423:. Now, they have to contend with migrant groups who use Federal influence and wealth to displace them from their own lands. The massive structure of the Federal Government is fuelled primarily by oil money. The Beroms, as well as other Plateau natives, feel they should have a measure of autonomy in their core lands just the way Native Americans in their homesteads are treated as a Sovereign nation, elevated to the status of a protected minority. Nigeria's constitution has no place for respecting the rights of minorities, whether it is Jos, or the Niger Delta."
470:
419:"The Beroms have been accused of resenting the economic progress of other settler groups: yet, this is another simplistic assertion. Most Plateau natives collectively feel they do not have the Federal connections or patronage other major ethnic groups have. And most Nigerian wealth has been driven by oil money. The Beroms and other Plateau natives are predominantly farmers and have had to experience their lands taken away and degraded by
392:
for example, noted that, "What seems to be a recurring decimal is that over time, those who have in the past used violence to settle political issues, economic issues, social matters, intertribal disagreements, or any issue for that matter, now continue to use that same path of violence and cover it up with religion." Professor Kabiru Mato of the
31:
416:, except that all the Fulani are Muslims and all the Berom are Christians." However, this assertion is challenged by the fact that most ethnic groups in Plateau State, which are predominantly Christian, share the same sentiments with the Berom and collectively see an Islamic threat in their own lands.
426:
Discrimination against the mainly Muslim "settlers" of Jos is also cited as an issue. While the mainly
Christian indigenous population are classified as "indigenes," the mainly Muslim immigrants to Jos, many of them Hausa-Fulani, are classified as "settlers," even if they have been living in the city
396:
also played down the role of religion in the riots: "I don't see anything religious. Wherein religion could be the difference between the two warring factions, fundamentally it's a manifestation of economic alienation. So social apathy, political frustration, economic deprivation and so many factors
374:
The state police command reported that 109 people died in the attack, including at least 38 children. A state official told journalists that more than 500 people were killed, while a plaque at a mass grave in Dogo-Nahawa states that 501 died in the massacre, and lists the names of 354 victims. Other
391:
and provocation" while
Muslims community regards the clash as an effort to eradicate Muslim inhabitant in a mission for religious profiling. Many others, however, cite ethnic differences and social and economic issues as the root of the violence. The Anglican Archbishop of Jos, Benjamin A. Kwashi,
446:
Vice
President Jonathan, who was the acting president at the time, urged that the killers be caught. The police announced that 313 people were arrested in relation to the January 2010 violence, while 200 people were arrested following the March 2010 violence. As of 2013, federal prosecutors had
397:
are responsible." But this view has been challenged by the fact that places of worship, such as churches and mosques, have always been targeted during these riots. So religion has been used as a galvanising force in the crisis no matter what the initial cause of conflict.
262:. The first spate of violence of 2010 started on 17 January in Jos and spread to surrounding communities. Houses, churches, mosques and vehicles were set ablaze, during at least four days of fighting. At least 326 people, and possibly more than a thousand, were killed.
283:, in the middle of the divide between the predominantly Muslim north of Nigeria and the predominantly Christian south. Since 2001, the area has been plagued by violence motivated by multiple factors. The clashes have been characterised as "
366:
village near Jos. Residents in the village were mainly Berom
Christians. The attacks went on for four hours, and nearby villages were also targeted. The attackers fired guns to cause panic and as people fled chopped them with
300:
Reports on the catalyst vary. According to the state police commissioner, skirmishes began after Muslim youths set a
Catholic church, filled with worshippers, on fire. A local paper reported that attackers yelled
316:
ethnic group, attacked
Muslims, including Hausa-Fulani residents, killing or driving them out and burning their homes, mosques, and property. The worst massacre took place on 19 January in the settlement of
305:" before burning down churches and homes. Other community leaders say it began with an argument over the rebuilding of a Muslim home in a predominantly Christian neighbourhood that had been destroyed in the
1116:
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154:
998:
777:
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for decades, and find it difficult to secure government jobs or educational scholarships, among other things. This has further accentuated divisions in and around the city.
371:. They set alight many of the buildings and left corpses dumped in the streets. Many of the dead were women and children, including an infant less than three months of age.
1347:
147:
522:
354:
The state police command said 326 people died in the
January violence. Community leaders put the figure at 1,025 dead. More than 5,000 people were displaced.
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140:
807:
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458:. The ICC prosecutor replied in November 2010 stating that the situation was being analysed by the prosecutor to see if a case should be opened.
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309:. Both Muslim and Christian youth have been blamed for starting the violence. A 24-hour curfew was imposed on the city on 17 January 2010.
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773:
564:
387:." The Plateau State Christian Elders Consultative Forum, for example, referred to the March 2010 attack in Dogo-Nahawa as "yet another
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said the attacks were "atrocious" and "violence does not resolve conflicts but only increases the tragic consequences."
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On 19 January, the violence spread to smaller towns and villages south of Jos. Armed mobs, mostly
Christians from the
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1746:
1706:
526:
340:
ordered troops to
Plateau State to restore order. Vice-president Jonathan held executive authority at the time, as
268:
This is the third major incident of rioting in Jos within a ten-year span. Some one thousand people were killed in
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1756:
593:
1404:""Leave Everything to God" | Accountability for Inter-Communal Violence in Plateau and Kaduna States, Nigeria"
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1751:
1624:
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1111:
1109:
164:
1519:
1806:
1736:
1581:"Leave Everything to God": Accountability for Inter-Communal Violence in Plateau and Kaduna States, Nigeria
1493:
799:
566:"Leave Everything to God": Accountability for Inter-Communal Violence in Plateau and Kaduna States, Nigeria
451:
60:
1106:
287:" by many news sources, although others cite ethnic and economic differences as the root of the violence.
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Before dawn on 7 March 2010, Muslim Hausa-Fulani herders massacred more than one hundred
Christians in
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Hundreds of people died in fresh clashes in March 2010. Many people were killed and dumped into wells.
950:
1786:
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321:, where 174 people, including 36 women and 56 children, were killed. Satellite images released by
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341:
1495:"They Do Not Own This Place": Government Discrimination Against "Non-Indigenes" in Nigeria
1075:
8:
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284:
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627:"A Deadly Cycle: Ethno-Religious Conflict in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria - Nigeria"
247:
208:
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community leaders put the death toll at 164, including 34 women and 98 children.
333:
1593:
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972:
800:"World Briefing – Africa – Nigeria – Religious Violence Kills 27"
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peoples is also cited as a factor in the violence. The Catholic archbishop in
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69:
52:
1026:"Prove you are alive: clamour for missing Nigerian leader to show his face"
405:
401:
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secured convictions of at least 129 people involved in the 2010 violence.
30:
1553:
1455:, 11 March 2010 article "Another massacre in Nigeria: An unending cycle."
1175:
1173:
1171:
743:
420:
1322:"Nigerian Professor Says Latest Jos Violence a Result of Many Factors"
1168:
1120:
1117:"Acting president orders 'roving band of killers' to be apprehended"
436:
329:
450:
The Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project wrote to the
368:
255:
1210:
325:
show the near complete destruction of buildings in Kuru Karama.
1295:"In Jos We Are Coming Face to Face in Confrontation with Satan"
894:"Nigerian Army ordered in as 200 die in Christian-Muslim riots"
302:
1575:
Discussion Paper No. 2, January 2011, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung
332:, 100 km from Jos. These reports have been denied by the
409:
388:
1211:
Obateru, Taye; Eyoboka, Sam; Salem, Tordue (7 March 2010).
856:
774:"Nigeria violence: Muslim-Christian clashes kill hundreds"
1243:
523:"Curfew relaxed in Nigeria's violence-wracked city: army"
259:
48:
36:
1150:"Officials: Attack on Nigerian town kills more than 100"
594:"Hundreds dead as more religious violence hits Nigeria"
838:"Appeals for calm after Nigerian sectarian slaughter"
454:, asking them to investigate the riots for potential
1088:"Central Nigeria clashes lead to 'scores of deaths'"
653:"Religious violence erupts again in central Nigeria"
465:
1246:"Jos – Police, Govt Disagree Over Casualty Figures"
1049:"We know culprits of Jos crisis, say police –
414:
a classic conflict between pastoralists and farmers
1491:
973:"Nigeria riot city under control, says army chief"
831:
829:
827:
825:
562:
412:, Nigeria's capital, referred to the violence as "
1623:
680:"Christian-Muslim Mayhem in Nigeria Kills Dozens"
1693:
999:"Jonathan orders troops to Jos religious crisis"
162:
1268:"Nigeria religious clashes 'kill 500' near Jos"
865:"Group: More than 200 dead in Nigeria violence"
822:
944:
806:. Nigeria. Associated Press. 18 January 2010.
383:The clashes have often been characterised as "
1609:
1244:Ahmed Mohammed; Mahmud Lalo (11 March 2010).
1179:
947:"Nigeria: Turning Blind Eye to Mass Killings"
148:
1572:The Jos Crisis: A Recurrent Nigerian Tragedy
1549:ICC is Analysing Jos Crisis, Says Prosecutor
439:expressed outrage and sadness at the riots.
328:The BBC reported the fighting had spread to
1782:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2010
744:"Nigeria religious riots 'kill 200' in Jos"
738:
736:
525:. Jos. Agence France-Presse. Archived from
16:Ethno-religious conflict in central Nigeria
1616:
1602:
1430:"Native American Cultures Across the U.S."
1237:
767:
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155:
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29:
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920:"Plateau governor invokes 24-hour curfew"
891:
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558:
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1464:
1374:"Ethnic rivalries fuel Nigeria violence"
1182:"Clashes Kill Dozens in Central Nigeria"
862:
835:
733:
677:
1324:. Voice of America News. Archived from
1046:
771:
762:
702:
563:Human Rights Watch (12 December 2013).
1802:Building and structure fires in Africa
1694:
1371:
1292:
1286:
892:McConnell, Tristan (19 January 2010).
882:
840:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from
541:
1822:Racially motivated violence in Africa
1597:
1467:"No end to Nigeria cycle of violence"
1319:
1024:McConnell, Tristan (7 January 2010).
975:. London: BBC News. 20 January 2010.
591:
136:
1465:Duffield, Caroline (12 March 2010).
1301:from the original on 29 January 2010
991:
979:from the original on 21 January 2010
810:from the original on 23 January 2010
690:from the original on 21 January 2010
650:
715:"'Hundreds dead' in Nigeria attack"
13:
1530:from the original on 15 March 2010
1473:from the original on 18 March 2010
1225:from the original on 10 March 2010
1192:from the original on 12 March 2010
1156:from the original on 12 March 2010
1047:Awolusi, Bunmi (26 January 2010).
780:from the original on 11 March 2010
750:from the original on 23 March 2010
678:Nossiter, Adam (19 January 2010).
671:
655:. Associated Press. Archived from
515:
14:
1838:
1563:
1492:Human Rights Watch (April 2006).
1293:Kwashi, Benjamin (8 March 2010).
1274:from the original on 9 March 2010
1094:from the original on 9 March 2010
863:Gambrell, Jon (20 January 2010).
721:from the original on 9 March 2010
1520:"Pope denounces Nigeria clashes"
1320:Butty, James (19 January 2010).
836:Abubakar, Aminu (8 March 2010).
569:. pp. 49–81. Archived from
468:
336:. On 20 January, Vice-president
1542:
1512:
1485:
1458:
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1422:
1396:
1372:Burgis, Tom (26 January 2010).
1365:
1340:
1313:
1260:
1204:
1040:
1017:
965:
938:
912:
792:
772:Baldauf, Scott (8 March 2010).
651:Saka, Ahmed (19 January 2010).
1772:Attacks on churches in Nigeria
1732:January 2010 events in Nigeria
1180:Adam Nossiter (7 March 2010).
1123:. 7 March 2010. Archived from
644:
619:
585:
400:An ethnic rivalry between the
1:
1777:Attacks on mosques in Nigeria
1625:Religious violence in Nigeria
746:. BBC News. 20 January 2010.
592:Smith, David (8 March 2010).
509:
351:receiving medical treatment.
1812:March 2010 events in Nigeria
1526:. Singapore. 11 March 2010.
452:International Criminal Court
7:
1578:Human Rights Watch (2013),
461:
430:
290:
274:subsequent violence in 2008
272:, and at least 700 died in
10:
1843:
1827:Massacres of ethnic groups
1742:2010s massacres in Nigeria
1722:Religious riots in Nigeria
1090:. BBC News. 7 March 2010.
717:. BBC News. 8 March 2010.
295:
1631:
378:
254:ethnic groups in central
174:
123:
113:
102:17 January 2010
98:
59:
44:
28:
23:
357:
258:in and near the city of
1747:Massacres of Christians
1707:2010 murders in Nigeria
504:2011 Alexandria bombing
456:crimes against humanity
1297:. Christianity Today.
279:Jos is the capital of
1797:2010s fires in Africa
1757:2010s political riots
1681:Boko Haram insurgency
1587:21 April 2015 at the
1380:. Jos. Archived from
1270:. BBC. 8 March 2010.
1152:. CNN. 7 March 2010.
246:were clashes between
230:Boko Haram insurgency
1762:2010 in Christianity
1752:Massacres of Muslims
1028:. London: Times (UK)
945:Human Rights Watch.
1807:21st century in Jos
1737:January 2010 crimes
1348:"Calvin University"
869:The Washington Post
394:University of Abuja
307:November 2008 riots
79: /
1410:. 12 December 2013
1408:Human Rights Watch
1352:worship.calvin.edu
1328:on 21 January 2010
1186:The New York Times
1005:on 22 January 2010
926:on 22 January 2010
804:The New York Times
684:The New York Times
659:on 22 January 2010
529:on 28 January 2010
499:Religious violence
494:History of Nigeria
385:religious violence
323:Human Rights Watch
285:religious violence
165:Religious violence
1817:March 2010 crimes
1702:Massacres in 2010
1689:
1688:
1557:, 8 November 2010
1213:"Jos boils again"
1057:Nigerian Bulletin
441:Pope Benedict XVI
338:Goodluck Jonathan
239:
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119:religious rioting
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1787:Arson in Nigeria
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1127:on 10 April 2010
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1059:. Archived from
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1001:. Archived from
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949:. Archived from
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922:. Archived from
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844:on 14 March 2010
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686:. New York, NY.
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1589:Wayback Machine
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1564:External links
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1433:NEH-Edsitement
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476:Nigeria portal
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35:Location of
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1636:Kano (1953)
1554:Daily Trust
364:Dogo-Nahawa
319:Kuru Karama
189:Kano (1980)
184:Kano (1953)
115:Attack type
86: /
61:Coordinates
1712:2010 riots
1696:Categories
1676:Jos (2010)
1671:Jos (2008)
1661:Miss World
1656:Jos (2001)
1414:30 January
1388:26 January
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510:References
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224:Jos (2010)
219:Jos (2008)
209:Miss World
204:Jos (2001)
167:in Nigeria
106:2010-01-17
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1121:France 24
898:The Times
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330:Pankshin
291:Overview
45:Location
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248:Muslim
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124:Deaths
74:8°53′E
71:9°56′N
1666:Yelwa
1651:Abuja
1504:5 May
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410:Abuja
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389:jihad
358:March
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214:Yelwa
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