 Walter Scherff; 15 Hans-Erich Voss; 16 Otto Günsche; 17 Nicolaus von Below; 18 Hermann Fegelein; 19 Heinz Buchholz; 20 Herbert Büchs; 21 Franz von Sonnleithner; 22 Walter Warlimont; 23 Alfred Jodl; 24 Wilhelm Keitel.

1185:. It was slow going due to war wounds that had cost Stauffenberg an eye, his right hand, and two fingers on his left hand. Interrupted by a guard knocking on the door advising him that the meeting was about to begin, he was not able to prime the second bomb, which he gave to his 1107:. Operation Valkyrie would be mobilised, the Reserve Army would take control of Germany and the other Nazi leaders would be arrested. Beck would be appointed provisional head of state, Goerdeler would be chancellor, and Witzleben would be commander-in-chief of the armed forces. 308:, tried to kill Hitler by detonating an explosive hidden in a briefcase. However, due to the location of the bomb at the time of detonation, the blast only dealt Hitler minor injuries. The planners' subsequent coup attempt also failed and resulted in a purge of the Wehrmacht. 1728:

The conspirators had earlier designated positions in secret to form a government that would take office after the assassination of Hitler were it to prove successful. Because of the plot's failure, such a government never rose to power and most of its members were executed.

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at the Wolf's Lair and was assured that Hitler was alive. Keitel demanded to know Stauffenberg's whereabouts. This told Fromm that the plot had been traced to his headquarters and that he was in mortal danger. Fromm replied that he thought Stauffenberg was with Hitler.

1206:, who was standing next to Hitler, used his foot to move the briefcase aside by pushing it behind the leg of the conference table, thus unintentionally deflecting the blast from Hitler but causing the loss of one of his legs and his own demise when the bomb detonated. 1103:, this condition had been dropped. The plan was for Stauffenberg to plant the briefcase with the bomb in Hitler's conference room with a timer running, excuse himself from the meeting, wait for the explosion, then fly back to Berlin and join the other plotters at the 2022:

even before the all-but-certain conviction and execution. With this in mind, he committed suicide on 14 October 1944. He was buried with full military honours and his family was spared from persecution; his cause of death did not come to light until after the war.

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By this time Himmler had taken charge of the situation and had issued orders countermanding Olbricht's mobilisation of Operation Valkyrie. In many places the coup was going ahead, led by officers who believed that Hitler was dead. City Commandant, and conspirator,

796:. Even if it fails, we must take action in Berlin ⁠,⁠ ⁠for the practical purpose no longer matters; what matters now is that the German resistance movement must take the plunge before the eyes of the world and of history. Compared to that, nothing else matters." 1699:, the German officer who provided the plastic explosives used in the bomb, escaped detection and survived the war. He was the second-to-last survivor of those involved in the plot and died on 1 May 2008, aged 90. The last survivor of the 20 July Plot was 1940:

or the 20 July plot is difficult to ascertain, as most of the leaders who were directly involved did not survive and limited documentation on the conspirators' plans and preparations exists. Historians' opinions on this matter vary greatly. According to

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complex. Werner von Haeften then tossed the second unprimed bomb into the forest as they made a dash for Rastenburg airfield, reaching it before it could be realised that Stauffenberg could be responsible for the explosion. By 13:00 he was airborne in a

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The overall goals towards Poland were mixed within the plotters. Most of the plotters found it desirable to restore the old German borders of 1914, while others pointed out that the demands were unrealistic, and amendments had to be made. Some like

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should be killed simultaneously if the planned mobilisation of Operation Valkyrie was to have a chance to succeed, he held back at the last minute because Himmler was not present. In fact, it was unusual for Himmler to attend military conferences.

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Popitz was not alone in seeing Himmler as a potential ally. General von Bock advised Tresckow to seek his support, but there is no evidence that he did so. Goerdeler was apparently also in indirect contact with Himmler via a mutual acquaintance,

487:. Tresckow systematically recruited oppositionists into the Group's staff, making it the nerve centre of the army resistance. Little could be done against Hitler as he was heavily guarded, and none of the plotters could get near enough to him. 522:, to persuade him to move against Hitler and at times succeeded in gaining his consent, only to find him indecisive at the last minute. However, despite their refusals, none of the Field Marshals reported their treasonous activities to the 1202:, entered the conference room containing Hitler and 20 officers, positioning the briefcase under the table near Hitler. After a few minutes, Stauffenberg received a planned telephone call and left the room. It is presumed that Colonel 1656:

After 3 February 1945, when Freisler was killed in an American air raid, there were no more formal trials, but as late as April, with the war weeks away from its end, Canaris' diary was found, and many more people were implicated.

667:) had an operational plan called Operation Valkyrie, which was to be used in the event that the disruption caused by the Allied bombing of German cities would cause a breakdown in law and order, or an uprising by the millions of 1110:

Again on 15 July, the attempt was called off at the last minute. Himmler and Göring were present, but Hitler was called out of the room at the last moment. Stauffenberg was able to intercept the bomb and prevent its discovery.

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During 1943 and early 1944 von Tresckow and von Stauffenberg organised at least five attempts to get one of the military conspirators near enough to Hitler, for long enough to kill him with hand grenades, bombs, or a revolver:

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wounded after a shootout. As the fighting was still ongoing, Remer and his forces arrived at the Bendlerblock and the conspirators were overwhelmed and arrested; by 23:00 Fromm and Remer had regained control of the building.

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More than 7,000 people were arrested and 4,980 were executed. Not all of them were connected with the plot, since the Gestapo used the occasion to settle scores with many other people suspected of opposition sympathies.

576:, and the annexation of Polish-inhabited territories that Germany ceded to Poland after 1918, with the restoration of some of the overseas colonies. They believed that Europe should be controlled under German hegemony. 377:

as soon as possible. The details of the conspirators' peace initiatives remain unknown, but they would have included unrealistic demands for the confirmation of Germany's extensive annexations of European territory.

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in central Berlin, who controlled an independent system of communications to reserve units throughout Germany. Linking this asset to Tresckow's resistance group in Army Group Centre created a viable coup apparatus.

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As a result of the failed coup, every member of the Wehrmacht was required to reswear his loyalty oath, by name, to Hitler and on 24 July 1944 the military salute was replaced throughout the armed forces with the

2705:, 1949–1969 Benjamin Carl Pearson 2007 Similarly, one could argue that the conservative, nationalist resistance circles that grew up during the war years, whose activity culminated in the July 1944 Officers Plot 2183: 2017:

or a public trial by Freisler's People's Court. Rommel was well aware that being hauled before the People's Court was tantamount to a death sentence. He also knew that if he chose to stand trial, his family

2142:, said that "harsh words" were necessary, and that "There have been cases of refusal to carry out orders that have achieved historic greatness." After this speech, public opinion in Germany began to shift. 1210:

and tattered (see photograph below) and he suffered from a perforated eardrum (as did most of the other 24 people in the room), as well as from conjunctivitis in his right eye. Hitler's personal physician,

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East Germany's communist leadership had ignored the assassination attempt for decades, mainly because the conservative and aristocratic conspirators around Stauffenberg did not match the socialist ideal.

4930: 3350: 1054:, and would thus give him an opportunity, perhaps the last that would present itself, to kill Hitler with a bomb or a pistol. Meanwhile, new key allies had been gained. These included General 640:

From early 1942, he had come to share two basic convictions with many military officers: that Germany was being led to disaster and that Hitler's removal from power was necessary. After the

354:", which also has become associated with the entire event. Within hours, the Nazi regime had reasserted its control of Germany. A few members of the conspiracy, including Stauffenberg, were 1161:'s office, saying that he had to change his shirt, which indeed was soaked through with sweat, it being a very hot day. There, assisted by von Haeften, he used pliers to crush the end of a 2013:

Hitler knew it would cause a major scandal on the home front to have the popular Rommel publicly branded as a traitor. With this in mind, he opted to give Rommel the option of suicide via

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and the Gestapo were increasingly suspicious of plots against Hitler and rightly suspected the officers of the General Staff, which was indeed the source of many conspiracies against him.

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asking whether there was any reason for trying to assassinate Hitler given that no political purpose would be served, Tresckow's response was: "The assassination must be attempted,

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and Soviet forces began to push towards Germany. Under the leadership of Stauffenberg, plotters tried to assassinate Hitler at least five different times in 1943 and 1944. With the

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Hitler took his survival to be a "divine moment in history", and commissioned a special decoration to be made for each person wounded or killed in the blast. The result was the

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Christianity and Resistance in the 20th Century: From Kaj Munk and Dietrich Bonhoeffer to Desmond Tutu (International Studies in Religion and Society Series) pp. 134–135, 2008

2088:. To Gerlach, the primary motivation of the plotters was to ensure German victory in the war or at least prevent defeat. Gerlach's arguments were later supported by historian 1998:

Rommel opposed assassinating Hitler. After the war, his widow maintained that he believed an assassination attempt would spark a civil war. According to journalist and author

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Christianity and Resistance in the 20th Century: From Kaj Munk and Dietrich Bonhoeffer to Desmond Tutu (International Studies in Religion and Society Series) page 135, 2008

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The first all-German commemoration of the event did not take place until 1990. In 2013, the last surviving member of the plot, Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin, died in

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Plans to stage an overthrow and prevent Hitler from launching a new world war were developed in 1938 and 1939, but were aborted because of the indecision of Army General

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that merely considered the evidence furnished to it by the Gestapo before expelling the accused from the Army in disgrace and handing them over to the People's Court.

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In late 1942, Tresckow and Olbricht formulated a plan to assassinate Hitler and stage an overthrow during Hitler's visit to the headquarters of Army Group Centre at

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Hans Coppi Jr.; 'Der vergessene Widerstand der Arbeiter: Gewerkschafter, Kommunisten, Sozialdemokraten, Trotzkisten, Anarchisten und Zwangsarbeiter'; pp. 154–157

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At 19:00, Hitler was sufficiently recovered to make phone calls. He called Goebbels at the Propaganda Ministry. Goebbels arranged for Hitler to speak to Major

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at the Reserve Army headquarters on Bendlerstraße in central Berlin. This position enabled Stauffenberg to attend Hitler's military conferences, either at the

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possibly stave off disaster ... was Adolf Hitler. That opinion was shared by many Germans, Germans who did not adore Hitler, who did not belong to the Party.

2119:, and in another case, quoted misleadingly from an SS document. Hence, Orbach concludes that Gerlach's thesis on the German resistance is highly unreliable. 2101: 2092:, who stated that the plotters were interested above all in military victory. However, Gerlach's arguments were also criticized by some scholars, among them 1383:, who was supposed to make a proclamation to the German people over the radio, failed to appear and as he held the only copy, Beck had to work on a new one. 2658: 1362: 323:

closing in on the plotters, a final attempt was organized in July 1944. Stauffenberg personally took a briefcase full of explosives to a conference in the

238: 6387: 4238: 905: 350:, right after giving them disinformation on the intention of the orders they were given. This part of the coup d'état attempt is referred to by the name " 6488: 1535:

Very few of the plotters tried to escape or to deny their guilt when arrested. Those who survived interrogation were given perfunctory trials before the

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Among demands initially countenanced by the plotters for issue towards the Allies were such points as re-establishment of Germany's 1914 boundaries with

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As the war situation deteriorated, Hitler no longer appeared in public and rarely visited Berlin. He spent most of his time at his headquarters at the

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revealed that "Only a third of respondents had a positive opinion about the men and women who had tried unsuccessfully to overthrow the Nazi regime."

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to Hitler dated 29 November 1944 on the background of the plot, states that the Pope was somehow a conspirator, specifically naming Eugenio Pacelli,

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Particularly noteworthy in considering this issue is the scientific publication of Robert Loeffel. In his study, Loeffel came to the conclusion that

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The "first official memorial service for the resistance fighters of 20 July" was held on the tenth anniversary in 1954. In his speech at the event,

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was also under suspicion as he was touted to be head of state after Hitler. He was placed under the supervision of the Gestapo and his home in the

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Tresckow killed himself the day after the failed plot by use of a hand grenade in no man's land between Soviet and German lines. Adjutant General

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Finally, at 16:00 Olbricht issued the orders for Operation Valkyrie to be mobilised. The vacillating General Fromm, however, phoned Field Marshal

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Nonetheless, a 1956 proposal to name a school after Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg was opposed by a majority of citizens, and, according to

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During 1942, Oster and Tresckow nevertheless succeeded in rebuilding an effective resistance network. Their most important recruit was General

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now being used in German factories. Olbricht suggested that this plan could be used to mobilise the Reserve Army for the purpose of the coup.

5388: 315:, but indecisive leadership and the pace of global events stymied action. Plotters gained a sense of urgency in 1943, after Germany lost the 2854: 2739: 1680:

For his role in stopping the coup Major Remer was promoted to colonel and ended the war as a Major General. After the war he co-founded the

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Allied radio stations also speculated on who the possible remaining suspects could be, many of whom were eventually implicated in the plot.

1058:, the German military commander in France, who would take control in Paris when Hitler was killed, and it was hoped, negotiate an immediate 1011: 6508: 1991:

however, the plotters in Berlin were not aware that Rommel had reportedly decided to take part in the conspiracy. On 16 May, they informed

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Gerlach pointed out that the plotters had "selective moral criteria" and while they were concerned about Jews being exterminated in the

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the rear in order to seize power for themselves." Detailed instructions were written for occupation of government ministries in Berlin,

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On 14 July Stauffenberg attended Hitler's conferences carrying a bomb in his briefcase, but because the conspirators had decided that

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Peter Hoffmann, Carl Goerdeler and the Jewish question, 1933–1942, Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2011, xvi.

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By the summer of 1944, the Gestapo was closing in on the conspirators. When Stauffenberg sent Tresckow a message through Lieutenant

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Police Chief of Berlin and had been in contact with members of the resistance since before the war. Collaborating closely with SS-

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Tresckow also "signed orders for the deportation of thousands of orphaned children for forced labor in the Reich"—the so-called

6462: 6442: 6189: 5409: 5059: 5018: 4962: 3740: 2219: 1504:(blood guilt) laws, many relatives of the principal plotters were also arrested in the immediate aftermath of the failed plot. 518:, to support a seizure of power. Tresckow, in particular, worked on his Commander-in-Chief of Army Group Centre, Field Marshal 3854: 922: 6503: 5889: 5650: 5414: 4913: 4157: 3251: 2528: 2343: 4613: 4548: 4486: 4439: 4402: 4362: 2922: 1673:

document personally signed by Hitler. The badges themselves bore a facsimile of his signature, making them among the rarest

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began efforts to bring Rommel into the anti-Hitler conspiracy in early 1944. On 15 April 1944 Rommel's new chief of staff,

1801: 1741: 1615: 789: 3704: 857: 6498: 5305: 5298: 2258: 1703: 1375:; he angrily refused Olbricht's orders, kept shouting "the Führer is alive", was arrested, and held under guard. General 939: 823:

suggests that Canaris and Himmler were working together to bring about a change of regime, but this remains speculation.

736: 610: 203: 2427: 637:. Severely wounded in North Africa, Claus von Stauffenberg was a political conservative and zealous German nationalist. 5340: 5262: 4862: 4834: 4810: 4782: 4754: 4729: 4701: 4672: 4664: 4644: 4607: 4582: 4542: 4480: 4433: 4396: 4356: 4132: 3799: 3765: 3670: 3480: 2916: 2036: 1458: 6432: 633:

invasion of Germany. In August 1943, Tresckow met, for the first time, a young staff officer named Lieutenant Colonel

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knowledge of the conspiracy, his formal sentence charged him with poor performance in his duties. He was executed in

335:, later died from his injuries. Hitler's trousers were singed by the blast, and he suffered a perforated eardrum and 5193: 1261: 365:

The apparent aim of the coup d'état attempt was to wrest political control of Germany and its armed forces from the

48: 6199: 5643: 5198: 3660: 3568: 3541: 4235: 3720: 592:: "It is essential that we begin a systemic colonisation in Poland. But I have no fear that this will not occur." 5999: 5921: 5604: 5419: 5365: 5310: 5085: 5080: 5001: 4873:

Consequences of the assassination attempt on Hitler on July 20, 1944 for the internal politics of the Third Reich

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Consequences of the assassination attempt on Hitler on July 20, 1944 for the internal politics of the Third Reich

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Consequences of the assassination attempt on Hitler on July 20, 1944 for the internal politics of the Third Reich

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was accused of being the "spiritual leader" of the conspiracy to assassinate Hitler, and executed 6 April 1945.

1633: 3665:. Widerstand: Dissent and Resistance in the Third Reich Series (revised ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 1972: 1567:

struggle against Hitler. None of us can bewail his own death; those who consented to join our circle put on the

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Groups of military plotters exchanged ideas with civilian, political, and intellectual resistance groups in the

346:. A few hours after the blast, the conspiracy used Wehrmacht units to take control of several cities, including 6417: 5370: 5320: 3580: 3470: 3320: 3295: 3187: 3162: 2245: 2161:. As of 2014, the resistance fighters are generally considered heroes in Germany, according to Deutsche Welle. 1603: 1170: 2190: 1218:

which had been taken from captured Allied soldiers for treatment; Morell had previously observed the death of

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and no reparations. Like most of the rest of German resistance, the 20 July plotters believed in the idea of

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Stauffenberg placed the single primed bomb inside his briefcase and, with the unwitting assistance of Major

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and as a condition for peace demanded that the western allies recognize as a minimum the incorporation of

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Danny Orbach, "Criticism Reconsidered: The German Resistance to Hitler in Critical German Scholarship",

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involved in the July Plot actually sympathized with or understood democratic ideas. John Sandford. 2013.

6513: 6361: 6250: 6234: 5484: 4955: 4654: 2321: 2093: 1968: 1942: 1768: 1759: 1571:. A human being's moral integrity begins when he is prepared to sacrifice his life for his convictions. 1303:, managed to disarm the SD and SS and captured most of their leadership. He travelled to Field Marshal 1124: 5841: 4307: 1979:, arrived in Normandy and reintroduced Rommel to Stülpnagel. Speidel had previously been connected to 362:

arrested more than 7,000 people, 4,980 of whom were executed. Roughly 200 conspirators were executed.

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airport to say that Hitler was in fact dead. The Bendlerblock plotters did not know whom to believe.

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The German Opposition to Hitler: The Resistance, the Underground, and Assassination Plots, 1938–1945

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consisting of himself, and sentenced Olbricht, Stauffenberg, Haeften and another officer, Colonel

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door. Stauffenberg, upon witnessing the explosion and smoke, erroneously believed that Hitler was

874: 6336: 6046: 5865: 5666: 2858: 1406:, who had recently been appointed commander-in-chief in the West, learned that Hitler was alive. 469: 411: 395: 6275: 6265: 5564: 5355: 5293: 4574: 4421:

German Infantry Handbook, 1939–1945: Organization, Uniforms, Weapons, Equipment, and Operations

4378: 3734:"Alter Kämpfer" im Widerstand. Graf Helldorff, die NS-Bewegung und die Opposition gegen Hitler. 2177:: "Here died for Germany on 20 July 1944" (followed by the names of the principal conspirators) 2106: 2059: 1987: 1780: 1776: 1696: 1548: 1199: 979: 911: 703: 634: 507: 374: 305: 198: 154: 5141: 4118: 3702:

More proof of Hitler's plan to kill Pius XII: Son of German Intelligence Officer Comes Forward

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Himmler's contacts with the opposition and his possible motives are discussed by Padfield,

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Himmler had at least one conversation with a known oppositionist when, in August 1943, the

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Hitler's closest and most trusted friends) most likely saved Speer from arrest by the SS.

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At around 12:30 pm as the conference began, Stauffenberg asked to use a washroom in

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Pave the Way Foundation Reveals Evidence of Pope Pius XII's Active Opposition to Hitler

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in 1943, when Canaris reported the plot to Italian counterintelligence officer General

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Verbrecher aus eigener Initiative? Der 20. Juli 1944 und die Thesen Christian Gerlachs

3816: 2540: 1706:, the thwarted plotter of just a few months before. He died on 8 March 2013, aged 90. 6351: 6214: 6153: 6092: 5769: 4923: 4909: 4858: 4830: 4806: 4778: 4764: 4750: 4725: 4697: 4668: 4640: 4603: 4578: 4538: 4476: 4429: 4392: 4352: 4308:"Operation Valkyrie – The "July Plot" to Assassinate Hitler | Jewish Virtual Library" 4153: 4128: 3918: 3781: 3761: 3666: 3576: 3536: 3476: 3316: 3291: 3247: 3183: 3158: 2983: 2912: 2524: 2359:

Office of United States Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality (1948).

2339: 2097: 2085: 2063: 2014: 1999: 1865: 1755: 1658: 1219: 1166: 1075: 1602:, as being a party in the attempt. Evidence indicates that 20 July plotters Colonel 1478: 1133: 1090: 343: 73: 57: 6356: 6311: 6117: 6071: 6066: 6039: 5759: 5714: 5694: 5576: 5345: 5213: 4901: 4792: 4462: 3846: 3737: 2969: 2331: 2003: 1946: 1689: 1399: 1331: 1270: 1162: 1086: 1023:(right). Bodenschatz was seriously wounded five days later by Stauffenberg's bomb. 1016: 866: 676: 660: 443: 386: 312: 4993: 2703:

Faith and Democracy: Political Transformations at the German Protestant Kirchentag

2193:, Berlin) where the corpses were buried but afterwards removed to an unknown place 1646: 1335: 690:

Operation Valkyrie could only be put into effect by Hitler himself, or by General

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for another Hitler military conference, once again with a bomb in his briefcase.

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American Intelligence and the German Resistance to Hitler: A Documentary History

3329: 2390:"A Group of German Leaders tried to Kill Hitler in 1944. Here's Why They Failed" 1958: 1413:

Perhaps hoping that a show of zealous loyalty would save him, Fromm convened an

1349:, Prague, and many other places troops occupied Nazi Party offices and arrested 1177:

that would take about ten minutes to silently eat through wire holding back the

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Since 1938, there had been groups plotting an overthrow of some kind within the

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it to Hitler. Stülpnagel tried to commit suicide, but survived and was hanged.

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Olbricht now put forward a new strategy for staging a coup against Hitler. The

480: 454: 431: 336: 324: 296:, and overthrow the Nazi regime on 20 July 1944. The plotters were part of the 85: 53: 5689: 4936:

Operation Valkyrie: the Stauffenberg Plot to Kill Hitler (80 min. documentary)

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On Saturday, 1 July 1944 Stauffenberg was appointed Chief of Staff to General

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Stauffenberg took charge of planning and executing the assassination attempt.

30:"Attempted assassination of Adolf Hitler" redirects here. For other uses, see 6477: 6306: 6061: 5789: 5744: 5739: 5709: 5540: 5502: 5156: 5105: 4774: 4746: 4472: 2419: 2135: 2041: 1853: 1847: 1711: 1599: 1490: 1435: 1417: 1319: 1308: 1255: 1051: 982: 844: 812: 773: 430:. They soon established contacts with several prominent civilians, including 111: 98: 61: 5272: 5183: 4717:

Killing Hitler: The Plots, the Assassins, and the Dictator Who Cheated Death

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The Third Reich at War: How the Nazis Led Germany from Conquest to Disaster

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another. On the morning of Thursday, 20 July Stauffenberg flew back to the

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German Opposition to Hitler and the Assassination Attempt of July 20, 1944

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At around 18:10, the commander of Military District III (Berlin), General

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Codename Valkyrie: General Friedrich Olbricht and the Plot Against Hitler

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that always decided in favour of the prosecution. The court's president,

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German Resistance against Hitler: The Search for Allies Abroad 1938–1945

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By the time Stauffenberg's aircraft reached Berlin about 16:00, General

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Italian newspaper reveals details behind Hitler's plan to kill Pius XII

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Himmler's Secret War: The Covert Peace Negotiations of Heinrich Himmler

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was appointed in his place but proved to be of almost no help. General

1215: 1178: 1024: 931: 757: 406:, the deputy head of the Military Intelligence Office; Colonel General 403: 366: 6141: 6107: 6097: 5510: 5172: 4534: 4530:

Rereading German History: From Unification to Reunification 1800–1996

2081: 1425: 1350: 1059: 301: 4986: 1496:, who finished the war in a concentration camp. Under Himmler's new 6136: 5820: 4193:

The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany Roderick Stackelberg p. 250

4180:(eds.): War of Extermination: The German Military in World War II, 1685: 1229: 1079: 503: 3398: 3396: 1173:. The pencil detonator consisted of a thin copper tube containing 5849: 4897:

Operation "Valkyrie": A Military History of the 20 July 1944 Plot

3381: 3061:"Killing Hitler: The Many Assassination Attempts on Adolf Hitler" 1918: 800: 777: 765: 565: 549: 523: 435: 427: 359: 358:

the same night. In the months after the coup d'état attempt, the

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Holocaust Denial on Trial: Using History to Confront Distortions

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and managed to bluff his way past three checkpoints to exit the

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Schloss Cecilienhof und die Konferenz von Potsdam 1945 (German)

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Alternatives to Hitler: German Resistance Under the Third Reich

2158: 2050:. In 1941, Hoepner called for an extermination war against the 1446: 1346: 1223: 945: 601:

legitimation or mass participation in governance of the state.

557: 553: 399: 347: 127: 3634:"Alleged July Plot Conspirators Executed in Plötzensee Prison" 3472:

Family Punishment in Nazi Germany: Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth

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For Führer and Fatherland: Military Awards of the Third Reich

2051: 1828:– Minister of Defence and Commander-in-Chief of the Wehrmacht 4595:

Operation Valkyrie: The German Generals' Plot Against Hitler

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The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945

3931: 3611:(Touchstone Edition) (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990) 2498: 2031: 1732:

The following were slated for these roles as of July 1944:

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In 1942, a new conspiratorial group formed, led by Colonel

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Countdown to Valkyrie: The July Plot to Assassinate Hitler

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Countdown to Valkyrie: The July Plot to Assassinate Hitler

1967:

of Stuttgart at that time, he and two other conspirators,

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remembers Tresckow saying the following before his death:

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7,000 arrested; 4,980 executed, including 200 conspirators

4629:

Hart, R.A. (2014). "Rommel and the 20th July Bomb Plot".

4223:

Germany: 1933–1990 – p. 96 Heinrich August Winkler – 2007

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Hammerstein oder Der Eigensinn. Eine deutsche Geschichte.

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The plotters, unaware of their failure, then attempted a

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The Gestapo claimed 7,000 arrests. This can be found in

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Operation Valkyrie: The Stauffenberg Plot to Kill Hitler

2006:

concluded that he knew of a plot, but was not involved.

1454:, where Stauffenberg, Olbricht, and others were executed 1070:

The plot was now fully prepared. On 7 July 1944 General

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Plotting Hitler's Death: The Story of German Resistance

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provided Rommel with a great career) and thus even if

1006: 494:, head of the General Army Office headquarters at the 402:. Early leaders of these plots included Major General 3758:

Guide to Third Reich German Awards...And Their Values

1714:

in which the arm was outstretched and the salutation

1239:

dead. He then climbed into a staff car with his aide

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List of people killed or wounded in the 20 July plot

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Distribution of deaths (labeled here as "Casualty")

1074:was to kill Hitler at a display of new uniforms at 274:

The location of the assassination attempt on Hitler

2720: 1165:inserted into a 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) block of 4196: 2809:German Foreign Policy Klaus Hilderbrand, page 188 2510: 6475: 4591: 4454:Carsten, F. L. "The German Generals and Hitler" 4172:Men of 20 July and the war in the Soviet Union. 3402: 3387: 3335: 3171: 3146: 3055: 3053: 3051: 1675:decorations to have been awarded by Nazi Germany 1230:Escape from the Wolf's Lair and flight to Berlin 1097:By 15 July, when Stauffenberg again flew to the 4843: 4377: 3310: 3267:Germany remembers the plot to kill hitler at dw 3155:The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945 2740:"Der 20. Juli 1944 – Attentat auf Adolf Hitler" 1438:arrived and further executions were forbidden. 506:in March 1943, by placing a bomb on his plane ( 311:As early as 1938, German military officers had 6534:Attacks on military installations in the 1940s 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 3847:"Hitler assassination plotter Von Kleist dies" 2352: 2225:Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death 1629:convicted of participating in the plot was SA- 1616:alleged plot to kidnap or murder Pope Pius XII 708:List of assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler 584:even wanted all of Poland annexed to Germany. 32:List of assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler 6007: 5651: 4956: 3917:. Stiftung Preussische Schlösser und Gärten. 3203: 3201: 3199: 3048: 2362:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression. Supplement B. 1924: 1169:wrapped in brown paper, that was prepared by 483:'s staff, who commanded Army Group Centre in 3912: 3285: 2870: 2868: 2140:President of the Federal Republic of Germany 2070: 1962: 1715: 1637: 1497: 1323: 1274: 1244: 1186: 1098: 842: 749: 5665: 4660:History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945 4260: 3688:, 29 June 2009. Accessed 4 September 2009. 3659:Heideking, Jürgen; Mauch, Christof (1998). 3019: 3017: 2470:Winston Churchill, war annual books, "1944" 697: 6021: 6014: 6000: 5658: 5644: 4963: 4949: 4763: 3196: 3026:"6 Assassination Attempts on Adolf Hitler" 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 1898:– Prime Minister of Berlin and Brandenburg 831:Stauffenberg's co-conspirators in the plot 390:Battle fronts in Europe as of 15 July 1944 4893: 4710: 3780:(1st Ed.) San Jose, CA: R. James Bender. 3760:(2nd Ed.) San Jose, CA: R. James Bender. 3008: 2973: 2865: 2442: 2318:We do Not Call Upon the Germans to Revolt 1986:Speidel met with former foreign minister 1614:were involved in the foiling of Hitler's 1019:, accompanied by Stauffenberg (left) and 731:Axel Freiherr von dem Bussche-Streithorst 615: 582:Friedrich-Werner Graf von der Schulenburg 535:Opposition to Hitler and to Nazi policies 27:Attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler, 1944 4738: 4653: 4273: 4147: 3937: 3887: 3601: 3414: 3014: 2955: 2504: 2366:United States Government Printing Office 2035: 2032:Involvement in war crimes and atrocities 1472: 1457: 1445: 1385: 1260: 1140: 1132: 1123: 1010: 669:forced labourers from occupied countries 619: 385: 304:officers. The leader of the conspiracy, 6529:Failed assassination attempts in Europe 6453:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024) 6423:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2022) 4417: 4340: 3966: 3875: 3468: 3237: 3152: 3130:. Geopol Intelligence. 28 August 2015. 3023: 2372: 2205:Memorial statue at the Bendlerblock by 2117:Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff 2062:has been studied by historians such as 1798:– Minister of the Interior (considered) 1279:who was in on the plot, had phoned the 725:Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff 596:Political vision of post-Hitler Germany 529: 261: 14: 6476: 4819: 4501: 3978: 3913:Müller, Heike; Berndt, Harald (2006). 3288:Albert Speer His Battle with the Truth 3279: 2726: 2220:Assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler 1356: 543: 5995: 5890:The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy 5639: 4944: 4791: 4681: 4526: 4502:Evans, Richard J. (22 January 2009). 4461: 4318:from the original on 22 November 2016 4113: 4101: 4065: 4050: 3949: 3736:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 3375: 3304: 3209:"20. Juli 1944, 12 Uhr: Der Anschlag" 3134:from the original on 13 November 2016 3071:from the original on 26 February 2021 2904: 2773: 2714: 2625: 2599: 2551:from the original on 25 November 2020 2387: 2084:, they were far less disturbed about 1723: 1226:in an assassination 2 years earlier. 1119: 1031: 373:) and to make peace with the Western 64:surveying the damaged conference room 6489:1940s coups d'état and coup attempts 4826:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 4770:The SS: Alibi of a Nation, 1922–1945 4682:Kurtz, H. (1946) . "The July Plot". 4635:. By Beckett, I.F.W. Mechanicsburg: 4628: 4563: 4089: 4077: 4038: 4026: 4014: 4002: 3990: 3857:from the original on 5 February 2024 3620: 3609:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 3450:from the original on 4 February 2021 3426: 3128:"6 assassination attempts on Hitler" 3101: 3089: 2996: 2962:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 2943: 2886:from the original on 3 February 2021 2852: 2651:"Another Plot to Kill Hitler Foiled" 2637: 2481:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 2315: 2086:mass murder of civilians in the East 1588:, was executed for his involvement. 790:Heinrich Graf von Lehndorff-Steinort 288:was a failed attempt to assassinate 6509:Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany 4882:// Klio. №5 (209). 2024. P. 58 - 65 4592:Galante, P.; Silianoff, E. (1981). 4514:from the original on 13 August 2021 3817:"Hitler plot survivor dies aged 90" 3348:German radio broadcast 10 July 2010 2822:; p. 116; 2003 McGill-Queen's Press 2450:Führer Conferences on Naval Affairs 2309: 2259:The Plot to Kill Hitler (1990 film) 2123:Commemoration and collective memory 1957:According to a post-war account by 1704:Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin 1065: 1007:Countdown to Stauffenberg's attempt 737:Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin 611:List of members of the 20 July plot 588:before the coup in 1939 during the 221:Hitler survives with minor injuries 24: 3827:from the original on 19 April 2023 3260: 2925:from the original on 11 April 2023 2661:from the original on 21 March 2021 2523:Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp 2008, 2430:from the original on 15 March 2023 2400:from the original on 20 April 2021 1584:, the son of the famous physicist 1390:Soldiers and Waffen SS men at the 1145:Bomb damage to the conference room 604: 400:Military Intelligence Organization 224:Military coup fails within 5 hours 25: 6550: 5858:Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man 4887: 4384:Valkyrie: The Plot To Kill Hitler 4274:Dittrich, Monika (20 July 2014). 4184:; New york, Oxford, 2004, 127–145 3219:from the original on 16 June 2012 3036:from the original on 7 March 2021 2788:. Klaus Hilderbrand. pp. 185–188 2746:from the original on 20 July 2021 2575:Gedenkstatte Deutscher Widerstand 2020:would have been severely punished 1936:'s involvement in the military's 1622:, who passed on the information. 1062:with the invading Allied armies. 743:Eberhard Freiherr von Breitenbuch 410:, a former Chief of Staff of the 5618: 5617: 4970: 4616:from the original on 2 July 2024 4551:from the original on 2 July 2024 4489:from the original on 2 July 2024 4442:from the original on 2 July 2024 4405:from the original on 2 July 2024 4365:from the original on 2 July 2024 4300: 4288:from the original on 7 June 2015 4247: 4226: 4217: 4208: 4187: 4166: 4141: 3542:Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 2581:from the original on 2 July 2024 2461:Hans Helmut Kirst "20th of July" 2198: 2182: 2166: 1911:Wilhelm, Crown Prince of Germany 989: 972: 955: 938: 921: 904: 887: 873: 856: 835: 764:, with occasional breaks at his 260: 253: 47: 5922:Revolt Against the Modern World 4829:. New York City: RosettaBooks. 4333: 4107: 3906: 3893: 3839: 3809: 3790: 3770: 3750: 3726: 3714: 3695: 3679: 3652: 3640:from the original on 9 May 2008 3626: 3561: 3548: 3529: 3509: 3489: 3462: 3432: 3341: 3231: 3120: 3107: 3024:Andrews, Evan (29 April 2015). 2949: 2898: 2846: 2834: 2825: 2812: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2758: 2732: 2696: 2686: 2673: 2643: 2605: 2571:"Helmuth James Graf von Moltke" 2563: 2533: 2388:Hasic, Albinko (19 July 2019). 2058:Involvement of the plotters in 1810:– Foreign Minister (considered) 1804:– Foreign Minister (considered) 1634:Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorf 1114: 783: 428:German Army Command in the West 292:, the chancellor and leader of 4152:. Pan Macmillan. p. 521. 4150:The Third Reich: A New History 3526:// Klio. №5 (209). 2024. P. 59 3506:// Klio. №5 (209). 2024. P. 59 2486: 2483:, part IV, chapter "20th July" 2473: 2464: 2455: 2412: 2247:The Plot to Assassinate Hitler 1604:Wessel von Freytag-Loringhoven 1489:of arrests, including that of 1171:Wessel von Freytag-Loringhoven 339:, but was otherwise unharmed. 13: 1: 3178:Thomsett, Michael C. (1997). 2298: 1896:Carl-Hans Graf von Hardenberg 1802:Friedrich von der Schulenburg 1326:Wachbataillon Großdeutschland 864:General der Nachrichtentruppe 381: 6504:Building bombings in Germany 5963:Non-conformists of the 1930s 5914:The Concept of the Political 4894:Heinemann, Winfried (2021). 4685:The Course of German History 4276:"How traitors became heroes" 3403:Galante & Silianoff 1981 3388:Galante & Silianoff 1981 3361:(written version; in German) 3336:Galante & Silianoff 1981 2841:A Concise History of Germany 2831:War of extermination p. 137. 2818:Peter Hoffman Stauffenberg: 2679:von Schlabrendorff, Fabian, 2611:Wheeler-Bennett 1967, p. 471 2026: 1973:Carl Heinrich von Stülpnagel 1591:According to a report of SS- 1441: 1422:Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim 1297:Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel 1056:Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel 949:Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim 626:Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim 479:, a member of Field Marshal 459:von Moltke estate in Kreisau 418:, a former commander of the 153:Make peace with the Western 7: 6524:German resistance to Nazism 5579:(possible illegitimate son) 4798:Rommel: The End of a Legend 4255:Journal of Military History 3747:(PDF, 6,5 MB), pp. 385–423. 3575:. Quadrangle. p. 202. 3227:– via Spiegel Online. 2820:A Family History, 1905–1944 2328:Penn State University Press 2316:Kahn, Arthur D. (2003). "2 2213: 2191:Alter St.-Matthäus-Kirchhof 648: 442:, the great-grandnephew of 313:plotted to overthrow Hitler 10: 6555: 6499:Attempted coups in Germany 5600:Streets named after Hitler 4458:(Aug 1958) 8#8 pp 556–564. 4148:Burleigh, Michael (2001). 2975:10.1524/VfZg.2007.55.2.331 2855:"The Plots to Kill Hitler" 2189:Memorial at the cemetery ( 1969:Alexander von Falkenhausen 1925:Erwin Rommel's involvement 1862:(or Minister of Economics) 1360: 1265:Hitler's tattered trousers 1015:Hitler shaking hands with 701: 652: 608: 29: 6375: 6294: 6243: 6167: 6126: 6080: 6027: 5940: 5874:Prussianism and Socialism 5829: 5803: 5673: 5613: 5592: 5501: 5445:Hitler: The Last Ten Days 5402: 5379: 5286: 5253:Meldemannstraße dormitory 5231: 5140: 5131: 5073: 4978: 3853:. London. 12 March 2013. 3802:18 September 2009 at the 3776:Angolia, John R. (1976). 3711:, Zenit News 16 June 2009 3556:Hitler 1936–1945: Nemesis 2911:. Pen & Sword Books. 2876:"Operation Valkyrie 1944" 2681:They Almost Killed Hitler 2336:10.1515/9780271022758-005 2060:war crimes and atrocities 1938:resistance against Hitler 1886:– Reconstruction Minister 1874:– Minister of Agriculture 1692:until his death in 1997. 1684:and remained a prominent 1560:Fabian von Schlabrendorff 1377:Karl Freiherr von Thüngen 1311:to take over his duties. 414:(OKH); and Field Marshal 248: 244: 234: 214: 181: 163: 134: 79: 69: 46: 41: 6057:Holy Roman Empire (1062) 5471:Hitler: The Rise of Evil 4341:Beckett, I.F.W. (2014). 4312:jewishvirtuallibrary.org 3469:Loeffel, Robert (2012). 3311:Martin A. Allen (2005). 3276:. Retrieved 22 July 2015 3238:Johnson, Steven (2021). 3157:. McGill-Queen's Press. 2956:Hoffmann, Peter (2007). 2517:Hans Magnus Enzensberger 2323:Experiment in Occupation 2303: 2113:Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung 1747:Carl Friedrich Goerdeler 1578:Brandenburg an der Havel 1369:Joachim von Kortzfleisch 881:Carl Friedrich Goerdeler 698:Previous failed attempts 440:Helmuth James von Moltke 412:German Army High Command 356:executed by firing squad 149:continuity of government 6210:Portuguese India (1787) 6062:Mamluk Sultanate (1386) 6028:Before the 16th century 5866:The Decline of the West 5842:Süddeutsche Monatshefte 5667:Conservative Revolution 5485:Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler 5055:Last will and testament 4471:. Vol. 3. London: 4241:5 November 2021 at the 3756:Forman, Adrian (1993). 3338:, photo insert section. 3153:Hoffman, Peter (1996). 2880:University of Cambridge 2843:. p. 200. Mary Fulbrook 2492:Klemens von Klemperer, 2281:(2008 documentary film) 1868:– Minister of Economics 1330:, under the command of 1299:, military governor of 470:Walther von Brauchitsch 6047:Roman Republic (63 BC) 6022:Plots and conspiracies 5565:William Stuart-Houston 5111:Assassination attempts 4575:Henry Holt and Company 3981:, pp. 1031, 1177. 3901:Inside the Third Reich 3823:. London. 2 May 2008. 3723:CBCP News 17 June 2009 3475:. Palgrave Macmillan. 2800:. Hans Mommsen. p. 161 2155: 2071: 2055: 1988:Konstantin von Neurath 1963: 1777:Claus von Stauffenberg 1716: 1697:Philipp von Boeselager 1638: 1573: 1549:drumhead court-martial 1530: 1498: 1485: 1470: 1455: 1395: 1371:, was summoned to the 1332:Major Otto Ernst Remer 1324: 1275: 1266: 1245: 1200:Ernst John von Freyend 1187: 1146: 1138: 1130: 1099: 1028: 980:General der Artillerie 912:General der Infanterie 843: 750: 729:late November 1943 by 704:Operation Spark (1941) 635:Claus von Stauffenberg 629: 616:Von Stauffenberg joins 434:, the former mayor of 391: 306:Claus von Stauffenberg 199:Claus von Stauffenberg 169:; 80 years ago 6332:United Kingdom (1968) 6266:United Kingdom (1820) 5968:Reactionary modernism 5750:Moeller van den Bruck 5553:Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. 5452:The Meaning of Hitler 5371:German naturalization 5263:16 Prinzregentenplatz 4906:10.1515/9783110699333 4739:Schrader, H. (2009). 4527:Evans, R.J. (2015) . 4504:"Sein wahres Gesicht" 4234:Klaus Jochen Arnold, 3707:21 April 2010 at the 3598:See Shirer 1070–1071. 3286:Gitta Sereny (1996). 2905:Jones, Nigel (2009). 2786:German Foreign Policy 2448:According to Shirer, 2151: 2127:A 1951 survey by the 2039: 1880:– Minister of Justice 1816:– Minister of Finance 1682:Socialist Reich Party 1564: 1525: 1476: 1461: 1449: 1389: 1264: 1144: 1136: 1127: 1014: 623: 389: 300:, mainly composed of 112:54.08056°N 21.49639°E 6408:United States (2020) 6307:United States (1933) 6261:United States (1807) 6205:United States (1783) 6185:Great Britain (1721) 5930:On the Marble Cliffs 5605:Mannerheim recording 5529:Johann Georg Hiedler 5431:The Victory of Faith 5007:Political directives 4878:19 June 2024 at the 4418:Büchner, A. (1991). 4092:, pp. 141, 152. 3743:8 April 2023 at the 3522:19 June 2024 at the 3502:19 June 2024 at the 3272:22 July 2023 at the 3246:. pp. 166–167. 2129:Allensbach Institute 2054:in the Soviet Union. 1931:Generalfeldmarschall 1890:Henning von Tresckow 1273:, an officer at the 1254:arranged by General 997:Generalfeldmarschall 966:Henning von Tresckow 642:Battle of Stalingrad 530:Motivation and goals 485:Operation Barbarossa 477:Henning von Tresckow 317:Battle of Stalingrad 239:4 killed, 20 injured 6448:Sierra Leone (2023) 5816:National Bolshevism 5535:Maria Schicklgruber 5438:Triumph of the Will 5425:Killing baby Hitler 5415:Cult of personality 5356:Hitler's Table Talk 5299:possible monorchism 5232:Civilian residences 5121:conspiracy theories 4845:Wheeler-Bennett, J. 4632:Rommel Reconsidered 4379:Boeselager, von, P. 4344:Rommel Reconsidered 4029:, pp. 145–146. 4005:, pp. 139–142. 3993:, pp. 142–150. 3952:, pp. 177–178. 3940:, pp. 351–354. 3623:, pp. 289–290. 3569:Metternich, Tatiana 3446:. 9 November 2009. 3429:, pp. 270–272. 3353:5 June 2011 at the 2776:, pp. 198–199. 2507:, pp. 608–609. 2264:Stauffenberg (film) 2254:Treason (1959 film) 2102:Klaus Jochen Arnold 1884:Bernhard Letterhaus 1856:– President of the 1845:– President of the 1837:Reichskriegsgericht 1834:– President of the 1826:Erwin von Witzleben 1663:Dietrich Bonhoeffer 1483:Tannenberg Memorial 1477:Funeral of General 1432:Obersturmbannführer 1357:Failure of the coup 1340:Propaganda Minister 1295:Meanwhile, General 1000:Erwin von Witzleben 685:Margarethe von Oven 544:Territorial demands 448:Franco-Prussian War 416:Erwin von Witzleben 194:Erwin von Witzleben 108: / 84:Several, including 6398:Ivory Coast (2012) 6281:Philippines (1828) 6118:Philippines (1587) 5953:European New Right 5492:Apocalypse: Hitler 5420:In popular culture 4855:Palgrave Macmillan 4257:75:2 (April, 2011) 3573:Purgatory of Fools 2853:Kaminski, Joseph. 2479:William L. Shirer 2330:. pp. 13–20. 2056: 1820:Friedrich Olbricht 1808:Ulrich von Hassell 1724:Planned government 1608:Erwin von Lahousen 1596:Erst Kaltenbrunner 1486: 1471: 1456: 1396: 1317:Lieutenant General 1267: 1241:Werner von Haeften 1193:Werner von Haeften 1147: 1139: 1131: 1120:Operation Valkyrie 1032:First week of July 1029: 915:Friedrich Olbricht 898:Werner von Haeften 655:Operation Valkyrie 630: 624:Stauffenberg with 516:Gerd von Rundstedt 514:and Field Marshal 512:Erich von Manstein 492:Friedrich Olbricht 468:and Field Marshal 457:(which met at the 424:Commander-in-Chief 398:and in the German 392: 352:Operation Valkyrie 189:Friedrich Olbricht 117:54.08056; 21.49639 6514:Conflicts in 1944 6471: 6470: 6403:Montenegro (2016) 6052:Roman Empire (65) 5989: 5988: 5633: 5632: 5351:Psychopathography 5341:Stefanie Rabatsch 5306:Wealth and income 5282: 5281: 5163:Reich Chancellery 4915:978-3-11-069947-0 4773:. New York City: 4720:. New York City: 4598:. New York City: 4573:. 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4134:978-1848325081 4133: 4106: 4104:, p. 183. 4094: 4082: 4080:, p. 152. 4070: 4068:, p. 642. 4055: 4053:, p. tbd. 4043: 4041:, p. 140. 4031: 4019: 4017:, p. 146. 4007: 3995: 3983: 3971: 3954: 3942: 3930: 3923: 3905: 3892: 3890:, p. 367. 3880: 3868: 3838: 3808: 3789: 3769: 3766:978-0912138398 3749: 3732:Ted Harrison: 3725: 3713: 3694: 3678: 3672:978-0813336367 3671: 3651: 3625: 3613: 3600: 3588: 3581: 3560: 3554:Kershaw, Ian. 3547: 3545:, ch. 29. 3528: 3508: 3488: 3482:978-0230343054 3481: 3461: 3431: 3419: 3417:, p. 426. 3407: 3405:, p. 209. 3392: 3380: 3378:, p. 227. 3363: 3340: 3328: 3321: 3303: 3296: 3278: 3259: 3252: 3230: 3195: 3188: 3170: 3163: 3145: 3119: 3117:, pp. 419–424. 3106: 3104:, p. 228. 3094: 3092:, p. 236. 3082: 3047: 3013: 3011:, p. 241. 3009:Moorhouse 2007 3001: 2999:, p. 220. 2989: 2968:(2): 331–364. 2948: 2946:, p. 219. 2936: 2918:978-1783461455 2917: 2897: 2864: 2845: 2833: 2824: 2811: 2802: 2790: 2778: 2766: 2757: 2731: 2719: 2717:, p. 198. 2707: 2695: 2685: 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1064: 1033: 1030: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1003: 995: 988: 986: 978: 971: 969: 961: 954: 952: 944: 937: 935: 927: 920: 918: 910: 903: 901: 893: 886: 884: 879: 872: 870: 862: 855: 853: 841: 834: 832: 785: 782: 746: 745: 739: 733: 727: 721: 699: 696: 653:Main article: 650: 647: 617: 614: 606: 603: 597: 594: 545: 542: 536: 533: 531: 528: 481:Fedor von Bock 446:, hero of the 432:Carl Goerdeler 383: 380: 337:conjunctivitis 280: 279: 273: 267: 266: 259: 258: 252: 251: 250: 249: 246: 245: 242: 241: 236: 232: 231: 229: 228: 225: 222: 218: 216: 212: 211: 209: 208: 201: 196: 191: 185: 183: 179: 178: 165: 161: 160: 158: 157: 151: 145: 138: 136: 132: 131: 125: 83: 81: 77: 76: 71: 67: 66: 58:Hermann Göring 54:Martin Bormann 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6551: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6438:Brazil (2022) 6436: 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6098:Sweden (1569) 6096: 6094: 6093:France (1567) 6091: 6089: 6088:France (1560) 6086: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6036: 6035:Ancient Egypt 6033: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6017: 6012: 6010: 6005: 6003: 5998: 5997: 5994: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5828: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5656: 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5260: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5224: 5222: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5157:Kehlsteinhaus 5154: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5139: 5136: 5130: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5106:The Holocaust 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5086:Rise to power 5084: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4994:Führerprinzip 4991: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4961: 4959: 4954: 4952: 4947: 4946: 4943: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4881: 4877: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4786: 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McFarland. 3181: 3174: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3116: 3110: 3103: 3098: 3091: 3086: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3018: 3010: 3005: 2998: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2945: 2940: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2901: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2869: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2842: 2837: 2828: 2821: 2815: 2806: 2799: 2794: 2787: 2782: 2775: 2770: 2761: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2728: 2723: 2716: 2711: 2704: 2699: 2689: 2682: 2676: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2639: 2634: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2608: 2601: 2596: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2566: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2506: 2505:Hoffmann 1996 2501: 2495: 2489: 2482: 2476: 2467: 2458: 2451: 2445: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2355: 2347: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2312: 2308: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2208: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2169: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2154: 2150: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2136:Theodor Heuss 2132: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2043: 2042:Erich Hoepner 2038: 2024: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1905: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1854:Karl Blessing 1852: 1850: 1849: 1848:Reichsgericht 1844: 1841: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1721: 1718: 1713: 1712:Hitler Salute 1707: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1647:Gruppenführer 1642: 1641: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1600:Pope Pius XII 1597: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1572: 1570: 1563: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1522: 1516: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1495: 1492: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1453: 1448: 1439: 1437: 1436:Otto Skorzeny 1434: 1433: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1418:court martial 1416: 1411: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1364: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1336:Wilhelmstraße 1333: 1328: 1327: 1321: 1320:Paul von Hase 1318: 1312: 1310: 1309:Erich Hoepner 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1290: 1285: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1256:Eduard Wagner 1253: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1143: 1135: 1126: 1112: 1108: 1106: 1101: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052:Berchtesgaden 1049: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1001: 998: 992: 987: 984: 983:Eduard Wagner 981: 975: 970: 967: 964: 958: 953: 950: 947: 941: 936: 933: 930: 924: 919: 916: 913: 907: 902: 899: 896: 890: 885: 882: 876: 871: 868: 865: 859: 854: 851: 847: 846: 845:Generaloberst 838: 833: 830: 829: 828: 824: 822: 818: 814: 813:Carl Langbehn 808: 806: 802: 797: 795: 791: 781: 779: 775: 774:Berchtesgaden 771: 767: 763: 759: 754: 753: 744: 740: 738: 734: 732: 728: 726: 722: 720: 716: 715: 714: 709: 705: 695: 693: 688: 686: 680: 678: 672: 670: 666: 662: 656: 646: 643: 638: 636: 627: 622: 612: 602: 593: 591: 585: 583: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 541: 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 500: 497: 493: 488: 486: 482: 478: 473: 471: 467: 462: 460: 456: 451: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 388: 379: 376: 372: 368: 363: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 340: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 309: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 256: 247: 243: 240: 237: 233: 226: 223: 220: 219: 217: 213: 207: 206: 205:among others… 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 186: 184: 180: 166: 162: 156: 152: 150: 146: 144: 140: 139: 137: 133: 129: 121: 91: 87: 82: 78: 75: 72: 68: 63: 62:Bruno Loerzer 59: 55: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6519:Conspiracies 6484:20 July plot 6376:21st century 6352:Spain (1978) 6342:China (1971) 6337:Libya (1970) 6316: 6295:20th century 6244:19th century 6200:Chile (1781) 6190:Malta (1749) 6168:18th century 6127:17th century 6081:16th century 5973: 5958:Armin Mohler 5948:20 July plot 5947: 5928: 5920: 5912: 5904: 5896: 5888: 5880: 5872: 5869:(1918, 1922) 5864: 5856: 5848: 5840: 5833:publications 5811:George-Kreis 5735:F. G. Jünger 5622: 5571:Heinz Hitler 5561:(half-niece) 5547:Paula Hitler 5523:Klara Hitler 5517:Alois Hitler 5490: 5483: 5476: 5469: 5462: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5429: 5269:Obersalzberg 5220: 5168:Führerbunker 5167: 5145:Headquarters 5142: 5101:World War II 5096:Nazi Germany 5049:Zweites Buch 5047: 5028: 4992: 4985: 4972:Adolf Hitler 4896: 4849: 4825: 4821:Shirer, W.L. 4797: 4769: 4741: 4716: 4684: 4663:. Montreal: 4659: 4631: 4618:. Retrieved 4594: 4569: 4553:. Retrieved 4533:. Abingdon: 4529: 4516:. Retrieved 4507: 4491:. Retrieved 4467: 4455: 4444:. Retrieved 4420: 4407:. Retrieved 4383: 4367:. Retrieved 4343: 4334:Bibliography 4320:. Retrieved 4311: 4302: 4290:. Retrieved 4279: 4254: 4249: 4228: 4219: 4210: 4189: 4168: 4149: 4143: 4119: 4109: 4097: 4085: 4073: 4046: 4034: 4022: 4010: 3998: 3986: 3974: 3969:, p. 6. 3967:Beckett 2014 3945: 3933: 3914: 3908: 3900: 3895: 3883: 3876:Büchner 1991 3871: 3859:. Retrieved 3850: 3841: 3829:. 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Retrieved 2393: 2361: 2354: 2322: 2320:fall 1944". 2317: 2311: 2290: 2278: 2270: 2246: 2238: 2230: 2175:Bendlerblock 2156: 2152: 2144: 2138:, the first 2133: 2126: 2090:Hans Mommsen 2079: 2068: 2057: 2045: 2012: 2008: 1997: 1993:Allen Dulles 1985: 1977:Hans Speidel 1959:Karl Strölin 1956: 1934:Erwin Rommel 1928: 1909: 1904:Albert Speer 1902: 1878:Josef Wirmer 1857: 1846: 1835: 1792:(considered) 1786:Julius Leber 1770: 1731: 1727: 1708: 1701:Oberleutnant 1700: 1694: 1679: 1667: 1655: 1645: 1630: 1624: 1592: 1590: 1582:Erwin Planck 1574: 1565: 1557: 1553: 1534: 1531: 1526: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1494:Franz Halder 1487: 1452:Bendlerblock 1431: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1397: 1392:Bendlerblock 1373:Bendlerblock 1366: 1322:ordered the 1313: 1294: 1286: 1281:Bendlerblock 1276:Wolfsschanze 1268: 1246:Wolfsschanze 1236: 1233: 1208: 1204:Heinz Brandt 1197: 1188:aide-de-camp 1156: 1152:Wolfsschanze 1151: 1148: 1115:20 July 1944 1109: 1105:Bendlerblock 1100:Wolfsschanze 1096: 1084: 1069: 1048:East Prussia 1043:Wolfsschanze 1041: 1035: 963:Generalmajor 929:Generalmajor 895:Oberleutnant 825: 809: 798: 793: 787: 784:Preparations 770:Obersalzberg 762:East Prussia 752:Wolfsschanze 747: 719:von Tresckow 711: 689: 681: 673: 664: 658: 639: 631: 628:in June 1944 599: 586: 578: 547: 538: 501: 496:Bendlerblock 489: 474: 466:Franz Halder 463: 452: 393: 364: 341: 329:Heinz Brandt 310: 294:Nazi Germany 290:Adolf Hitler 286:20 July plot 285: 283: 204: 143:Adolf Hitler 141:Assassinate 90:East Prussia 42:20 July plot 36: 18:20 July Plot 6388:Laos (2007) 6362:Peru (1992) 5906:The Outlaws 5901:(1926–1934) 5853:(1909–1939) 5845:(1904–1936) 5559:Geli Raubal 5403:Perceptions 5204:Wolf's Lair 4793:Reuth, R.G. 4463:Evans, R.J. 4322:18 November 4174:Hannes Heer 3979:Shirer 2011 3444:History.com 3440:"July Plot" 3290:. Picador. 3223:17 November 3213:Der Spiegel 3030:History.com 2727:Evans 2009b 2655:History.com 2420:"July Plot" 2273:(2008 film) 2249:(1955 film) 2241:(1955 film) 2233:(1951 film) 2149:(in 2014): 2105: [ 1915:Cecilienhof 1814:Ewald Löser 1738:Ludwig Beck 1720:was given. 1717:Heil Hitler 1670:Wound Badge 1651:Arthur Nebe 1521:Alfons Heck 1394:, July 1944 1338:and arrest 1017:Bodenschatz 850:Ludwig Beck 821:Heinz Höhne 819:biographer 574:Sudetenland 526:or Hitler. 408:Ludwig Beck 396:German Army 344:coup d'état 325:Wolf's Lair 268:Wolf's Lair 115: / 86:Wolf's Lair 74:Coup d'état 6478:Categories 5898:Widerstand 5675:Associated 5382:belongings 5273:Kampfhäusl 5194:Tannenberg 5189:Felsennest 5184:Anlage Süd 5179:Adlerhorst 5132:Places of 5041:in English 5030:Mein Kampf 4853:. London: 4801:. London: 4692:Abingdon: 4620:15 October 4565:Fest, J.C. 4555:15 October 4508:SZ Magazin 4493:15 October 4446:15 October 4424:. Atglen: 4409:15 October 4369:15 October 4102:Reuth 2005 4066:Evans 2009 4051:Reuth 2005 3950:Reuth 2005 3582:0812906918 3376:Kurtz 1946 3322:1861058896 3297:0330346970 3240:Extra Life 3189:0786403721 3164:0773515313 3065:History.uk 2774:Evans 2015 2715:Evans 2015 2626:Kurtz 1946 2600:Kurtz 1946 2545:Britannica 2424:Britannica 2299:References 2073:Heu-Aktion 1859:Reichsbank 1832:Hans Oster 1796:Eugen Bolz 1751:Chancellor 1620:Cesare Amè 1606:, Colonel 1586:Max Planck 1513:Sippenhaft 1500:Sippenhaft 1361:See also: 1351:Gauleiters 1216:penicillin 1179:firing pin 1025:Rastenburg 932:Hans Oster 758:Rastenburg 665:Ersatzheer 609:See also: 404:Hans Oster 382:Background 367:Nazi Party 235:Casualties 174:1944-07-20 103:21°29′47″E 100:54°04′50″N 6142:Main Plot 5745:Kommerell 5730:E. Jünger 5720:Hielscher 5715:Heidegger 5511:Eva Braun 5380:Personal 5361:Paintings 5331:Bodyguard 5316:Sexuality 5173:Vorbunker 5134:residence 5036:in Arabic 4924:240145815 4847:(2005) . 4823:(2011) . 4795:(2005) . 4767:(1989) . 4714:(2007) . 4637:Stackpole 4567:(1997) . 4535:Routledge 4518:13 August 4465:(2009) . 4349:Stackpole 4090:Hart 2014 4078:Hart 2014 4039:Hart 2014 4027:Hart 2014 4015:Hart 2014 4003:Hart 2014 3991:Hart 2014 3621:Fest 1997 3558:, p. 693. 3427:Fest 1997 3102:Fest 1997 3090:Fest 1997 2997:Fest 1997 2984:143574023 2944:Fest 1997 2638:Fest 1997 2111:from the 2082:Holocaust 2027:Criticism 1921:watched. 1843:Hans Koch 1771:Reichstag 1765:Paul Löbe 1742:President 1464:Puttkamer 1442:Aftermath 1426:Waffen-SS 1415:impromptu 1181:from the 1060:armistice 302:Wehrmacht 135:Objective 80:Locations 6137:Bye Plot 5976:movement 5974:Völkisch 5821:Tatkreis 5804:Factions 5780:Spengler 5755:Niekisch 5624:Category 5549:(sister) 5525:(mother) 5519:(father) 5478:Downfall 5024:Prophecy 5019:Speeches 4979:Politics 4876:Archived 4657:(1996). 4614:Archived 4549:Archived 4512:Archived 4487:Archived 4440:Archived 4426:Schiffer 4403:Archived 4389:Hachette 4381:(2009). 4363:Archived 4316:Archived 4286:Archived 4239:Archived 4125:Casemate 4117:(2008). 3855:Archived 3825:Archived 3800:Archived 3741:Archived 3738:45(1997) 3705:Archived 3690:Archived 3644:19 April 3638:Archived 3571:(1976). 3520:Archived 3500:Archived 3448:Archived 3351:Archived 3270:Archived 3217:Archived 3132:Archived 3069:Archived 3034:Archived 2923:Archived 2884:Archived 2744:Archived 2683:, p. 39. 2659:Archived 2579:Archived 2549:Archived 2428:Archived 2398:Archived 2271:Valkyrie 2214:See also 2040:General 1952:Hofacker 1686:Neo-Nazi 1080:Salzburg 801:Prussian 766:Bavarian 649:New plan 504:Smolensk 6040:1155 BC 5941:Related 5850:Die Tat 5775:Schmitt 5770:Salomon 5199:Werwolf 5153:Berghof 4775:Da Capo 4694:Methuen 4473:Penguin 4292:20 July 3861:20 June 3786:2853647 3454:7 March 3359:Bayern1 3138:23 June 3115:Himmler 3075:7 March 3040:7 March 2929:7 March 2890:7 March 2750:22 July 2665:7 March 2585:7 March 2555:7 March 2434:7 March 2404:7 March 2044:at the 2015:cyanide 1919:Potsdam 1481:at the 1466:in the 778:Himmler 683:and by 566:Austria 550:Belgium 524:Gestapo 436:Leipzig 426:of the 360:Gestapo 321:Gestapo 215:Outcome 172: ( 147:Ensure 5933:(1939) 5925:(1934) 5917:(1932) 5909:(1930) 5893:(1923) 5885:(1920) 5877:(1919) 5861:(1918) 5795:Zehrer 5790:Winnig 5785:Stapel 5765:Quabbe 5760:Paetel 5740:Klages 5710:George 5705:Freyer 5690:Blüher 5677:people 5583:Blondi 5513:(wife) 5503:Family 5464:Moloch 5294:Health 5259:Munich 5249:Vienna 5143:Führer 5074:Events 5065:Nazism 4987:Führer 4922: 4912: 4861: 4833: 4809: 4781: 4753: 4747:Haynes 4728: 4722:Bantam 4700: 4671: 4643: 4606: 4581: 4541: 4479: 4432: 4395: 4355: 4156: 4131: 3921: 3831:17 May 3784: 3764: 3669: 3579: 3479: 3319: 3294: 3250: 3186: 3161: 2982: 2915: 2527: 2342: 2266:(2004) 2159:Munich 1961:, the 1695:Major 1479:Korten 1347:Vienna 1224:sepsis 1050:or at 1021:Keitel 946:Oberst 558:Poland 554:France 438:, and 375:Allies 348:Berlin 155:Allies 128:Berlin 60:, and 5831:Major 5700:Evola 5593:Other 5585:(dog) 5410:Books 5326:Staff 5116:Death 5060:Books 4920:S2CID 4688:. 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In 1237:truly 1222:from 1078:near 1038:Fromm 772:near 756:near 5725:Jung 5695:Bose 5685:Benn 5244:Linz 5012:List 4910:ISBN 4859:ISBN 4831:ISBN 4807:ISBN 4803:Haus 4779:ISBN 4751:ISBN 4726:ISBN 4698:ISBN 4669:ISBN 4641:ISBN 4622:2018 4604:ISBN 4579:ISBN 4557:2018 4539:ISBN 4520:2021 4495:2018 4477:ISBN 4448:2018 4430:ISBN 4411:2018 4393:ISBN 4371:2018 4353:ISBN 4324:2016 4294:2014 4154:ISBN 4129:ISBN 3919:ISBN 3863:2018 3833:2008 3782:OCLC 3762:ISBN 3667:ISBN 3646:2009 3577:ISBN 3477:ISBN 3456:2021 3317:ISBN 3292:ISBN 3248:ISBN 3225:2019 3184:ISBN 3159:ISBN 3140:2018 3077:2021 3042:2021 2931:2021 2913:ISBN 2892:2021 2752:2021 2667:2021 2587:2021 2557:2021 2525:ISBN 2436:2021 2406:2021 2394:Time 2340:ISBN 2100:and 1971:and 1640:Orpo 1539:, a 1089:and 706:and 556:and 284:The 164:Date 126:and 70:Type 4902:doi 3539:'s 3357:on 2970:doi 2332:doi 1917:at 1430:SS- 1046:in 760:in 6480:: 5171:/ 4918:. 4908:. 4857:. 4805:. 4777:. 4749:. 4724:. 4696:. 4667:. 4639:. 4612:. 4602:. 4577:. 4547:. 4537:. 4506:. 4485:. 4475:. 4438:. 4428:. 4401:. 4391:. 4361:. 4351:. 4314:. 4310:. 4284:. 4278:. 4262:^ 4198:^ 4176:, 4058:^ 3957:^ 3849:. 3819:. 3636:. 3591:^ 3442:. 3395:^ 3366:^ 3211:. 3198:^ 3067:. 3063:. 3050:^ 3032:. 3028:. 3016:^ 2978:. 2966:55 2964:. 2960:. 2921:. 2878:. 2867:^ 2657:. 2653:. 2616:^ 2577:. 2573:. 2547:. 2543:. 2519:: 2426:. 2422:. 2396:. 2392:. 2374:^ 2338:. 2326:. 2107:de 1788:– 1779:– 1767:– 1758:– 1749:– 1740:– 1677:. 1627:SA 1258:. 1195:. 1191:, 815:. 572:, 568:, 552:, 450:. 371:SS 88:, 56:, 6015:e 6008:t 6001:v 5659:e 5652:t 5645:v 5275:) 5271:( 5265:) 5261:( 5255:) 5251:( 5223:) 5175:) 5165:( 5159:) 5155:( 4964:e 4957:t 4950:v 4926:. 4904:: 4867:. 4839:. 4815:. 4787:. 4759:. 4734:. 4706:. 4677:. 4649:. 4624:. 4587:. 4559:. 4522:. 4497:. 4450:. 4413:. 4373:. 4326:. 4296:. 4162:. 4137:. 3927:. 3903:. 3878:. 3865:. 3835:. 3675:. 3648:. 3585:. 3485:. 3458:. 3325:. 3300:. 3256:. 3192:. 3167:. 3142:. 3079:. 3044:. 2986:. 2972:: 2933:. 2894:. 2754:. 2729:. 2669:. 2589:. 2559:. 2438:. 2408:. 2348:. 2334:: 663:( 176:) 34:. 20:)

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