2021 in climate change

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temperature to well below 2 °C and preferably to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. For this target to be reached, the reductions still necessary after 2030 will have to be achieved with ever greater speed and urgency. These future obligations to reduce emissions have an impact on practically every type of freedom because virtually all aspects of human life still involve the emission of greenhouse gases and are thus potentially threatened by drastic restrictions after 2030. * * * (O)ne generation must not be allowed to consume large portions of the CO

8384: 10768: 9938: 9926: 8282: 8350: 9962: 9950: 8367: 8333: 256:... to confront the global climate emergency. ... Today's interim report from the UNFCCC shows governments are nowhere close to the level of ambition needed to limit climate change to 1.5 degrees and meet the goals of the Paris Agreement. The major emitters must step up with much more ambitious emissions reductions targets for 2030 in their Nationally Determined Contributions well before the November (2021) UN Climate Conference. 8316: 10757: 8299: 2911:

permafrost). Multiple factors beyond those listed above contributed to the Chamoli rock and ice avalanche, including the geologic structure and steep topography, possible long-term thermal disturbances in permafrost bedrock induced by atmospheric warming, stress changes due to the decline and collapse of adjacent and overlying glaciers, and enhanced melt water infiltration during warm periods."

366:(study's time period: 1990–2018) reported widespread advances and lengthening of pollen seasons (up to 20 days) and increases in pollen concentrations (up to 21%) across North America, with human forcing of the climate system contributing about 50% of the trend in pollen seasons and about 8% of the trend in pollen concentrations. 6840: 7193:- Regionally, the proportion of people who said climate change is a global emergency had a high level of support everywhere - in Western Europe and North America (72%), Eastern Europe and Central Asia (65%), Arab States (64%), Latin America and Caribbean (63%), Asia and Pacific (63%), and Sub-Saharan Africa (61%). 2968:: "We find that lengths and start dates of the four seasons have changed, and the changes will be amplified in the future. Over the period of 1952–2011, the length of summer increased from 78 to 95 days and that of spring, autumn and winter decreased from 124 to 115, 87 to 82, and 76 to 73 days, respectively." 777:

review of >90 peer-reviewed scientific articles reported consensus that ocean warming from human-induced climate change is likely fueling more powerful tropical cyclones with increased precipitation rates (through enhanced atmospheric moisture), the increased power and rising sea levels amplifying

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article (2021-03-08) stated that "coastal inhabitants are preferentially located in subsiding locations", and advocated "appropriate policy for groundwater utilization and drainage" that would "offer substantial and rapid benefits to reduce growth of coastal flood exposure due to relative sea-level

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used an observationally calibrated ice sheet–shelf model to project that with 2 °C global warming, Antarctic ice loss will continue at its current pace; but that current policies would allow 3 °C warming and give an abrupt jump around 2060 to an order of magnitude increase in the rate of

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that limiting global warming to 1.5 °C requires rapid, deep and sustained reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions, including reducing global carbon dioxide emissions by 45 per cent by 2030 relative to the 2010 level and to net zero around mid-century, as well as deep reductions in other

3194:

Atwoli, L.; Baqui, A. H.; Benfield, T.; Bosurgi, R.; Godlee, F.; Hancocks, S.; Horton, R.; Laybourn-Langton, L.; Monteiro, C. A.; Norman, I.; Patrick, K.; Praities, N.; Olde Rikkert MGM; Rubin, E. J.; Sahni, P.; Smith, R.; Talley, N. J.; Turale, S.; Vázquez, D. (6 September 2021). Atwoli, Lukoye;

2950:

The Court reasoned that global warming causes harm beyond provincial boundaries and that it is a matter of national concern under the "peace, order and good government" clause of the Constitution. The majority noted the Act would only apply where provincial or territorial pricing systems are not

2935:

The German high court specifically cited the goals of the Paris Convention as impacting the freedom of future generations: "The constitutional climate goal arising from Article 20a GG is more closely defined in accordance with the Paris target as being to limit the increase in the global average

2910:

2021 wrote, "Although we cannot attribute this individual disaster specifically to climate change, the possibly increasing frequency of high-mountain slope instabilities can likely be related to observed atmospheric warming and corresponding long-term changes in cryospheric conditions (glaciers,

1634:

The rights of nature protect ecosystems and natural processes for their intrinsic value, thus complementing them with the human right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. The rights of nature, like all constitutional rights, are justiciable and, consequently, judges are obliged to

299:

6 September: editors from over 200 health journals published a joint editorial stating "The science is unequivocal; a global increase of 1.5 °C above the pre-industrial average and the continued loss of biodiversity risk catastrophic harm to health that will be impossible to reverse.... The

2232:

Global surface temperature will continue to increase until at least the mid-century under all emissions scenarios considered. Global warming of 1.5 °C and 2 °C will be exceeded during the 21st century unless deep reductions in CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions occur in the coming

2188:

temperature rise by 2070 will amount to an estimated 7.5 °C—about 2.3 times the mean global temperature rise; and 3.5 billion people will be exposed to mean annual temperature ≥29.0 °C−presently found in 0.8% of the global land surface (mainly the Sahara) but projected to cover 19% of

2121:

Global warming at the end of the century is estimated at 2.7 °C if all unconditional 2030 pledges are fully implemented and 2.6 °C if all conditional pledges are also implemented. If the net-zero emissions pledges are additionally fully implemented, this estimate is lowered to around

919:

found that the temperature at which male fertility is lost is much lower than critical thermal limits (CTLs) for survival, suggesting that species, especially tropical species, are more vulnerable to extinction than previously presumed, and that evolution and plasticity are unlikely to rescue

534:

April: NOAA's Climate Prediction Center (CPC) states it will use 1991–2020 as the new 30-year period of record, with "average" numbers of named Atlantic storms rising from 12 to 14, hurricanes from 6 to 7, and major hurricanes remaining at 3; Eastern Pacific and Central Pacific numbers remain

1841:

among climate experts (2010–2015) reflect that the level of scientific consensus correlates with expertise in climate science. A 2019 study found scientific consensus to be at 100%, and a 2021 study concluded that consensus exceeded 99%. Another 2021 study found that 98.7% of climate experts

1616:

reaffirmed their goal to limit global heating to 1.5 °C and promised to cut collective emissions in half by 2030, but did not clearly lay out a plan to raise $ 100 billion a year for poorer countries to adopt clean energy, and did not agree on a timeline to end use of coal for electric

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reported an annual increase in global atmospheric methane of 17 parts per billion (ppb) in 2021—averaging 1,895.7 ppb in that year—the largest annual increase recorded since systematic measurements began in 1983. The increase during 2020 was 15.3 ppb, itself a record

1427:

Reported in February: Mexico's populist president Andrés Manuel López Obrador indicated intentions to pursue fossil fuel projects and curtail clean energy, pursuing energy sovereignty with state-run bodies and relegating private clean energy companies to a secondary

2248:

Under these contrasting scenarios (low versus high greenhouse gas emissions), discernible differences in trends of global surface temperature would begin to emerge from natural variability within around 20 years, and over longer time periods for many other climatic

307:

stated that "time is running out. Irreversible climate tipping points lie alarmingly close." He called for more ambition as current NDCs will lead to a rise of 2.7 °C, saying that "all leaders must recognize that we are in the middle of a climate

6176:'Executive actions are far more ephemeral and easily discarded than legislation, which can set up a whipsaw effect,' The Times editorial board writes. As much as Mr. Biden does to reverse Mr. Trump's reversals, his successor could reverse them again. 2143:'s Global Methane Assessment forecast that human-caused methane emissions can be reduced by up to 45 percent this decade and would avoid nearly 0.3 °C of global warming by 2045, and can be consistent with keeping the 1.5˚C goal for the century. 1010:

found that the intensification of the dry season and an increase in deforestation seem to promote higher carbon emissions in the eastern Amazon, in line with studies that indicate an increase in tree mortality as a result of climatic changes across

778:

flooding. Models project that some regions will experience increases in rapid intensification, a poleward migration of the latitude of maximum intensity or a slowing of the forward motion of the storms. Most climate model studies project the annual

696:

indicating that the number of disasters has increased by a factor of five, driven by climate change, more extreme weather and improved reporting; but because of improved early warnings and disaster management the number of deaths decreased almost

1907:, describing beliefs, attitudes, policy preferences, and behaviors of Facebook users in 31 countries and territories worldwide, including knowledge and beliefs, perceived risks, support for government action, economic concerns, and activism. 6580: 706:

found that since 2001, fires in the Amazon rainforest had potentially impacted ranges of 77.3–85.2% of threatened species in the region, reducing the biodiversity that contributes to the ecological and climatic stability of the Amazon

2202:—the lifetime emissions of 3.5 average Americans—will cause one excess death globally between 2020 and 2100. The study included only heat-related mortality impacts, and not indirect impacts such as flooding, storms, and crop failures. 1652:

15 July: the government of Greenland decided to cease issuing new licenses for oil and gas exploration "based upon economic calculations, but considerations of the impact on climate and the environment also play a central role in the

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20 May: the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme reported climate models projecting that the probability of an ice-free Arctic summer is 10 times greater under a 2 °C global warming scenario compared with a 1.5 °C

1620:

24 June: the European Parliament approved a landmark law to make the EU's greenhouse gas emissions targets legally binding, setting targets to reduce net EU emissions by 55% by 2030 from 1990 levels and eliminate net emissions by

279:

stated that "estimated reductions referred to in paragraphs (on greenhouse gas emissions) fall far short of what is required, demonstrating the need for Parties to further strengthen their mitigation commitments under the Paris

1793:, which the European Commission said "enshrines the EU's commitment to reaching climate neutrality by 2050 and the intermediate target of reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels". 2892:

such as the one in India can result from rockfall causing a glacier to fragment and avalanche, or by collapse of dams of debris left behind by retreating glaciers that had formed lakes of water formed from glacier melt. (See

2032:

concluded that immediately pursuing all presently available methane emission reduction measures could avoid 0.25 °C additional global mean warming by mid-century, and set a path to avoid more than 0.5 °C warming by

4291: 2009:

projected that limiting 21st-century warming to 2 °C will halve the Antarctic ice shelf area susceptible to collapsing and disintegrating, compared to the 34% of all Antarctic ice shelf loss projected for 4 °C

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trapped in carbonate rock formations became unstable, possibly "add(ing) unknown quantities of methane to the atmosphere in the near future"—in addition to that long known to be produced from microbial decay of organic

1578:

unanimously ruled that the German government must set clear goals for reducing greenhouse gas emissions beyond 2030, stating that existing law placed too much of a burden on future generations to reduce greenhouse gas

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temperature rise and global average temperature rise "is largely due to the fact that the land will warm much faster than the oceans, but also ... that population growth is projected to be predominantly in hotter

295:

noted "an unprecedented surge in climate-related disasters since 2019" and stated there is "mounting evidence that we are nearing or have already crossed tipping points associated with critical parts of the Earth

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is not an internal multidecadal (40- to 60-year) oscillation distinct from climate noise, but is instead a manifestation of competing time-varying effects of anthropogenic greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols.

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emissions, contributed 23% in 2021, by far the highest fraction since 2000. 2021 was an abnormal year because North American and Eurasian boreal forests synchronously experienced their greatest water deficit.

5575:"Will synthetic fuel save the performance car? / The manufacturers weigh in Porsche claims a car running on eFuel will have the same CO2 footprint as an EV, and BMW, Audi, Aston Martin and McLaren all agree" 4480: 3855: 2497: 2227:

Evidence of observed changes in extremes such as heatwaves, heavy precipitation, droughts, and tropical cyclones, and, in particular, their attribution to human influence, has strengthened since AR5 (2014).

1767:

27 January: newly elected U.S. President Joe Biden signed executive orders designed to put the country on a path to 100 percent carbon-free electricity by 2035 and net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.

287:

wrote that "2021 is a make-or-break year for climate action, with the window to prevent the worst impacts of climate change—which include ever more frequent more intense droughts, floods and storms—closing

2940:

budget while bearing a relatively minor share of the reduction effort if this would involve leaving subsequent generations with a drastic reduction burden and expose their lives to comprehensive losses of

1458:

725:

reported that "between 2009 and 2018, there was a progressive loss amounting to 14% of the coral from the world's coral reefs, which is more than all the coral currently living on Australia's coral reefs".

1480:

said that by 2026 its European division, with 5% of that region's passenger car market, will offer only electric and plug-in hybrid models, and by 2030 all its passenger cars will run solely on batteries.

6885: 6510: 1522:

Leaders Summit on Climate attended by 40 world leaders, aiming to return the U.S. to being a leader in the global effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which CNN called a "stark departure" from the

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that the impacts of climate change will be much lower at the temperature increase of 1.5 °C compared with 2 °C and resolves to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C;

389:(AMOC), which is now in its weakest state in more than 1,000 years. The AMOC redistributes heat on the planet and has a major impact on climate. In particular, weakness in the AMOC, which includes the 6266: 6122: 5647: 2167:

plant biodiversity with the upward advance of forest treelines, the researchers' simulation projecting a substantive decrease in plant biodiversity in response to global warming-related treeline rise.

6292: 7191:- The highest level of support was in SIDS (Small Island Developing States, 74%), followed by high-income countries (72%), middle-income countries (62%), then LDCs (Least Developed Countries, 58%). 6532: 1298:, having an "aim of supporting and scaling up efforts to prevent, halt and reverse the degradation of ecosystems worldwide and raise awareness of the importance of successful ecosystem restoration". 6712: 6859: 5937: 1693:

21 September: China announced it will stop funding overseas coal projects, estimated to affect 54 gigawatts, the cancellation averting about three months worth of global greenhouse gas emissions.

4679:"Mountains, Ice and Climate Change: A Recipe for Disasters / Shrinking and thinning of glaciers is one of the most documented signs of global warming caused by rising levels of greenhouse gases" 5559: 1590:, expected to generate 800 megawatts (enough to power about 400,000 homes), with an ultimate goal to deploy enough offshore wind turbines by 2030 to power 10 million homes. A June 7 article in 561:

attributed 21±3% of the observed sea-level rise from 2000–2019 to melting glaciers (267±16 gigatonnes per year), and identified a mass loss acceleration of 48±16 gigatonnes per year per decade.

6572: 7119: 3539: 6330: 6259:"How to Avoid a Climate Disaster by Bill Gates review – why science isn't enough / The co-founder of Microsoft looks to science and tech to end climate crisis ... but can nations cooperate?" 3673: 799:

Extreme heat waves punished Japan, Ireland, Turkey, western North America, and England. The record-shattering extreme heatwave in the Pacific Northwest likely killed more than 1,000 people.

629:

emissions caused by human cultivation of peatlands from 1750 to 2018 should be increased by 18% to account for emissions from cultivated northern peatlands in calculating the carbon budget.

1156:

described how suspending solar panels above water canals not only reduces evaporation and mitigates land use, but increases the efficiency of the panels due to the water's cooling effect.

5338: 1996:

indicated that energy transition investment would have to increase by 30% over planned investment to a total of US$ 131 trillion between 2021 and 2050—$ 4.4 trillion/year—to meet 2050 CO

1272:

5 October: the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded "for the physical modeling of Earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming" to atmospheric physicist

4972: 10291: 10000: 2801: 1976:

studied 1952–2011 data on the timing of seasons and projected that, by 2100, summer in the northern mid-latitudes will last nearly half a year and winter will last less than 2 months.

157: 47: 5732: 1487:

said that it will convert its entire lineup to battery power by 2030 and will sell them exclusively online—no longer selling cars with internal combustion engines, including hybrids.

1349:—among Europe's top energy companies that had accelerated plans to cut emissions and build large renewable energy businesses—became the first major global energy company to quit the 1338:

win those elections, improving Democratic President Biden's prospects for implementing climate-related policies. Both Raphael Warnock and Jon Ossoff are supporters and advocates the

590:

reported that, despite greater raw warming in high latitudes, the tropics have greater normalized warming and actually experienced more record-breaking heat events from 1960 to 2019.

6555: 6212: 3609: 1933:(2021) projects progressively large increases in both the frequency (horizontal bars) and intensity (vertical bars) of extreme weather events, for various degrees of global warming. 616:

concluded that 37% of warm-season heat-related deaths from 1991 to 2018 can be attributed to anthropogenic climate change and that increased mortality is evident on every continent.

607:

meltwater being two orders of magnitude higher than from Arctic rivers, and, accounting for about 10% of the estimated global riverine flux, estimated it to be globally significant.

6487: 5624: 4299: 6689: 1760:, the new pledges for 2030 reduce projected 2030 emissions by only 7.5 per cent, whereas 30 per cent (reduction) is needed for 2 °C and 55 per cent is needed for 1.5 °C. 456: 357:

caused by burning fossil fuels causes 8.7 million premature deaths annually, including China (2.4 million), India (2.5 million) and parts of eastern US, Europe and Southeast Asia.

2238:

Continued global warming is projected to further intensify the global water cycle, including its variability, global monsoon precipitation and the severity of wet and dry events.

891:, Japan—when the majority of buds are open to the skies—occurred earlier than any time since records began in the year 812 CE; historically, the bloom date occurs about 17 April. 3068: 2570: 1143:", a curved-top cylindrical turbine whose main body oscillates resonantly with the wind to generate electricity, the design occupying a much smaller footprint than blade-driven 493:

estimated that the severity of heatwave and drought impacts on crop production in Europe roughly tripled over the preceding 50 years, from –2.2 (1964–1990) to -7.3% (1991–2015).

7653: 6099: 2222:

It is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land. Widespread and rapid changes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and biosphere have occurred.

969:

are burning more than at any point in the past 2,000 years, with contemporary rates of burning being 22% higher than the maximum rate reconstructed over the past two millennia.

6050: 2743: 1387:(excluding medium and heavy duty trucks), and will sell about 30 types of electric vehicles, and planned to halt and review new oil and gas leases on federal lands and waters. 5709: 4663: 406:

presented "spatially consistent empirical evidence that, in the course of the last century, the AMOC may have evolved from relatively stable conditions to a point close to a

9662: 7957: 6076: 1916:

concluded with high statistical confidence that the scientific consensus on human-caused contemporary climate change exceeds 99% in the peer-reviewed scientific literature.

2243:

Many changes due to past and future greenhouse gas emissions are irreversible for centuries to millennia, especially changes in the ocean, ice sheets and global sea level.

6307: 2150:

projected that by 2027, battery-powered electric vehicle prices would reach price parity with internal combustion engine vehicles in all light vehicle segments in Europe.

8257: 6804: 6197: 5172: 3877: 1985:

concluded that "limiting global warming to 1.5 °C will prevent most of the tropics from reaching a TW of 35 °C (95 °F), the limit of human adaptation".

8149: 6243: 5321: 1227:

concluded that artificial ocean alkalinisation (AOA), if carried out with sufficient magnitude and duration, can use current technology to reverse the impact of global

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generated more than 10% of electricity globally in 2021, with fifty countries having crossed the 10% threshold. However, power from coal rose 9% to a new record high.

9838: 2264:"Climate Change 2021 / The Physical Science Basis / Working Group I contribution to the WGI Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" 1032:

experienced rain for the first known time in recorded history, in one of nine instances in the past 2,000 years in which the temperature exceeded the freezing point.

6145: 4488: 3006:: The ice sheet is grounded on bedrock that is largely below local sea level, and it is underlain by an anomalously hot, low-viscosity mantle and thin lithosphere." 9506: 8963: 5814: 3847: 2856: 2486: 2043:

forecast that, compared to growth levels without climate change, the world will have 11—14% less economic output (as much as $ 23 trillion less, annually) by 2050.

1110:

indicated it would produce in 2021 a three-wheel, highly aerodynamic electric vehicle powered by 34 square feet of solar cells, also having rechargeable batteries.

796:

From India to England, Russia, China, New Zealand, the U.S., Indonesia, Uganda, Germany, ... extreme precipitation and flooding over the span of just a few months.

517:

when sea level was about 24 mm (78 ft) higher than today and the average temperature was about 4 °C (7 °F) higher than in pre-industrial times.

154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 86: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 6027: 8240: 6877: 6502: 1412:

announced it would invest $ 3 billion through 2025 (about 3% to 4% of its planned annual capital expenditures) on lower-emission energy technologies, primarily

770:

in the Indian Himalayan Mountains killed dozens and left hundreds missing. The death count grew to 204, with 27 million cubic meters of rock and ice collapsing.

9993: 7176: 7137: 4772: 4635: 4110: 2733:"National Intelligence Estimate / Climate Change and International Responses Increasing Challenges to US National Security Through 2040 (NIC-NIE-2021-10030-A)" 1867: 1832: 300:

greatest threat to global public health is the continued failure of world leaders to keep the global temperature rise below 1.5 °C and to restore nature."

7162: 6456: 6300:"Verfassungsbeschwerden gegen das Klimaschutzgesetz teilweise erfolgreich (Constitutional complaints against the Climate Protection Act partially successful)" 4678: 2274: 2184:("business as usual" scenario), the temperature experienced by an average human will change more in coming decades than over the past six millennia; the mean 10189: 9679: 7943: 6258: 6114: 5639: 1925: 7452: 6983: 6284: 10167: 6524: 6424: 6768: 6720: 5601: 10130: 9115: 8936: 4435: 6855: 5929: 2766: 2351: 659:

based on satellite observations from 2001 to 2020, and concluded that there is less than 1% probability that this imbalance can be explained by natural

10817: 9110: 7312:°C. If all countries meet their NDCs and continue to reduce carbon emissions at the same rate thereafter, the median forecast declines by a further 0.3 5108:

Mack, Michelle C.; Walker, Xanthe J.; Johnstone, Jill F.; Alexander, Heather D.; Melvin, April M.; Jean, Mélanie; Miller, Samantha N. (16 April 2021).

2831: 6611: 5551: 2290: 1910:

19 October: based on a review of 3,000 peer-reviewed publications randomly chosen from a dataset of 88,125 published since 2012, a study published in

9986: 8978: 1838: 7642: 7110: 6397: 6379: 3531: 2453: 7430: 6589: 6322: 4183:

Vicedo-Cabrera, A. M.; Scovronick, N.; Sera, F.; Royé, D.; Schneider, R.; Tobias, A.; Astrom, C.; Guo, Y.; Honda, Y.; Hondula, D.M. (31 May 2021).

6353: 6171: 2328: 1892:

released results of the Peoples Climate Vote (1.2 million respondents in over 50 countries), which found that 64% said that climate change was an

1804:, U.S. President Joe Biden announced a new target for the US, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50-52% by 2030 relative to 2005 levels. 1246:

August reports: in the first customer delivery of its type in history, Swedish company Hybrit said it was delivering "green steel" to truck-maker

8910: 5982: 5960: 2308: 959: 521: 510: 7292:"We find that on current trends, but without additional efforts to meet the NDCs, the median forecast of global mean temperature increase is 2.8 10204: 10199: 10172: 5574: 3899: 539: 6822: 1390:

January: newly elected U.S. President Joe Biden promised to make the federal government's fleet of 645,000 vehicles 100% all-electric by 2030.

8619: 7189:

64% of people said that climate change was an emergency – presenting a clear and convincing call for decision-makers to step up on ambition.

4964: 2841: 1697: 1532: 955:

by 170 km/h (105 mph) in 36 hours to reach 306 km/h (190 mph), becoming the strongest tropical cyclone of 2021 worldwide.

332:

reported that Earth lost 28 trillion tonnes of ice between 1994 and 2017, 68% being from atmospheric melting and 32% by oceanic melting. The

7621:

Accepted Manuscript is the version of the article accepted for publication including all changes made as a result of the peer review process

5473: 4462: 2793: 1368:'s withdrawal that took formal effect on 4 November 2020 (the U.S. had been the only country in the world not signatory to the accord.) The 10157: 10105: 8852: 7244:"Country-based rate of emissions reductions should increase by 80% beyond nationally determined contributions to meet the 2 °C target" 5724: 1960: 1900: 6547: 6220: 3601: 570:

estimated that land use change affected 32% of the global land area from 1960 to 2019, about four times greater than previously estimated.

10179: 10152: 10125: 10100: 8736: 6479: 5616: 2668: 2104:

so that stratospheric thickness has shrunk over decades, and projected an additional thinning of 1.3 km by 2080 if Earth follows an

386: 369: 6697: 1496:(2018), which required provinces and territories to implement carbon gas pricing systems or adopt one imposed by the federal government. 9000: 8953: 1848: 574: 3060: 2535: 1818:

survey found that in 2020, about 43% of 800 surveyed cities (combined population: 400 million) did not have a climate adaptation plan.

656: 643: 10511: 10251: 9879: 8995: 8575: 7059:"Consensus revisited: quantifying scientific agreement on climate change and climate expertise among Earth scientists 10 years later" 6091: 934: 6042: 2732: 10781: 10776: 10496: 10120: 9210: 8926: 8644: 8421: 8216: 5701: 4655: 3359: 1671:'s late 1980s prohibition of ozone-depleting chemicals may have prevented an additional 115—235 parts per million of atmospheric CO 1503:

set a goal to finance $ 2.5 trillion over the following 10 years to combat climate change and advance sustainable development, and

671: 6068: 4494: 2817: 2724: 2691: 748:

being 38% of supply, more than coal's 36%. However, demand growth rebounded, leading to a record rise in coal power and emissions.

10771: 10115: 9566: 9355: 8518: 1236: 424: 2526: 1206:

described a distributed temperature sensing (DTS) system achieving a vertical resolution of ~0.65 m (~25 in.) along a

223:

This article documents events, research findings, scientific and technological advances, and human actions to measure, predict,

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Results of a public survey overseen by the United Nations Development Programme on belief in whether climate change presents a

8249: 6796: 6189: 5164: 3869: 10760: 10516: 10194: 9874: 9012: 8157: 6235: 2685: 2077:

by 2100 from 25 cm to 13 cm (from 10 to 6 in.), with glaciers responsible for half the sea level rise contribution.

1989: 4790: 10822: 10611: 10459: 9896: 8847: 8842: 2777: 2181: 2140: 2105: 1889: 1858: 1492: 994: 407: 5997:"Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 1 March 2019 -- United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030)" 3421:

Anderegg, William R. L.; Abatzoglou, John T.; Andeeregg, Leander D. L.; Bielory, Leonard; et al. (16 February 2021).

3260: 2510: 10464: 10110: 10095: 9377: 9155: 8973: 8900: 8890: 8873: 8780: 8587: 8270: 6137: 3144: 2582: 1757: 274: 8905: 5806: 793:

2021 was consistent with the long-term human-caused global warming trend of about 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) per decade.

10561: 10375: 10365: 10286: 10209: 9806: 9667: 9624: 9120: 1295: 7583:"Acting rapidly to deploy readily available methane mitigation measures by sector can immediately slow global warming" 6019: 945:

in carbon storage and suggesting potential mitigation of the feedback effect of boreal forest fires to global warming.

217: 10786: 10395: 10380: 10214: 10162: 9733: 9609: 9426: 8624: 8232: 2846: 2556: 1955: 824: 689: 284: 7987:"Sedimentary ancient DNA reveals a threat of warming-induced alpine habitat loss to Tibetan Plateau plant diversity" 5833:"Thermodynamics of a fast-moving Greenlandic outlet glacier revealed by fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing" 5408:"Methane release from carbonate rock formations in the Siberian permafrost area during and after the 2020 heat wave" 4761: 4626: 4313:

Loeb, Norman G.; Johnson, Gregory C.; Thorsen, Tyler J.; Lyman, John M.; Rose, Fred G.; Kato, Seiji (15 June 2021).

4102: 3195:

Baqui, Avdullah H.; Benfield, Thomas; Bosurgi, Raffaelle; Godlee, Fiona; Hancocks, Stephen; Horton, Richart (eds.).

1001:

concluding that heat waves of such intensity would be at least 150 times rarer without human-induced climate change.

10442: 10256: 10147: 10137: 9966: 9604: 9584: 9531: 9483: 8540: 7933: 7154: 6464: 5953:"Biggest "Direct Air Capture" Plant Starts Pulling in Carbon, But Involves a Fraction of the Gas in the Atmosphere" 4686: 3360:"Global mortality from outdoor fine particle pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem" 2263: 1323: 1152: 900:

citing multiple complementary lines of evidence, reported methane-oxidising bacteria (MOB) dwelling in the bark of

7935: 7300:°C. If all countries meet their NDCs, but revert to current trends thereafter, the median forecast declines by 0.2 4625:

Souter, David; Planes, Serge; Widquart, Jérémy; Logan, Murray; Obura, David; Staub, Francis, eds. (October 2021).

1178:

concluded that if food waste is diverted from landfills to avoid methane emissions, food-waste-derived n-paraffin

10576: 10325: 10303: 10261: 10231: 10184: 10067: 10050: 10033: 10009: 9723: 9674: 9100: 9062: 9007: 8472: 7444: 6955: 4457: 4431: 1797: 1712: 1642: 1437: 729: 6416: 1402: 10281: 10276: 9791: 9075: 8827: 7328:°C is 5% under the “None” scenario, 12% under the “Adjusted” scenario, and 26% under the “Continued” scenario." 6760: 5593: 4656:"Increase in atmospheric methane set another record during 2021 / Carbon dioxide levels also record a big jump" 2851: 2092: 2028: 1912: 1223: 873: 489: 4423: 3816:

Ortiz-Bobea, Ariel; Ault, Toby R.; Carrillo, Carlos M.; Chambers, Robert G.; Lobell, David B. (1 April 2021).

3082: 1183: 10447: 10385: 9901: 9436: 8968: 6004: 5191: 3335: 2755: 2340: 1893: 1789:

21 April: co-legislators of the European Climate Law reached a provisional agreement on a key element of the

1129: 317: 7469:"Surface melt and runoff on Antarctic ice shelves at 1.5 °C, 2 °C and 4 °C of future warming" 3532:"Scientists see stronger evidence of slowing Atlantic Ocean circulation, an 'Achilles' heel' of the climate" 3100:

Ripple, William J.; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas M.; Baarnard, Phoebe; et al. (5 November 2019).

2708: 1302: 10043: 9884: 9556: 9085: 9080: 8985: 8857: 8414: 8305: 8196: 8042:

Xu, Chi; Kohler, Timothy A.; Lenton, Timothy M.; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Scheffer, Marten (26 May 2021).

7109:

Leiserowitz, A.; Carman, J.; Buttermore, N.; Wang, X.; Rosenthal, S.; Marlon, J.; Mulcahy, K. (June 2021).

6619: 3555:"Observation-based early-warning signals for a collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation" 3197:"Call for emergency action to limit global temperature increases, restore biodiversity, and protect health" 2005: 1972: 1930: 1716: 1575: 1466: 1350: 868: 634: 586: 578: 10596: 3143:

Ripple, William J.; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas M.; Gregg, Jillian W.; et al. (28 July 2021).

2581:

Ripple, William J.; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas M.; Gregg, Jillian W.; et al. (28 July 2021).

2019:

used higher resolution climate models that included modeling of ocean eddies, to project that global mean

1186:

could enable up to a 165% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions relative to fossil-derived aviation fuels.

542:

supersedes weather and climate data from 1981–2010 with data from 1991–2020 to change its designation of "

10414: 10298: 10055: 9095: 8943: 7634: 6590:"Ecuador's High Court Affirms Constitutional Protections for the Rights of Nature in a Landmark Decision" 6417:"Biden announces US will aim to cut carbon emissions by as much as 52% by 2030 at virtual climate summit" 6367: 5746:

Huq, Nabila A.; Hafenstine, Glenn R.; Huo, Xiangchen; Nguyen, Hannah; Tifft, Stephen M. (30 March 2021).

2627: 2442: 1507:

said it would back $ 1 trillion of similar efforts by 2030. These announcement followed a similar one by

7422: 6597: 4314: 1857:

Results of a public survey in 31 countries of public opinion, specifically among Facebook users, on the

1218:

system discovered strong spatial heterogeneity in deformation between and within different ice sections.

9954: 9718: 9521: 9478: 9251: 9173: 9027: 7683:"Rapid postglacial rebound amplifies global sea level rise following West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse" 7681:

Pan, Linda; Powell, Evelyn M.; Latychev, Konstantin; Mitrovica, Jerry X.; et al. (30 April 2021).

6345: 6163: 5516: 5266:"A global analysis of extreme coastal water levels with implications for potential coastal overtopping" 3282: 1524: 1413: 1398: 1069: 7010:"Greater than 99% consensus on human caused climate change in the peer-reviewed scientific literature" 5974: 5952: 2534:

Sachs, Jeffrey D.; Kroll, Christian; Lafortune, Guillaume; Fulleer, Grayson; Woelm, Finn (June 2021).

2300: 1159:

Reported 30 March: taking advantage of generally stronger winds further from shore, the world's first

966: 506:

by about 21% since 1961, and 26–34% in warmer regions such as Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean.

10684: 10636: 10531: 10424: 10308: 9823: 9498: 9473: 9446: 9408: 9325: 9143: 8990: 8948: 8698: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8322: 7581:

Ocko, Ilissa Bonnie; Sun, Tianyi; Shindell, Drew; Oppenheimer, Michael; et al. (20 April 2021).

7057:

Myers, Krista F.; Doran, Peter T.; Cook, John; Kotcher, John E.; Myers, Teresa A. (20 October 2021).

6939: 5329: 5264:

Almar, Rafael; Ranasinghe, Roshanka; Bergsma, Erwin W. J.; Diaz, Harold; et al. (18 June 2021).

3300: 3299:

Slater, Thomas; Lawrence, Isobel R.; Otosaka, Inès; Shepherd, Andrew; et al. (25 January 2021).

1815: 1376:", reversing Trump's removing mention of greenhouse gas emissions on his first day in office in 2017. 1128:

equivalent to Argentina's, a figure likely increased by interest in bitcoin in early 2021 from major

998: 503: 431:

reached 417 parts per million (ppm), a concentration 50% higher than the 278ppm pre-industrial level.

232: 228: 224: 10591: 9338: 4124:

Hawkings, Jon R.; Linhoff, Benjamin S.; Wadham, Jemma L.; Stibal, Marek; et al. (24 May 2021).

3891: 3002:, as well as the rapid time scale in which it is reached, is a consequence of the unique setting of 2318:"Nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement — Synthesis Report (Advance Version)" 660: 10807: 10689: 10644: 10546: 10271: 10087: 9833: 9828: 9818: 9759: 9599: 9105: 9070: 8958: 8885: 8726: 8555: 8491: 8452: 6818: 6633:

Young, Paul J.; Harper, Anna B.; Huntingford, Chris; Paul, Nigel D.; et al. (18 August 2021).

4917: 4867:

Covey, Kristofer; Soper, Fiona; Pangala, Sunitha; Bernardino, Angelo; et al. (11 March 2021).

4054: 3913:

Hugonnet, Romain; McNabb, Robert; Berthier, Etienne; Menounos, Brian; et al. (28 April 2021).

3003: 2057: 718: 714:

estimated a nearly 200% increase in urban heat extremes among 13,115 urban areas from 1983 to 2016.

7934:

Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (5 May 2021).

6742: 3624: 2317: 2147: 1594:

reported that Europe had 5,400 offshore wind turbines, compared to seven (7) in the United States.

1582:

12 May: The U.S. administration granted final approval to the nation's first large-scale offshore

832: 10812: 10736: 10674: 10077: 9942: 9864: 9774: 9516: 9488: 9168: 8822: 8800: 8407: 5465: 4986:

Jeffrey, Luke C.; Maher, Damien T.; Chiri, Eleonora; Leung, Pok Man; et al. (9 April 2021).

4449: 3483:

Caesar, L.; McCarthy, G. D.; Thornalley, D. J. R.; Cahill, N.; Rahmstorf, S. (25 February 2021).

2465:"The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transitions / World Energy Outlook Special Report" 1778:

by 2030 (cutting emissions by 65% by 2025 compared to 2010 levels), following similar pledges by

902: 513:

reported carbon dioxide levels were higher than at anytime in the past 3.6 million years, in the

7118:. New Haven, CT, U.S.: Yale Program on Climate Change Communication and Facebook Data for Good. 5351:

Gatti, Luciana V.; Basso, Luana S.; Miller, John B.; Gloor, Manuel; et al. (14 July 2021).

4762:"Climate change is probably increasing the intensity of tropical cyclones / ScienceBrief Review" 2981:, which accounts for both temperature and humidity, and is similar to what is commonly known as 2537:

Sustainable Development Report 2021 / The Decade of Action for the Sustainable Development Goals

2073:

projected that limiting global warming to 1.5 °C would reduce the land ice contribution to

1711:

10 November: in a case involving mining in a protected region of the Ecuadorian rainforest, the

10679: 10506: 9541: 9361: 9303: 9220: 9205: 9090: 8731: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8657: 8652: 5831:

Law, Robert; Christoffersen, Poul; Hubbard, Bryn; Doyle, Samuel H.; et al. (14 May 2021).

3623:

Micholls, Robert J.; Lincke, Daniel; Hinkel, Jochen; Brown, Sally; et al. (8 March 2021).

3358:

Vohra, Karn; Vodonos, Alina; Schwartz, Joel; Marais, Eloise A.; et al. (9 February 2021).

2677:

WMO Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes (1970–2019)

1946:(extreme weather as #1, climate action failure as #2, human environmental damage as #3) and by 1384: 1383:

said that by 2035 it will end sale of all gasoline and diesel powered passenger cars and light

1327: 1179: 859:

largely offsets—and most likely exceeds—the climate change mitigating effect of the region's CO

345: 118: 113: 108: 96: 91: 7872:

Pisoft, Petr; Sacha, Petr; Polvani, Lorenzo M.; Añel, Juan Antonio; et al. (5 May 2021).

5322:"Western North American extreme heat virtually impossible without human-caused climate change" 5165:"Typhoon Surigae intensified with surprising speed, bearing the fingerprint of climate change" 4812:

Mann, Michael E.; Steinman, Byron A.; Bouillette, Daniel J.; Miller, Sonya K. (5 March 2021).

4566:

Tuholske, Cascade; Caylor, Kelly; Funk, Chris; Verdin, Andrew; et al. (12 October 2021).

4362:"Anthropogenic forcing and response yield observed positive trend in Earth's energy imbalance" 10062: 9930: 9576: 9453: 9261: 8716: 8639: 4481:"Weather-related disasters increase over past 50 years, causing more damage but fewer deaths" 3101: 2999: 2778:"State of Climate in 2021: Extreme events and major impacts (Press Release Number: 31102021)" 2194: 2155: 2061: 1397:

announced that it would be indefinitely shutting down the U.S.'s only remaining facility for

1160: 1088: 974: 952: 915: 896: 651: 612: 566: 543: 498: 460: 436: 420: 402: 7738:

Edwards, Tamsin L.; Nowicki, Sophie; Marzeion, Ben; Hock, Regine; et al. (5 May 2021).

6092:"Europe's leaders on climate change are the first to congratulate President-elect Joe Biden" 4760:

Knutson, Thomas R.; Chung, Maya V.; Vecchi, Gabriel; Sun, Jingru; et al. (March 2021).

4126:"Large subglacial source of mercury from the southwestern margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet" 3701:

Sala, Enric; Mayorga, Juan; Bradley, Darcy; Cabral, Reniel B.; et al. (17 March 2021).

1675:, which might have led to a 0.50–1.0 °C increase in global average temperature by 2100. 1250:

for prototype vehicles, the steel made using renewable electricity and hydrogen rather than

694:

Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes (1970–2019),

459:

estimated that, globally between September 2020 and February 2021, 12.5 million people were

10664: 10432: 10072: 10038: 10028: 9769: 9647: 9308: 8878: 8805: 8110: 7998: 7885: 7820: 7751: 7694: 7594: 7529: 7480: 7393: 7351: 7255: 7070: 7021: 6916: 6905:"Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming" 6646: 5893: 5759: 5419: 5364: 5277: 5218: 5121: 5110:"Carbon loss from boreal forest wildfires offset by increased dominance of deciduous trees" 5064: 4999: 4929: 4825: 4713: 4579: 4524: 4470:"Countries with populations less than 3 million in 2021 were not included in this ranking." 4373: 4326: 4196: 4137: 4066: 3993: 3926: 3769: 3758:"Severity of drought and heatwave crop losses tripled over the last five decades in Europe" 3714: 3639: 3566: 3496: 3434: 3371: 3312: 2978: 2642: 2394: 2383:"Potential ecological impacts of climate intervention by reflecting sunlight to cool Earth" 2053: 1939: 1727: 1705: 1587: 1564: 1319: 1190: 385:

article reported an "unprecedented" (since AD 400) decline in the twentieth century of the

180: 4185:"The burden of heat-related mortality attributable to recent human-induced climate change" 3554: 3484: 1210:, a two-order-of-magnitude improvement over discretely-spaced sensor arrangements. In the 802:

Western North America, Siberia, and the Mediterranean region experienced intense droughts.

8: 10726: 10719: 10659: 10556: 10551: 10226: 9786: 9561: 8790: 8785: 5490:

Zheng, Bo; Ciais, Philippe; Chevallier, Frederic; Yang, Hui; et al. (2 March 2023).

4814:"Multidecadal climate oscillations during the past millennium driven by volcanic forcing" 2362: 1790: 1606: 1353:

lobby group, whose largest members resisted investor pressure to diversify to renewables.

1265:} a year to store it underground, began operation in Iceland, selling the most expensive 1228: 1211: 1121: 1092: 1029: 604: 448:—estimated that subsiding coastal locations may locally experience up to four times more 175: 8288: 8224: 8114: 8002: 7889: 7824: 7755: 7698: 7635:"Climate Change Could Cut World Economy by $ 23 Trillion in 2050, Insurance Giant Warns" 7598: 7533: 7484: 7397: 7355: 7259: 7074: 7025: 6929: 6920: 6904: 6650: 5897: 5880:

Mongin, Mathieu; Baird, Mark E.; Lenton, Andrew; Neill, Craig; Aki, John (8 June 2021).

5763: 5423: 5368: 5281: 5222: 5125: 5068: 5003: 4933: 4829: 4717: 4583: 4528: 4377: 4330: 4200: 4141: 4070: 3997: 3930: 3773: 3718: 3643: 3570: 3500: 3438: 3375: 3316: 2654: 2646: 2398: 1950:(climate action failure as #2, human environmental damage as #6, extreme weather as #8). 1372:

website was promptly changed to recite that Biden "will take swift action to tackle the

1117: 476:'s disturbance of carbon stored in sea beds can re-mineralize sedimentary carbon into CO 304: 263: 10741: 10699: 10694: 10654: 10606: 10370: 10266: 10142: 9614: 9546: 9463: 9313: 9278: 9235: 9230: 9225: 8795: 8131: 8098: 8070: 8043: 8019: 7986: 7903: 7854: 7804: 7785: 7715: 7682: 7612: 7563: 7550: 7517: 7498: 7409: 7278: 7243: 7088: 7039: 6975: 6670: 5911: 5882:"Reversing ocean acidification along the Great Barrier Reef using alkalinity injection" 5857: 5832: 5782: 5748:"Toward net-zero sustainable aviation fuel with wet waste–derived volatile fatty acids" 5747: 5682: 5661:

McKuin, Brandi; Zumkehr, Andrew; Ta, Jenny; Bales, Roger; et al. (18 March 2021).

5529: 5442: 5407: 5388: 5298: 5265: 5241: 5206: 5145: 5085: 5052: 5033: 5020: 4987: 4945: 4898: 4849: 4737: 4702:"A massive rock and ice avalanche caused the 2021 disaster at Chamoli, Indian Himalaya" 4602: 4567: 4548: 4511:

Feng, Xiao; Merow, Cory; Liu, Zhihua; Park, Daniel S.; et al. (1 September 2021).

4394: 4361: 4342: 4292:"An enormous missing contribution to global warming may have been right under our feet" 4274: 4249: 4248:

Qiu, Chunjing; Ciais, Philippe; Zhu, Dan; Guenet, Bertrand; et al. (4 June 2021).

4230: 4217: 4184: 4165: 4090: 4014: 3981: 3962: 3797: 3738: 3655: 3625:"A global analysis of subsidence, relative sea-level change and coastal flood exposure" 3582: 3512: 3457: 3422: 3403: 3340: 3234: 3221: 2809: 2716: 2675: 2658: 2562: 2519:"Arctic Climate Change Update 2021: Key Trends and Impacts / Summary for Policy Makers" 2425: 2382: 1477: 1258: 1251: 1232: 1061: 745: 195: 185: 8390: 7985:

Liu, Sisi; Kruse, Stefan; Scherler, Dirk; Ree, Richard H.; et al. (20 May 2021).

7338:

Wang, Jiamin; Guan, Yuping; Wu, Lixin; Guan, Xiaodan; et al. (19 February 2021).

6306:(in German). Bundesverfassungsgerichts (Federal Constitutional Court). 29 April 2021. 5491: 5109: 4701: 336:

of ice loss rose 57% since the 1990s–from 0.8 to 1.2 trillion tonnes per year–raising

10616: 10491: 10437: 10236: 10221: 9848: 9511: 9256: 9022: 8810: 8773: 8560: 8514: 8356: 8136: 8075: 8024: 7907: 7858: 7846: 7808: 7789: 7777: 7739: 7720: 7616: 7567: 7555: 7502: 7413: 7381: 7283: 7092: 7043: 6979: 6690:"China Just Entered a Major International Climate Agreement. Now Comes the Hard Part" 6674: 6662: 6634: 5915: 5862: 5787: 5686: 5662: 5594:"It looks like the Batmobile, works on solar energy, and could be the future of cars" 5533: 5521: 5447: 5392: 5380: 5352: 5303: 5246: 5207:"Rocky Mountain subalpine forests now burning more than any time in recent millennia" 5149: 5137: 5090: 5037: 5025: 4949: 4902: 4890: 4853: 4841: 4741: 4729: 4607: 4552: 4540: 4512: 4399: 4346: 4279: 4234: 4222: 4169: 4094: 4082: 4019: 3966: 3954: 3817: 3801: 3756:

Brás, Teresa Armada; Seixas, Júlia; Carvalhais, Nuno; Jägermeyr, Jonas (March 2021).

3742: 3730: 3702: 3659: 3586: 3516: 3462: 3407: 3395: 3387: 3344: 3238: 3226: 3176: 2681: 2662: 2614: 2566: 2552: 2518: 2430: 2412: 2366: 1981: 1775: 1701: 1683: 1668: 1663:

considering the effect of ultraviolet radiation on the growth of plants serving as a

1421: 1311: 1207: 1037: 1021: 925: 819: 600: 595: 8373: 8339: 6115:"White House website mentions climate change again, reversing Trump's info blackout" 4053:

Zeng, Xubin; Eyre, J. E. Jack Reeves; Dixon, Ross D.; Arevalo, Jorge (21 May 2021).

1515: 546:", resulting in fewer days being characterized as having "above normal" temperature. 10571: 10566: 10541: 10340: 10313: 9891: 9458: 9441: 9382: 9273: 9037: 8756: 8629: 8565: 8126: 8118: 8065: 8055: 8014: 8006: 7893: 7836: 7828: 7767: 7759: 7710: 7702: 7602: 7545: 7537: 7488: 7401: 7359: 7273: 7263: 7078: 7029: 6967: 6934: 6924: 6654: 6525:"G7 reaffirmed goals but failed to provide funds needed to reach them, experts say" 5901: 5852: 5844: 5777: 5767: 5674: 5511: 5503: 5437: 5427: 5372: 5293: 5285: 5236: 5226: 5190:. Goddard Spaceflight Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 5129: 5080: 5072: 5015: 5007: 4937: 4880: 4833: 4721: 4700:

Shugar, D. H.; Jacquemart, M.; Shean, D.; Bhushan, S.; et al. (10 June 2021).

4597: 4587: 4532: 4389: 4381: 4334: 4269: 4261: 4212: 4204: 4155: 4145: 4074: 4009: 4001: 3944: 3934: 3898:. National Centers for Environmental Information (part of NOAA). 10 February 2021. 3829: 3787: 3777: 3722: 3683:. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. 17 March 2021. 3647: 3574: 3504: 3452: 3442: 3379: 3330: 3320: 3216: 3208: 3166: 3156: 3123: 3113: 2650: 2604: 2594: 2544: 2420: 2402: 2374: 2082: 2069: 2048: 2015: 1783: 1720: 1679: 1658: 1519: 1307: 1277: 1202: 1140: 1125: 1100: 1073: 1064:

announced a competition to bestow its largest-ever prize, $ 100 million donated by

1005: 767: 702: 621: 557: 514: 468: 9978: 7370:

The definitions of seasons are provided in "§ 2.2 Definition of the Four Seasons".

6138:"General Motors to eliminate gasoline and diesel light-duty cars and SUVs by 2035" 4055:"Quantifying the Occurrence of Record Hot Years Through Normalized Warming Trends" 987: 986:, and wave runup at exposed open coasts—estimated that globally aggregated annual 10704: 10621: 10601: 10581: 10481: 10330: 9843: 9764: 9728: 9657: 9631: 9619: 9536: 9468: 9343: 9200: 8817: 8768: 8746: 4965:"The Earliest Cherry Blossom Season in 1,200 Years Is Here Due to Climate Change" 3980:

Winkler, Karina; Fuchs, Richard; Rounsevell, Mark; Herold, Martin (11 May 2021).

3818:"Anthropogenic climate change has slowed global agricultural productivity growth" 3383: 2923:

defines "tropical cyclones" to include tropical storms, hurricanes, and typhoons.

2836: 1508: 1361: 1331: 997:

set a new all-time Canadian temperature record of 49.6 °C (121.28 °F),

963: 949: 390: 200: 8150:"Three Americans create enough carbon emissions to kill one person, study finds" 7936:"Global Methane Assessment / Benefits and Costs of Mitigating Methane Emissions" 6579:. Constitutional Court of Ecuador. 10 November 2021. pp. VI. Conclusiones. 4869:"Carbon and Beyond: The Biogeochemistry of Climate in a Rapidly Changing Amazon" 3485:"Current Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation weakest in last millennium" 1072:

from air or water. Winning entries must show an ability to scale up to removing

872:

concluded that accelerated decline in terrestrial water storage (TWS) caused by

10731: 10626: 10526: 10454: 10241: 9796: 9652: 9594: 9589: 9431: 9320: 9052: 9047: 9042: 8895: 8832: 8570: 8550: 8509: 8430: 8122: 8048:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

8010: 7898: 7873: 7832: 7763: 7607: 7582: 7405: 7268: 7083: 7058: 7034: 7009: 6658: 5906: 5881: 5678: 5376: 5289: 5076: 5011: 4572:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4536: 4385: 4208: 4150: 4125: 4005: 3939: 3914: 3782: 3757: 3726: 3651: 3602:"Met Office: Atmospheric CO2 now hitting 50% higher than pre-industrial levels" 3578: 3508: 3252: 2889: 2506: 2370: 2338: 2074: 2020: 1877: 1613: 1500: 1380: 1373: 1339: 1294:

From 1 March 2019: the United Nations declared 2021 to be the beginning of the

1273: 1084: 979: 884: 664: 484:

absorbed by the ocean each year, and comparable to that of terrestrial farming.

441: 337: 328: 236: 5552:"Elon Musk Funds $ 100 Million XPrize For Pursuit Of New Carbon Removal Ideas" 3674:"Responding to Disasters and Displacement in a Changing Climate: Case Studies" 683:

power reached a record 10% of global electricity. Shown: 20 leading countries.

463:

by adverse impacts of climate change, the annual average exceeding 20 million.

10801: 10714: 10669: 10649: 10471: 10246: 9869: 9801: 9526: 9348: 9333: 9268: 9163: 6971: 6900: 6878:"One in four cities cannot afford climate crisis protection measures – study" 6713:"China pledge to stop funding coal projects 'buys time for emissions target'" 6503:"'Black Wednesday' for big oil as courtrooms and boardrooms turn on industry" 5406:

Froitzheim, Nikolaus; Majka, Jaroslaw; Zastrozhnov, Dmitry (10 August 2021).

4988:"Bark-dwelling methanotrophic bacteria decrease methane emissions from trees" 4894: 4885: 4868: 4513:"How deregulation, drought and increasing fire impact Amazonian biodiversity" 3391: 3180: 3161: 3061:"Greater Climate Ambition Urged as Initial NDC Synthesis Report Is Published" 2618: 2599: 2443:"Global Methane Assessment / Summary for Decision Makers / Executive Summary" 2416: 1346: 1266: 1215: 1166: 1107: 207: 190: 8060: 6761:"Wind and solar generated 10% of global electricity in 2021 - a world first" 5772: 5702:"Floating wind turbines could open up vast ocean tracts for renewable power" 5617:"Electricity needed to mine bitcoin is more than used by 'entire countries'" 5507: 5432: 5231: 5133: 4837: 4813: 4725: 4592: 3447: 3196: 3118: 2407: 1842:

indicated that the Earth is getting warmer mostly because of human activity.

1605:(two climate activist hedge fund candidates receiving board positions), and 1284:(chaotic systems) and identifying human "fingerprints" in climatic effects). 1014:

10 August: studying the 2020 heat wave in Siberia, a study published in the

502:

estimated that anthropogenic climate change has reduced global agricultural

10407: 10402: 10390: 10350: 10335: 10023: 9754: 9551: 9195: 9185: 8837: 8721: 8634: 8140: 8079: 8028: 7850: 7781: 7724: 7706: 7559: 7541: 7287: 6873: 6666: 5866: 5848: 5791: 5525: 5451: 5384: 5307: 5250: 5141: 5094: 5029: 4845: 4733: 4611: 4544: 4403: 4283: 4265: 4226: 4023: 3958: 3734: 3466: 3399: 3325: 3230: 2434: 2159:

applied palaeoecological evidence (14,000–3600 years ago) to conclude that

2101: 1365: 1144: 906:(a paper bark tree common in Australia) reduced methane emissions by 36±5%. 856: 350: 5975:"They found hidden patterns in the climate and in other complex phenomena" 4916:

Deng, S.; Liu, S.; Mo, X.; Jiang, L.; Bauer-Gottwein, P. (22 March 2021).

3982:"Global land use changes are four times greater than previously estimated" 2548: 10521: 10476: 10345: 10318: 9781: 9298: 9290: 8545: 8201: 7740:"Projected land ice contributions to twenty-first-century sea level rise" 7493: 7468: 7382:"Projections of tropical heat stress constrained by atmospheric dynamics" 7364: 7339: 5640:"Good vibrations: bladeless turbines could bring wind power to your home" 4941: 4918:"Polar Drift in the 1990s Explained by Terrestrial Water Storage Changes" 4338: 4315:"Satellite and Ocean Data Reveal Marked Increase in Earth's Heating Rate" 4078: 3423:"Anthropogenic climate change is worsening North American pollen seasons" 2378: 2097: 2037: 2023:

at the end of this century would be about 25% lower than previous models.

1735: 1664: 1602: 1369: 1306:

U.S. President Joe Biden at the Leaders Summit on Climate in April, held

983: 741: 680: 394: 170: 7841: 6020:"How the Georgia election results just raised Biden's climate ambitions" 5930:"Green steel: Swedish company ships first batch made without using coal" 5353:"Amazonia as a carbon source linked to deforestation and climate change" 5053:"Male fertility thermal limits predict vulnerability to climate warming" 3915:"Accelerated global glacier mass loss in the early twenty-first century" 3792: 3171: 2609: 2160: 1959:

article concluded that emissions reductions must increase by 80% beyond

10586: 9813: 9190: 7809:"The Paris Climate Agreement and future sea-level rise from Antarctica" 7772: 6819:"Commission welcomes provisional agreement on the European Climate Law" 4360:

Raghuraman, Shiv Priyam; Paynter, David; Ramaswamy, V. (28 July 2021).

4160: 3949: 3848:"Despite pandemic shutdowns, carbon dioxide and methane surged in 2020" 3128: 2982: 2064:(GMSL) rise, and 1 meter additional GMSL rise over the next millennium. 1839:

Academic studies of scientific agreement on human-caused global warming

1731: 1687: 1432: 1409: 1394: 1335: 1330:, as both U.S. Senate Democratic candidates from the state of Georgia, 1281: 910: 877: 737: 676: 452:

sea level rise than could be attributed to global sea level rise alone.

445: 5120:(6539). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 280–283. 4250:"Large historical carbon emissions from cultivated northern peatlands" 4086: 3833: 3212: 1601:(Dutch court ordering Shell to cut emissions by 45% within 10 years), 1454:

One generation must not be allowed to consume large portions of the CO

1041:

said that boreal fires, typically accounting for 10% of global fire CO

937:

shifted tree dominance from slow-growing black spruce to fast-growing

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increased by 3.1 °C, three times faster than the global average.

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of tropical cyclones to decrease or remain approximately the same.

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20 January: on the afternoon of his inauguration, U.S. President

1114: 1080: 990:

hours had increased by almost 50% over the preceding two decades.

7518:"Ocean eddies strongly affect global mean sea-level projections" 6903:; Doran, Peter T.; Anderegg, William R. L.; et al. (2016). 6856:"U.S., other countries deepen climate goals at Earth Day summit" 6398:"JPMorgan, Citi Pledge Trillions Toward Climate, Sustainability" 4182: 3703:"Protecting the global ocean for biodiversity, food and climate" 3042: 3040: 2680:. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization (WMO). August 2021. 1490:

25 March: the Supreme Court of Canada ruled constitutional, the

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5 January 2021: a Senate run-off election in the U.S. state of

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7195:- Four climate policies emerged as the most popular globally: 6548:"Climate 'law of laws' gets European Parliament's green light" 3912: 3892:"NOAA's Updated U.S. Climate Data Will Establish "New Normal"" 3482: 2525:. Tromsø, Norway: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. 2339:

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melts, could cause an 18% amplification of the 21st century's

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Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

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windfarm, a 30 megawatt facility 15 mi (24 km) off

930: 888: 397:, counteracts its moderating effect on the climate in Europe. 7802: 6635:"The Montreal Protocol protects the terrestrial carbon sink" 5107: 4811: 4699: 4628:

Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2020 / Executive Summary

3979: 3870:"'Average' Atlantic hurricane season to reflect more storms" 3274: 1193:

described how companies can use microorganisms to convert CO

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Late February: a Cambridge University study estimated that

752: 642:

observations independently show an approximate doubling of

7921: 7737: 7680: 7654:"The economics of climate change: no action not an option" 7580: 7197:

1. Conservation of forests and land (54% public support);

6782: 6632: 6432: 6043:"France's Total quits top U.S. oil lobby in climate split" 5944: 5807:"This is how CO2 can be transformed into food for animals" 5405: 5263: 4782: 4359: 3357: 3193: 3136: 3083:"Warming stripes show that climate change is here and now" 2753: 2533: 1822: 1243:

return to today's values—possibly centuries in the future.

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Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

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28 May: court and shareholder actions succeeded against

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reported that, from 1971 to 2019, the annually averaged

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reported that greenhouse gas emissions have heated the

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power reached a record 10% of global electricity, with

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Liu, Peiran R.; Raftery, Adrian E. (9 February 2021).

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4. Investing more in green businesses and jobs (50%).

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was the main driver of a rapid eastward drift of the

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plant, collecting about 4,000 tons of atmospheric CO

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energy consumption—at that time on the order of 100

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26 February: The United Nations Synthesis Report on

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in the world for as much as almost $ 1,400 per ton.

8086: 7515: 7437: 7201:3. Climate-friendly farming techniques (52%); and 6866: 6704: 6494: 6396:Levitt, Hannah; Surane, Jennifer (15 April 2021). 6386: 4568:"Global urban population exposure to extreme heat" 3289: 3267: 3102:"World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency" 3089:. World Meteorological Organization. 21 June 2021. 2931: 2929: 2832:2021 in the environment and environmental sciences 2742:. 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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2198:estimated that adding 4,434 metric tons of CO 1903:and Facebook Data for Good jointly published 1808: 1742: 1700:(COP26), postponed for a year because of the 1698:2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference 1197:into a protein powder for use in animal feed. 1083:announced trials to start in 2022 to develop 632:15 June: a study accepted for publication in 6947: 6892: 6735:"Uniting the World to Tackle Climate Change" 6408: 6395: 6211:Matthews, Christopher M. (1 February 2021). 6204: 6164:"Can Biden Deliver on His Climate Promises?" 6083: 6069:"Biden recommits US to Paris climate accord" 5566: 5540: 2944: 2869: 2625: 2496:. International Energy Agency. 18 May 2021. 1901:Yale Program on Climate Change Communication 1169:, Scotland, broke records for energy output. 360:16 February: study results published in the 216:For information on meteorology in 2021, see 8737:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 8247: 8204:at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 7050: 6687: 5989: 5699: 5517:1871.1/fb09cfab-b06b-4407-ba0e-82c032818c44 3187: 3075: 2373:; Groffman, Peter M.; Harrison, Cheryl S.; 2206: 2090:5 May: a study accepted for publication in 2087:sea-level rise (to 0.5 cm/yr) by 2100. 1150:18 March: a feasibility study published in 1028:14 August: the >3000 m peak of the 387:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 370:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 218:Meteorology in the 21st century § 2021 10001: 9987: 9961: 9949: 9406: 8422: 8408: 8250:"2021: a year of climate crisis in review" 7967:. Bloomberg New Energy Finance. May 2021. 7241: 7199:2. Solar, wind and renewable power (53%); 6378:. 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Secretary-General 250: 10665:Community resilience 10465:in the United States 10433:Biodiversity threats 10106:cannabis cultivation 10073:Planetary boundaries 10039:Environmental issues 10029:Ecological footprint 9648:Glasgow Climate Pact 9309:Carbon sequestration 8879:Mass mortality event 8239:. 22 December 2021. 7494:10.1029/2020GL091733 7365:10.1029/2020GL091753 7350:(6): e2020GL091753. 7248:Commun Earth Environ 7159:ClimateWatchData.org 6765:World Economic Forum 4942:10.1029/2020GL092114 4928:(7): e2020GL092114. 4491:on 14 December 2023. 4339:10.1029/2021GL093047 4079:10.1029/2020GL091626 2979:wet-bulb temperature 2375:Hellmann, Jessica J. 2363:Zarnetske, Phoebe L. 2212:Climate Change 2021: 2189:global land in 2070. 2130:Emissions Gap Report 1940:World Economic Forum 1728:World Economic Forum 1706:Glasgow Climate Pact 1574:29 April: Germany's 1565:Glasgow Climate Pact 1525:Trump administration 1435:published the book, 1191:World Economic Forum 661:internal variability 10727:Restoration ecology 10660:Climate engineering 10597:Ocean acidification 10587:Loss of green belts 10557:Holocene extinction 10552:Habitat destruction 10227:Environmental crime 9787:Climate sensitivity 9562:The Adaptation Fund 9018:Infectious diseases 8920:Social and economic 8115:2021NatCo..12.4467B 8054:(21): 11350–11355. 8003:2021NatCo..12.2995L 7890:2021ERL....16f4038P 7825:2021Natur.593...83D 7805:Velicogna, Isabella 7756:2021Natur.593...74E 7699:2021SciA....7.7787P 7599:2021ERL....16e4042O 7534:2021SciA....7.1674V 7485:2021GeoRL..4891733G 7398:2021NatGe..14..133Z 7356:2021GeoRL..4891753W 7260:2021ComEE...2...29L 7075:2021ERL....16j4030M 7026:2021ERL....16k4005L 6921:2016ERL....11d8002C 6694:Inside Climate News 6651:2021Natur.596..384Y 6600:on 3 December 2021. 6594:Inside Climate News 6223:on 9 February 2021. 6142:The Washington Post 6024:The Washington Post 5898:2021ERL....16f4068M 5764:2021PNAS..11823008H 5758:(13): e2023008118. 5598:The Washington Post 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Archived from 4287: 4277: 4260:(23): eabf1332. 4254:Science Advances 4245: 4239: 4238: 4220: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4163: 4153: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4098: 4050: 4044: 4037: 4028: 4027: 4017: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3952: 3942: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3813: 3807: 3805: 3795: 3785: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3678: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3629: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3480: 3471: 3470: 3460: 3450: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3338: 3328: 3296: 3287: 3286: 3279:climate.NASA.gov 3271: 3265: 3264: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3224: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3174: 3164: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3121: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3057: 3051: 3044: 3025: 3013: 3007: 2992: 2986: 2977:"TW" focuses on 2975: 2969: 2958: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2933: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2904: 2898: 2887: 2881: 2873: 2821: 2805: 2785: 2773: 2771: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2737: 2728: 2712: 2695: 2666: 2632: 2622: 2612: 2602: 2577: 2575: 2542: 2530: 2504: 2502: 2491: 2482: 2480: 2469: 2460: 2458: 2447: 2438: 2428: 2410: 2358: 2356: 2345: 2335: 2333: 2322: 2312: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2268: 2256: 2250: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2134: 2123: 2120: 2049:Science Advances 2036:22 April: Swiss 2016:Science Advances 1966: 1938:24 January, the 1888:In January, the 1870: 1851: 1835: 1774:pledged to have 1761: 1755: 1680:Kigali Amendment 1647: 1646:10 November 2021 1636: 1633: 1569: 1568:13 November 2021 1558: 1551: 1542: 1471: 1460: 1453: 1324:Democratic party 1278:Klaus Hasselmann 1203:Science Advances 1141:Vortex Bladeless 1126:carbon footprint 978:—accounting for 880:after the 1990s. 854: 846: 812: 768:Chamoli district 657:energy imbalance 622:Science Advances 338:global sea level 305:António Guterres 267: 264:António Guterres 257: 255: 28: 27: 24: 23: 10838: 10837: 10833: 10832: 10831: 10829: 10828: 10827: 10808:2021 in science 10798: 10797: 10796: 10791: 10746: 10705:Organic farming 10631: 10622:Water pollution 10602:Ozone depletion 10582:Loss and damage 10482:Desertification 10419: 10331:Overconsumption 10252:cleaning agents 10153:Energy industry 10116:meat production 10082: 10012: 10007: 9977: 9972: 9925: 9923: 9906: 9853: 9844:Orbital forcing 9738: 9703: 9684: 9658:Paris Agreement 9636: 9632:Warming stripes 9571: 9537:Managed retreat 9532:Loss and damage 9493: 9427:Business action 9411: 9389: 9366: 9289: 9283: 9240: 9201:Climate finance 9146: 9125: 9057: 8915: 8891:Extinction risk 8867:Flora and fauna 8862: 8823:Permafrost thaw 8818:Ozone depletion 8747:Extreme weather 8701: 8684: 8611: 8592: 8529: 8494: 8477: 8444: 8433: 8428: 8398: 8388: 8383: 8381: 8371: 8366: 8364: 8360:from Wikisource 8354: 8349: 8347: 8337: 8332: 8330: 8320: 8315: 8313: 8303: 8298: 8296: 8292:from Wiktionary 8286: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8272:sister projects 8269:at Knowledge's 8231: 8211: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8169: 8165: 8145: 8094: 8087: 8040: 8036: 7983: 7979: 7971: 7960: 7956: 7955: 7951: 7932: 7928: 7919: 7915: 7870: 7866: 7819:(7857): 83–89. 7801: 7797: 7750:(7857): 74–82. 7736: 7732: 7679: 7675: 7667: 7656: 7652: 7631: 7627: 7579: 7575: 7514: 7510: 7465: 7461: 7443: 7442: 7438: 7418: 7378: 7374: 7336: 7332: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7240: 7236: 7228: 7224: 7215: 7211: 7206: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7175: 7174: 7170: 7153: 7151: 7136: 7134: 7130: 7122: 7115: 7107: 7100: 7055: 7051: 7006: 6999: 6989: 6987: 6952: 6948: 6897: 6893: 6876:(12 May 2021). 6871: 6867: 6852: 6848: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6817: 6816: 6812: 6793: 6789: 6780: 6776: 6757: 6750: 6733: 6732: 6728: 6709: 6705: 6686: 6682: 6631: 6627: 6610: 6609: 6605: 6586:· Discussed by 6585: 6571: 6570: 6563: 6544: 6540: 6523: 6522: 6518: 6499: 6495: 6476: 6472: 6467:on 12 May 2021. 6453: 6449: 6440: 6433: 6413: 6409: 6394: 6387: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6342: 6338: 6319: 6315: 6298: 6281: 6274: 6255: 6251: 6232: 6228: 6209: 6205: 6186: 6182: 6160: 6153: 6134: 6130: 6119:The Independent 6111: 6107: 6088: 6084: 6065: 6058: 6039: 6035: 6016: 6012: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5949: 5945: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5878: 5874: 5829: 5822: 5803: 5799: 5744: 5740: 5721: 5717: 5698: 5694: 5659: 5655: 5636: 5632: 5613: 5609: 5590: 5586: 5571: 5567: 5548: 5541: 5488: 5481: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5404: 5400: 5349: 5345: 5332:. 7 July 2021. 5320: 5319: 5315: 5262: 5258: 5203: 5199: 5184: 5180: 5161: 5157: 5106: 5102: 5049: 5045: 4984: 4980: 4961: 4957: 4914: 4910: 4865: 4861: 4810: 4806: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4764: 4758: 4749: 4698: 4694: 4675: 4671: 4654: 4653: 4646: 4638: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4564: 4560: 4509: 4505: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4465: 4452: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4420: 4411: 4358: 4354: 4311: 4307: 4302:on 6 June 2021. 4246: 4242: 4181: 4177: 4122: 4118: 4051: 4047: 4038: 4031: 3978: 3974: 3911: 3907: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3814: 3810: 3754: 3750: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3627: 3621: 3617: 3598: 3594: 3551: 3547: 3528: 3524: 3481: 3474: 3419: 3415: 3356: 3352: 3297: 3290: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3192: 3188: 3141: 3137: 3098: 3094: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3045: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3028: 3014: 3010: 2993: 2989: 2976: 2972: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2934: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2901: 2890:Outburst floods 2888: 2884: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2828: 2808: 2790:Washington Post 2776: 2769: 2758: 2746: 2735: 2731: 2715: 2699: 2688: 2674: 2630: 2573: 2559: 2540: 2511:archive thereof 2500: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2467: 2463: 2456: 2445: 2441: 2371:Franklin, Janet 2354: 2343: 2331: 2320: 2277: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2249:impact-drivers. 2245: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2201: 2136: 2132: 2128:United Nations 2127: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2100:and cooled the 2054:crustal rebound 1999: 1964: 1923: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1871: 1863: 1862: 1852: 1844: 1843: 1836: 1825: 1811: 1764: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1696:1–12 November: 1674: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1635:guarantee them. 1631: 1630: 1627: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1549: 1548: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1509:Bank of America 1473: 1469: 1464: 1457: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1332:Raphael Warnock 1310:because of the 1291: 1264: 1240: 1196: 1096: 1057: 1052: 1044: 1020:suggested that 993:Late June: the 962:concluded that 950:Typhoon Surigae 885:cherry blossoms 862: 852: 848: 845: 841: 839: 814: 810: 809:Dana Nuccitelli 808: 805: 788: 763: 728:30 March 2022: 688:31 August: the 628: 483: 479: 472:estimated that 428: 391:Florida Current 381:25 February: a 354: 315: 269: 261: 253: 252: 249: 245: 221: 205: 162: 121: 83: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10836: 10826: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10813:Climate change 10810: 10793: 10792: 10790: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10763: 10751: 10748: 10747: 10745: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10732:Sustainability 10729: 10724: 10723: 10722: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10641: 10639: 10633: 10632: 10630: 10629: 10627:Water scarcity 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10562:Nitrogen cycle 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10527:Forest dieback 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10468: 10467: 10462: 10455:Climate change 10452: 10451: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10429: 10427: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10417: 10412: 10411: 10410: 10400: 10399: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10322: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10296: 10295: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10272:nanotechnology 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10218: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10177: 10176: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10134: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10092: 10090: 10084: 10083: 10081: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10059: 10058: 10056:on marine life 10048: 10047: 10046: 10044:list of issues 10036: 10031: 10026: 10020: 10018: 10014: 10013: 10006: 10005: 9998: 9991: 9983: 9974: 9973: 9971: 9970: 9958: 9946: 9934: 9919: 9916: 9915: 9912: 9911: 9908: 9907: 9905: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9888: 9887: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9861: 9859: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9810: 9809: 9799: 9797:Cloud feedback 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9778: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9752: 9746: 9744: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9715: 9713: 9705: 9704: 9694: 9693: 9690: 9689: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9671: 9670: 9665: 9655: 9653:Kyoto Protocol 9650: 9644: 9642: 9638: 9637: 9635: 9634: 9629: 9628: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9607: 9605:Media coverage 9602: 9597: 9595:Climate spiral 9592: 9587: 9581: 9579: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9503: 9501: 9495: 9494: 9492: 9491: 9486: 9484:Public opinion 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9450: 9449: 9439: 9434: 9432:Climate action 9429: 9423: 9421: 9413: 9412: 9399: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9387: 9386: 9385: 9374: 9372: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9364: 9359: 9353: 9352: 9351: 9346: 9344:REDD and REDD+ 9341: 9336: 9328: 9323: 9321:Carbon farming 9318: 9317: 9316: 9311: 9301: 9295: 9293: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9265: 9264: 9254: 9248: 9246: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9182: 9181: 9171: 9166: 9160: 9158: 9148: 9147: 9135: 9134: 9131: 9130: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9067: 9065: 9059: 9058: 9056: 9055: 9053:Water security 9050: 9048:Water scarcity 9045: 9043:Urban flooding 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9004: 9003: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8940: 8939: 8934: 8923: 8921: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8896:Forest dieback 8893: 8888: 8883: 8882: 8881: 8870: 8868: 8864: 8863: 8861: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8833:Sea level rise 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8808: 8806:stratification 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8778: 8777: 8776: 8771: 8761: 8760: 8759: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8713: 8711: 8703: 8702: 8690: 8689: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8682: 8681: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8602: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8590: 8585: 8584: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8571:Carbon leakage 8568: 8563: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8537: 8535: 8531: 8530: 8528: 8527: 8522: 8512: 8510:Climate system 8506: 8504: 8496: 8495: 8483: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8449: 8446: 8445: 8435: 8434: 8431:Climate change 8427: 8426: 8419: 8412: 8404: 8397: 8396: 8379: 8377:from Wikibooks 8362: 8345: 8343:from Wikiquote 8328: 8311: 8294: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8245: 8229: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8205: 8199: 8194: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8181:External links 8179: 8177: 8176: 8163: 8085: 8034: 7997:(2995): 2995. 7977: 7949: 7926: 7913: 7864: 7795: 7730: 7673: 7625: 7573: 7508: 7459: 7436: 7392:(3): 133–137. 7372: 7330: 7234: 7222: 7209: 7168: 7128: 7098: 7069:(10): 104030. 7049: 7020:(11): 114005. 6997: 6966:(4): 183–184. 6946: 6901:Oreskes, Naomi 6891: 6865: 6846: 6828: 6810: 6787: 6774: 6748: 6726: 6703: 6680: 6625: 6603: 6561: 6538: 6516: 6493: 6470: 6447: 6431: 6407: 6385: 6359: 6336: 6313: 6272: 6249: 6226: 6203: 6180: 6151: 6128: 6105: 6082: 6056: 6047:Financial Post 6033: 6010: 5988: 5979:NobelPrize.org 5966: 5943: 5921: 5872: 5820: 5797: 5738: 5715: 5692: 5673:(7): 609–617. 5653: 5630: 5607: 5584: 5565: 5539: 5479: 5457: 5398: 5343: 5313: 5256: 5197: 5178: 5155: 5100: 5063:(2214): 2214. 5043: 4998:(2127): 2127. 4978: 4955: 4908: 4859: 4804: 4781: 4747: 4692: 4669: 4644: 4617: 4558: 4503: 4472: 4441: 4409: 4352: 4305: 4288:Explained by: 4240: 4195:(6): 492–500. 4175: 4136:(7): 496–502. 4116: 4099:Explained by: 4045: 4029: 3972: 3905: 3883: 3861: 3839: 3808: 3748: 3693: 3665: 3638:(4): 338–342. 3615: 3592: 3565:(8): 680–688. 3545: 3522: 3495:(3): 118–120. 3472: 3413: 3350: 3311:(1): 233–246. 3305:The Cryosphere 3288: 3266: 3244: 3186: 3155:(9): biab079. 3135: 3092: 3074: 3052: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3008: 2987: 2970: 2953: 2943: 2937: 2925: 2913: 2899: 2882: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2822: 2806: 2786: 2774: 2751: 2729: 2713: 2697: 2686: 2672: 2641:(8): S1–S475. 2623: 2593:(9): biab079. 2578: 2557: 2531: 2514: 2483: 2461: 2439: 2359: 2336: 2313: 2295: 2294: 2286: 2285: 2211: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2190: 2172: 2168: 2151: 2144: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2088: 2078: 2075:sea level rise 2065: 2044: 2034: 2024: 2021:sea level rise 2011: 2001: 1997: 1988:16 March: the 1986: 1977: 1968: 1953:9 February: a 1951: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1908: 1897: 1872: 1865: 1864: 1853: 1846: 1845: 1837: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1794: 1787: 1768: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1724: 1709: 1694: 1691: 1682:(2016) to the 1676: 1672: 1654: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1614:47th G7 summit 1610: 1595: 1580: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1512: 1501:JPMorgan Chase 1497: 1488: 1481: 1455: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1429: 1425: 1406: 1393:Late January: 1391: 1388: 1381:General Motors 1377: 1354: 1343: 1340:Green New Deal 1300: 1299: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1274:Syukuro Manabe 1270: 1262: 1255: 1244: 1241:concentrations 1238: 1237:atmospheric CO 1219: 1198: 1194: 1187: 1170: 1157: 1148: 1133: 1122:terawatt-hours 1111: 1104: 1094: 1085:synthetic fuel 1077: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1033: 1026: 1012: 1002: 991: 980:sea level rise 970: 964:Rocky Mountain 956: 946: 931:boreal forests 921: 907: 892: 881: 864: 860: 850: 843: 837: 828: 804: 803: 800: 797: 794: 790: 786: 785: 784: 783: 771: 762: 759: 758: 757: 751:7 April 2022: 749: 726: 715: 708: 698: 669: 668: 665:climate system 647: 630: 626: 617: 608: 591: 582: 571: 562: 552: 551: 550: 549: 548: 547: 544:Climate Normal 536: 527: 526: 518: 507: 494: 485: 481: 477: 464: 453: 442:sea level rise 432: 426: 425:atmospheric CO 416: 415: 414: 413: 412: 411: 398: 374: 373: 367: 358: 352: 341: 329:The Cryosphere 314: 311: 310: 309: 301: 297: 289: 281: 247: 246: 244: 241: 212: 211: 204: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 167: 164: 163: 161: 160: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 116: 111: 106: 99: 94: 89: 84: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 44: 41: 40: 37: 36: 34: 31: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10835: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10803: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10764: 10762: 10753: 10752: 10749: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10721: 10718: 10717: 10716: 10715:Reforestation 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10670:Cultured meat 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10650:Birth control 10648: 10646: 10643: 10642: 10640: 10638: 10634: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10472:Deforestation 10470: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10457: 10456: 10453: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10435: 10434: 10431: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10422: 10416: 10413: 10409: 10406: 10405: 10404: 10401: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10378: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10301: 10300: 10297: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10249: 10248: 10247:Manufacturing 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10195:nuclear power 10193: 10191: 10190:fracking (US) 10188: 10186: 10183: 10182: 10181: 10178: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10155: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10098: 10097: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10089: 10085: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10057: 10054: 10053: 10052: 10049: 10045: 10042: 10041: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10021: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10004: 9999: 9997: 9992: 9990: 9985: 9984: 9981: 9969: 9968: 9959: 9957: 9956: 9947: 9945: 9944: 9935: 9933: 9932: 9921: 9920: 9917: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9886: 9883: 9882: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9870:Climate model 9868: 9866: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9856: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9808: 9805: 9804: 9803: 9802:Cloud forcing 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9757: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9741: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9716: 9714: 9710: 9706: 9699: 9695: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9660: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9639: 9633: 9630: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9612: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9582: 9580: 9578: 9577:Communication 9574: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9557:Vulnerability 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9527:Flood control 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9496: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9424: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9404: 9400: 9384: 9381: 9380: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9373: 9369: 9363: 9360: 9357: 9354: 9350: 9349:reforestation 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9334:afforestation 9332: 9331: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9306: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9294: 9292: 9286: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9269:Nuclear power 9267: 9263: 9260: 9259: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9243: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9164:Carbon budget 9162: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9140: 9136: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9060: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9002: 9001:Mental health 8999: 8998: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8938: 8937:United States 8935: 8933: 8930: 8929: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8918: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8880: 8877: 8876: 8875: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8865: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8791:deoxygenation 8789: 8787: 8786:acidification 8784: 8783: 8782: 8779: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8765: 8762: 8758: 8755: 8754: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8695: 8691: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8617: 8614: 8607: 8603: 8589: 8586: 8582: 8581:from wetlands 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8558: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8541:Deforestation 8539: 8538: 8536: 8532: 8526: 8523: 8520: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8488: 8484: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8447: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8425: 8420: 8418: 8413: 8411: 8406: 8405: 8402: 8393: 8392: 8380: 8376: 8375: 8363: 8359: 8358: 8346: 8342: 8341: 8329: 8326:from Wikinews 8325: 8324: 8312: 8308: 8307: 8295: 8291: 8290: 8278: 8277: 8274: 8268: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8213: 8212: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8189: 8186:Organizations 8173: 8167: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8142: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8092: 8090: 8081: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8038: 8030: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7981: 7970: 7966: 7959: 7953: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7930: 7923: 7917: 7909: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7868: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7799: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7734: 7726: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7677: 7666: 7662: 7655: 7650: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7629: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7577: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7512: 7504: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7479:(8): e91733. 7478: 7474: 7470: 7463: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7440: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7376: 7366: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7334: 7289: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7226: 7220:, Fig. SPM.6) 7219: 7213: 7204: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7172: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7132: 7121: 7114: 7113: 7105: 7103: 7094: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7053: 7045: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7004: 7002: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6950: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6915:(4): 048002. 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6895: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6874:Harvey, Fiona 6869: 6861: 6857: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6832: 6824: 6820: 6814: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6791: 6784: 6778: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6755: 6753: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6730: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6707: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6684: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6629: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6607: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6568: 6566: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6542: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6520: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6497: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6474: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6438: 6436: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6392: 6390: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6371: 6363: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6340: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6279: 6277: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6207: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6158: 6156: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6132: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6086: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6063: 6061: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6037: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6014: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5947: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5892:(6): 064068. 5891: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5868: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5827: 5825: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5719: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5696: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5611: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5580: 5576: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5546: 5544: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5486: 5484: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5453: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5402: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5309: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5260: 5252: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5193: 5189: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5047: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4649: 4637: 4630: 4629: 4621: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4498: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4451: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4042: 4036: 4034: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3896:NCEI.NOAA.gov 3893: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3477: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3293: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3049: 3043: 3041: 3036: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2947: 2932: 2930: 2922: 2921:Science Brief 2917: 2909: 2903: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2878: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2764: 2757: 2752: 2745: 2741: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2670: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2558:9781009106559 2554: 2550: 2546: 2539: 2538: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2484: 2477: 2473: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2337: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2276: 2272: 2265: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2251: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2149: 2148:Bloomberg NEF 2145: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2124: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2007: 2002: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1962: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1915: 1914: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1899:In June, the 1898: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1860: 1856: 1850: 1840: 1834: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1637: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1559: 1555: 1546: 1534: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1476:17 February: 1475: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1461: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1405:" technology. 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1267:carbon offset 1260: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1217: 1216:optical fiber 1213: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1192: 1189:9 April: the 1188: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1168: 1167:Aberdeenshire 1164: 1163: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1146: 1145:wind turbines 1142: 1138: 1134: 1132:institutions. 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1108:Aptera Motors 1105: 1102: 1098: 1090: 1089:well to wheel 1086: 1082: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1070:remove carbon 1067: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1003: 1000: 996: 992: 989: 985: 981: 977: 976: 971: 968: 965: 961: 957: 954: 951: 947: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 927: 922: 918: 917: 913:published in 912: 908: 905: 904: 899: 898: 893: 890: 886: 882: 879: 875: 871: 870: 865: 858: 835: 834: 829: 826: 822: 821: 816: 815: 813: 801: 798: 795: 792: 791: 781: 776: 775:Science Brief 772: 769: 765: 764: 754: 750: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 724: 720: 717:October: The 716: 713: 709: 705: 704: 699: 695: 692:published an 691: 687: 686: 682: 678: 673: 666: 662: 658: 654: 653: 648: 645: 641: 637: 636: 631: 624: 623: 618: 615: 614: 609: 606: 602: 598: 597: 592: 589: 588: 583: 580: 576: 572: 569: 568: 563: 560: 559: 554: 553: 545: 541: 537: 533: 532: 531: 530: 529: 528: 525: 523: 519: 516: 512: 508: 505: 501: 500: 495: 492: 491: 486: 475: 471: 470: 465: 462: 458: 454: 451: 447: 443: 439: 438: 433: 430: 422: 418: 417: 409: 405: 404: 399: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 379: 378: 377: 376: 375: 371: 368: 365: 364: 359: 356: 348: 347: 342: 339: 335: 331: 330: 325: 324: 319: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 283:21 June: the 282: 278: 276: 271: 270: 268: 265: 258: 240: 238: 234: 230: 226: 219: 210: 209: 202: 199: 197: 194: 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