185:
39:
196:
170:
4395:
540:
533:
222:
408:
905:
in "a state of continuous session" throughout the period of the extraordinary measures, and does not permit its suspension. Additionally, the constitution mandates that such measures be taken after consultation with the Prime
Minister and Speaker of Parliament, which Saied claims to have done by phone. However, Ghannouchi denied that he was consulted.
1016:
letter from Abir Moussi, she suffers from degrading treatment and from severe pain in many parts of her body due to her being physically assaulted by policemen during her arrest. Moussi accused the prison's authorities of refusing to treat her, limiting their reaction to just giving her some sedatives..
1028:
On 1 June 2022, Saied dismissed 57 judges and prosecutors for alleged corruption and "hindering the pursuit of those suspected in terrorism cases". Despite a court order in August that ruled in favour of reinstating 49 of those dismissed, the Saied-appointed justice minister announced the preparation
918:
Outside the parliament building, clashes broke out between pro- and anti-Saied protestors. The day after the coup, Saied imposed a month-long curfew prohibiting the movement of people and cars between cities as well as public gatherings of more than three people. In spite of an official ban, sporadic
1015:
while trying to get legal documents from the registry office of the presidency of the republic, two days later a judge ordered her imprisonment; she has since been in the women's prison in
Mannouba. Two weeks later, thousands took to the streets of Tunis to denounce her arrest. According to a public
904:
Saied justified his decision to adopt the measures by invoking
Article 80 of the Tunisian constitution, which allows the president to take extraordinary measures if the nation's institutions, security or independence are threatened. However, the constitution states that the parliament should remain
719:
The next day after the coup, Mechichi released a statement on social media in which he announced that he would hand over authority to the next prime minister the
President chooses, saying that he won't "play an obstructive role in complicating the situation in Tunisia" and that he will "continue to
859:
were also supportive, with influential voices in the three countries celebrating the coup as a "blow to political Islam". Officially, there was no reaction from Egypt and the UAE while Saudi Arabia declared support for "everything that would help achieve" security, stability and prosperity for
727:
Ghannouchi, on the other hand, immediately rejected Saied's decisions and said that he would call a parliamentary session in defiance of the
President, whose move he called a "full-fledged coup". However, the military blocked Ghannouchi from entering the parliament building, so he led a sit-in
620:
Saied and
Mechichi also differed on their interpretations of the constitutional authorities of the president and prime minister, primarily the amount of influence the president is given on the government's operation. Saied was also in a stalemate with the country's legislative body, the
999:
has been summoned by courts several times including in July 2022 and
November 2022 for money laundering, and in February 2023 for "inciting Tunisians to kill each other". Ghannouchi has denied the allegations, insisting that they are meant to divert attention from "the real problems".
661:
spread across the country against economic mismanagement and the response to COVID-19 and calling for the resignation of the government and the dissolution of the parliament. In some instances, these protests turned violent, and on 25 July, protestors attacked
Ennahda's offices in
2056:
960:, and the judiciary. The draft was criticised as undemocratic. A referendum to approve the draft, held on 25 July 2022, the first anniversary of the coup, saw 94.6% of valid ballots approving the draft, but turnout was only 30.5% after most of the opposition called for a boycott.
1024:
Since the coup, several judges have been banned from travelling or placed under house arrest without approval from the
Supreme Judicial Council. The council, which was tasked with ensuring judicial independence and disciplining judges, was dissolved by Saied on 6 February 2022.
724:(MEE) reported that Mechichi was physically assaulted and forced to resign. This was denied by Mechichi, but the MEE "stood by its report". Mechichi's first public appearance came eleven days after the coup at the Tunisian anti-corruption agency to declare his properties.
968:
Since 25 July 2021, a number of parliamentarians and activists have been prosecuted for denouncing the president's actions. On 30 July 2021, Yassin Ayari, a member of parliament and a critic of Saied, was arrested at his house by security forces. On 17 September 2021,
934:
and suspend constitutional provisions that go against the extraordinary measures. He also announced his intention to appoint a committee to draft amendments to the constitution, and said that members of parliament will no longer receive their salaries.
2427:
715:
Many
Tunisians initially supported the move, with tens of thousands taking to the streets to celebrate the coup soon after its announcement. However, economic downturn since reduced the popularity of Saied and the new constitution.
702:, Saied warned "any who think of resorting to weapons". Hours later, military forces were deployed to barricade the parliament's headquarters, preventing Ghannouchi and other parliamentarians from entering the building.
3392:
1730:
686:
On the night of 25 July 2021, Saied announced in a televised address the adoption of "extraordinary measures", namely the dismissal of the government, the suspension of parliament and the lifting of its members'
632:
Saied demanded that Mechichi resign in order for dialogue to take place, but the latter refused to step down, stating that he was "responsible for salvaging a country gripped by political and economic woes".
3185:
1063:
have documented several restrictions imposed on journalists since the coup. The violations documented included illegal censorship, repression, arbitrary detention, and security and judicial prosecution.
2435:
363:
The day after the self-coup, Saied imposed a month-long curfew from 7 p.m. to 6 a.m. After the 30-day period expired, Saied extended the period of his measures "until further notice". In October,
949:
On 20 March 2022, Saied dissolved the Parliament, which had been frozen for eight months, after members arranged an online session in which they voted against Saied's extraordinary measures.
2108:
805:, initially supported the coup, but the relationship between Saied and the UGTT soured, with the UGTT repeatedly voicing concerns about Saied's commitment to preserving rights and freedoms.
2197:
3521:
1471:
882:. Tunisia had requested a three-year $ 4 billion loan "to help stabilise its balance of payments position after its current account deficit widened to 7.1 percent of GDP last year."
864:
issued a statement urging Tunisia to "restore stability and calm and the state’s ability to work effectively to respond to the aspirations and requirements of the people".
1769:
1746:
1150:
1410:
888:
asked the government to "publicly commit to respecting and protecting human rights, including the rights to freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly".
1704:
3290:
3423:"Great for Constitution Writing but an Obstacle to Democratic Consolidation: The Ephemeral Value of the Hare Quota Formula in Tunisia's Parliamentary Elections"
1645:
3159:
3238:
2847:
2332:
2083:
1978:
1493:
4460:
2651:
4470:
2710:
930:
On 24 August 2021, Saied announced the extension of the extraordinary measures "until further notice". On 22 September 2021, he announced that he would
4347:
3990:
2519:
2684:
2571:
2600:
3078:
1926:
4302:
3965:
3945:
3804:
2187:
3134:
2626:
1609:
1359:
2821:
1821:
622:
337:
227:
110:
4290:
2874:
1675:
4455:
2545:
2006:
1463:
2976:
2762:
2358:
3264:
2899:
980:, deputy head of Ennahda, was arrested over accusations of terrorism. On 2 January 2022, he was transferred to a hospital after going on
479:
388:
4285:
3606:
3556:
Tamburini, Francesco (2022). "'How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Autocracy': Kais Saied's "Constitutional Self-Coup" in Tunisia".
1309:
1255:
3925:
3641:
3636:
2461:
655:. On 8 July 2021, the Health Ministry said that the country's health system has "collapsed under the weight of the COVID-19 pandemic".
1580:
3108:
2031:
1523:
1078:
956:, which introduced sweeping changes and increased the power of the presidency at the expense of the legislature, which he split into
813:
Several countries and supranational bodies reacted with concern to the coup and encouraged a swift return to normal order, including
1846:
1795:
2134:
3789:
3684:
3366:
3315:
617:
rejected the reshuffle, claiming that the proposed ministers of health, energy, employment and sports have conflicts of interest.
3393:"'Reporting under the Weight of Fear': Euro-Med Monitor, Journalists for Human Rights report violations against press in Tunisia"
2494:
1281:
1056:
868:
651:
The standoff between the president and prime minister paralysed the government, contributing to the state's poor response to the
489:
469:
384:
134:
2788:
2402:
1299:
3905:
4317:
4191:
3734:
3697:
3692:
2925:
1304:
1302:
3719:
4450:
4270:
3341:
3027:
1334:
566:
144:
4116:
3960:
3985:
2736:
1551:
494:
459:
2249:
2223:
4475:
3744:
771:
234:
4045:
4010:
3739:
3186:"Tunisie : l'opposante Abir Moussi rassemble à Tunis plusieurs milliers de personnes dénonçant son incarcération"
953:
380:
130:
2274:
2162:
1636:
4196:
3890:
874:
called on both sides to "exercise restraint, refrain from violence and ensure that the situation remains calm". The
4109:
3849:
3211:
1952:
1872:
3869:
3844:
3824:
4399:
4342:
4307:
4297:
4091:
3859:
3631:
4327:
4322:
4275:
4211:
4141:
4076:
4060:
4005:
3864:
3829:
3764:
3724:
3599:
1731:"Tunisia's fledgling democracy, sole survivor of the Arab Spring, in crisis as president takes emergency powers"
845:
backing "Tunisia’s efforts to maintain the North African country’s stability from the influence of extremists".
4337:
4332:
4186:
4176:
4055:
3940:
209:
4257:
4242:
4050:
3980:
3874:
3779:
3774:
3679:
3664:
1125:
4096:
3950:
3839:
3794:
798:
474:
4252:
4232:
4104:
4030:
3900:
3799:
3659:
973:, another parliamentarian, was arrested. He was later sentenced by a military court to 14 months in prison.
922:
In January 2022, a protester died of wounds he sustained during a crackdown on protests by security forces.
892:
said that the Saied's move implicitly revoked the constitutional order and that it was a first step towards
4440:
4081:
3930:
3895:
3814:
1060:
879:
691:. Saied said that he would assume executive authority with a new prime minister, and also declared himself
652:
642:
357:
86:
4000:
4171:
3915:
3754:
875:
802:
698:
In the announcement, which came after meeting between Saied and his top advisors and security leaders at
4156:
4020:
3669:
2275:"Influential voices in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and UAE celebrate Tunisia turmoil as blow to political Islam"
4445:
4352:
4247:
4216:
4206:
4121:
4086:
4025:
3975:
3784:
3769:
3729:
3712:
767:
249:
3592:
4312:
4181:
4161:
4151:
4136:
4126:
4015:
3970:
3935:
3920:
3910:
3854:
3809:
1385:
787:
120:
3584:
1228:
1203:
4425:
4420:
4166:
4146:
3834:
3749:
3674:
2307:
1897:
1048:
625:, on their respective constitutional powers. Normally, such disagreements would be resolved by the
559:
2384:
4237:
4131:
3819:
3707:
1042:
942:
to the premiership. Although this made her the first female prime minister in Tunisia and in the
484:
391:
in December 2022 and January 2023 which were also boycotted by a large sector of the population.
199:
3052:
4435:
4430:
4035:
3759:
1073:
751:, also rejected the coup, calling it "the beginning of slipping into an even worse situation".
688:
658:
646:
349:
341:
76:
1099:
4201:
1310:"Tunisia: An overlapping political and constitutional crisis | Al Jazeera Centre for Studies"
1008:
885:
204:
189:
2763:"Tunisia's Kais Saied reveals draft of new constitution with sweeping changes to government"
4040:
3995:
3454:
Moncef Khaddar, M. (2023). "Tunisian democratisation: dashed hopes between 2010 and 2022".
856:
626:
539:
452:
326:
175:
38:
8:
4465:
970:
748:
552:
2822:"Tunisia: Saied backpedals in the face of criticism, corrects his proposed constitution"
1705:"Tunisian Democracy Seen as Vulnerable After President Fires PM and Suspends Parliament"
871:
195:
3573:
3544:
3508:
3471:
3442:
1030:
989:
889:
770:
adopted a position against the coup. In May 2022, another coalition was announced, the
759:
1873:"Tunisia coup: Deposed PM denies being beaten before he resigned, reports local media"
1770:"Supporters of Tunisian president celebrate government ousting with cheers, fireworks"
3577:
3548:
3512:
3500:
3475:
3446:
2796:
2659:
2469:
2282:
1738:
1411:"Leading Ennahda figure attacks Al Arabiya, Al Hadath over Tunisia protests coverage"
996:
992:. He was released in March 2022. However, he was arrested again on 13 February 2023.
779:
736:
663:
610:
603:
444:
295:
244:
4383:
4374:
3615:
2495:"Night curfew imposed, work at government offices suspended for two days in Tunisia"
1637:"Tunisia's president fires prime minister, dismisses government, freezes parliament"
3565:
3536:
3492:
3463:
3434:
977:
893:
783:
740:
692:
585:
333:
140:
80:
3540:
3467:
3438:
3239:"Tunisia: Banning judges from traveling raises fears of undermining the judiciary"
3053:"Tunisian police arrest Noureddine Bhiri, a prominent opponent of president Saied"
439:
2359:"Joint Statement: Tunisia: Unprecedented Confiscation of Power by the Presidency"
1176:
1012:
744:
721:
699:
591:
502:
356:-backed government and the collapse of the Tunisian healthcare system amidst the
306:
106:
2685:"Tunisia's president appoints Najla Bouden Romdhane as country's first woman PM"
2520:"Tunisian opposition defies protest ban, hundreds demonstrate against president"
2109:"Tunisia election: Powerful UGTT union is distancing itself from the government"
1151:"Tunisia's parliament approves technocratic government of PM-designate Mechichi"
3955:
985:
931:
830:
368:
124:
3569:
4414:
3504:
2800:
2663:
2473:
2286:
2057:"تعرف على جبهة الخلاص الوطني.. هيئات تعمل لـ"إنقاذ" تونس من إجراءات قيس سعيد"
1742:
981:
842:
834:
509:
2652:"Tunisia's president to ignore parts of the constitution and rule by decree"
1927:"Ennahda's Ghannouchi vows to fight 'coup' threatening Tunisia constitution"
2572:"Tunisia's president extends suspension of parliament until further notice"
957:
939:
852:
523:
364:
283:
116:
3496:
2333:"Arab League urges Tunisia to quickly get through current turbulent phase"
1931:
Ennahda's Ghannouchi vows to fight 'coup' threatening Tunisia constitution
1847:"Tunisia's prime minister 'beaten up' in palace before agreeing to resign"
2192:
2084:"Tunisian President Kais Saied vows 'zero tolerance' of referendum fraud"
1494:"Tunisian president sacks PM, suspends parliament after violent protests"
1004:
861:
763:
595:
30:
2428:"Tunisia: president removes government, says it's not a coup - Politics"
1282:"EXCLUSIVE: Tunisian prime minister was assaulted in palace before coup"
3291:"Tunisian President Kais Saied sacks 57 judges over alleged corruption"
1029:
of criminal cases against the dismissed judges, drawing criticism from
943:
614:
532:
422:
376:
329:
272:
102:
2007:"Political parties decry Tunisia 'coup' as crowds celebrate on street"
4387:
4366:
3619:
3614:
3160:"Tunisian judge orders imprisonment of opposition leader Abir Moussi"
2789:"Tunisia's President Drafts Constitution Giving Himself Broad Powers"
755:
345:
3135:"Tunisian Islamist opposition leader in court on incitement charges"
2011:
Political parties decry Tunisia ‘coup’ as crowds celebrate on street
1822:"Tunisian PM to step down as major parliamentary blocs dismiss coup"
1464:"Protests across Tunisia target Ennahda party over political crisis"
3483:
Nassif, Hicham Bou (2022). "Why the Military Abandoned Democracy".
2977:"Detained Tunisian politician hospitalised 'in critical condition'"
2711:"The Controversy Over the Arab World's First Female Prime Minister"
2462:"Tunisia's president imposes month-long curfew and bans gatherings"
1462:
Amara, Tarek; McDowall, Angus (25 July 2021). Blair, Edmund (ed.).
1229:"Tunisian president rejects reshuffle, escalating political crisis"
791:
1979:"Tunisia's Largest Party Protests Outside Army-blocked Parliament"
1898:"Dismissed Tunisian PM Mechichi appears for first time in 11 days"
878:
offered to continue assisting the country with the fallout of the
794:
and five civil society groups along with independent politicians.
407:
348:, the move came after a period of political instability marked by
3316:"Tunisia: President Intensifies Attacks on Judicial Independence"
3028:"Tunisia: Ennahda says senior official Noureddine Bhiri released"
1676:"Tunisian president ousts government in move critics call a coup"
1610:"Tunisian premier to step down following president's appointment"
938:
On 29 September 2021, two months after the coup, Saied appointed
822:
775:
732:
599:
372:
353:
239:
63:
3109:"Tunisia: Opposition chief back in court for 'money laundering'"
3002:"Hunger-striking Tunisia politician agrees to treatment: medics"
2875:"Tunisia: One-man rule setback for human rights and rule of law"
2737:"Tunisia's president dissolves parliament, extending power grab"
2032:"Tunisian parties announce coalition to counter President Saied"
1437:"Protests across Tunisia as COVID-19 surges and economy suffers"
1386:"'The boat is sinking': Tunisia warns of COVID-19 'catastrophe'"
594:
was formed. The government exclusively consisted of independent
3079:"Tunisian opposition leader faces money laundering allegations"
2900:"Tunisian MP critical of president arrested by security forces"
2250:"Greece backs Tunisia's fight for stability | eKathimerini.com"
1204:"Tunisia's parliament approves Cabinet reshuffle amid protests"
963:
838:
818:
675:
671:
1603:
1601:
1052:
848:
826:
814:
2848:"Tunisia approves new constitution in vote with low turnout"
2188:"El Gobierno llama a "la calma y a la estabilidad" en Túnez"
2135:"Tunisia trade union 'no longer accepts' president's agenda"
3367:"Tunisian security forces storm Al Jazeera office in Tunis"
1598:
1581:"Tunisia's president accused of 'coup' after dismissing PM"
1126:"Tunisia premier designate names a technocratic government"
667:
387:
boycotted by over two-thirds of voters, paving the way for
3001:
2950:
1436:
1256:"Tunisian party decries president's move to dismiss gov't"
1100:"Tunisian prime minister wins confidence vote amid crisis"
3371:
Tunisian security forces storm Al Jazeera office in Tunis
1552:"Tunisia: President's Seizure of Powers Threatens Rights"
743:, the three main parties in parliament. Former president
43:
Above: an anti-coup demonstration, Tunis, 10 October 2021
3422:
2546:"Tunisian dies after protesting President Saied's moves"
1360:"Tunisia: From president's power grab to new parliament"
946:, she has been criticised as no more than a figurehead.
636:
149:
Judicial proceedings initiated against Saied's opponents
3265:"Tunisian president dissolves Supreme Judicial Council"
2926:"Islamist deputy Seifeddine Makhlouf arrested in Tunis"
2224:"Tunisia: Sacked PM says will hand over responsibility"
1796:"Tunisians back new constitution, but with low turnout"
1524:"Tunisian President Sacks Premier, Suspends Parliament"
629:, but the court's members have not been appointed yet.
45:
Below: a pro−Saied demonstration, Tunis, 3 October 2021
2601:"Tunisia's president Kais Saied suspends constitution"
1047:
On 26 July 2021, Tunisian police raided the bureau of
579:
602:
party, the biggest parliamentary bloc led by Speaker
371:, making her the first female prime minister both in
2625:Amara, Tarek; Mcdowall, Angus (23 September 2021).
1335:"Tunisian Premier brushes aside calls to step down"
1019:
383:expanding the president's powers was adopted after
3522:"Dismantling new democracies: the case of Tunisia"
1635:
1177:"Tunisia's PM sacked after violent Covid protests"
925:
919:protests against Saied continued into March 2023.
754:In September 2021, a four-party coalition between
16:Political crisis between the president and Ennahda
3342:"Tunisia police storm Al Jazeera bureau in Tunis"
2627:"Tunisian president moves to cement one-man rule"
1728:
1202:Amara, Tarek; McDowall, Angus (27 January 2021).
598:and was supported, although "grudgingly", by the
4412:
3212:"Détérioration de l'état de santé d'Abir Moussi"
2385:"Tunisian constitution of 2014 (see Article 80)"
1729:Ellali, Ahmed; O'Grady, Siobhán (27 July 2021).
747:, who oversaw the transition to democracy after
613:which was approved by parliament, but president
3453:
2308:"How the world reacted to the coup in Tunisia"
1794:Amara, Tarek; Mcdowall, Angus (26 July 2022).
1674:Amara, Tarek; Mcdowall, Angus (26 July 2021).
1280:Hearst, David; Edroos, Faisal (28 July 2021).
3600:
3421:Martin, Alexander P.; Carey, John M. (2022).
2924:Nova, Redazione Agenzia (17 September 2021).
2624:
2222:Ibrahim, Farah; Najjar, Arwa (26 July 2021).
2221:
2163:"World reacts to Tunisia's political turmoil"
1793:
1673:
1461:
1201:
623:Assembly of the Representatives of the People
560:
338:Assembly of the Representatives of the People
111:Assembly of the Representatives of the People
85:Collapse of the healthcare system due to the
1953:"Tunisia parliament strongly rejects 'coup'"
1279:
1055:without warrants or prior notification. The
1036:
964:Legal proceedings against opposition figures
952:On 30 June 2022, Saied unveiled a draft for
720:serve his country under all circumstances".
4461:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics
3420:
3607:
3593:
3237:Monitor, Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights.
3132:
3106:
2873:Monitor, Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights.
2569:
908:
567:
553:
3555:
1253:
1098:Bouazza, Bouazza Ben (2 September 2020).
1079:Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
2081:
1521:
4348:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024)
3991:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004)
3288:
3243:Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor
2951:"Tunisia detains anti-Saied politician"
2879:Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor
2599:Brown, Erin Clare (22 September 2021).
1097:
1057:Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor
869:Secretary-General of the United Nations
4413:
3482:
2594:
2592:
2455:
2453:
2400:
2217:
2215:
2157:
2155:
2001:
1999:
1950:
1921:
1919:
1819:
1698:
1696:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1648:from the original on 27 September 2021
1633:
1546:
1544:
731:The coup was immediately denounced by
280:Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces)
3588:
3519:
3262:
3102:
3100:
2760:
2598:
2459:
1767:
1702:
1607:
1575:
1573:
1517:
1515:
1123:
637:COVID-19 and protests against Ennahda
609:In January 2021, Mechichi proposed a
590:In September 2020, the government of
311:(Dismissed Prime Minister of Tunisia)
4471:2020s coups d'état and coup attempts
3558:Journal of Asian and African Studies
3456:The Journal of North African Studies
2923:
2403:"Kais Saied's power grab in Tunisia"
4456:Riots and civil disorder in Tunisia
3390:
3236:
2872:
2786:
2589:
2450:
2212:
2152:
1996:
1916:
1693:
1660:
1541:
1474:from the original on 10 August 2021
580:Saied-Mechichi: Parliament deadlock
13:
3414:
3097:
2761:Brown, Erin Clare (30 June 2022).
1976:
1570:
1512:
14:
4487:
2247:
2200:from the original on 27 July 2021
1522:Yeranian, Edward (26 July 2021).
1011:was arrested on the gates of the
325:took place on 25 July 2021, when
137:with expanded presidential powers
4394:
4393:
3622:, and attempted coups since 1991
3391:Monitor, Euro-Med Human Rights.
3263:Amara, Tarek (6 February 2022).
1951:Agency, Anadolu (26 July 2021).
1820:Agency, Anadolu (27 July 2021).
1703:Yusuf, Mohammed (27 July 2021).
1254:Al-Thabti, Adel (26 July 2021).
1020:Erosion of judicial independence
808:
538:
531:
406:
358:COVID-19 pandemic in the country
220:
194:
183:
168:
113:and the Supreme Judicial Council
37:
4238:Central African Republic (2021)
4132:Central African Republic (2013)
3946:Central African Republic (2003)
3926:Central African Republic (2001)
3632:List of coups and coup attempts
3384:
3359:
3334:
3308:
3282:
3256:
3230:
3204:
3178:
3152:
3133:AfricaNews (21 February 2023).
3126:
3107:AfricaNews (10 November 2022).
3071:
3045:
3020:
2994:
2969:
2943:
2917:
2892:
2866:
2840:
2814:
2780:
2754:
2729:
2703:
2677:
2644:
2618:
2563:
2538:
2512:
2487:
2420:
2401:Grewal, Sharan (26 July 2021).
2394:
2377:
2351:
2325:
2300:
2267:
2241:
2180:
2127:
2101:
2075:
2049:
2024:
1970:
1944:
1890:
1865:
1839:
1813:
1787:
1761:
1722:
1634:Parker, Claire (26 July 2021).
1627:
1486:
1455:
1429:
1403:
1378:
1352:
1327:
1124:Amara, Tarek (24 August 2020).
926:Changes to the political system
681:
344:of its members. Described as a
2658:. Reuters. 22 September 2021.
2434:. 26 July 2021. Archived from
2082:National, The (12 July 2022).
1273:
1247:
1221:
1195:
1169:
1143:
1117:
1091:
480:2022–23 parliamentary election
470:2022 constitutional referendum
1:
3541:10.1080/13510347.2022.2093346
3468:10.1080/13629387.2023.2203465
3439:10.1080/00344893.2022.2133002
3397:Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor
3218:(in French). 20 November 2023
2570:AfricaNews (24 August 2021).
1768:Amara, Tarek (26 July 2021).
1084:
988:condemned the arrest, as did
841:supported Saied's move, with
799:Tunisian General Labour Union
394:
334:government of Hichem Mechichi
4303:São Tomé and Príncipe (2022)
3966:São Tomé and Príncipe (2003)
3805:São Tomé and Príncipe (1995)
3289:Mostafa, Amr (2 June 2022).
3192:(in French). 15 October 2023
1608:Canli, Enes (27 July 2021).
1061:Journalists for Human Rights
705:
643:COVID-19 pandemic in Tunisia
105:dismisses the government of
7:
4451:July 2021 events in Tunisia
2787:Yee, Vivian (1 July 2022).
1977:Presse, AFP-Agence France.
1067:
1007:, leader of the opposition
913:
899:
876:International Monetary Fund
803:national trade union center
710:
301:(Speaker of the Parliament,
288:(Prime Minister of Tunisia)
10:
4492:
1040:
640:
583:
495:2024 presidential election
460:2019 presidential election
4476:Military coups in Tunisia
4361:
4225:
4069:
3883:
3652:
3627:
3570:10.1177/00219096221079322
3520:Ridge, Hannah M. (2022).
1037:Restrictions on the media
490:2024 State visit to China
267:
262:
160:
155:
94:
70:
58:
50:
36:
28:
23:
3986:Equatorial Guinea (2004)
3216:L'Economiste Maghribebin
772:National Salvation Front
728:protest in front of it.
440:Early life and education
415:This article is part of
235:National Salvation Front
1043:Decree Law 54 (Tunisia)
909:Subsequent developments
389:parliamentary elections
323:2021 Tunisian self-coup
200:Tunisian National Guard
24:2021 Tunisian self-coup
4400:Plots and conspiracies
3906:Solomon Islands (2000)
2460:Staff (27 July 2021).
1366:. Agence France-Presse
1074:2021 Tunisian protests
689:parliamentary immunity
647:2021 Tunisian protests
367:was appointed to head
278:(President of Tunisia,
145:parliamentary election
3770:Bophuthatswana (1994)
3497:10.1353/jod.2022.0002
1339:The North Africa Post
1314:studies.aljazeera.net
1009:Free Destourian Party
976:On 31 December 2021,
886:Amnesty International
228:Parliament of Tunisia
205:25th of July Movement
190:Tunisian Armed Forces
4343:Guinea-Bissau (2023)
4298:Guinea-Bissau (2022)
4282:Burkina Faso (2022)
4117:Guinea-Bissau (2012)
4092:Guinea-Bissau (2011)
3961:Guinea-Bissau (2003)
3936:Côte d'Ivoire (2002)
3911:Côte d'Ivoire (2001)
3875:Côte d'Ivoire (1999)
3860:Guinea-Bissau (1998)
3485:Journal of Democracy
2254:www.ekathimerini.com
1749:on 25 September 2021
857:United Arab Emirates
843:its foreign minister
627:constitutional court
453:President of Tunisia
350:a series of protests
176:President of Tunisia
4441:Protests in Tunisia
4338:Sierra Leone (2023)
4333:Burkina Faso (2023)
4187:Burkina Faso (2016)
4177:Burkina Faso (2015)
3941:Burkina Faso (2003)
3720:Sierra Leone (1992)
3685:Georgia (1991–1992)
3675:Soviet Union (1991)
2691:. 29 September 2021
2365:. 27 September 2021
1735:The Washington Post
1642:The Washington Post
1003:On 3 October 2023,
971:Seifeddine Makhlouf
303:Leader of Ennahdha)
4036:Philippines (2007)
3956:Philippines (2003)
3322:. 27 February 2023
3320:Human Rights Watch
3059:. 13 February 2023
2793:The New York Times
2689:Al Arabiya English
2363:Human Rights Watch
2115:. 17 December 2022
1556:Human Rights Watch
1415:Al Arabiya English
1157:. 1 September 2020
1155:Al Arabiya English
1031:Human Rights Watch
990:Human Rights Watch
954:a new constitution
890:Human Rights Watch
801:(UGTT), Tunisia's
760:Democratic Current
381:a new constitution
327:Tunisian President
131:A new constitution
109:and dissolves the
4446:Government crises
4408:
4407:
4097:Bangladesh (2011)
4082:Madagascar (2010)
4056:Madagascar (2009)
4046:Mauritania (2008)
4026:Madagascar (2006)
4011:Mauritania (2005)
3951:Mauritania (2003)
3840:Bangladesh (1996)
3795:Azerbaijan (1995)
3740:Azerbaijan (1993)
3689:Venezuela (1992)
3346:www.aljazeera.com
3164:The National News
2981:www.aljazeera.com
2957:. 22 January 2023
2904:www.aljazeera.com
2741:www.aljazeera.com
2717:. 14 October 2021
2248:Nedos, Vassilis.
2228:www.aljazeera.com
2167:www.aljazeera.com
2139:www.aljazeera.com
2061:www.aljazeera.net
2036:www.aljazeera.com
1235:. 26 January 2021
997:Rached Ghannouchi
880:COVID-19 pandemic
780:Dignity Coalition
737:Dignity Coalition
653:COVID-19 pandemic
611:cabinet reshuffle
604:Rached Ghannouchi
577:
576:
475:2022 Constitution
432:
431:
319:
318:
296:Rached Ghannouchi
258:
257:
245:Dignity Coalition
210:People's Movement
87:COVID-19 pandemic
4483:
4397:
4396:
3931:Venezuela (2002)
3760:Lithuania (1993)
3735:Guatemala (1993)
3609:
3602:
3595:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3552:
3535:(8): 1539–1556.
3526:
3516:
3479:
3462:(6): 1324–1344.
3450:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3166:. 5 October 2023
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3008:. 5 January 2022
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2499:www.gulftoday.ae
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2196:. 27 July 2021.
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1745:. Archived from
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1671:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1639:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1548:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1095:
978:Noureddine Bhiri
894:authoritarianism
872:António Guterres
867:A spokesman for
784:Heart of Tunisia
768:Republican Party
741:Heart of Tunisia
693:attorney general
586:Mechichi Cabinet
569:
562:
555:
542:
535:
512:(Prime Minister)
428:
427:
425:
418:
410:
403:
402:
399:
398:
379:. In July 2022,
369:a new government
340:and revoked the
336:, suspended the
312:
304:
289:
281:
250:Republican Party
225:
224:
223:
198:
188:
187:
186:
173:
172:
171:
162:
161:
125:a new government
98:Coup successful
81:Mechichi Cabinet
41:
21:
20:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4426:2022 in Tunisia
4421:2021 in Tunisia
4411:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4391:
4357:
4221:
4217:Ethiopia (2019)
4197:Zimbabwe (2017)
4167:Yemen (2014–15)
4157:Thailand (2014)
4065:
4061:Honduras (2009)
4021:Thailand (2006)
3896:Paraguay (2000)
3879:
3870:Pakistan (1999)
3845:Cambodia (1997)
3815:Paraguay (1996)
3790:Cambodia (1994)
3670:Thailand (1991)
3648:
3623:
3613:
3529:Democratization
3524:
3417:
3415:Further reading
3412:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3389:
3385:
3375:
3373:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3287:
3283:
3273:
3271:
3261:
3257:
3247:
3245:
3235:
3231:
3221:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3169:
3167:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3105:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3036:
3034:
3032:Middle East Eye
3026:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2906:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2597:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2458:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2438:on 26 July 2021
2426:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2312:Middle East Eye
2306:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2279:Washington Post
2273:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2220:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1983:www.barrons.com
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1904:. 6 August 2021
1896:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1877:Middle East Eye
1871:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1851:The Independent
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1701:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1672:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1606:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1520:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1286:Middle East Eye
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1070:
1045:
1039:
1022:
1013:Carthage Palace
995:Ennahda leader
966:
928:
916:
911:
902:
811:
745:Moncef Marzouki
722:Middle East Eye
713:
708:
684:
649:
641:Main articles:
639:
592:Hichem Mechichi
588:
582:
573:
544:
529:
515:
499:
456:
455:
449:
423:
421:
420:
419:
416:
414:
397:
315:
314:
310:
309:
307:Hichem Mechichi
305:
302:
300:
299:
291:
287:
286:
282:
279:
277:
276:
254:
221:
219:
214:
184:
182:
169:
167:
107:Hichem Mechichi
66:
46:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4489:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4379:
4371:
4369:or its attempt
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4353:Bolivia (2024)
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4265:
4263:Tunisia (2021)
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4243:Myanmar (2021)
4240:
4235:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4172:Burundi (2015)
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4127:Eritrea (2013)
4124:
4119:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3916:Burundi (2001)
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3891:Ecuador (2000)
3887:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3825:Burundi (1996)
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3785:Liberia (1994)
3782:
3780:Lesotho (1994)
3777:
3772:
3767:
3765:Nigeria (1993)
3762:
3757:
3755:Burundi (1993)
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3725:Algeria (1992)
3722:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3665:Lesotho (1991)
3662:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3612:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3564:(6): 904–921.
3553:
3517:
3480:
3451:
3433:(4): 683–705.
3427:Representation
3416:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3383:
3358:
3333:
3307:
3281:
3255:
3229:
3203:
3177:
3151:
3125:
3096:
3070:
3044:
3019:
2993:
2968:
2942:
2916:
2891:
2865:
2854:. 26 July 2022
2839:
2813:
2779:
2753:
2728:
2702:
2676:
2643:
2617:
2588:
2562:
2537:
2526:. 5 March 2023
2511:
2486:
2449:
2419:
2393:
2376:
2350:
2339:. 26 July 2021
2324:
2299:
2266:
2240:
2211:
2179:
2151:
2126:
2100:
2074:
2048:
2023:
1995:
1969:
1943:
1915:
1889:
1864:
1853:. 29 July 2021
1838:
1812:
1786:
1760:
1721:
1692:
1659:
1626:
1614:Anadolu Ajansı
1597:
1569:
1558:. 27 July 2021
1540:
1511:
1500:. 25 July 2021
1485:
1454:
1443:. 25 July 2021
1428:
1417:. 25 July 2021
1402:
1377:
1351:
1326:
1298:
1272:
1260:Anadolu Ajansı
1246:
1220:
1194:
1183:. 26 July 2021
1168:
1142:
1116:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1038:
1035:
1021:
1018:
986:United Nations
965:
962:
932:rule by decree
927:
924:
915:
912:
910:
907:
901:
898:
831:European Union
810:
807:
749:the revolution
712:
709:
707:
704:
683:
680:
638:
635:
584:Main article:
581:
578:
575:
574:
572:
571:
564:
557:
549:
546:
545:
528:
527:
514:
513:
498:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
465:2021 self-coup
462:
450:
448:
447:
442:
434:
433:
430:
429:
417:a series about
413:
411:
396:
393:
332:dismissed the
317:
316:
292:
269:
268:
265:
264:
260:
259:
256:
255:
253:
252:
247:
242:
237:
217:
215:
213:
212:
207:
202:
192:
165:
158:
157:
153:
152:
151:
150:
147:
143:of subsequent
138:
133:is adopted in
128:
121:Prime Minister
114:
96:
92:
91:
90:
89:
83:
72:
68:
67:
62:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
42:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4488:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4436:2022 protests
4434:
4432:
4431:2021 protests
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4401:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:Gambia (2022)
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4267:Sudan (2021)
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4258:Guinea (2021)
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4182:Turkey (2016)
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4162:Gambia (2014)
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4051:Guinea (2008)
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3855:Zambia (1997)
3853:
3851:
3850:Turkey (1997)
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3810:Guinea (1996)
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3775:Gambia (1994)
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:Russia (1993)
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3605:
3603:
3598:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3101:
3085:. 6 July 2022
3084:
3080:
3074:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2828:. 9 July 2022
2827:
2823:
2817:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2716:
2715:Bloomberg.com
2712:
2706:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2593:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2454:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2386:
2380:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2216:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2012:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1710:
1706:
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1697:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1630:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1516:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1365:
1364:www.zawya.com
1361:
1355:
1340:
1336:
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1315:
1311:
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1261:
1257:
1250:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1182:
1178:
1172:
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1152:
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1131:
1127:
1120:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1026:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
998:
993:
991:
987:
983:
982:hunger strike
979:
974:
972:
961:
959:
955:
950:
947:
945:
941:
936:
933:
923:
920:
906:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
881:
877:
873:
870:
865:
863:
860:Tunisia. The
858:
854:
850:
846:
844:
840:
836:
835:United States
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
809:International
806:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
725:
723:
717:
703:
701:
696:
694:
690:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
656:
654:
648:
644:
634:
630:
628:
624:
618:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
587:
570:
565:
563:
558:
556:
551:
550:
548:
547:
543:
541:
536:
534:
525:
522:
521:
520:
519:
511:
510:Ahmed Hachani
508:
507:
506:
505:
504:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
485:Decree Law 54
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
454:
446:
445:Personal life
443:
441:
438:
437:
436:
435:
426:
412:
409:
405:
404:
401:
400:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
328:
324:
313:
308:
298:
297:
290:
285:
275:
274:
266:
261:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
231:
230:
229:
216:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
197:
193:
191:
181:
180:
179:
178:
177:
164:
163:
159:
154:
148:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
129:
126:
122:
119:is appointed
118:
115:
112:
108:
104:
100:
99:
97:
93:
88:
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75:
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73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4381:
4373:
4365:
4328:Gabon (2023)
4323:Niger (2023)
4318:Sudan (2023)
4262:
4248:Niger (2021)
4212:Sudan (2019)
4207:Gabon (2019)
4202:Yemen (2018)
4192:Libya (2016)
4152:Libya (2014)
4147:Libya (2013)
4142:Egypt (2013)
4122:Sudan (2012)
4101:Mali (2012)
4087:Niger (2011)
4077:Niger (2010)
4041:Sudan (2008)
4001:Nepal (2005)
3981:Haiti (2004)
3976:Sudan (2004)
3921:Haiti (2001)
3865:Niger (1999)
3835:Qatar (1996)
3830:Niger (1996)
3800:Qatar (1995)
3750:Libya (1993)
3730:Sudan (1992)
3704:Peru (1992)
3680:Haiti (1991)
3561:
3557:
3532:
3528:
3491:(1): 27–39.
3488:
3484:
3459:
3455:
3430:
3426:
3400:. Retrieved
3396:
3386:
3374:. Retrieved
3370:
3361:
3349:. Retrieved
3345:
3336:
3324:. Retrieved
3319:
3310:
3298:. Retrieved
3295:The National
3294:
3284:
3272:. Retrieved
3268:
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3246:. Retrieved
3242:
3232:
3220:. Retrieved
3215:
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3194:. Retrieved
3189:
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3163:
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3142:. Retrieved
3138:
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3116:. Retrieved
3112:
3087:. Retrieved
3082:
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3061:. Retrieved
3056:
3047:
3035:. Retrieved
3031:
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3010:. Retrieved
3005:
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2980:
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2959:. Retrieved
2954:
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2933:. Retrieved
2930:Agenzia Nova
2929:
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2856:. Retrieved
2851:
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2830:. Retrieved
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2804:. Retrieved
2792:
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2770:. Retrieved
2767:The National
2766:
2756:
2744:. Retrieved
2740:
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2719:. Retrieved
2714:
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2688:
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2667:. Retrieved
2656:The Guardian
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2634:. Retrieved
2630:
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2608:. Retrieved
2605:The National
2604:
2579:. Retrieved
2575:
2565:
2553:. Retrieved
2549:
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2528:. Retrieved
2523:
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2498:
2489:
2477:. Retrieved
2466:The Guardian
2465:
2440:. Retrieved
2436:the original
2431:
2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2406:
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2369:27 September
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2088:The National
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2014:. Retrieved
2010:
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1982:
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1960:. Retrieved
1956:
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1930:
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1850:
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1829:. Retrieved
1825:
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1799:
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1777:. Retrieved
1773:
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1751:. Retrieved
1747:the original
1734:
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1708:
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1641:
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1613:
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1584:
1560:. Retrieved
1555:
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1527:
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1389:
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