2012 Malian coup d'état

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ministers, and five of those were viewed as close to the coup leader, Captain Sanogo. Those who were selected to five posts in the new government were chosen by the military leadership, while at least four members of the previous transitional government, including the interior minister who was responsible for organizing elections, were not changed. None of the selected ministers had close links to the ousted, democratically elected president.

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The five ECOWAS leaders abandoned their plans to visit Bamako mid-flight after several dozen junta supporters "stormed the airport runway". Their scheduled talks instead took place in Abidjan. ECOWAS announced later in the day that the junta had 72 hours to return power to constitutional authorities,

2001:, the head of the ECOWAS commission, described the coup as "a threat to the entire region". Hundreds of Malian protesters demonstrated at the meeting, calling for a return to civilian rule. Following the meeting, ECOWAS placed peacekeeping troops on standby, hinting at possible military intervention. 1920:

reported an observer describing the situation as "very fluid", and that rumours of a counter-coup continued throughout the day, exacerbated by the hour-long disappearance of the Malian television signal the previous night. A US State Department official also noted that Mali faced a "near-total cutoff

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Inspired in part by the diversion caused by the military coup, Tuareg rebels in the country's north launched incursions deeper into Mali, seizing towns and bases formerly held by government forces fighting the conflict that caused the coup. As military forces were engaged in consolidating their hold

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went on state television which identified him as the spokesperson of the National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State (CNRDR), formed by the renegade soldiers. Konare declared that the soldiers had seized power from 'the incompetent regime of Amadou Toumani Touré' and said it would

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said the United States condemns the military seizure of power and stands with the legitimately elected government of Touré. All U.S. aid to Mali was suspended on 26 March. However, on 20 April three U.S. military personnel that had been in the country assisting Mali's military before the coup were

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Sanogo stated that no soldiers of the Malian army remained loyal to Touré, describing himself as "in total control". However, an anonymous source from Sanogo's staff stated that Touré continued to be protected by members of the parachute battalion that had formed his presidential guard. Meanwhile,

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In an effort to restore stability to Mali following the military coup, a new government of national unity was formed on 20 August and approved by interim President Dioncounda Traoré. Cheick Modibo Diarra, who led the interim government, remained as Prime Minister. The new cabinet consisted of 31

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Following reports that men in police and military uniforms were looting shops and stealing cars in Bamako, Sanogo appeared on national television to denounce the "vandalism and pillaging" and state that the perpetrators were opposition forces impersonating soldiers in order to turn public opinion

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rebels launched a major offensive against Mali's security forces and military in a bid to seize the northern town of Kidal on 6 February 2012. Some loyalist Tuareg fled to the city of Bamako, fearing reprisals after violent demonstrations in the first week of February. The Tuareg rebels had been

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According to the BBC's West Africa correspondent, a large number of low-ranking soldiers, possibly the majority, supported the coup, while the majority of the army's officers had not come out publicly to support the coup. Captain Sonogo said in an interview with the BBC that "We are not here to

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The coup attempt followed weeks of protests of the government's handling of a nomad-led rebellion in the country's north, which had dropped Touré's popularity to "a new low". Soldiers demanded more weapons and resources for their campaign against the rebels, and were dissatisfied with a lack of

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After the junta failed to meet the ECOWAS deadline for relinquishing power, "severe" sanctions against Mali began. The nation's account in the Central Bank of West African States was frozen, and Mali's land borders were closed. As Mali imports most of its petroleum from Côte d'Ivoire, this was

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Following reports that the leaders of the "Red Berets" (presidential guard) would be arrested by the junta, Red Berets assaulted OTRM offices and other locations in Mali in an apparent attempt at a countercoup, exchanging fire with pro-junta soldiers. The fighting lasted through the night and

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Argentina: The Foreign Minister of Argentina said: "The Argentine government expresses its profound solidarity with the people of Mali" and request "the strict respect for human rights, the immediate restoration of constitutional order and the legitimate continuation of the ongoing electoral

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Soldiers allowed a group of pro-coup demonstrators into Traoré's office in Bamako. The demonstrators, who had been carrying a mock coffin with Traoré's name written on it, attacked him, knocking him unconscious. He was brought to Point G Hospital but was not conscious when he was brought in,

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Coup leaders formally handed power to Traoré, and the imprisoned ministers and aides from Touré's administration were released. Following Traoré's inauguration, he pledged to "wage a total and relentless war" on the Tuareg rebels unless they released their control of northern Malian cities.

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The new civilian government comprising 24 ministers was announced; three ministers (defence, interior and internal security) were from the military and considered to be close to the coup leaders. Sanogo stated that the junta would continue to play a "supervisory" role in the transition.

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said it was putting regional troops on standby for any necessary intervention. A violent clash took place at the Labour Exchange, which was serving as an opposition headquarters; a number of coup opponents were reportedly injured by thrown rocks and then arrested by police.

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formally resigned; however, as of 16 May, the junta was still "widely thought to have maintained overall control". On 3 December 2013, a mass grave was discovered in Diago holding the remains of 21 soldiers that went missing the year before, loyal to the ousted president.

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stated that "differences must be resolved by dialogue and democratic process, not by force" and called for a return to stability before next month's elections. Canada suspended all aid programs involving direct payments to the government of Mali, while stating that

3438:"Démenti formel: Le Ministre de la Défense n'est ni blessé ni arrêté. Il est à son bureau où il poursuit calmement sa journée de travail (Formal denial: The Defense Minister is neither injured nor arrested. He is at his office where he continues to work quietly.)" 2579:, who was in Bamako at the time of the coup, said after his escape from the country: "This should be the last time such a coup takes place anywhere in the continent. It is not fair for young excited soldiers to drive democratically elected leaders out of office." 2152:

warehouses in Gao, Timbuktu, and Kidal causing the organization to suspend food aid to northern Mali. Looting of hospitals, hotels, government offices, and aid offices was reported across the region. Two hundred thousand people had reportedly fled the fighting.

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Later that day, armored vehicles sealed off the presidential palace, and reporters heard 10 minutes of automatic gunfire near the headquarters of the Malian state broadcaster, whose programmes went off the air. Soldiers blocked the path to the buildings. The

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The UN Security Council stated "strong condemnation of the forcible seizure of power from the democratically-elected government" and again called for "the immediate restoration of constitutional rule... and for the preservation of the electoral process."

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administration in the U.S. formally suspended aid to Mali, stating that it would only resume when democracy was restored. A thousand-person protest also gathered in Bamako to urge a return to democracy, chanting "Down with Sanogo" and "Liberate the ORTM"

1593:, including the presidential palace, state television, and military barracks. The soldiers, who said they had formed the National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State, declared the following day that they had overthrown the government of 1743:

came back on the air with a brief message displayed against a backdrop of traditional Malian music and dance. "In a moment, there will be a statement by the military", the message read. A riot broke out at a military garrison near the northern town of

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stated that it is following the situation in Mali with "deep concern", called for the "immediate restoration of constitutional order and democracy" and urged the parties to exert "moderation, to peaceful dialogue and the rejection of the use of

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Angola: The Foreign Minister of Angola said about the coup: "We are against this kind of power seizure by the force of arms, we think it necessary that they go through the constitution and negotiation path and find a solution that satisfies all

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killed in a car accident in Bamako. Conflicting reasons were offered for why the men had remained in the country, and three women identified by anonymous sources as Moroccan prostitutes were also killed in the vehicle. One of the men was from

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on the 27th, the day on which the junta had called for striking civil servants to return to work. A joint delegation from ECOWAS and the AU also began negotiations with the rebel soldiers to restore power to the elected government. Meanwhile,

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ECOWAS announced a deadline of a 12-month transition until presidential and legislative elections, and that soldiers would be deployed to Mali to ensure a peaceful transition. Sanogo stated that his government would reject both decisions.

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confiscate any power but we are here to have an army and security forces available to assume the national security.... So once this has been fixed, I'll be able to say 'Ok, go for election' in a short period of time. I promise." A joint

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A military official loyal to the President said the President was in good health, and that the Interior and the Defense Ministers were also safe – contrary to earlier reports that the defense minister had been arrested. Foreign Minister

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rebellion in the north of Mali. He was met with boos and stones were thrown at his car. He was sequestered, and his guards fired warning shots in the air. The minister was released thanks to the intervention of the Kati zone commander

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As the day progressed, the rebel soldiers looted the Presidential Palace, taking TVs and other goods, while their leader urged them to stop the celebratory gunfire, which had been responsible for at least 20 injuries in the capital.

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is following the event with 'deep concern' and called for calm and for grievances to be resolved peacefully and within the democratic process. Ban also reaffirmed the UN's support for the constitutional order in the country. The

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Amadou Toumani Touré submitted his formal resignation from the presidency to ECOWAS mediators on 8 April 2012, stating, "More than anything, I do it out of the love I have for my country". Amadou Sanogo resigned shortly after.

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Algeria: An Algerian government spokesman stated, "we condemn the use of force and firmly reject any unconstitutional changes... We believe that all internal issues in Mali need to be resolved through the country's legitimate

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described Mali as "on the brink of a major humanitarian disaster" following the coup and rebellion due to aid agency pull-outs, widespread looting, and widespread reports of violence against girls and women in the north.

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Several African leaders said they had been in touch with the ousted Malian president and that he was still safe and under the protection of forces that remained loyal to him at an undisclosed location outside Bamako.

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reported the streets of Bamako were calm but largely deserted due to fears of looting and a petrol (gasoline) shortage. Many businesses remained closed, with Sanogo calling for them to reopen on Tuesday, 27 March.

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Meeting one of ECOWAS's demands, Sanogo announced that the CNRDR would reinstate Mali's previous constitution, and begin "to organise free, open and democratic elections in which we will not participate".

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During the day, there were fears by the rebels that the Red Berets were preparing a counterattack against the TV station, and rebel forces set up defensive positions to repel the expected assault. The

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The CNRDR announced a new constitution. In one provision, the group pledged that it would not seek office in future elections, and that members of CNRDR would be barred from standing in elections.

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spoke with a soldier who said that when soldiers entered the palace, Touré's bodyguards did not defend the building. The mutinying soldiers searched the area for Touré, but he was not caught.

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called on an ECOWAS meeting in Abidjan to send a "strong signal" to the mutinous soldiers that democracy must be restored; he later described Mali's return to democracy as "non-negotiable".

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reported that the arrest had been ordered by Capt. Sanogo. According to an eyewitness, soldiers "smashed in the door of the prime minister's residence and took him away a bit violently".

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military camp, 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north of Bamako, to defuse a protest planned for the next day by soldiers of the camp against perceived bad management of the conflict with the

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Russia: Russia condemned the coup and "demanded that the junta leaders should restore the constitutional order and ensure the return of the democratically elected president to power".

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Senegal: Senegal expressed its support of the ECOWAS and AU action against the coup, and called on West African nations to "restore, as quickly as possible, the rule of law in Mali".

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against the coup. Sanogo also announced his intention to seek peace talks with the Tuareg insurgents. According to Mali's state television service, Sanogo also met French ambassador

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The junta announced that at least 140 Red Berets had been captured following the counter-coup attempt, although later reports put the number at 300, of which 20 died under torture.

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Mali's constitutional court met to determine the interim president, announcing that Dioncounda Traoré can assume the presidency for up to 40 days in order to organize elections.

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reported that civil servants had been unable to resume work due to widespread looting by coup soldiers, including the theft of most government computers and the cash from safes.

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would become interim president and oversee new elections. Under the terms of the agreement, the mutinying soldiers would be given amnesty for their participation in the coup.

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noted its concern that the coup foreshadowed a "period of uncertainty on human rights", and called on Sanogo's forces to release their political prisoners from detention.

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India: India "expresses its deep concern over the recent developments in Mali and calls for respect of the constitutional order and democratic process in that country".

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condemned the coup against Mali's legally elected government and president and urged the military to return power back to the legal authorities as soon as possible.

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said the British government is 'deeply concerned' about reports of a coup attempt and condemns any action to undermine democratic rule and the Malian Constitution.

5728: 4826: 4691: 4588: 1609:(ECOWAS) negotiators that they would step down from power in return for the end of sanctions, giving power to a transitional government led by parliament speaker 5579: 2007:

A spokesperson for the French embassy confirmed that Ambassador Christian Rouyer had spoken with Touré by telephone, and that Touré had stated that he was safe.

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also called for "the release of all detained Malian officials" and the "immediate restoration of constitutional rule and the democratically elected government".

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government support for the army, some soldiers having been sent to the front without sufficient food. Touré was to leave office when his term expires after the

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wrote that the resignation "appeared to be the country’s second coup". Mariko opposed the use of the term, telling reporters, "This is not a new coup d'etat".

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Bamako always had difficulty controlling the north of the country, a territory that had been disputed by the MNLA and its precursor groups since the 1960s.

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called on the CNRDR to "restore basic human rights protections" as well as set a firm timeline to return power to a democratically elected government.

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expected to cause parts of the country to run out of fuel "within days" as well as shutting down the country's gasoline-dependent electric grid.

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A group of prominent Malian political figures made an announcement condemning the coup as "a step backwards", including presidential candidate

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Hours later, the Prime Minister announced his resignation and the resignation of his government on national television. A military spokesman,

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from Mali. The African Union and the European Union condemned the declaration, the former declaring it "null and of no value whatsoever".

2086:, a northern regional capital, was taken by the MNLA and Ansar Dine. BBC News described the loss as "a serious blow to the coup leaders". 4931: 3772: 3558: 2921: 2601:

Nigeria: The Nigerian government said it refused to recognize the "unconstitutional government" in Mali, and strongly condemned the coup.

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apparently suffering from a head injury. Three protesters were killed and others wounded when Traoré's security fired on the attackers.

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Anti-Western sentiment was reported to rise in Bamako due to a perception that the U.S. and France were behind the proposed sanctions. A

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Several thousand Malians took to the streets in the capital to show their support for the junta and reject "foreign interference" as the

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began work on a resolution backing the ECOWAS sanctions against the junta. The U.S. and the African Union joined ECOWAS in announcing a

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on the capital, the rebels were able to push southward with little opposition. According to the MNLA, Malian army forces retreated to

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The fifteen nations of West Africa planned a military intervention against the junta and the Tuareg rebels. French Foreign Minister

1905:. An official statement from the group read: "Thanks to Allah the Almighty and his blessings, we will soon take our land in Kidal." 9860: 2711: 9184: 9079: 7946: 7434: 6034: 3532: 2212:

Later in the day, ECOWAS and the coup leaders reached an agreement on a transition of power and lifting of sanctions, under which

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ECOWAS released a statement accusing the junta of blocking the return to civilian rule and threatening to re-impose sanctions.

93: 9300: 6429: 3846: 2782:' shares fell 13% following the coup, as it owns three gold mines in Mali. However, it asserted that its mining operations in 9712: 9586: 9129: 9092: 9087: 8897: 7466: 6535: 5698: 5498: 4713: 4087: 3352: 2747: 1692:

Mali was going through a harsh food crisis that led to displaced populations, refugee camps, and starving women and children.

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Later in the day it was revealed the president had sought refuge at an undisclosed army base with loyal soldiers. The

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The coalition of Malian parties opposed to the junta refused to participate in Sanogo's proposed "national meeting".

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Rebel soldiers said during the evening they intended to launch an assault on the loyalist army camp in the capital.

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condemned the coup, calling on Mali's military to return to its barracks and "let the people decide their future".

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was among several ministers arrested after rebels seized the Presidential palace and other parts of the capital.

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Following weeks in which he lost popular support and the backing of the High Islamic Council, Prime Minister

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In the days following the March coup d'état, it was "unanimously condemned" by the international community.

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or Mali would face the closure of its land borders and the freezing of its assets in ECOWAS member nations.

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Niger: Niger stated its "total disapproval" of the coup and "condemned all unconstitutional changes".

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The Tuareg rebellion dismissed calls by Sanogo for a cease-fire and continued its latest offensive.

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described the victory over the countercoup as "a further step in the consolidation of control".

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Representatives of the CNRDR continued negotiations with ECOWAS under the mediation of President

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suspended Mali, until "effective restoration of constitutional order is achieved without delay".

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had been arrested, and that the detained ministers were being held at the military camp in Kati.

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Renegade soldiers claim successful coup, declare nationwide curfew and suspend the constitution

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An MNLA spokesman announced the end of the group's military operations after the capture of

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The junta seized control of the primary base of anti-junta forces, ending the countercoup.

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The stranded Kenyan and Zimbabwean foreign ministers were evacuated from Mali to Nigeria.

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It was announced that ECOWAS heads of state were planning to hold an emergency meeting in

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The junta announced that it was considering charging Touré with financial misconduct and

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suspended development aid funds in support of the AU and ECOWAS reactions to the coup.

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Renegade soldiers seize presidential palace, state media and other buildings, forcing

6961: 6908: 6893: 6852: 6759: 6669: 6609: 6569: 2719: 2135: 1994: 1667:(MNLA) have stated they want an autonomous, if not completely independent, homeland. 1513: 1491: 1458: 1128: 1086: 1081: 1071: 1009: 932: 835: 601: 586: 526: 253: 9778: 9769: 9010: 7450: 6460: 1605:

to describe the coup as "a spectacular own-goal". On 6 April, the junta agreed with

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called on the government to investigate the assaults and arrest the perpetrators.

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bolstered by an influx of battle-hardened, well-armed fighters returning from the

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Businesses and schools reopened following a call by the CNRDR for them to do so.

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South Africa: South Africa condemned the coup and closed its embassy in Bamako.

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correspondent was detained by junta officers, handcuffed, and threatened with

1848:

network went off the air several times as gunfire erupted around the station.

9809: 7016: 6971: 6966: 6928: 6589: 6301:"Venezuela rechaza golpe de Estado en Mali y pide respeto a la vida de Toure" 6170:"Ugandan president condemns Mali coup, calls for restoration of people power" 2417: 1955: 1853: 1834: 1765: 1757: 1712: 1614: 1347: 1235: 1193: 1036: 994: 501: 290: 271: 247: 147: 108: 95: 6247:"Mysterious fatal crash offers rare look at U.S. commando presence in Mali." 4793:"Mali: 200,000 flee fighting, UN World Food Programme suspends aid in north" 4209:"West African leaders say they will send 'strong signal' to Mali coup group" 1601:'s neighbors, and the swift loss of northern Mali to Tuareg forces, leading 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7363: 7353: 6956: 6619: 6564: 6031:"Nigeria rejects coup in Mali, wants ECOWAS, AU, UN to strongly condemn it" 2751: 2553:

Ghana: Ghana "condemned the unwarranted military seizure of power in Mali".

2365: 2050: 1970: 1530: 1352: 897: 6265:"Three Prostitutes Were Involved in that Fatal US Army Car Crash In Mali." 1886:

A total of 14 government officials and ministers were held hostage in the

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has been appointed interim prime minister to help restore civilian rule.

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was arrested by soldiers on 10 December and taken to a military base in

6286: 6199: 6114:"Mali coup: Senegal expresses solidarity with ordinary Malian citizens" 2755: 2354: 1898: 1845: 1716: 1656: 5283:"Mali Uprising Proves No Threat to Junta Leader's Vision of Authority" 9782: 9761: 9014: 9009: 8959: 6304: 4038: 3947:"Mali Coup: Amadou Sanogo, Coup Leader, Says He Is Firmly in Control" 2421: 1761:

look to hand over power to a new, democratically elected government.

563: 209:

National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State (CNRDR)

3895:"Malian Politicians Slam Military Takeover « VOA Breaking News" 2018:

Amadou Toumani Touré said in an interview with French radio station

6639: 5847:

Ministry of External Relations of Brazil. Retrieved 23 March 2012.

2358: 2181: 2102: 1894: 1756:

Angry soldiers took over the capital city, Bamako. In the morning,

1653: 1644:, the Libyan leader who was deposed and killed. On 8 February, the 370: 41: 3263: 1921:

of foreign assistance", on which the nation is heavily dependent.

4963:"The Associated Press: Mali's Tuareg rebels declare independence" 4879:"Tuareg rebels declare the independence of Azawad, north of Mali" 4449: 2142: 1946: 1602: 49: 6513: 5699:"Coup d'Etat au Mali: l'évolution de la situation en temps réel" 3353:"Coup d'Etat au Mali: l'évolution de la situation en temps réel" 2542:

announced France is suspending diplomatic cooperation with Mali.

2448:: Mali was suspended from the IPU until "democracy is restored". 1689:

members flooded in from Algeria and other neighboring countries.

6599: 5123:"Mali's new leader threatens 'total war' against Tuareg rebels" 3697:"Mali president 'safe' after fleeing from overnight rebel coup" 2791: 2199: 2106: 1720: 1632: 1590: 155: 7449: 3466: 3062: 2344: 1739:

In the evening, after several hours, Mali's state broadcaster

5355:"Mali President Dioncounda Traore 'in hospital after attack'" 2066: 1902: 4767:"WFP suspends some operations in Mali after food aid looted" 3770: 3232:"Mali army claims upper hand over rebels amid coup disarray" 7071: 6544: 6469: 6464: 5070:"Mali awaits next step after president, coup leader resign" 4288:"Mali coup: I'm free and in Mali, says ousted leader Toure" 2148:

Insurgents in Northern Mali looted 2,354 tons of food from

1887: 1740: 1686: 1598: 338: 285: 266: 242: 222: 204: 183: 87: 6331:"Mali: Coup heralds period of uncertainty on human rights" 6222:"U.S. State Department statement on the situation in Mali" 3719:"Mali: Coup heralds period of uncertainty on human rights" 2065:

The MNLA announced its capture of the regional capital of

4425:"Ecowas gives Mali leaders ultimatum to relinquish power" 3825:"African Union Suspends Mali, Hears President Toure Safe" 2083: 1867:. Political parties that condemned the coup included the 1822: 1788: 1745: 6387:"Randgold Resources' shares plunge after a coup in Mali" 5578:. Agence France-Presse. 10 December 2012. Archived from 5491:"Mali PM Cheick Modibo Diarra resigns after army arrest" 4740:"Mali's junta 'may charge' President Toure with treason" 4240:"Malians go back to work as regional leaders weigh coup" 3773:"Mali rebels advance in north, mutineers seek president" 3029: 4263:"Mali Northern Rebels Fight on Despite Coup in Capital" 4009:"Coup Leaders in Mali Struggle to Assert Their Control" 3121:"Ecowas threatens Mali coup leaders with new sanctions" 2627:

People's Republic of China: China "condemned the coup".

2228: 2184:, which the group considered "the frontier of Azawad". 1663:

in northern Mali, while the secular Tuareg nationalist

5016:"Mali junta agrees power handover deal with neighbors" 4688:"UN Council Hammers out Condemnation of Mali Conflict" 4318:"Pressed on All Sides, Leader of Coup in Mali Digs In" 3979:"Mali coup leader Amadou Sanogo 'in complete control'" 3721:. Amnesty International. 23 March 2012. Archived from 3559:"Renegade Mali soldiers say seize power, depose Toure" 2950:"Mali president holed up in barracks as junta digs in" 2920:(in Arabic). Al Jazeera. 24 March 2012. Archived from 5727:. Agence France-Presse. 23 March 2012. Archived from 4823:"UN urges return of Mail government, end to fighting" 4530:"Mali army abandons northern town after rebel attack" 3187:"Malian rebels seize key border town, civilians flee" 2177:

said that France would help "on a logistical level".

5179:"Mali gives military personnel key government posts" 5097:"Court clears way for new interim president in Mali" 4989:"Amnesty warns Mali is 'on brink of major disaster'" 4795:. Agence France-Presse. 3 April 2012. Archived from 4690:. Agence France-Presse. 3 April 2012. Archived from 4659:"W. Africa bloc imposes sanctions on Mali post-coup" 4587:. Agence France-Presse. 1 April 2011. Archived from 4088:"Mali officials stage hunger strike to protest coup" 3408:"UN Chief Following Mali Events With 'Deep Concern'" 3264:

Laura Burke and Rukmini Callimachi (27 March 2012).

2805: 2198:

The MNLA declared "irrevocably" the independence of

1613:. In the following days, both Touré and coup leader 6409:"Gold Fields says committed to Mali despite unrest" 5546:"Mali PM Cheick Modibo Diarra arrested by soldiers" 5308:"Mali junta forces hunt down counter-coup soldiers" 4585:"Rebels seize Mali's main northern city: Witnesses" 4559:"Mali Tuareg rebels seize key garrison town of Gao" 4452:"As sanctions loom, junta says they plan elections" 4450:Baba Ahmed and Rukmini Callimachi (30 March 2012). 3919:. Xinhua News Agency. 24 March 2012. Archived from 3873:"Mali coup leader Sanogo 'will not cling to power'" 3798:"Mali soldiers loot presidential palace after coup" 3745:"Mali soldiers loot presidential palace after coup" 3266:"Bloc puts peacekeepers on standby after Mali coup" 6172:. Xinhua News Agency. 1 April 2012. Archived from 5914:"France suspends cooperation with Mali after coup" 5205:"Mali coup leader rejects ECOWAS troop deployment" 4960: 4850: 2977:"UN Chief Following Mali Events With Deep Concern" 2385: 5440:"Mali forms new unity government under PM Diarra" 5381:"Interim president of Mali injured, witness says" 5149:"Mali names Microsoft Africa chief as interim PM" 4399:"Mali coup: West African leaders 'abandon visit'" 4366:"Thousands rally for Mali junta, Toure says free" 4215:. Associated Press. 27 March 2012. Archived from 4140:"Mali protesters seek return to order after coup" 4118:"US cuts off aid to Mali's government after coup" 3847:"Mali state TV goes off air; fear of countercoup" 3589:"Renegade Mali soldiers declare immediate curfew" 3533:"Possible Mali coup as soldiers storm TV station" 3038:"Mali rebels claim to have ousted regime in coup" 2844:List of coups d'état and coup attempts since 2010 2701:United States: U.S. State Department spokeswoman 1985:was "partially" reopened for civilian transport. 9807: 5749: 5576:"Mali PM resigns after being arrested by troops" 5256:"Mali coup: Junta forces 'overrun rivals' camp'" 5207:. France 24. Agence France-Presse. 29 April 2012 4911:. Chennai, India. Associated Press. 6 April 2012 3671:"Au Mali, le front des putschistes se fragilise" 3063:Cheick Dioura and Adama Diarra (31 March 2012). 3007:"UPDATE 6-Soldiers say they seize power in Mali" 2295:resulted in at least 14 deaths and 40 injuries. 1711:On 21 March, defence minister Brigadier General 27:Coup d'état against the Tuareg rebellion of 2012 4855:. Yahoo! News. Associated Press. Archived from 4764: 4115: 3823:Heinlein, Peter; Ababa, Addis (23 March 2012). 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 2335: 2105:, the last major Malian-controlled city of the 6028: 5892:Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada 5866:Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada 4482:"Mali coup: Rebels seize desert capital Kidal" 4034:"Confusion reigns in wake of Mali coup d'etat" 3917:"Malian political parties condemn coup d'etat" 3771:David Lewis and Adama Diarra (22 March 2012). 3766: 3764: 3762: 3611: 3581: 3430: 3314:Mali: a case study of a complex african crisis 3096:"Mali court meets to choose interim president" 1929:along with several other foreign dignitaries. 1648:(MNLA) seized the Mali-Algeria border town of 1646:National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad 8995: 7435: 7048: 6529: 6445: 6283:"3 service members killed in Mali car crash." 5752:"Mali Suspended From International MPs' Body" 5725:"EU suspends Mali development aid after coup" 5462:"Mali announces new govt 5 months after coup" 5404: 5402: 5280: 4820: 4636:"Mali coup leaders call for transition talks" 4315: 4237: 4006: 3822: 3551: 2888: 2101:Rebel forces were reported to have encircled 354: 6214: 5862:"Baird, Ablonczy React to Mali Coup Attempt" 5774:"Algeria voices deep concern over Mali coup" 5603:"Mali's Prime Minister Arrested by Military" 5373: 4614:"Malian coup leader to restore constitution" 4260: 4176:"Mali Coup Leaders Partially Reopen Airport" 3209: 3065:"Mali Rebels Assault Gao, Northern Garrison" 2947: 1685:Mali was going through a security crisis as 1589:, attacked several locations in the capital 1581:began on 21 March that year, when mutinying 58:was ousted during the March 2012 coup d'état 6290:. 20 April 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2013. 6188: 5888:"Canada Suspends Aid to Government of Mali" 5800:"Angola: Govt Condemns Coup d'Etat in Mali" 5227:"'Gunshots fired' in Malian capital Bamako" 5094: 4905:"Mali's Tuareg rebels declare independence" 4341: 4173: 3944: 3759: 3490: 3035: 2527:programs in the country will remain active. 2452: 2426:Chairperson of the African Union Commission 2345:10 December - Diarra arrest and resignation 1976:Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision du Mali 9002: 8988: 7442: 7428: 7055: 7041: 6536: 6522: 6452: 6438: 6081: 6057:"Mali coup leaders face growing criticism" 5978: 5958:"India worried over military coup in Mali" 5677:"International condemnation for Mali coup" 5485: 5483: 5399: 5038: 5036: 4932:"Mali rebels declare independent 'Azawad'" 4881:. Al Arabiya. 6 April 2012. Archived from 4508:"Mali coup leader promises free elections" 4169: 4167: 3511:"Soldiers mutiny at military base in Mali" 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 2109:. The city was captured later in the day. 1640:, to which they had traveled to fight for 361: 347: 295:(Lieutenant and a spokesman for the CNRDR) 6272:. 9 July 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2013. 6254:. 8 July 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2013. 6084:"Coup in Mali: situation remains unclear" 5540: 5538: 5349: 5347: 4846: 4844: 4656: 4553: 4551: 4393: 4391: 4311: 4309: 4282: 4280: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4066:"Uncertainty in Mali after military coup" 4002: 4000: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3539:. London. Associated Press. 21 March 2012 3292:"Mali Soldiers Attack Palace in Coup Bid" 3165:"Tuareg rebels attack Mali town of Kidal" 3115: 3113: 2861: 2525:Canadian International Development Agency 2377: 2027:Economic Community of West African States 1858:Economic Community of West African States 1652:as Malian soldiers crossed into Algeria. 1607:Economic Community of West African States 6361:"Mali: Coup Leaders Must Respect Rights" 5981:"Wetang'ula rescued from Mali coup hell" 5642: 5630:. Agence France-Presse. 11 December 2012 5600: 5250: 5248: 4816: 4814: 4682: 4680: 4608: 4606: 4111: 4109: 3940: 3938: 3665: 3663: 3384:. maliweb. 22 March 2012. Archived from 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 2943: 2941: 2939: 1797: 1585:, displeased with the management of the 9743:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024) 9386:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004) 8940:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024) 8554:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004) 7558:Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965) 5620: 5568: 5480: 5033: 4164: 3619:"Soldiers overthrow government in Mali" 3525: 3486: 3484: 3367: 3284: 2710:, while the other two were assigned to 2575:Kenya: Kenyan Foreign Affairs minister 160:December 2012 ouster of Prime Minister 14: 9808: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5594: 5535: 5513: 5454: 5432: 5344: 4841: 4825:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from 4548: 4388: 4306: 4277: 4194: 3997: 3966: 3643: 3503: 3463:"Mali's state broadcaster back on air" 3457: 3455: 3110: 3090: 3088: 3086: 2402:: In New York, a UN spokesperson said 8983: 7423: 7036: 6517: 6433: 6033:. Worldstagegroup.com. Archived from 5556:from the original on 12 December 2012 5501:from the original on 11 December 2012 5410:"Mali forms new caretaker government" 5245: 5044:"Mali's president resigns after coup" 5013: 4929: 4811: 4677: 4603: 4577: 4106: 3935: 3660: 3319: 3250: 3238:. Agence France-Presse. 25 March 2012 2936: 2798:suspended operations in the country. 2748:United Nations Office for West Africa 2264:Mali state television announced that 2057:; he was released the following day. 342: 9816:2010s coups d'état and coup attempts 5628:"Mali PM's resignation 'not a coup'" 5523:. Associated Press. 10 December 2012 4769:. alert.net. Reuters. Archived from 4720:. Agence France-Presse. 3 April 2012 4344:"Mali Coup Opponents Lament Attacks" 3481: 3179: 3147:"Mali investigators find mass grave" 2866:. Think Africa Press. Archived from 2686:United Kingdom: Minister for Africa 2518:Canada: Minister of Foreign Affairs 2229:Touré's resignation and later events 1873:Union for the Republic and Democracy 5664: 5601:Nossiter, Adam (11 December 2012). 4961:Rukmini Callimachi (6 April 2012). 4851:Rukmini Callimachi (5 April 2012). 4714:"Mali Junta Calls National Meeting" 4522: 3644:Ndonga, Wambui (26 November 2008). 3452: 3083: 2864:"Mali's CNRDR: An Accidental Coup?" 2330: 1881:Union for Democracy and Development 1665:Azawad National Liberation Movement 1112:Tinabaw and Tabangout-Tissalatatene 24: 7565:Central African Republic (1965–66) 6196:"UK condemns coup attempt in Mali" 5750:Gloria Nakiyimba (31 March 2012). 4661:. Associated Press. Archived from 4458:. Associated Press. Archived from 3897:. Voice of America. 20 August 2009 3495:. Associated Press. Archived from 2862:Schneider, James (22 March 2012). 2741: 2194:Azawad Declaration of Independence 1983:Bamako-Sénou International Airport 1890:military barracks outside Bamako. 25: 9892: 6543: 6144:"South Africa condemns Mali coup" 4116:Bradley Klapper (26 March 2012). 4094:. Associated Press. 25 March 2012 4092:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 3625:. Associated Press. 22 March 2012 3513:. Associated Press. 21 March 2012 3491:Martin Vogl (17 September 2009). 3193:. 9 February 2012. Archived from 3013:. 9 February 2009. Archived from 2746:The coup occurred as the head of 1815: 9789: 9788: 9017:, and attempted coups since 1991 7064: 6468: 6401: 6379: 6353: 6323: 6293: 6275: 6257: 6236: 6162: 6136: 6106: 6075: 6049: 6029:Victor Iluyemi (22 March 2012). 6022: 6000: 5972: 5950: 5928: 5906: 5880: 5854: 5836: 5814: 5792: 5766: 5743: 5717: 5691: 5416:. 21 August 2012. Archived from 5333:Mali Red Beret soldier shot dead 4765:George Fominyen (3 April 2012). 2917:الاتحاد الأفريقي يعلق عضوية مالي 2808: 2726: 2694: 2679: 2664: 2653: 2642: 2631: 2620: 2605: 2594: 2583: 2568: 2557: 2546: 2538:France: French Foreign Minister 2531: 2511: 2495: 2483: 2471: 2459: 2432: 2392: 284: 265: 241: 221: 203: 182: 80: 48: 9861:Battles of the Mali War in 2012 9633:Central African Republic (2021) 9527:Central African Republic (2013) 9341:Central African Republic (2003) 9321:Central African Republic (2001) 9027:List of coups and coup attempts 8814:Central African Republic (2021) 8712:Central African Republic (2013) 8498:Central African Republic (2003) 8484:Central African Republic (2001) 8035:Central African Republic (1982) 8014:Central African Republic (1981) 7954:Central African Republic (1979) 6337:. 23 March 2012. Archived from 6307:. 23 March 2012. Archived from 6198:. 22 March 2012. Archived from 6120:. 25 March 2012. Archived from 5652:. United Nations. 21 March 2012 5326: 5300: 5274: 5219: 5197: 5171: 5155:. 17 April 2011. Archived from 5141: 5115: 5088: 5062: 5050:. London. Reuters. 8 April 2012 5007: 4981: 4954: 4923: 4897: 4871: 4785: 4758: 4732: 4706: 4650: 4628: 4500: 4474: 4443: 4417: 4372:. 28 March 2012. Archived from 4358: 4335: 4316:Adam Nossiter (20 March 2012). 4254: 4238:Thomas Morfin (27 March 2012). 4231: 4132: 4080: 4058: 4026: 4007:Adam Nossiter (24 March 2012). 3909: 3887: 3865: 3839: 3816: 3790: 3737: 3711: 3689: 3637: 3595:. 22 March 2012. Archived from 3565:. 22 March 2012. Archived from 3414:. 21 March 2012. Archived from 3400: 3345: 3306: 3157: 3139: 2983:. 21 March 2012. Archived from 2891:"Soldiers Declare Coup in Mali" 2889:Adam Nossiter (22 March 2012). 2386:Intergovernmental organisations 1701: 5960:. firstpost.com. 23 March 2012 4821:Andre Viollaz (4 April 2012). 4261:Serge Daniel (27 March 2012). 3699:. Al Arabiya. 24 February 2012 3056: 2999: 2969: 2948:Serge Daniel (22 March 2012). 2908: 2882: 2855: 2504:Ministry of External Relations 1877:Patriotic Movement for Renewal 1869:Alliance for Democracy in Mali 1678:Factors that led to the coup: 13: 1: 8877:Burkina Faso (September 2022) 5938:. ghanaweb.com. 24 March 2012 5936:"Ghana condemns coup in Mali" 5521:"Mali's PM arrested by junta" 5095:Martin Vogl (10 April 2012). 4342:Nancy Palus (30 March 2012). 4174:Martin Vogl (26 March 2012). 3945:Martin Vogl (24 March 2012). 3646:"Situation in Mali Worsening" 3327:"Biographie de Sadio Gassama" 3167:. Al Jazeera. 6 February 2012 3036:Afua Hirsch (22 March 2012). 2849: 1780:reported that Prime Minister 1621: 557:Chadian military intervention 331:40 unspecified people wounded 9698:São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) 9361:São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) 9200:São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) 8884:São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) 8519:São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) 8438:Republic of the Congo (1998) 8375:São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) 8312:Sierra Leone (December 1992) 8189:São Tomé and Príncipe (1988) 8161:Republic of the Congo (1987) 7765:Republic of the Congo (1972) 7663:Republic of the Congo (1968) 7614:Republic of the Congo (1966) 7467:Republic of the Congo (1960) 6082:Igor Yazon (23 March 2012). 5979:Dave Opiyo (25 March 2012). 5281:Adam Nossiter (1 May 2012). 5014:Felix, Bate (6 April 2012). 4930:Felix, Bate (6 April 2012). 2336:20 August - unity government 2223: 368: 280:and the leader of the CNRDR) 70:21 March 2012 – 8 April 2012 18:2012 Malian coup d'etat 7: 9871:April 2012 crimes in Africa 9866:March 2012 crimes in Africa 8863:Burkina Faso (January 2022) 8056:Upper Volta (February 1983) 6010:. news24.com. 23 March 2012 6008:"Niger denounces Mali coup" 5824:. ambito.com. 24 March 2012 5703:Radio France Internationale 5679:. Al Jazeera. 23 March 2012 4068:. Al Jazeera. 25 March 2012 3329:. Primature. Archived from 2801: 2289: 2280: 2271: 2259: 2250: 2078: 2060: 2040: 2013: 1988: 1964: 1932: 1908: 1828: 1782:Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé 1751: 1706: 1696: 1659:demanded the imposition of 489:Internal conflict in Azawad 152:declares independent nation 10: 9897: 8410:Sierra Leone (August 1996) 6580:History of the Mali Empire 6061:United Press International 5844:Sublevação Militar no Mali 5802:. allAfrica. 24 March 2012 4657:K. Larson (2 April 2012). 4638:. Al Jazeera. 4 April 2012 4616:. Al Jazeera. 1 April 2012 4456:Seattle Post-Intelligencer 4182:. London. Associated Press 3677:(in French). 24 March 2012 3098:. Al Jazeera. 9 April 2012 2242: 2233: 2191: 2187: 2168: 2156: 2138:on the coup's leadership. 2125: 2116: 2096: 1893:The Tuareg rebels and the 1625: 9856:April 2012 events in Mali 9851:March 2012 events in Mali 9756: 9620: 9464: 9278: 9047: 9022: 8949: 8798: 8619: 8461: 8226: 8063:Upper Volta (August 1983) 7963: 7707: 7458: 7079: 6994: 6937: 6874: 6865: 6833: 6824: 6750: 6741: 6677: 6668: 6555: 6478: 4510:. CBC News. 30 March 2012 3853:. New York. 23 March 2012 2790:and its joint venture in 2777:multinational corporation 2612:Norway: Foreign Minister 2446:Inter-Parliamentary Union 2321: 2313: 2214:National Assembly of Mali 1901:said they had surrounded 1139:Taghatert and West Inekar 477:2012 counter-coup attempt 378: 330: 313: 300: 213: 174: 62: 47: 39: 34: 9881:Politics of the Mali War 9381:Equatorial Guinea (2004) 8547:Equatorial Guinea (2004) 7947:Equatorial Guinea (1979) 3294:. Reuters. 22 March 2012 2916: 2760:African Development Bank 2453:National representatives 2305: 7579:Burundi (November 1966) 5129:. London. 13 April 2012 4536:. Reuters. 1 April 2012 3270:San Diego Union-Tribune 2839:2021 Malian coup d'état 2834:2020 Malian coup d'état 2829:1991 Malian coup d'état 2824:1968 Malian coup d'état 2718:unit that is active in 2055:extrajudicial execution 1952:Soumeylou Boubeye Maiga 1774:Soumeylou Boubeye Maiga 1628:Tuareg rebellion (2012) 1579:2012 Malian coup d'état 395:Tuareg rebellion (2012) 194:33rd Parachute Regiment 129:Coup d'état successful 35:2012 Malian coup d'état 9846:Bamako in the Mali War 9831:Military coups in Mali 9795:Plots and conspiracies 9301:Solomon Islands (2000) 8849:Sudan (September 2021) 7684:Libya (September 1969) 7600:Nigeria (January 1966) 5916:. Yahoo! News. Reuters 5338:15 August 2012 at the 4265:. Agence France-Presse 4242:. Agence France-Presse 2404:U.N. Secretary-General 2378:International reaction 1999:Kadre Desire Ouedraogo 1865:Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta 1805: 1726:("commandant de zone") 1308:Boulikessi and Mondoro 214:Commanders and leaders 9165:Bophuthatswana (1994) 8340:Bophuthatswana (1994) 7698:Libya (December 1969) 7488:French Algeria (1961) 6630:2012 Tuareg rebellion 6335:Amnesty International 5442:. BBC. 20 August 2012 2794:have no disruptions. 2766:Amnesty International 2206:Amnesty International 2032:Amnesty International 1801: 1778:Amnesty International 1673:presidential election 1449:Diafarabé and Koumara 749:Inabohane and Ebahlal 314:Casualties and losses 9738:Guinea-Bissau (2023) 9693:Guinea-Bissau (2022) 9677:Burkina Faso (2022) 9512:Guinea-Bissau (2012) 9487:Guinea-Bissau (2011) 9356:Guinea-Bissau (2003) 9331:Côte d'Ivoire (2002) 9306:Côte d'Ivoire (2001) 9270:Côte d'Ivoire (1999) 9255:Guinea-Bissau (1998) 8933:Guinea-Bissau (2023) 8870:Guinea-Bissau (2022) 8856:Sudan (October 2021) 8705:Libya (October 2013) 8663:Guinea-Bissau (2012) 8649:Guinea-Bissau (2011) 8512:Guinea-Bissau (2003) 8491:Côte d'Ivoire (2002) 8470:Côte d'Ivoire (2001) 8452:Côte d'Ivoire (1999) 8431:Guinea-Bissau (1998) 7986:Guinea-Bissau (1980) 7453:in Africa since 1960 6704:Environmental issues 6389:. BBC. 22 March 2012 6148:Agence France-Presse 5778:Agence France-Presse 5552:. 11 December 2012. 5497:. 11 December 2012. 4044:Agence France-Presse 3875:. BBC. 23 March 2012 3747:. BBC. 23 March 2012 3355:. RFI. 22 March 2012 3333:on 24 September 2015 2351:Cheick Modibo Diarra 2266:Cheick Modibo Diarra 2150:World Food Programme 1939:Agence France-Presse 1803:Amadou Toumani Touré 1595:Amadou Toumani Touré 1405:Tadjalalt and Haroum 1338:Karou and Ouatagouna 534:Foreign intervention 228:Amadou Toumani Touré 162:Cheick Modibo Diarra 56:Amadou Toumani Touré 9821:2012 crimes in Mali 9733:Sierra Leone (2023) 9728:Burkina Faso (2023) 9582:Burkina Faso (2016) 9572:Burkina Faso (2015) 9336:Burkina Faso (2003) 9115:Sierra Leone (1992) 9080:Georgia (1991–1992) 9070:Soviet Union (1991) 8926:Sierra Leone (2023) 8919:Burkina Faso (2023) 8754:Burkina Faso (2016) 8747:Burkina Faso (2015) 8526:Burkina Faso (2003) 8424:Sierra Leone (1997) 8382:Sierra Leone (1996) 8298:Sierra Leone (1992) 8196:Burkina Faso (1989) 8147:Burkina Faso (1987) 7649:Sierra Leone (1968) 7607:Nigeria (July 1966) 7572:Burundi (July 1966) 6645:Ebola disease event 6251:The Washington Post 5731:on 25 February 2014 4773:on 25 November 2012 4213:The Washington Post 3197:on 12 February 2012 2412:UN Security Council 2132:UN Security Council 105: / 9841:Rebellions in Mali 9431:Philippines (2007) 9351:Philippines (2003) 8049:Upper Volta (1982) 7993:Upper Volta (1980) 7891:Uganda (June 1977) 7779:Upper Volta (1974) 7593:Upper Volta (1966) 6843:Telecommunications 6595:Kénédougou Kingdom 6365:Human Rights Watch 6202:on 9 November 2013 5607:The New York Times 5420:on 3 February 2016 5287:The New York Times 5103:. Associated Press 4942:on 3 February 2016 4829:on 1 February 2013 4718:The New York Times 4694:on 1 February 2013 4591:on 30 January 2014 4534:The Times of India 4346:. Voice of America 4322:The New York Times 4145:Detroit Free Press 4120:. Associated Press 4013:The New York Times 3827:. Voice of America 3312:Marc Fonbaustier, 3272:. Associated Press 3153:. 4 December 2013. 2895:The New York Times 2780:Randgold Resources 2770:Human Rights Watch 2716:special operations 2671:Uganda: President 2371:The New York Times 2300:The New York Times 2073:The New York Times 1993:Ivorian President 1917:The New York Times 1806: 1791:reported that the 1541:2nd Wagadou Forest 1390:2nd Andéramboukane 1219:1st Wagadou Forest 1189:Gangafani and Yoro 960:2nd Gourma-Rharous 856:1st Gourma-Rharous 423:1st Andéramboukane 197:Presidential Guard 189:Government of Mali 164:and his government 9836:Tuareg rebellions 9826:Conflicts in 2012 9803: 9802: 9492:Bangladesh (2011) 9477:Madagascar (2010) 9451:Madagascar (2009) 9441:Mauritania (2008) 9421:Madagascar (2006) 9406:Mauritania (2005) 9346:Mauritania (2003) 9235:Bangladesh (1996) 9190:Azerbaijan (1995) 9135:Azerbaijan (1993) 9084:Venezuela (1992) 8977: 8976: 8954:: successful coup 8733:The Gambia (2014) 8670:Mali (April 2012) 8656:Mali (March 2012) 8628:Madagascar (2010) 8610:Madagascar (2009) 8596:Mauritania (2008) 8582:Madagascar (2006) 8568:Mauritania (2005) 8505:Mauritania (2003) 8077:Mauritania (1984) 8028:Seychelles (1981) 8000:Mauritania (1981) 7972:Mauritania (1980) 7933:Mauritania (1979) 7926:Mauritania (1978) 7877:Seychelles (1977) 7417: 7416: 7030: 7029: 6990: 6989: 6904:Human trafficking 6861: 6860: 6820: 6819: 6797:Political parties 6792:National Assembly 6765:Foreign relations 6737: 6736: 6610:Toucouleur Empire 6570:Pre-Imperial Mali 6511: 6510: 6263:Kelley, Michael. 5582:on 3 January 2013 3923:on 28 August 2012 2720:counter-terrorism 2218:Dioncounda Traoré 2093:of Burkina Faso. 1995:Alassane Ouattara 1611:Dioncounda Traoré 1574: 1573: 1303:Wedding airstrike 1062:Aklaz and Awkassa 821:Bamako restaurant 388:ICC investigation 335: 334: 296: 281: 261: 254:Brigadier General 237: 234:President of Mali 170: 169: 146:takes control of 144:Tuareg insurgency 54:Malian President 16:(Redirected from 9888: 9876:2012 in politics 9792: 9791: 9326:Venezuela (2002) 9155:Lithuania (1993) 9130:Guatemala (1993) 9004: 8997: 8990: 8981: 8980: 8970: 8962: 8955: 8942: 8935: 8928: 8921: 8914: 8907: 8900: 8893: 8886: 8879: 8872: 8865: 8858: 8851: 8844: 8837: 8830: 8823: 8816: 8809: 8791: 8784: 8777: 8770: 8763: 8756: 8749: 8742: 8735: 8728: 8721: 8714: 8707: 8700: 8693: 8686: 8679: 8672: 8665: 8658: 8651: 8644: 8637: 8630: 8612: 8605: 8598: 8591: 8584: 8577: 8570: 8563: 8556: 8549: 8542: 8535: 8528: 8521: 8514: 8507: 8500: 8493: 8486: 8479: 8472: 8454: 8447: 8440: 8433: 8426: 8419: 8412: 8405: 8398: 8391: 8384: 8377: 8370: 8363: 8356: 8349: 8342: 8335: 8328: 8321: 8314: 8307: 8300: 8293: 8286: 8279: 8272: 8265: 8258: 8251: 8244: 8237: 8219: 8212: 8205: 8198: 8191: 8184: 8177: 8170: 8163: 8156: 8149: 8142: 8135: 8128: 8121: 8114: 8107: 8100: 8093: 8086: 8079: 8072: 8065: 8058: 8051: 8044: 8037: 8030: 8023: 8016: 8009: 8002: 7995: 7988: 7981: 7974: 7956: 7949: 7942: 7935: 7928: 7921: 7914: 7907: 7900: 7893: 7886: 7879: 7872: 7865: 7858: 7851: 7844: 7837: 7830: 7823: 7816: 7809: 7802: 7795: 7788: 7781: 7774: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7746: 7739: 7732: 7725: 7718: 7700: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7651: 7644: 7637: 7630: 7623: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7581: 7574: 7567: 7560: 7553: 7546: 7539: 7532: 7525: 7518: 7511: 7504: 7497: 7490: 7483: 7476: 7469: 7444: 7437: 7430: 7421: 7420: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7034: 7033: 7010: 7003: 6872: 6871: 6831: 6830: 6748: 6747: 6675: 6674: 6615:Wassoulou Empire 6538: 6531: 6524: 6515: 6514: 6473: 6472: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6341:on 11 March 2013 6327: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6297: 6291: 6279: 6273: 6269:Business Insider 6261: 6255: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6192: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6176:on 20 April 2012 6166: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6124:on 27 March 2012 6118:Afrique en Ligne 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6090:. 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Archived from 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4859:on 18 April 2012 4848: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4818: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4684: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4610: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4555: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4462:on 30 March 2012 4447: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4395: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4313: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4284: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4219:on 28 March 2012 4205: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4171: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4150:Associated Press 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 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6153: 6151: 6150:. 22 March 2012 6142: 6141: 6137: 6127: 6125: 6112: 6111: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6094:on 20 July 2012 6088:Voice of Russia 6080: 6076: 6066: 6064: 6063:. 24 March 2012 6055: 6054: 6050: 6040: 6038: 6037:on 12 July 2012 6027: 6023: 6013: 6011: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5991: 5989: 5977: 5973: 5963: 5961: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5941: 5939: 5934: 5933: 5929: 5919: 5917: 5912: 5911: 5907: 5897: 5895: 5894:. 24 March 2012 5886: 5885: 5881: 5871: 5869: 5868:. 21 March 2012 5860: 5859: 5855: 5849:(in Portuguese) 5848: 5841: 5837: 5827: 5825: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5805: 5803: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5783: 5781: 5780:. 22 March 2012 5772: 5771: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5754:. AllAfrica.com 5748: 5744: 5734: 5732: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5708: 5706: 5705:. 16 March 2012 5697: 5696: 5692: 5682: 5680: 5675: 5674: 5665: 5655: 5653: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5633: 5631: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5611: 5609: 5599: 5595: 5585: 5583: 5574: 5573: 5569: 5559: 5557: 5544: 5543: 5536: 5526: 5524: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5504: 5502: 5489: 5488: 5481: 5471: 5469: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5445: 5443: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5408: 5407: 5400: 5390: 5388: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5353: 5352: 5345: 5340:Wayback Machine 5331: 5327: 5317: 5315: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5291: 5289: 5279: 5275: 5265: 5263: 5254: 5253: 5246: 5236: 5234: 5233:. 30 April 2012 5225: 5224: 5220: 5210: 5208: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5188: 5186: 5185:. 25 April 2012 5177: 5176: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5132: 5130: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5101:Huffington Post 5093: 5089: 5079: 5077: 5076:. 10 April 2012 5068: 5067: 5063: 5053: 5051: 5042: 5041: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5012: 5008: 4998: 4996: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4972: 4970: 4969:on 8 April 2012 4959: 4955: 4945: 4943: 4928: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4888: 4886: 4885:on 6 April 2012 4877: 4876: 4872: 4862: 4860: 4849: 4842: 4832: 4830: 4819: 4812: 4802: 4800: 4799:on 6 April 2012 4791: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4774: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4747: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4721: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4686: 4685: 4678: 4668: 4666: 4665:on 2 April 2012 4655: 4651: 4641: 4639: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4619: 4617: 4612: 4611: 4604: 4594: 4592: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4565:. 31 March 2012 4557: 4556: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4513: 4511: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4491: 4489: 4488:. 30 March 2012 4480: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4448: 4444: 4434: 4432: 4431:. 29 March 2012 4423: 4422: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4405:. 29 March 2012 4397: 4396: 4389: 4379: 4377: 4376:on 25 July 2012 4364: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4340: 4336: 4326: 4324: 4314: 4307: 4297: 4295: 4294:. 28 March 2012 4286: 4285: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4236: 4232: 4222: 4220: 4207: 4206: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4172: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4152:. 26 March 2012 4138: 4137: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4114: 4107: 4097: 4095: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4049: 4047: 4046:. 25 March 2012 4032: 4031: 4027: 4017: 4015: 4005: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3985:. 24 March 2012 3977: 3976: 3967: 3957: 3955: 3952:Huffington Post 3943: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3900: 3898: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3830: 3828: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3804:. 22 March 2012 3796: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3769: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3726: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3680: 3678: 3669: 3668: 3661: 3651: 3649: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3599:on 25 July 2012 3587: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3569:on 25 July 2012 3557: 3556: 3552: 3542: 3540: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3489: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3469:. 21 March 2012 3461: 3460: 3453: 3443: 3441: 3440:. 21 March 2012 3436: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3380: 3379: 3368: 3358: 3356: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3316:, 10 April 2012 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3262: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3230: 3229: 3210: 3200: 3198: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3119: 3118: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3094: 3093: 3084: 3074: 3072: 3069:Huffington Post 3061: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3034: 3030: 3020: 3018: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2990: 2988: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2946: 2937: 2927: 2925: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2887: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2744: 2742:Other reactions 2727: 2725: 2703:Victoria Nuland 2695: 2693: 2680: 2678: 2673:Yoweri Museveni 2665: 2663: 2654: 2652: 2643: 2641: 2632: 2630: 2621: 2619: 2606: 2604: 2595: 2593: 2584: 2582: 2577:Moses Wetangula 2569: 2567: 2558: 2556: 2547: 2545: 2532: 2530: 2512: 2510: 2496: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2433: 2431: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2380: 2347: 2338: 2333: 2324: 2316: 2308: 2292: 2283: 2274: 2262: 2253: 2245: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2196: 2190: 2171: 2159: 2128: 2119: 2099: 2091:Blaise Compaoré 2081: 2063: 2043: 2016: 1991: 1967: 1935: 1911: 1831: 1818: 1764:Later, Captain 1754: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1642:Muammar Gaddafi 1630: 1624: 1583:Malian soldiers 1575: 1570: 1561:2nd Tinzaouaten 1375:Danguèrè Wotoro 1204:5th In-Delimane 1174:Tiésaba-Bourgou 1027:4th In-Delimane 965:Foulsaré Forest 507:1st In-Delimane 438:1st Tinzaouaten 374: 369: 367: 325: 320: 293: 283: 282: 274: 264: 250: 240: 238: 230: 220: 202: 181: 135:President Touré 113: 111: 107: 104: 99: 96: 94: 92: 91: 90: 81: 79: 53: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9894: 9884: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9801: 9800: 9798: 9797: 9774: 9766: 9764:or its attempt 9757: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9750: 9748:Bolivia (2024) 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9689: 9688: 9683: 9675: 9674: 9673: 9668: 9660: 9658:Tunisia (2021) 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9638:Myanmar (2021) 9635: 9630: 9624: 9622: 9618: 9617: 9615: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9567:Burundi (2015) 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9522:Eritrea (2013) 9519: 9514: 9509: 9508: 9507: 9502: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9468: 9466: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9311:Burundi (2001) 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9286:Ecuador (2000) 9282: 9280: 9276: 9275: 9273: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9220:Burundi (1996) 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9180:Liberia (1994) 9177: 9175:Lesotho (1994) 9172: 9167: 9162: 9160:Nigeria (1993) 9157: 9152: 9150:Burundi (1993) 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9120:Algeria (1992) 9117: 9112: 9111: 9110: 9105: 9097: 9096: 9095: 9090: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9060:Lesotho (1991) 9057: 9051: 9049: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9039: 9034: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9007: 9006: 8999: 8992: 8984: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8971: 8968:attempted coup 8963: 8956: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8944: 8943: 8936: 8929: 8922: 8915: 8908: 8901: 8894: 8887: 8880: 8873: 8866: 8859: 8852: 8845: 8838: 8835:Tunisia (2021) 8831: 8824: 8817: 8810: 8802: 8800: 8796: 8795: 8793: 8792: 8785: 8778: 8771: 8764: 8757: 8750: 8743: 8740:Burundi (2015) 8736: 8729: 8726:Lesotho (2014) 8722: 8715: 8708: 8701: 8694: 8687: 8684:Eritrea (2013) 8680: 8673: 8666: 8659: 8652: 8645: 8638: 8631: 8623: 8621: 8617: 8616: 8614: 8613: 8606: 8599: 8592: 8585: 8578: 8571: 8564: 8557: 8550: 8543: 8536: 8529: 8522: 8515: 8508: 8501: 8494: 8487: 8480: 8477:Burundi (2001) 8473: 8465: 8463: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8455: 8448: 8441: 8434: 8427: 8420: 8413: 8406: 8399: 8396:Burundi (1996) 8392: 8385: 8378: 8371: 8368:Comoros (1995) 8364: 8361:Liberia (1994) 8357: 8354:Lesotho (1994) 8350: 8343: 8336: 8333:Nigeria (1993) 8329: 8322: 8319:Burundi (1993) 8315: 8308: 8305:Algeria (1992) 8301: 8294: 8287: 8284:Lesotho (1991) 8280: 8273: 8266: 8259: 8252: 8245: 8242:Nigeria (1990) 8238: 8230: 8228: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8220: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8192: 8185: 8178: 8171: 8168:Tunisia (1987) 8164: 8157: 8154:Burundi (1987) 8150: 8143: 8136: 8133:Lesotho (1986) 8129: 8126:Liberia (1985) 8122: 8115: 8108: 8105:Nigeria (1985) 8101: 8094: 8087: 8080: 8073: 8070:Nigeria (1983) 8066: 8059: 8052: 8045: 8038: 8031: 8024: 8017: 8010: 8003: 7996: 7989: 7982: 7979:Liberia (1980) 7975: 7967: 7965: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7957: 7950: 7943: 7936: 7929: 7922: 7915: 7912:Comoros (1978) 7908: 7905:Somalia (1978) 7901: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7873: 7866: 7859: 7856:Nigeria (1976) 7852: 7849:Burundi (1976) 7845: 7842:Comoros (1976) 7838: 7831: 7828:Nigeria (1975) 7824: 7817: 7810: 7807:Comoros (1975) 7803: 7796: 7789: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7758:Morocco (1972) 7754: 7747: 7744:Dahomey (1972) 7740: 7733: 7730:Morocco (1971) 7726: 7719: 7716:Lesotho (1970) 7711: 7709: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7701: 7694: 7691:Somalia (1969) 7687: 7680: 7673: 7670:Dahomey (1969) 7666: 7659: 7652: 7645: 7642:Algeria (1967) 7638: 7631: 7624: 7621:Dahomey (1967) 7617: 7610: 7603: 7596: 7589: 7582: 7575: 7568: 7561: 7554: 7551:Burundi (1965) 7547: 7544:Dahomey (1965) 7540: 7537:Algeria (1965) 7533: 7526: 7519: 7516:Dahomey (1963) 7512: 7509:Algeria (1962) 7505: 7502:Senegal (1962) 7498: 7495:Somalia (1961) 7491: 7484: 7477: 7470: 7462: 7460: 7456: 7455: 7447: 7446: 7439: 7432: 7424: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7074:(1960–present) 7060: 7059: 7052: 7045: 7037: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7012: 7011: 7004: 6996: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6943: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6879:Child marriage 6875: 6869: 6863: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6812:Vice President 6809: 6807:Prime Minister 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6714:National parks 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6605:Massina Empire 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6585:Songhai Empire 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6561: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6541: 6540: 6533: 6526: 6518: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6457: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6434: 6427: 6426: 6400: 6378: 6352: 6322: 6311:on 6 July 2012 6292: 6281:Vogl, Martin. 6274: 6256: 6235: 6213: 6187: 6161: 6135: 6105: 6074: 6048: 6021: 5999: 5971: 5949: 5927: 5905: 5879: 5853: 5835: 5813: 5791: 5765: 5742: 5716: 5690: 5663: 5641: 5619: 5593: 5567: 5534: 5512: 5479: 5453: 5431: 5398: 5372: 5343: 5325: 5299: 5273: 5244: 5218: 5196: 5170: 5140: 5114: 5087: 5074:The Daily Star 5061: 5032: 5006: 4995:. 5 April 2012 4980: 4953: 4922: 4896: 4870: 4840: 4810: 4784: 4757: 4746:. 3 April 2012 4731: 4705: 4676: 4649: 4627: 4602: 4576: 4547: 4521: 4499: 4473: 4442: 4416: 4387: 4357: 4334: 4305: 4276: 4253: 4230: 4193: 4163: 4131: 4105: 4079: 4057: 4025: 3996: 3965: 3934: 3908: 3886: 3864: 3838: 3815: 3789: 3758: 3736: 3710: 3688: 3659: 3636: 3610: 3580: 3550: 3524: 3502: 3480: 3451: 3429: 3399: 3366: 3344: 3318: 3305: 3283: 3249: 3208: 3178: 3156: 3138: 3109: 3082: 3055: 3028: 2998: 2968: 2955:The Daily Star 2935: 2907: 2881: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2803: 2800: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2738: 2723: 2691: 2676: 2661: 2650: 2639: 2628: 2617: 2602: 2591: 2580: 2565: 2554: 2543: 2528: 2508: 2492: 2480: 2468: 2467:institutions." 2454: 2451: 2450: 2449: 2443: 2440:European Union 2429: 2415: 2400:United Nations 2387: 2384: 2379: 2376: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2323: 2320: 2315: 2312: 2307: 2304: 2291: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2261: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2244: 2241: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2192:Main article: 2189: 2186: 2170: 2167: 2158: 2155: 2127: 2124: 2118: 2115: 2098: 2095: 2080: 2077: 2062: 2059: 2042: 2039: 2015: 2012: 1990: 1987: 1966: 1963: 1934: 1931: 1910: 1907: 1830: 1827: 1817: 1816:Tuareg advance 1814: 1753: 1750: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1683: 1623: 1620: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1522: 1521: 1519:2nd Farabougou 1516: 1511: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1281:3rd Boulikessi 1278: 1273: 1271:1st Farabougou 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1251:2nd Talahandak 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1199:2nd Boulikessi 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1018: 1017: 1015:3rd Indelimane 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 955:1st Boulikessi 952: 941: 940: 935: 933:2nd Goumakoura 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 889: 888: 886:1st Talahandak 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 792: 791: 786: 781: 776: 774:2nd Indelimane 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 720: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 567: 560: 553: 546: 530: 529: 524: 519: 514: 512:Tagarangabotte 509: 504: 499: 485: 484: 479: 466: 465: 460: 455: 450: 448:1st Goumakoura 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 391: 390: 385: 379: 376: 375: 366: 365: 358: 351: 343: 333: 332: 328: 327: 322: 316: 315: 311: 310: 307: 303: 302: 298: 297: 262: 216: 215: 211: 210: 200: 199: 198: 195: 177: 176: 172: 171: 168: 167: 166: 165: 158: 141: 138: 126: 122: 121: 114:12.650; -8.000 78: 76: 72: 71: 68: 60: 59: 45: 44: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9893: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9813: 9811: 9796: 9785: 9784: 9780: 9775: 9773: 9771: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9759: 9758: 9755: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9708:Gambia (2022) 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9678: 9676: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9663: 9662:Sudan (2021) 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9653:Guinea (2021) 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9619: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9577:Turkey (2016) 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9557:Gambia (2014) 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9497: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9463: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9446:Guinea (2008) 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9277: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9250:Zambia (1997) 9248: 9246: 9245:Turkey (1997) 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9205:Guinea (1996) 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9170:Gambia (1994) 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9140:Russia (1993) 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9046: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9028: 9025: 9024: 9021: 9016: 9012: 9005: 9000: 8998: 8993: 8991: 8986: 8985: 8982: 8969: 8964: 8961: 8957: 8952: 8951: 8948: 8941: 8937: 8934: 8930: 8927: 8923: 8920: 8916: 8913: 8909: 8906: 8902: 8899: 8895: 8892: 8891:Gambia (2022) 8888: 8885: 8881: 8878: 8874: 8871: 8867: 8864: 8860: 8857: 8853: 8850: 8846: 8843: 8842:Guinea (2021) 8839: 8836: 8832: 8829: 8825: 8822: 8818: 8815: 8811: 8808: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8797: 8790: 8786: 8783: 8779: 8776: 8772: 8769: 8765: 8762: 8758: 8755: 8751: 8748: 8744: 8741: 8737: 8734: 8730: 8727: 8723: 8720: 8716: 8713: 8709: 8706: 8702: 8699: 8695: 8692: 8688: 8685: 8681: 8678: 8674: 8671: 8667: 8664: 8660: 8657: 8653: 8650: 8646: 8643: 8639: 8636: 8632: 8629: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8618: 8611: 8607: 8604: 8600: 8597: 8593: 8590: 8589:Guinea (2008) 8586: 8583: 8579: 8576: 8572: 8569: 8565: 8562: 8558: 8555: 8551: 8548: 8544: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8530: 8527: 8523: 8520: 8516: 8513: 8509: 8506: 8502: 8499: 8495: 8492: 8488: 8485: 8481: 8478: 8474: 8471: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8460: 8453: 8449: 8446: 8442: 8439: 8435: 8432: 8428: 8425: 8421: 8418: 8417:Zambia (1997) 8414: 8411: 8407: 8404: 8400: 8397: 8393: 8390: 8389:Guinea (1996) 8386: 8383: 8379: 8376: 8372: 8369: 8365: 8362: 8358: 8355: 8351: 8348: 8347:Gambia (1994) 8344: 8341: 8337: 8334: 8330: 8327: 8323: 8320: 8316: 8313: 8309: 8306: 8302: 8299: 8295: 8292: 8288: 8285: 8281: 8278: 8274: 8271: 8267: 8264: 8263:Ciskei (1990) 8260: 8257: 8253: 8250: 8249:Zambia (1990) 8246: 8243: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8207: 8204: 8200: 8197: 8193: 8190: 8186: 8183: 8179: 8176: 8172: 8169: 8165: 8162: 8158: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8144: 8141: 8137: 8134: 8130: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8119:Guinea (1985) 8116: 8113: 8109: 8106: 8102: 8099: 8098:Uganda (1985) 8095: 8092: 8091:Guinea (1984) 8088: 8085: 8081: 8078: 8074: 8071: 8067: 8064: 8060: 8057: 8053: 8050: 8046: 8043: 8039: 8036: 8032: 8029: 8025: 8022: 8018: 8015: 8011: 8008: 8007:Gambia (1981) 8004: 8001: 7997: 7994: 7990: 7987: 7983: 7980: 7976: 7973: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7962: 7955: 7951: 7948: 7944: 7941: 7937: 7934: 7930: 7927: 7923: 7920: 7916: 7913: 7909: 7906: 7902: 7899: 7898:Angola (1977) 7895: 7892: 7888: 7885: 7881: 7878: 7874: 7871: 7867: 7864: 7860: 7857: 7853: 7850: 7846: 7843: 7839: 7836: 7832: 7829: 7825: 7822: 7818: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7804: 7801: 7797: 7794: 7790: 7787: 7786:Uganda (1974) 7783: 7780: 7776: 7773: 7772:Rwanda (1973) 7769: 7766: 7762: 7759: 7755: 7752: 7748: 7745: 7741: 7738: 7734: 7731: 7727: 7724: 7723:Uganda (1971) 7720: 7717: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7706: 7699: 7695: 7692: 7688: 7685: 7681: 7678: 7674: 7671: 7667: 7664: 7660: 7657: 7653: 7650: 7646: 7643: 7639: 7636: 7632: 7629: 7625: 7622: 7618: 7615: 7611: 7608: 7604: 7601: 7597: 7594: 7590: 7587: 7583: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7569: 7566: 7562: 7559: 7555: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7541: 7538: 7534: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7513: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7499: 7496: 7492: 7489: 7485: 7482: 7481:Rwanda (1961) 7478: 7475: 7471: 7468: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7457: 7452: 7445: 7440: 7438: 7433: 7431: 7426: 7425: 7422: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7078: 7073: 7058: 7053: 7051: 7046: 7044: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7009: 7005: 7002: 6998: 6997: 6993: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6889:Ethnic groups 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6823: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6650:2020 protests 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6590:Bamana Empire 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6539: 6534: 6532: 6527: 6525: 6520: 6519: 6516: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6477: 6471: 6466: 6462: 6455: 6450: 6448: 6443: 6441: 6436: 6435: 6432: 6414: 6410: 6404: 6388: 6382: 6366: 6362: 6356: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6271: 6270: 6266: 6260: 6253: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6239: 6223: 6217: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6109: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6036: 6032: 6025: 6009: 6003: 5988: 5987: 5982: 5975: 5959: 5953: 5937: 5931: 5915: 5909: 5893: 5889: 5883: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5846: 5845: 5839: 5823: 5817: 5801: 5795: 5779: 5776:. ahram.org. 5775: 5769: 5753: 5746: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5704: 5701:(in French). 5700: 5694: 5678: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5651: 5645: 5629: 5623: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5555: 5551: 5550:The Telegraph 5547: 5541: 5539: 5522: 5516: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5484: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5441: 5435: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5403: 5387:. 21 May 2012 5386: 5382: 5376: 5361:. 21 May 2012 5360: 5356: 5350: 5348: 5341: 5337: 5334: 5329: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5249: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5206: 5200: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5128: 5127:The Telegraph 5124: 5118: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5037: 5021: 5017: 5010: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4926: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4858: 4854: 4847: 4845: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4815: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4745: 4741: 4735: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4681: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4637: 4631: 4615: 4609: 4607: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4552: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4509: 4503: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4446: 4430: 4426: 4420: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4392: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4345: 4338: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4310: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4281: 4264: 4257: 4241: 4234: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4168: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4135: 4119: 4112: 4110: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4067: 4061: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4029: 4014: 4010: 4003: 4001: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3954: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3939: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3896: 3890: 3874: 3868: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3826: 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2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2692: 2689: 2677: 2674: 2662: 2651: 2640: 2629: 2618: 2615: 2603: 2592: 2581: 2578: 2566: 2555: 2544: 2541: 2529: 2526: 2521: 2509: 2505: 2493: 2481: 2469: 2457: 2456: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2418:African Union 2416: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2390: 2389: 2383: 2375: 2373: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2342: 2328: 2319: 2311: 2303: 2301: 2296: 2287: 2278: 2269: 2267: 2257: 2248: 2240: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2201: 2195: 2185: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2166: 2163: 2154: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2123: 2114: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2094: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2068: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1986: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1972: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1956:hunger strike 1953: 1948: 1943: 1940: 1930: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1854:African Union 1849: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1836: 1835:African Union 1826: 1824: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1767: 1766:Amadou Sanogo 1762: 1759: 1758:Amadou Konare 1749: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1729: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1713:Sadio Gassama 1691: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1619: 1616: 1615:Amadou Sanogo 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 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914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 895: 894: 893: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 811:3rd Tabankort 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 798: 797: 796: 790: 789:2nd Tabankort 787: 785: 782: 780: 779:2nd Ametettai 777: 775: 772: 770: 769:1st Tabankort 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 739:1st Ametettai 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 726: 725: 724: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 572: 568: 566: 565: 561: 559: 558: 554: 552: 551: 547: 545: 544: 540: 539: 538: 537: 535: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 494: 493: 492: 490: 483: 480: 478: 475: 474: 473: 472: 471: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 400: 399: 398: 396: 389: 386: 384: 381: 380: 377: 372: 364: 359: 357: 352: 350: 345: 344: 341: 337: 329: 323: 318: 317: 312: 308: 305: 304: 299: 292: 291:Amadou Konare 287: 279: 273: 272:Amadou Sanogo 268: 263: 259: 255: 249: 248:Sadio Gassama 244: 239: 235: 229: 224: 218: 217: 212: 206: 201: 196: 193: 192: 191: 190: 185: 179: 178: 173: 163: 159: 157: 153: 149: 148:Northern Mali 145: 142: 139: 136: 132: 131: 130: 127: 124: 123: 118: 89: 77: 74: 73: 69: 66: 65: 61: 57: 51: 46: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 9776: 9768: 9760: 9723:Gabon (2023) 9718:Niger (2023) 9713:Sudan (2023) 9643:Niger (2021) 9607:Sudan (2019) 9602:Gabon (2019) 9597:Yemen (2018) 9587:Libya (2016) 9547:Libya (2014) 9542:Libya (2013) 9537:Egypt (2013) 9517:Sudan (2012) 9499: 9496:Mali (2012) 9482:Niger (2011) 9472:Niger (2010) 9436:Sudan (2008) 9396:Nepal (2005) 9376:Haiti (2004) 9371:Sudan (2004) 9316:Haiti (2001) 9260:Niger (1999) 9230:Qatar (1996) 9225:Niger (1996) 9195:Qatar (1995) 9145:Libya (1993) 9125:Sudan (1992) 9099:Peru (1992) 9075:Haiti (1991) 8967: 8966:no sign for 8912:Gabon (2023) 8905:Niger (2023) 8898:Sudan (2023) 8821:Niger (2021) 8782:Sudan (2019) 8775:Gabon (2019) 8761:Libya (2016) 8719:Libya (2014) 8698:Egypt (2013) 8677:Sudan (2012) 8655: 8642:Niger (2011) 8635:Niger (2010) 8603:Sudan (2008) 8540:Sudan (2004) 8445:Niger (1999) 8403:Niger (1996) 8326:Libya (1993) 8291:Sudan (1992) 8270:Venda (1990) 8235:Sudan (1990) 8217:Sudan (1989) 8182:Benin (1988) 8112:Sudan (1985) 8042:Kenya (1982) 8021:Ghana (1981) 7940:Ghana (1979) 7919:Ghana (1978) 7884:Sudan (1977) 7870:Benin (1977) 7863:Sudan (1976) 7821:Libya (1975) 7814:Sudan (1975) 7793:Niger (1974) 7751:Ghana (1972) 7737:Sudan (1971) 7677:Sudan (1969) 7628:Ghana (1967) 7586:Ghana (1966) 7530:Gabon (1964) 7451:Coups d'état 6914:Prostitution 6884:Demographics 6770:Human rights 6755:Constitution 6686: 6634: 6620:French Sudan 6565:Ghana Empire 6492: 6417:. 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