2016–2019 Wau clashes

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confirmed that at least 100 civilians had been murdered by SPLA soldiers, and had reported the cases to the government. Unable to stop them, he said that the soldiers probably abused the local population because the government had failed to pay or feed them. This caused them to rob what they needed. Waya argued that this behavior was to be expected when the government neglected their military forces. The SPLA leadership, meanwhile, denied that any abuses at the hands of SPLA soldiers had taken place in Wau. In addition to the violence of the SPLA against civilians, no progress was made in the attempts to enforce the ceasefire between the SPLA and local SPLM-IO groups, as the government denied that the SPLM-IO had any presence in the whole Bahr el Ghazal region to which Wau State belongs. As result, no agreement for SPLM-IO cantonment areas in Wau State was reached. On 9 April, the SPLA command even announced that they would launch an offensive in

1411:. Tens of thousands of civilians were once again displaced, and there were reports widespread abuses at the hands of both sides. Mboro was captured by the SPLA after a battle lasting from 24 to 30 June, whereupon much of the community was destroyed. SPLM-IO rebels retook Wad Alel in July, forcibly recruiting locals and looting the settlement before retreating. According to witnesses, security forces arrested local men belonging to ethnic minorities suspected insurgents, during the offensive. The detainees were transported to facilities at Grinti and Jebel Akhdar, and tortured before being released. Both sides hindered the delivery of humanitarian aid by NGOs. The SPLA offensive ended in late August 2018. In September 2018, the South Sudanese government and Riek Machar's SPLM-IO faction signed a peace deal, resulting in the gradual cessation of hostilities between the two sides. Fighting in Wau State initially continued despite the agreement. 967:

independent and opposition sources, as army soldiers and Dinka militias intensified their attacks on the town's Fertit population, many locals picked up arms and began to fight the pro-government forces. They were supported by armed Fertit youth from the countryside, who also came into Wau town to take revenge against the Dinkas. The SPLM-IO claimed that their forces had stayed out of Wau town, but attacked SPLA soldiers to protect Fertit civilians in the settlement's southern outskirts. Massacres continued throughout the night, but by late 25 June the SPLA claimed to have secured the town and began to search for hiding insurgents. The army imposed a curfew in Wau town the next day, and, according to local civilians, together with Dinka tribal fighters once again began to kill, rape and rob the local Fertit civilians. These began to flee en masse to the nearby

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that the attack had been repulsed, though this could not be independently confirmed. On 17 September, clashes took place at Bazia and Busseri. Despite the renewed violence, Governor Mayan declared on 19 September that he had formed a committee to hold direct negotiations with the rebels. Just three days later, the SPLA and allied militias launched another attack against SPLM-IO positions, which led to heavy fighting around Wau town, Baggari, Bringi, Busseri, and Bazia that lasted until 25 September. At the same time, President Kiir finally approved the creation of cantonment sites for SPLM-IO forces in the Bahr el Ghazal region after rejecting this move for a long time. These cantonment sites, however, were meant only for SPLM-IO fighters loyal to

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President Kiir fired Andrea Mayan Achor and some other officials in Wau State without providing a reason, and subsequently appointed Angelo Taban Biajo as new governor of Wau. Achor said that his removal was a "normal government procedure", and asked the citizens of Wau State to support his successor. In response to the tribal violence in the northern parts of Wau State, the government started an initiative to collect firearms from the civilian population in August, reportedly collecting over 500 weapons by early December. Despite this, armed cattle raids and tribal clashes continued along the border in 2018, with at least 25 people being killed in February and March of that year in the area of Kwarjiena.

1399:, the SPLA's 5th Division under Maj. Gen. Keer Kiir Keer began an assault on rebel-held areas south and southwest of Wau as well as the town of Wad Alel from 12 June, probably to regaining territory before a planned ceasefire agreement could come into effect. Wad Alel, a settlement dominated by Luo, was captured and mostly destroyed by the SPLA, although the rebel continued to maintain an underground presence in the town. The military reportedly overran rebel positions at Baggari, Bisellia, and Engo halima on 23 June, though the rebels managed to regain these areas in course of a counter-attack on the following day. On 25 June, the SPLM-IO insurgents claimed that the SPLA and allied 1055:

commanders confirmed the clashes, army spokesman Lul Ruai denied that any military action took place. Whereas the SPLM-IO claimed that they had attempted to evacuate civilians as they had been attacked, the SPLA's 5th Division accused the rebels of attacking Wau town. Moreover, the SPLA stated that they had relocated most of their forces from the state capital to defensive positions at Lokoloko and Jebel Rabi. After heavy fighting throughout 12 July, the SPLM-IO was forced to withdraw from Angu Angu, Brenji and Taban, accusing the SPLA to have arrested 25 civilians from these sites and to have taken them to Wau town.

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Malong were arrested, while the rest of the division remained alert in case of further possible incidents. Governor Angelo Taban Biajo subsequently declared that there was no further security risks in Wau. Despite initially denying his involvement in any plan to attack Wau, Malong later openly rebelled and started a new insurgent group, the "South Sudan United Front" (SS-UF). In the following months, several officers of the 5th Division joined the insurgency against the government. One of them, Captain Baak Bol Baak, was an alleged Malong follower and escaped with his troops from Wau to join the

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Even though the governor continued to urge the local rebels to join Taban Deng Gai's faction and end their insurgency, his pleas were rejected by the SPLM-IO spokesman for Wau, Nicola Gabriel Adam. Gabriel claimed that Taban Deng Gai had become part of the government they were fighting, while accusing the army of being the aggressor in this conflict, saying that the SPLA had just recently attacked SPLM-IO forces near Bringi. The mayor of Wau, meanwhile, denied that clashes were still happening, saying the people still fled to Wau town due to food shortages in their home areas.

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ordered to take command of the operations in the region around 15 April, though Kiir dismissed him in early May. Meanwhile, the number of civilians who had sought refuge at the Catholic Cathedral of Wau town increased to 18.000. In June 2017, Wau State's government organized peace talks between representatives of the Luo tribes of Wau and the Dinka tribes of Tonj with the aim of ending the violence between the two groups. Meanwhile, the citizens of Wau town complained that insecurity still prevailed in the state, with government soldiers regularly stealing from civilians.

548: 1043: 1226:) as well as twelve of their bodyguards. In revenge for the ambush, SPLA soldiers and pro-government Dinka militiamen belonging to Mathiang Anyoor began a rampage in Wau town and surrounding villages, murdering and robbing non-Dinkas. UNMISS stated that at least 16 civilians were killed and 10 wounded, while local sources reported 31 killed and 9 wounded. The SPLM-IO and pro-opposition media claimed that about 50 civilians had been murdered. Locals said that those targeted by the pro-government fighters mostly belonged to the Fertit, 1063:

admitted that the SPLA had indeed abandoned Ngo Baggari County to the SPLM-IO, but said that the retreat was voluntary and that no clashes had taken place. Furthermore, he denied that the County Commissioner had been captured. The SPLM-IO's success in Ngo Baggari was explained by the fact that many locals, who were former soldiers, had been mistreated by the government and subsequently joined the rebels. SPLM-IO commander Ashab Khamis Fahal claimed that 1725 SPLA soldiers had defected to them. Meanwhile, a representative of the

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said that a total breakdown of law and order had taken place in Wau. A least 30 people were killed while attempting to protect the properties of civilians who fled their homes. After the attackers were driven off, the pro-government mayor of Wau town quickly declared that the town was safe again, but most residents refused to return home. One civilian stated that "Up to now, people are not really secure because some of the soldiers are still moving around."

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families. President Kiir held a speech in Wau on 5 March, asking the people for forgiveness for the mistakes of his government. He urged the locals to refrain from further violence and revenge attacks. He also stated that the government would try to improve the local roads, and ease tensions between farmers and nomads in Wau State. By this point, most refugees in Wau town had returned to their homes.

954:. Governor Waya initially claimed to support the emergency declaration, stating "All who are here are rebels, so the Division SPLA is ready and even those who are just walking around are ready". However, opposition groups claimed that the army soon began to plunder the state capital, and to assault the civilian population, leading Governor Waya to criticise the soldiers. On 24 June 2016, President 1277: 1183:(NAS), a newly formed rebel group. Ismail blamed his defection on Machar's neglect of the rebels in Western Bahr el Ghazal, and the problems within the SPLM-IO. According to him, the group lacked both a proper vision as well as capable leadership, and suffered from organizational chaos, saying that "the army is curtailed by officers without assignments, shamefully, at places, you find a 1176:

Deng Gai's SPLM-IO faction. When the government consequently arrested four suspects, they declared that Issa had been killed by Machar's followers. Clashes took place directly west of Wau town during the night between 30 and 31 January, when a SPLA patrol encountered a group of rebels by chance. Three government soldiers were killed during the following firefight.

1026:, however, reported that by 5 July, only the Dinka-dominated parts of Wau town "were lively. Pick-up trucks mounted with machine guns and full of soldiers toting AK-47s, mostly Dinka, patrolled the area. In contrast, the southern and western parts of town, home to the Fartit, were deserted after people flocked to churches and the UN base for protection." 1404:

the SPLA reportedly attacked the rebels' base of Mboro in Wau State on that day. The government rejected these accusations, stating that Mboro had been under its control since 2016. A rebel spokesman said about the purported clashes in Wau State that "There is the possibility Salva Kiir is not in control of his forces or he doesn't want peace to come".

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remained tense; areas like the greater Baggari sub-area were mostly cut off from humanitarian aid and were thus threatened by famine. The Juba-based CTSAMM monitoring group also accused one SPLM-IO group which operated northwest of Wau town of having recruited child soldiers; the SPLM-IO consequently stated that this faction had possibly "gone rogue".

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argued that the famine was part of a deliberate government strategy to starve dissidents in the Baggari, Bisselia, Kpaile, Kawajina, and Udici Counties into submission by disturbing farmers and hindering the work of NGOs. According to the pro-government commissioner of Bisselia County, Francis Ibrahim, President Kiir had donated 3,400 sacks of

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fight back by murdering soldiers, policemen and Dinkas. This in turn caused revenge killings by Dinkas and SPLA against Fertit. In addition, insecurity in the state increased dramatically, as local SPLM-IO and SPLA units ignored the ceasefire and clashed on several occasions at Bagari and Angu Angu. At least 8 SPLA soldiers were killed, while

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unabated. Around 150 people fled from Bazia to Agok near Wau town due to lack of food in their home areas. Nevertheless, United Nations authorities said that the security had markedly improved in Wau State, citing that around 6,000 IDPs had returned from Wau town to their home areas. Around 32,500 refugees still resided in the PoC camps.

816:(SPLA) waged a rebellion against the Sudanese government. Many Fertit opted to stay loyal to Sudan or remain neutral, as they feared suppression at the hands of the Dinka in an independent South Sudan. The SPLA responded by attacking Fertit as perceived enemies of the rebellion, causing militant Fertit to organize the so-called 1091:

arrested by SPLA soldiers. Governor Mayan attempted to ease tensions by negotiating the release of fifty prisoners in October, and including local religious authorities in the peace talks. On the other side, the SPLA prepared a new offensive against the Wau rebels. As of 10 August, the continued fighting had resulted in the

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By December 2016, however, fighting had restarted, with the rebels having taken control of large areas in the western part of Wau State. Heavy clashes once again broke out in the area around Busseri, forcing many civilians to flee their homes, with the SPLM-IO claiming to have fully captured Busseri.

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On 12 July, government forces reportedly launched an offensive against SPLM-IO positions in the whole Wau state, most importantly at Angu Angu, Brenji, Faraj Allah, Bazia and Taban. Heavy fighting also took place in the state capital's direct southern vicinity. While both locals as well as local SPLA

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peace deal in an attempt to end the civil war. Both sides used concessions in the agreement to their advantage, however, and the agreement gradually fell apart. Wau State was an area which was affected by the ARCSS. The SPLM-IO mobilized forces in Wau, and then demanded that these rebels were granted

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Also in January 2017, Lt. Col. al-Fadil Meil Issa, a member of the Ceasefire and Transitional Security Arrangements Monitoring Mechanism (CTSAMM) in Wau, was brutally murdered by unknown assailants. Serving as CTSAMM's liaison officer to contact the local rebel factions, Issa had been loyal to Taban

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On 27 July, the SPLM-IO captured the Ngo Baggari County in Wau State from the government after fierce clashes, with the rebels claiming that they had captured the local County Commissioner, Anthony Fada Taban. There were also speculations that Taban might have defected to the SPLM-IO. Governor Mayan

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On 2 December, the SPLM-IO reportedly attacked government units at Busseri and Firka, causing the SPLA to send reinforcements to these area, which were in turn ambushed and defeated by the rebels. Three days later, clashes between rebel and government fighters broke out around Bisellia, Bazia, Faraj

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militiamen had attempted to capture Omboro from them, though the attack was allegedly repulsed. The government denied these accusations, and an army spokesman stated that "there is no fighting because peace talks are ongoing". Although a countrywide ceasefire was supposed to take effect on 30 June,

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population had increased to about 52,000 by July. The reasons for the worsening famine in the countryside, especially in Bisselia County, are disputed: Whereas the government maintained that the security situation in Wau State had improved and blamed the lack of humanitarian support, the opposition

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On 12 April, the SPLM-IO claimed to have recaptured Baggari and repelled the SPLA attacks against their other strongholds, though this was strongly disputed by the government. As the situation in Wau State and other areas of Western Bahr el Ghazal escalated, SPLA chief of staff Paul Malong Awan was

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to bombard them during these clashes. On 5 April, the rebels launched a counter-attack against Mapel, which resulted in a battle during which either government or opposition fighters gunned down dozens of civilians. Three days later, the government forces retook Baggari, which had been in the hands

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operations in Wau State in early April, moving more troops, tanks and equipment into the region. On 4 April, the strengthened SPLA forces initiated a large-scale offensive against SPLM-IO positions in the areas around Bisellia, Baggari, Bazia, and Kuajiena, resulting in fierce fighting. The SPLM-IO

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leading a squad". On 12 March, rebel forces reportedly launched an attack in Kwarjina County in eastern Wau State, causing the army to deploy more forces to area in order to restore security. Meanwhile, Taban Deng Gai's SPLM-IO faction was granted a minister position in the Wau State government as

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had broken out among the refugees, most of which were forced to live in the bush. Government and rebel forces blamed each other for the renewed fighting; SPLM-IO Maj. Gen. Ashhab Khamis Fahal Ukanda stated that "They don't think other people have rights in this country. We all worked together to

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of backing them. The assault was eventually repelled, and afterwards Dinka gunmen once again began to loot the town and executed anyone opposing them. While the government claimed that the looters were unrelated criminals, locals believed them to be SPLA soldiers as they wore uniforms. UNMISS also

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and the Community Empowerment for Progress Organization (CEPO) helped to generate new trust, child soldiers were demobilized, and the military encouraged troops to behave properly. At the same time, locals urged to government to pay its soldiers so that they were not forced to steal to feed their

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to deploy policemen to Wau town in order to improve the local security. Between 9 and 11 September, clashes once again broke out west of Wau town, as the SPLM-IO claimed that the peace talks had failed, and the government forces had launched a major attack on their positions. The rebels also said

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At the same time, the SPLA soldiers were accused by the opposition of intensifying their abuses of Fertit civilians, while reportedly working together with local Dinka militants and armed cattle herders in their attacks. The violence in Wau further increased in June, as individual Fertit began to

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units. He then circumvented the formal chain of command, and ordered these SPLA troops to crush the opposition by force, even though the peace agreement was still in force. This resulted in growing ethnic tensions in Wau State from early December 2015. The SPLA soldiers deployed to the region for

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Meanwhile, the security situation in Wau State had improved, so that about 14,000 displaced people returned to their homes between January and June 2018; nevertheless, about 30,000 remained at the refugee camps. Much of western Wau State remained in rebel hands, and the political situation there

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In January 2018, it was discovered that former SPLA Chief of General Staff Paul Malong Awan planned his own rebellion against the government, and had begun to organize an attack of associates on Wau airport. The plot failed, and members of the 5th Division who were suspected of being allied with

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Governor Mayan announced on 20 July that he planned to initiate a dialogue with the armed opposition groups that still fought against the SPLA in Wau State. Such peace talks, however, would depend on President Kiir's approval. On 23 July, two SPLA soldiers were executed by a firing squad for the

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unexpectedly sacked Waya, and just a few hours later, had him arrested. A local SPLA commander declared that Waya had been arrested because he was responsible for the deteriorating situation in the state, claiming that he had no respect for the military and talked "nonsense". A few days later, a

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ethnic groups, which were believed by the assailants to support the rebels. Due to the renewed violence, 8,000 more locals were displaced, as 4,000 civilians fled to the UN PoC site at Wau town and 3,800 sought refuge at the Catholic Cathedral. The SPLM government, the SPLM-IO, and the National

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reported that the newly deployed government soldiers, mostly Dinka, began to abuse the local Fertit population, forcing tens of thousands to flee Wau. Many civilians were arrested and then murdered as purported SPLM-IO supporters. Governor Elias Waya Nyipuoc admitted that by 30 May 2016, he had

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Meanwhile, the conflict between tribal fighters from northern Wau, southern Gogrial, and western Tonj continued, as several villages were raided and tribal forces clashed with government soldiers. Wau's governor accused "former state officials" of inciting the tribal militias. On 15 September,

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to the refugees in Wau town, whereas Bisselia's population still had not received any aid by the central authorities by 22 August. The food situation in Bisselia improved in September, as farmers were able to harvest their crops; in other parts of the countryside, however, the famine continued

1119:'s followers, on the other side, were referred to as "warmongers" that would "be dealt with" by the government. On 17 October, the SPLM-IO and local citizens accused the SPLA of robbing and killing nine civilians in Wau. At this point, fighting had mostly abated, as the peace talks progressed. 1090:

criticized the government's military for hindering humanitarian relief agencies that attempted to enter Wau town. On 6 August, peace talks between the local opposition and the governor were held, though the situation in the state remained volatile, with civilians being displaced or unlawfully

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On 28 June, Wau town was once again attacked by a major force of insurgents, reportedly 350–700 fighters. Independent and opposition sources claim that the assailants belonged to a pro-Fertit, SPLM-IO-linked tribal militia, while the government said they were part of the "Islamic Movement for

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base and local churches for protection; others escaped to areas held by SPLM-IO-aligned Fertit militias such as the "Fertit Lions". The government forces, however, maintained that the whole battle was the result of tribal fighters invading the town, whereupon "some greedy civilians started

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As result of Waya's dismissal, the situation escalated completely, as a heavy battle broke out in Wau town on evening of 24 June. Dinka youth militants in civilian clothing and uniforms entered Wau's south-western neighbourhoods, where they murdered and raped Fertit civilians. According to

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Wau State's SPLM-IO rebels agreed to a ceasefire on 31 January 2019, formally ending their insurgency. Both Brigadier General Peter Ngoli, head of SPLA-IO operations in Besselia region, and SPLA commander Joshua Konyi signalled the readiness of their forces to adhere to the peace deal.

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murder of a couple in Wau town. The execution was supposed to serve as warning for SPLA soldiers "who used to violet the military regulation, it is also what tell the people of South Sudan that any soldier found committing crime against civilian should be deal with" said a local judge.

942:-dominated SPLA. As result of the increasing violence, a state of emergency was declared in Wau town, and the SPLA's 5th Division moved in, officially to prevent further escalation of violence. These forces were under the command of Lt. Gen. Gabriel Jok Riak, who had been accused of 1296:

In July and August 2017, Taban Deng Gai's SPLM-IO faction announced that 7,000 rebel fighters in Wau State had defected from Machar's faction to the pro-government forces; this claim could not be independently verified and was denied by the opposition. Only about 150 rebels, led by

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part of a power-sharing deal. Opposition militants launched a major attack on a government base at Natabu west of Wau town on 24 March 2017. In course of the fighting 12 government soldiers were killed and seven wounded, while the rebels suffered two dead and three wounded.

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farmers. The attack was repulsed, and on 25 January the cattle herders retreated to Tonj. Nevertheless, violence between Luo farmers in Wau State and Dinkas from Tonj continued in the following months, leading to clashes that left dozens dead and displaced many others.

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ordered the release of nine POWs who had served as officers for Machar's rebel forces in November 2017, with governor Angelo Taban urging the released officers to encourage active rebel fighters in Wau State to surrender. In December, an important road between Wau and

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Meanwhile, the official SPLM-IO leadership attempted to distance itself from the local uprising. It was estimated that the fighting in the Wau State had resulted in over 400 civilians killed, and up to 120,000 displaced. Of these, 12,000 had sought refuge in the local

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On 2 July, the new Governor of Wau, Andrea Mayan, declared that the situation in the state capital had been stabilized, with people being able to return home. A high level committee had been formed to investigate the clashes, and the curfew was lifted.

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party accused SPLA units in Wau State of ignoring the ceasefire and attacking the local opposition groups, thereby causing the insecurity and chaos in the state. He also said that, as the SPLA soldiers received their orders only from the government in

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immediately on a looting spree". Accordingly, the army had just defended itself and not preyed on civilians, though army spokesman Lul Rurai Koang said that it was possible that individual soldiers might have participated in the looting.

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bring independence of the country. But they have turned against the rest of the people. They think they are born to rule. We will not accept that." Three day later, sporadic, small-scale clashes broke out among SPLA units in Wau town.

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By late 2019, a substantial number of SPLA soldiers stationed around Wau belonged to Mathiang Anyoor units. As non-native Dinka, they had few options to defect or desert, and were thus regarded as loyal to the government.

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were sheltered at Wau town, unable to return to their homes due to the ongoing fighting. On 20 January, heavy fighting broke out at Khor Natabu along the Bringi-Wau road, as SPLA-allied Dinka pastoralists from

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was the actual cause of death. Due to differing from the military's official account, the doctor in question was subsequently arrested, although the civilian authorities attempted to get him set free.

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Blocq, Daniel S. (2017). "The grassroots nature of counterinsurgent tribal militia formation: the case of the Fertit in Southern Sudan, 1985–1989". In David M. Anderson; Øystein H. Rolandsen (eds.).

1504:"Mathiang Anyoor" is an umbrella term for SPLA troops who mostly belonged to the Dinka people, have been recruited from Northern Bahr el Ghazal's Aweil region, and were traditionally patronized by 4641: 1301:

Santino Akot Majok and Salva Ujok Achor, were confirmed to have surrendered. Fighting in the countryside continued, while ethnic conflicts spread to northern Wau State, where tribal fighters from

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of the SPLM-IO for nine months, after heavy fighting with rebel defenders. On the following day, however, the rebels ambushed a government convoy as it returned to Wau town, and killed Brig. Gen.

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Following the end of the clashes, the security situation in Wau State improved, and the relations between soldiers and civilians became better as well. Confidence-building efforts by the NGOs

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On 7 July, another battle broke out in Wau town, resulting once again in a civilian mass exodus. By then, it was estimated that 150,000 people had fled Wau town, leaving it mostly deserted.

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Rivalries and violence between various ethnic groups have a long history in South Sudan. Many minorities in the country believe that their communities are threatened and marginalized by the

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On 3 August, commissioner Taban resurfaced, announcing that he had actually defected to the rebels, citing the abuse of civilians by the government as reason. At the same time, the

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document began to circulate on the internet that claimed that Lt. Gen. Mangar Buong Aluenge of the SPLA had plotted from the very beginning to remove and arrest Waya, while the

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In June 2018, fighting reportedly resumed between government and rebel forces, as SPLM-IO rebels claimed that the SPLA had started to attack them at Ngo-Baggari. According to

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The SPLA offensive continued unabated in the next months, resulting in clashes at Baggari, Bringi, Basselia, Mboro, Farajalla, Ngisa, Ngo Dakalla, Wad Alel, and along the

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Per the peace deal the Machar-loyal forces began to relocate to agreed assembly points in Wau State from 22 May 2019, when the first rebel battalion arrived at Busseri.

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for refugees who were displaced during the fighting. By December 2016 around 29,000 civilians had found shelter there; by July 2017 this number had swelled to 39,000.

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On 21 August, President Kiir finally approved governor Mayan's peace talks with the rebels of Wau State, while the governor also reached an agreement with the

3651: 2770: 1968: 3828: 2589: 4524: 3972: 4755: 4645: 773: 135: 3382: 2509: 1492:. Their conflict has spread to northern Wau, however, and both groups have raided villages and attacked government soldiers, ignoring state authorities. 1223: 657: 3625: 1346:

could be reopened due to the improving security situation, while the military reportedly prepared a new offensive against rebel forces in Wau State.

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Democratic Movement (another rebel faction) all condemned the massacre in Wau town, with the government ordering the perpetrators' arrest.

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in self-defense. This militia then became involved in widespread massacres of Dinka from 1986, worsening ethnic relations even further.

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as suffering from an "Acute Food and Livelihood Crisis", while the state's east and north were considered "Borderline Food Insecure".

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initially maintained that the insurgents were members of the so-called "Islamic Movement for Liberation of Raja", supported by the

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destroyed a village. On 3 August, the newly appointed operations commander of the government forces in Wau, Mathok Akec, died of

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On 9 March 2017, a leading SPLM-IO commander in Wau State, General Faiz Ismail Fatur, announced that he was defecting to the

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or acting independently while using the SPLM-IO's name. The clashes resulted in the arrest of the state's governor,

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The Luo tribal forces are not in open rebellion against the government, but fight against government-allied Dinka

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The Aguok and Apuk tribes fight against each other over "border disputes, grazing land and water points" in

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was overrun by rebels for a short time, resulting in the death of several bodyguards of the local governor.

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Liberation of Raja". This group, government spokesman Makuei Lueth further claimed, wanted establish an

5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 1371: 1103: 571: 1320:

spread in Wau State's countryside, leading to starvation and more refugees fleeing to Wau town, whose

1459: 1000: 809: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 4087: 1902: 1544: 1099:-Wau road becoming too insecure for the transport of goods, leading to food shortages in Wau town. 951: 674: 30: 4733: 849:

cantonment zones and be included in the ARCSS' security provisions. This was unacceptable to Gen.

1455: 1375: 1317: 1281: 1252:

It is not a war against rebels, it is a war of looking who is from that tribe and they kill you.

859: 723: 713: 177: 2716: 2029: 1310: 801: 733: 226: 1386:

in May 2018. Major General Keer Kiir Keer was appointed new head of the SPLA's 5th Division.

1379: 875: 708: 566: 428: 2337:"South Sudan's silent slaughter: Dinka massacre unchecked by regional, international groups" 1196: 1243: 870:

Allah, Bringi, Mapel, and the Bo River Post. Amid the fighting there were reports that the

693: 8: 1239: 1075: 955: 1042: 5709:"Insecure Power and Violence: The Rise and Fall of Paul Malong and the Mathiang Anyoor" 5681: 5372: 1585: 1395: 1383: 1338: 1298: 1209: 886: 777: 349: 334: 2797: 5739: 5719: 5693: 2537: 2451: 1306: 903: 879: 853:, the SPLA's chief of staff, who responded by mobilizing loyal army elements such as 481: 5056: 4969: 4843: 4593: 4549: 4480: 4436: 4366: 4178: 4134: 3998: 3924: 3902: 3754: 3677: 3603: 3552: 3504: 3482: 3408: 3256: 3231: 3127: 3050: 3025: 2977: 2926: 2845: 2614: 2418: 2396: 2145: 1941: 1789: 1620: 1349: 5377: 5031: 5026: 4734:"Back from Wau, UN South Sudan envoy says security improved, people returning home" 4209: 3729: 3003: 2956: 2720: 2393:"SPLA launches military operations against SPLA-IO forces in Bahr-el-Ghazal region" 2065: 1871: 1505: 1358: 1259: 1201: 1127: 980: 935: 927: 850: 781: 493: 465: 318: 95: 48: 5607: 5087: 1235: 1231: 1214: 854: 728: 561: 353: 5425: 5341: 4525:"Doctor arrested in Wau after ruling out food poisoning in army officer's death" 2894:"Report: differences between ousted governor, army commander caused Wau clashes" 1072:, the governor was sidelined and in consequence unable to control the military. 4756:"Fresh inter-communal clashes erupt between Apuk South and Kuac South Counties" 3150:"SPLA-IO commander accuses govt forces of arresting 25 civilians in Wau County" 1219: 1108: 947: 863: 738: 461: 186: 2510:"Opposition governor of Wau denies over 6,000 rebels joined national dialogue" 878:

conducted aerial attacks against both rebel as well as civilian targets using

5751: 5685: 4597: 2260:"Western Lake Governor Matur Chut Collapses, Surviving Death of his Brothers" 1489: 1302: 993: 817: 808:. The animosity between Dinka and Fertit became deeply entrenched during the 688: 5426:"South Sudanese warring parties exchange accusations of breaching ceasefire" 797: 765: 122: 5284:"Ceasefire monitors accuse South Sudan forces, rebels of civilian killings" 2868:"SPLA chief of staff not behind the arrest of former Wau governor: officer" 1664: 1191: 1022: 997: 943: 939: 796:

who have traditionally dominated the administration of southern Sudan. The

793: 757: 642: 575: 2717:"In S. Sudan, UN Knows of Fighting in Bahr el Ghazal, Internal Memos Here" 2092:"South Sudan: Rebels Declare Victory In Wau Fighting, Civilians Targeted!" 1337:

In a continued attempt to end the insurgency, SPLA Chief of General Staff

828: 5678:

Politics and Violence in eastern Africa. The Struggles of Emerging States

3530: 1476: 1227: 1168: 1147: 1143: 1116: 923: 837: 769: 530: 512: 503: 487: 475: 455: 442: 422: 405: 392: 379: 366: 344: 328: 312: 298: 285: 272: 259: 247: 234: 217: 169: 151: 130: 78: 4642:"Rebel Governor blames Juba's regime for starvation of civilians in Wau" 2820:"SPLA soldier killed in clashes between govt and opposition in Wau area" 1154:

escalated, leading to clashes and many deaths over the following months.

5729:"Identity and Self-determination: The Fertit Opposition in South Sudan" 4503:"Houses burnt to ashes in tribal fight in Marial Bai County, Wau State" 1660:"Violence erupts again in South Sudan as faith in peace deal flounders" 1424: 1164: 1151: 1759:"Plans for peace conference between two tribes in Tonj and Wau states" 1050:

where major clashes took place (red) between July 2016 and March 2017.

772:. It is unclear to what extent these rebels were actually part of the 5689: 3305:"Opposition party says Wau governor needs power to tackle insecurity" 2479:"SPLA-IO rebels announce capture of Ngo Baggari County, commissioner" 1408: 1382:, was the former chief commander of the 5th Division and rebelled in 1285: 1184: 1122: 1047: 975: 907: 895: 833: 805: 753: 607: 603: 74: 42: 3755:"Wau governor vows unfettered humanitarian access to affected areas" 5400:"Government, opposition trade accusations over ceasefire violation" 5083:"Former South Sudan military chief Gen Malong launches rebel group" 4113:"Announcement by the Government of Wau Federal State in Opposition" 2563:"Taban's faction claims over 1,000 rebels joined government in Wau" 2340: 2285:"SPLA operations commander dies of suspected food poisoning in Wau" 1354: 1138: 3678:"Wau state governor in talks with armed groups to end hostilities" 3604:"Wau state governor in talks with armed groups to end hostilities" 3279:"Wau governor says govt soldiers withdrew from Ngo Baggari County" 2062:"Residents Leery of Reported Calm in S. Sudan Town Hit by Rampage" 963:

believed that Waya's criticism of the army had led to his arrest.

844:

In 2015, the South Sudanese government and the SPLM-IO signed the

800:

are one such minority, and mostly concentrated in areas of former

5288: 5227:"Wau: Some displaced people returning home, others still fearful" 4892:"Over 145 firearms collected from civilians in Marial Bai County" 3026:"South Sudan former detainees condemn armed confrontation in Wau" 1350:

Paul Malong Awan's rebellion, renewed clashes, and ceasefire deal

1343: 1326: 1030: 866:, while the local SPLM-IO fighters intensified their operations. 3726:"Thousands of South Sudanese IDPs Take Shelter at Church in Wau" 3357:"Relief agencies call for unhindered humanitarian access in Wau" 3202:"Two SPLA soldiers executed by firing squad for killings in Wau" 1695:"SPLA-IO commander admits clashes with govt troops south of Wau" 1578:"Rebel, army clashes kill 43 near South Sudan's Wau: government" 1309:, though this was disputed by a local doctor, according to whom 5530:"Commissioner's top security guard shot dead in Baggari County" 4367:"South Sudanese rival forces trade control of Bagari town area" 2146:"SPLA chief of staff in Bahr el Ghazal for military operations" 1096: 4996:"Governors of Wau and Tambura to open road linking two states" 3999:"SPLM-IO welcomes appointment of representatives in Wau state" 2846:"South Sudan security arrests ex-Wau governor after dismissal" 2117:"SPLA-IO accuses govt troops of killing nine civilians in Wau" 1817:"Apuk South commissioner says his area was attacked by gunmen" 1617:"Over 40 people killed in South Sudan's town of Wau: official" 1365:

army chief, reportedly planned an attack on Wau in early 2018

5608:"Kiir apologizes to Wau people for South Sudan five-year war" 5057:"S. Sudan's 5th infantry division alert for imminent attacks" 4668:"Kiir's aid did not reach Besselia County, says commissioner" 3855:"SPLA-IO rebels say they repulsed government attack near Wau" 3000:"Thousands of South Sudanese IDPs Take Shelter at Wau Church" 2798:"South Sudan's government broaches topic of cantonment areas" 1463: 1276: 1004: 858:

counter-insurgency operations mostly belonged to tribes from

4866:"400 firearms collected from civilians in Marial Bai County" 1868:"South Sudan IDPs Take Refuge in Church, UN-protected Sites" 1842:"South Sudan's rebels accuse govt of truce violation in Wau" 1726:"Top SPLA-IO commander resigns, joins Cirillo's rebel group" 1545:"Südsudan: Neue Massenflucht und unklare Menschenrechtslage" 5022:"First Violations Reported of South Sudan's New Cease-Fire" 4844:"Wau former governor says his removal was a normal measure" 4800:"Wau governor accuses former officials of fueling conflict" 4712:"Over 150 hungry people from Bazia flee to Agok, Wau State" 4437:"Talks between Tonj Dinka and Luo communities get underway" 3903:"S. Sudan ceasefire monitors say team member killed in Wau" 3803:"Wau governor urges opposition fighters to join Taban Deng" 3176:"Wau governor plans to initiate dialogue with armed groups" 2953:"Hundreds Reportedly Killed or Injured in S. Sudan Attacks" 1092: 1069: 5583:"Civilian-Military Relations Improve in South Sudan's Wau" 5342:"SPLM-IO accuses South Sudan army of fresh attacks in Wau" 5200:"South Sudan: Soldiers Attack Civilians in Western Region" 4550:"Hunger kills 17 people in S. Sudan's Wau state: official" 4205:"Gunmen in Government Uniforms Go on Massacre in Wau Town" 2923:"S. Sudan army in control of Wau town after heavy gunfire" 1213:

later accused the South Sudanese Air Force of having used

5316:"Rebels accuse government of fresh attack in Ngo-Baggari" 4047:"Two rebel soldiers killed, three injured in Wau clashes" 3947:"3 dead, 2 wounded after exchange of gunfire outside Wau" 3073:"Sporadic gunfire in South Sudan's Wau throughout Sunday" 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 780:, widespread death and destruction in the state capital, 764:(SPLA) and local opposition forces, consisting of tribal 65:(2 years, 7 months, 1 week and 1 day) 4690:"Hunger situation improves in Besselia County: official" 4644:. South Sudan News Agency. 7 August 2017. Archived from 4345:"South Sudan government, rebels claim control of Bagari" 4157:"South Sudan government retakes Bagari town from rebels" 3483:"Kiir approves negotiation with armed opposition in Wau" 3409:"Security agents release citizens detained in Wau state" 3331:"Ngo Baggari commissioner defects to opposition faction" 2665: 2653: 2641: 2629: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1192:

Government recapture of Baggari and massacre in Wau town

934:

By 23 June, a larger battle south of the state capital,

5634:"SPLA-IO says its troops arrived at Wau assembly point" 3925:"Four arrested in Wau state over peace monitor's death" 3777:"Fresh clashes erupt in different parts of South Sudan" 3553:"SPLM-IO blames government over renewed clashes in Wau" 2950: 5707:

Boswell, Alan (October 2019). Rebecca Bradshaw (ed.).

5652: 5137:"Gun battle between government forces erupts in Mayom" 4202: 3051:"Wau's new governor unveils plan to restore stability" 2978:"South Sudanese authorities impose curfew in Wau town" 2677: 2355: 1899:"South Sudan's Wau: Fear and displacement one year on" 4944:"21 dead in tribal clashes over cattle theft in Tonj" 4198: 4196: 3700:"Talks between Wau government and opposition ongoing" 3578:"Government restricting humanitarian aid outside Wau" 3431:"Talks between Wau government and opposition ongoing" 2689: 2615:"FVP Gai to visits Wau over SPLM-IO cantonment sites" 1886: 47:

UN protection of civilians (PoC) site in the town of

4778:"3 women kidnapped in Gogrial state tortured, freed" 4389:"South Sudan's Kiir replaces army chief Paul Malong" 4301:"Cabinet orders arrest of Wau violence perpetrators" 3877:"CTSAMM officer brutally killed in Wau neighborhood" 3505:"Government to deploy police operations in Wau town" 2745:"SPLA spokesman denies aerial bombing in Wau County" 2167: 2165: 2163: 2001:"South Sudan: Renewed fighting in Wau forces exodus" 1969:"Clashes between SPLA-IO and SPLA on Tuesday in Wau" 1790:"Tonj state cattle herders withdraw over insecurity" 768:

militias as well as fighters claiming allegiance to

5504:"Humanitarian convoy reaches insecure areas in Wau" 4970:"Wau state authorities releases nine war prisoners" 4594:"Hunger death toll in S. Sudan's Wau state hits 27" 3457:"Road insecurity causing food shortage in Wau town" 1271: 823: 4295: 4293: 4193: 4179:"S. Sudan army recaptures Bagari town from rebels" 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 3654:. Radio Tamazuj. 27 September 2016. Archived from 3628:. Radio Tamazuj. 22 September 2016. Archived from 3580:. Radio Tamazuj. 23 September 2016. Archived from 3529:. Radio Tamazuj. 11 September 2016. Archived from 2504: 2502: 2500: 2304: 2302: 2223: 2221: 2219: 5452:"IOM: Over 31,500 people remain displaced in Wau" 5111:"Army officer linked to Paul Malong joins rebels" 4232:"Sporadic gunfire in Wau, multiple people killed" 3831:. Radio Tamazuj. 29 December 2016. Archived from 3805:. Radio Tamazuj. 27 December 2016. Archived from 3779:. Radio Tamazuj. 20 December 2016. Archived from 3652:"Relative calm returns to Wau town after clashes" 2771:"UN says clashes in Wau County violate ceasefire" 2160: 2111: 2109: 1836: 1834: 5749: 5478:"Fresh fighting erupts in Wau despite ceasefire" 5224: 4107: 4105: 3949:. Radio Tamazuj. 31 January 2017. Archived from 3879:. Radio Tamazuj. 25 January 2017. Archived from 3829:"Wau official says security situation is stable" 3702:. Radio Tamazuj. 19 October 2016. Archived from 3433:. Radio Tamazuj. 19 October 2016. Archived from 2925:. sudantribune.com. 26 June 2016. Archived from 2773:. Radio Tamazuj. 8 December 2015. Archived from 2747:. Radio Tamazuj. 8 December 2015. Archived from 2419:"Over 200 police officers graduate in Wau state" 2119:. Radio Tamazuj. 17 October 2016. Archived from 996:in the region, but also included members of the 784:, and the displacement of up to 150,000 people. 756:from late June 2016 to January 2019 between the 4290: 4084:"South Sudan: Civilians killed in Wau fighting" 4065: 3459:. Radio Tamazuj. 10 August 2016. Archived from 2896:. Radio Tamazuj. 12 August 2016. Archived from 2497: 2299: 2216: 898:to destroy all SPLM-IO units in these regions. 5368:"South Sudan Cease-fire Violated Within Hours" 5281: 4918:"4 killed in revenge attack in Kuajena County" 4481:"150 former SPLA-IO forces return to Wau town" 4049:. Radio Tamazuj. 29 March 2017. Archived from 4023:. Radio Tamazuj. 27 March 2017. Archived from 3975:. Radio Tamazuj. 14 March 2017. Archived from 3572: 3570: 3385:. Radio Tamazuj. 6 August 2016. Archived from 3359:. Radio Tamazuj. 3 August 2016. Archived from 3333:. Radio Tamazuj. 3 August 2016. Archived from 3307:. Radio Tamazuj. 2 August 2016. Archived from 3257:"SPLA soldiers pullout from Ngo Bagari county" 3128:"SPLA says repulsed rebel attack in Wau state" 2557: 2555: 2395:. Sudan Tribune. 10 April 2016. Archived from 2202:"President Kiir swears in three new governors" 2106: 1831: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1142:Since February 2017, the conflict between the 1037: 280:(SPLM-IO shadow governor of Wau by early 2017) 101:Rebel forces maintain control of several areas 4276:"IOM: 8,000 people displaced by Wau violence" 4102: 3973:"Three people killed in Wau-Tonj road attack" 3281:. Radio Tamazuj. 28 July 2016. Archived from 3230:. Sudan Tribune. 23 July 2016. Archived from 3228:"Two South Sudanese soldiers executed in Wau" 3204:. Radio Tamazuj. 25 July 2016. Archived from 3178:. Radio Tamazuj. 20 July 2016. Archived from 3075:. Radio Tamazuj. 10 July 2016. Archived from 2946: 2944: 2822:. Radio Tamazuj. 25 June 2016. Archived from 2481:. Radio Tamazuj. 27 July 2016. Archived from 2310:"Two SPLA generals killed in ambush near Wau" 1971:. Radio Tamazuj. 14 June 2016. Archived from 1728:. Radio Tamazuj. 9 March 2017. Archived from 1697:. Radio Tamazuj. 29 June 2016. Archived from 1619:. Sudan Tribune. 29 June 2016. Archived from 1126:The UN protection of civilians (PoC) site in 658: 267:(SPLM-IO shadow governor of Wau by June 2016) 5580: 5163:"Stephen Buay captured in fighting in Mayom" 4323:"NDM condemns targeted killings in Wau town" 4135:"Dozens of people feared dead in Mapel town" 3152:. Radio Tamazuj. 7 July 2016. Archived from 3101:. Radio Tamazuj. 7 July 2016. Archived from 2870:. Radio Tamazuj. 4 July 2016. Archived from 2795: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2059: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 672: 5556:"Parties agree to cease hostilities in Wau" 4021:"More than 10 people killed in Wau clashes" 3749: 3747: 3626:"Clashes erupt at Bringi south of Wau town" 3567: 3383:"Wau Governor takes steps to stop fighting" 3122: 3120: 2714: 2552: 2535: 2387: 2385: 2383: 1998: 1522: 1500: 1498: 4620:"136 IDPs from Besselia arrive in Wau PoC" 4544: 4542: 4203:Michael Atit; John Tanza (10 April 2017). 3251: 3249: 2951:Nabeel Biajo; Tito Justin (27 June 2016). 2941: 2917: 2915: 2739: 2737: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2020: 2018: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1222:, Col. Abraham Bol Chut Dhuol (brother of 665: 651: 41: 5726: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5051: 5049: 4822:"President Kiir fires Wau state governor" 4459:"Wau citizens report insecurity at night" 2577: 2374: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2279: 2277: 2247: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1942:"President Kiir fires Wau state governor" 1680: 1146:in Wau State and government-allied Dinka 306:(NAS commander of Western Bahr el Ghazal) 4572:"12 children die of malnutrition in Wau" 4254:"Death toll in Wau violence rises to 31" 3744: 3117: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2380: 2196: 2194: 2140: 2138: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1495: 1353: 1275: 1195: 1137: 1121: 1074: 1041: 974: 922: 827: 539:Western Bahar Ghazal Lion Forces (WBGLF) 5706: 5658: 4539: 3323: 3246: 3099:"More shelling in Wau Thursday morning" 3045: 3043: 2912: 2860: 2734: 2695: 2683: 2671: 2524: 2466: 2028:. Insider. 26 June 2016. Archived from 2015: 1956: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1635: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 354: 339:(SPLA Chief of General Staff from 2017) 5750: 5181: 5046: 2609: 2607: 2324: 2274: 2229:"No security threats in Wau: governor" 2173:"SPLA releases 9 war prisoners in Wau" 1987: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1208:The government began to intensify its 5675: 2701: 2659: 2647: 2635: 2452:"Dozens killed during clashes in Wau" 2433: 2191: 2135: 2079: 2044: 1917: 1777: 1744: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1167:attacked local opposition-affiliated 918: 646: 323:(SPLA Chief of General Staff 2016–17) 4415:"Man found dead in Wau neighborhood" 3040: 2026:"SPLA soldier killed in Wau clashes" 1804: 1563: 704:748 Air Services HS 748 crash (2014) 239:Maj. Gen. Ashhab Khamis Fahal Ukanda 4736:. UN News Centre. 14 September 2017 3527:"Fighting breaks out near Wau town" 2604: 1600: 1482: 1469: 1288:; the UN rated western Wau per the 987:had found shelter by December 2016. 13: 5727:Vuylsteke, Sarah (December 2018). 4846:. Sudan Tribune. 16 September 2017 4824:. Radio Tamazuj. 15 September 2017 4714:. Radio Tamazuj. 11 September 2017 3680:. Sudan Tribune. 24 September 2016 3606:. Sudan Tribune. 19 September 2016 3555:. Sudan Tribune. 14 September 2016 2204:. Radio Tamazuj. 20 September 2017 1819:. Radio Tamazuj. 14 September 2017 1713: 1445: 1158:By mid-January 2017, about 28,850 872:Ugandan People's Defence Air Force 16:Armed conflict in Wau, South Sudan 14: 5844: 5260:Food and Agriculture Organization 4802:. Radio Tamazuj. 8 September 2017 4758:. Radio Tamazuj. 6 September 2017 4692:. Radio Tamazuj. 4 September 2017 4527:. Radio Tamazuj. 13 December 2017 2617:. Sudan Tribune. 30 December 2016 2538:"Human remains discovered in Wau" 2421:. Sudan Tribune. 7 September 2017 983:'s cathedral, where around 8,500 719:Operation Sankat Mochan (2016–17) 492:Col. Abraham Bol Chut Dhuol 5626: 5600: 5574: 5548: 5522: 5496: 5470: 5444: 5418: 5392: 5360: 5334: 5308: 5275: 5244: 5225:Zenebe Teklewold (9 June 2018). 5218: 5155: 5129: 5103: 5075: 5014: 4988: 4962: 4936: 4910: 4884: 4858: 4836: 4814: 4792: 4770: 4748: 4726: 4704: 4682: 4660: 4634: 4612: 4586: 4564: 4517: 4495: 4473: 4451: 4429: 4407: 4381: 4359: 4337: 4315: 4268: 4246: 4224: 4171: 4149: 4127: 4039: 4013: 3927:. Sudan Tribune. 26 January 2017 3905:. Sudan Tribune. 25 January 2017 3857:. Radio Tamazuj. 23 January 2017 3757:. Sudan Tribune. 20 January 2017 3411:. Sudan Tribune. 24 October 2016 1792:. Sudan Tribune. 25 January 2017 1272:New tribal conflicts, and famine 824:Increasing violence in Wau State 546: 529: 511: 502: 486: 474: 454: 441: 421: 404: 391: 378: 365: 343: 327: 311: 297: 284: 271: 258: 246: 233: 216: 194: 168: 129: 4780:. Radio Tamazuj. 23 August 2017 4670:. Radio Tamazuj. 22 August 2017 4622:. Radio Tamazuj. 11 August 2017 4574:. Radio Tamazuj. 23 August 2017 3991: 3965: 3939: 3917: 3895: 3869: 3847: 3821: 3795: 3769: 3718: 3692: 3670: 3644: 3618: 3596: 3545: 3519: 3507:. Sudan Tribune. 22 August 2016 3497: 3485:. Sudan Tribune. 22 August 2016 3475: 3449: 3423: 3401: 3375: 3349: 3297: 3271: 3220: 3194: 3168: 3142: 3091: 3065: 3018: 2992: 2970: 2886: 2838: 2812: 2789: 2763: 2715:Matthew Lee (5 December 2016). 2565:. Radio Tamazuj. 10 August 2017 2411: 1860: 160:Aguok and Apuk tribal militias 94:Government secures the town of 5668: 5282:Jason Patinkin (15 May 2018). 4552:. Sudan Tribune. 4 August 2017 4505:. Radio Tamazuj. 1 August 2017 4483:. Sudan Tribune. 8 August 2017 4369:. Sudan Tribune. 13 April 2017 4347:. Radio Tamazuj. 12 April 2017 4325:. Radio Tamazuj. 13 April 2017 4303:. Radio Tamazuj. 12 April 2017 4278:. Radio Tamazuj. 13 April 2017 4256:. Radio Tamazuj. 21 April 2017 4234:. Radio Tamazuj. 10 April 2017 4001:. Sudan Tribune. 23 March 2017 2312:. Radio Tamazuj. 10 April 2017 2287:. Radio Tamazuj. 4 August 2017 2148:. Sudan Tribune. 16 April 2017 1584:. 28 June 2016. Archived from 1549:Society for Threatened Peoples 1080:Sudan People's Liberation Army 961:Society for Threatened Peoples 814:Sudan People's Liberation Army 762:Sudan People's Liberation Army 63:23 June 2016 – 31 January 2019 35:ethnic violence in South Sudan 1: 5798:Battles involving South Sudan 4461:. Radio Tamazuj. 30 June 2017 4181:. Sudan Tribune. 9 April 2017 4159:. Radio Tamazuj. 8 April 2017 4137:. Sudan Tribune. 5 April 2017 4115:. Nyamilepedia. 11 April 2017 3259:. Sudan Tribune. 29 June 2016 3130:. Sudan Tribune. 12 July 2016 3028:. Sudan Tribune. 27 June 2016 2980:. Sudan Tribune. 27 June 2016 2848:. Sudan Tribune. 25 June 2016 2512:. Radio Tamazuj. 20 July 2017 2262:. Nyamilepedia. 12 April 2017 2094:. Nyamilepedia. 10 April 2017 2060:Nabeel Biajo (28 June 2016). 1944:. Sudan Tribune. 24 June 2016 1515: 1113:Vice President of South Sudan 787: 699:Bahr el Ghazal retreat (2014) 434: 414: 410:Maj. Gen. Michael Majur Alier 5581:Michael Atit (21 May 2019). 4439:. Sudan Tribune. 8 June 2017 3053:. Sudan Tribune. 2 July 2016 2796:Waakhe Simon (30 May 2016). 2590:"South Sudan explodes again" 1418: 222:Brig. Gen. Augustine Charles 7: 4417:. Radio Tamazuj. 1 May 2017 2536:Darius Wani (30 May 2016). 1999:Haru Mutasa (7 July 2016). 1378:in February 2018. Another, 1038:Fighting in the countryside 812:, when the Dinka-dominated 90:Stalemate; peace agreement 10: 5849: 1372:South Sudan Patriotic Army 1104:South Sudan Police Service 913: 592:Several thousand fighters 572:South Sudan Police Service 293:(SPLM-IO spokesman in Wau) 2592:. Economist. 12 July 2016 2454:. The Niles. 29 June 2016 906:town in the neighbouring 810:Second Sudanese Civil War 684: 631: 615: 588:Several thousand fighters 582: 521: 397:Lt. Gen. Gabriel Jok Riak 361:(Wau governor until 2016) 209: 111: 55: 40: 28: 23: 5813:South Sudanese Civil War 5808:Massacres in South Sudan 1438: 1181:National Salvation Front 952:South Sudanese Civil War 734:Cairo Declaration (2017) 676:South Sudanese Civil War 637:70,000–150,000 displaced 447:Maj. Gen. Keer Kiir Keer 387:(Wau governor from 2017) 290:Col. Nicola Gabriel Adam 31:South Sudanese Civil War 1376:Northern Bahr el Ghazal 1282:2017 South Sudan famine 860:Northern Bahr el Ghazal 598:(in Momoi and Abushaka) 450:(5th Division, 2018–19) 98:, and most of Wau State 5803:Western Bahr el Ghazal 1460:Lord's Resistance Army 1366: 1311:sigmoid colon volvulus 1293: 1254: 1205: 1155: 1131: 1083: 1051: 1001:Lord's Resistance Army 988: 931: 841: 802:Western Bahr el Ghazal 752:Armed clashes took in 729:Pagak offensive (2017) 694:Bentiu massacre (2014) 634:(as of late June 2016) 374:(Wau governor 2016–17) 303:Gen. Faiz Ismail Fatur 227:Western Bahr el Ghazal 225:(SPLM-IO commander of 210:Commanders and leaders 1380:Stephen Buay Rolnyang 1357: 1279: 1250: 1199: 1141: 1125: 1078: 1045: 978: 926: 876:South Sudan Air Force 831: 714:Wau clashes (2016–19) 709:Battle of Juba (2016) 616:Casualties and losses 567:South Sudan Air Force 429:Stephen Buay Rolnyang 24:2016–2019 Wau clashes 5692:. pp. 172–186. 979:The refugee camp at 689:Battle of Bor (2013) 400:(5th Division, 2016) 5773:2019 in South Sudan 5768:2018 in South Sudan 5763:2017 in South Sudan 5758:2016 in South Sudan 5736:HSBA Briefing Paper 5716:HSBA Briefing Paper 3234:on 15 December 2018 2662:, pp. 177–180. 2650:, pp. 176–177. 2638:, pp. 175–176. 1299:lieutenant colonels 517:Gen. Thayip Gatluak 254:(SPLM-IO commander) 242:(SPLM-IO commander) 5682:Abingdon-on-Thames 5510:. 6 September 2018 5373:The New York Times 5204:Human Rights Watch 5034:. 24 December 2017 5002:. 11 December 2017 4950:. 28 February 2018 3732:. 13 December 2016 3006:. 13 December 2016 2929:on 12 October 2017 1874:. 13 December 2016 1623:on 12 October 2017 1396:Human Rights Watch 1367: 1339:James Ajonga Mawut 1294: 1210:counter-insurgency 1206: 1156: 1132: 1084: 1052: 989: 932: 919:Battle in Wau town 887:Human Rights Watch 885:At the same time, 880:attack helicopters 842: 778:Elias Waya Nyipuoc 384:Angelo Taban Biajo 371:Andrea Mayan Achor 350:Elias Waya Nyipuoc 335:James Ajonga Mawut 204:(opposition claim) 145:(since March 2017) 5793:Conflicts in 2019 5788:Conflicts in 2018 5783:Conflicts in 2017 5778:Conflicts in 2016 5740:Small Arms Survey 5720:Small Arms Survey 5699:978-1-138-05961-0 5562:. 31 January 2019 5206:. 24 October 2018 5117:. 2 February 2018 4976:. 1 November 2017 4898:. 4 December 2017 2674:, pp. 10–11. 2235:. 11 January 2018 2179:. 2 November 2017 1262: 1130:in December 2016. 1082:soldiers in 2016. 747: 746: 641: 640: 635: 624: 599: 451: 438: 418: 401: 388: 375: 362: 340: 324: 307: 294: 281: 268: 255: 243: 230: 205: 190: 189:splinter faction) 163: 162:(since Aug. 2017) 157: 156:(since Feb. 2017) 146: 118:Local opposition 107: 106: 5840: 5743: 5733: 5723: 5713: 5703: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5587:Voice of America 5578: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5378:Associated Press 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5292:. Archived from 5279: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5256: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5196: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5053: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5032:Associated Press 5027:Voice of America 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4872:. 2 October 2017 4862: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4600:. 23 August 2017 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4546: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4297: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4210:Voice of America 4200: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4109: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4080: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3751: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3730:Voice of America 3722: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3574: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3253: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3124: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3047: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3004:Voice of America 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2957:Voice of America 2948: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2919: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2741: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2721:Inner City Press 2712: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2611: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2586: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2559: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2533: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2506: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2475: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2448: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2389: 2378: 2375:Vuylsteke (2018) 2372: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2333: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2306: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2281: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2256: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2225: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2198: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2169: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2142: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2113: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2088: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2066:Voice of America 2057: 2042: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2022: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1996: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1965: 1954: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1938: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1895: 1884: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1872:Voice of America 1864: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1838: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1813: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1786: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1755: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1722: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1691: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1656: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1613: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1574: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1541: 1509: 1506:Paul Malong Awan 1502: 1493: 1486: 1480: 1473: 1467: 1449: 1359:Paul Malong Awan 1263: 1257: 1224:Matur Chut Dhuol 1215:chemical weapons 851:Paul Malong Awan 739:Juba raid (2018) 679: 677: 667: 660: 653: 644: 643: 633: 622: 597: 551: 550: 549: 534: 533: 516: 515: 508:Gen. Magok Magok 507: 506: 498: 491: 490: 479: 478: 470: 459: 458: 449: 446: 445: 436: 432: 426: 425: 416: 412: 409: 408: 399: 396: 395: 386: 383: 382: 373: 370: 369: 360: 356: 348: 347: 338: 332: 331: 322: 319:Paul Malong Awan 316: 315: 305: 302: 301: 292: 289: 288: 279: 276: 275: 266: 263: 262: 253: 251: 250: 241: 238: 237: 224: 221: 220: 203: 199: 198: 197: 184: 173: 172: 161: 155: 154:tribal militias 144: 134: 133: 57: 56: 45: 21: 20: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5833:Battles in 2019 5828:Battles in 2018 5823:Battles in 2017 5818:Battles in 2016 5748: 5747: 5746: 5731: 5711: 5700: 5671: 5666: 5665: 5657: 5653: 5643: 5641: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5617: 5615: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5591: 5589: 5579: 5575: 5565: 5563: 5554: 5553: 5549: 5539: 5537: 5536:. 6 August 2018 5528: 5527: 5523: 5513: 5511: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5435: 5433: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5409: 5407: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5383: 5381: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5325: 5323: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5299: 5297: 5296:on May 31, 2018 5280: 5276: 5266: 5264: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5235: 5233: 5223: 5219: 5209: 5207: 5198: 5197: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5146: 5144: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5120: 5118: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5091:. 10 April 2018 5088:The Independent 5081: 5080: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5055: 5054: 5047: 5037: 5035: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4977: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4927: 4925: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4825: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4783: 4781: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4761: 4759: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4737: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4717: 4715: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4625: 4623: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4603: 4601: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4548: 4547: 4540: 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2901: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2851: 2849: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2803: 2801: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2743: 2742: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2713: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2686:, pp. 3–4. 2682: 2678: 2670: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2634: 2630: 2620: 2618: 2613: 2612: 2605: 2595: 2593: 2588: 2587: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2561: 2560: 2553: 2543: 2541: 2534: 2525: 2515: 2513: 2508: 2507: 2498: 2488: 2486: 2477: 2476: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2450: 2449: 2434: 2424: 2422: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2402: 2400: 2399:on 1 April 2018 2391: 2390: 2381: 2373: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2343:. 13 April 2017 2335: 2334: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2308: 2307: 2300: 2290: 2288: 2283: 2282: 2275: 2265: 2263: 2258: 2257: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2227: 2226: 2217: 2207: 2205: 2200: 2199: 2192: 2182: 2180: 2171: 2170: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2144: 2143: 2136: 2126: 2124: 2115: 2114: 2107: 2097: 2095: 2090: 2089: 2080: 2070: 2068: 2058: 2045: 2035: 2033: 2024: 2023: 2016: 2006: 2004: 1997: 1988: 1978: 1976: 1967: 1966: 1957: 1947: 1945: 1940: 1939: 1918: 1908: 1906: 1897: 1896: 1887: 1877: 1875: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1851: 1849: 1840: 1839: 1832: 1822: 1820: 1815: 1814: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1788: 1787: 1778: 1768: 1766: 1757: 1756: 1745: 1735: 1733: 1724: 1723: 1714: 1704: 1702: 1693: 1692: 1681: 1671: 1669: 1658: 1657: 1636: 1626: 1624: 1615: 1614: 1601: 1591: 1589: 1588:on 28 June 2016 1576: 1575: 1564: 1554: 1552: 1543: 1542: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1503: 1496: 1487: 1483: 1474: 1470: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1421: 1352: 1274: 1265: 1256: 1194: 1040: 921: 916: 855:Mathiang Anyoor 826: 790: 750: 749: 748: 743: 680: 675: 673: 671: 636: 621:7,000 defected 578:tribal militias 574: 562:Mathiang Anyoor 547: 545: 528: 510: 509: 501: 500: 494: 485: 484: 473: 472: 466: 453: 452: 448: 440: 439: 433:(5th Division, 431: 420: 419: 413:(5th Division, 411: 403: 402: 398: 390: 389: 385: 377: 376: 372: 364: 363: 359: 342: 341: 337: 326: 325: 321: 310: 304: 296: 295: 291: 283: 282: 278: 270: 269: 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