2003–2006 phase of the Iraqi insurgency

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terrorized his military and time constraints in the planning of the invasion on the United States' side a power vacuum was created once the invasion started. This was due to the fact that Iraqi soldiers abandoned areas before U.S. forces could reach them and the fact that the United States failed to draw up plans on what to do once Saddam Hussein had been removed from power. The inability of American-led forces to control the situation, led to Iraqi resentment. Additionally, the unexpectedly quick implosion of Saddam Hussein's regime meant that the invading forces never engaged and decisively defeated his military in any major battle; the Iraqi armed forces simply dispersed, often with their weapons, back to their homes. At least part of the reason for this, was the fact that the Iraqi military and the security services were disbanded, after the invasion by U.S.-led forces, a decision taken by the U.S. ambassador

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U.S. and local leaders in Sadr City for the disarmament of the local guerrillas and the veterans of the fighting in Najaf had broken down by early September. The Mahdi Army, which may not have been acting under Mr. Sadr's orders, refused any agreement that allowed U.S. patrolling Sadr City or which involved the handing in of their weapons. As a result, renewed heavy fighting began on September 6 between U.S. forces and Shiite militiamen in Sadr City. The first few days of fighting killed at least 2 U.S. soldiers and dozens of Iraqis, both civilians and fighters. In combination with a car bombing that killed 7 U.S. Marines and 3 Iraqi soldiers nine miles north of Fallujah, as well as an increase in IED attacks by Sunni insurgents in Baghdad, the total U.S. death toll for the Iraq war passed 1,000 on September 7, 2004.

2056:. Although some humanitarian operations were included in what was intended to be a "carrot and stick" strategy, the cordon and search operations are widely criticized for being far too blunt and not carefully targeted. The large numbers of innocent Iraqis detained during the raids, the removal of palm trees and other foliage to deprive guerrillas of cover for ambushes (and which represented the livelihoods of many farmers) and the failure to restore basic services such as water and electricity to pre-war levels began increasing the nationalist resistance among the Sunnis and began resulting in the disillusionment of an Iraqi populace. In addition, as the summer neared its end, a series of suicide bombings began that suggested an increasing 2350:, aged 73, arrived in Iraq and began traveling towards Najaf to stop the bloodshed. By the next day, an agreement brokered by Sistani seemed to come into force. Although the exact terms of the agreement were not clear, it required the Mahdi militia to disarm and vacate Najaf and for U.S. troops to withdraw from the city; these forces were to be replaced by interim government security forces. An interim government spokesman said al-Sadr's supporters could join the political process and al-Sadr may remain free. These requirements are essentially the same as those under the truce agreed on in June. According to the agreement, Ayatollah Sistani would also take over responsibility for the 255: 2645:. U.S. military forces hailed it as a major blow against the insurgency. However, by June, the threat had shifted from Sunni insurgents, now reportedly in open talks with coalition and government officials on the circumstances regarding a truce or cease-fire, and foreign terrorists to the Shi'a and Sunni militias that roamed the streets of Baghdad and attacked one another's communities, dividing the city in two sectarian regions. Large swaths of Baghdad became no-go zones for large segments of the population because they were either Shi'a or Sunni militia territory. 216: 2371:

and Allawi's government began drawing up plans to retake guerrilla strongholds in advance of the parliamentary elections planned for January 2005 in Iraq. Many observers and coalition officials feared that by leaving swaths of territory under guerrilla control (and the populations living in those areas therefore unable to vote), the legitimacy of the elections would be compromised. The cities under the least firm guerrilla control would be taken first, with Fallujah, the heart of the insurgency, waiting until after the U.S. presidential election.

269: 228: 387: 2454:" strategy, in which they hoped to methodically push the insurgents into the southwestern corner of the city and up against the open desert (where they would be without cover or concealment and open to a final rout by U.S. firepower). Although they encountered great difficulties against the evasive guerrilla bands, the majority of the insurgents in the city had been killed or captured by late November. Significant guerrilla resistance, however, continued until January (much of it by insurgents operating out of pre-prepared hidden tunnels). 2466:

suicide bombings and car bombings, mainly affecting Iraqi civilians, intensified to the worst point ever seen. The worst violence was seen in Mosul. Insurgents launched a massive offensive, seizing the western (Arab) half of the city and effectively destroying the police force at the same time the U.S. launched its assault on Fallujah. On November 16, over 3,000 U.S. troops and a similar number of Iraqi troops launched a counteroffensive, dismantling insurgents from strategic points but failing to break their hold on most of the city.

2273:, and Ramadi had been left under Sunni guerrilla control with American patrols in the cities ceased. The insurgency had undergone another major shift, as insurgent organizations now had safe havens in cities such as Fallujah to develop and coordinate with each other. Zarqawi's group and its allies were in a period of uneasy cooperation with other insurgent groups dominated by nationalist and Ba'athist agendas, although the groups increasingly came into competition for territory within Sunni insurgent-controlled areas. 424: 375: 399: 351: 282: 240: 2539:

within al-Anbar was increasingly being dominated by the Islamist insurgent group al-Qaeda in Iraq. Militants from the group had increasingly been asserting control over the major cities and towns of the province. Tribal leaders and former Ba'athists, who had previously led the fight against American troops, unsuccessfully resisted this takeover for a short time during the fall of 2005. Elsewhere in Iraq, especially in the Kurdish north and Shi'a south, violence was not as intense.

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U.S. armor and air power. Rather than fighting, most of the guerrillas either fled the city or melted into the population. The U.S. estimated that 130 insurgents and 1 U.S. soldier were killed, although residents reported that many civilians were among the dead. The operation was declared a success by the U.S. military on October 4. U.S. troops also reported achieving freedom of movement in Baquba, also north of Baghdad, though neither city was fully "pacified".

8586: 4596: 2625:), was suspected of utilizing entire police squads for sectarian killings and torture. Sunni communities grew fearful of approaching Iraqi police commandos, and some that had stayed out of the insurgency and the revenge killings formed militias to defend themselves against what they viewed as Shi'a aggression and encroachment. Often, these militias would open fire on police or army units that were not accompanied by American or otherwise coalition soldiers. 2495:

conducted an intense campaign of assassinations and suicide bombings on Iraqis involved with them. 107 U.S. soldiers were also killed in the month running up to the elections. By now, Iraqi police and security forces trained by the U.S. seemed to be beginning to take a more prominent role in many towns and cities of Iraq, and were beginning to bear the brunt of the violence. At least 109 Iraqi troops and police were killed in the month before the elections.

436: 411: 4606: 1873:. Another cause of resentment was the lack of immediate humanitarian aid and reconstruction efforts for Iraqis suffering from the invasion, the long-term effects of the repression and mismanagement of the Saddam Hussein regime, and international sanctions. A number of factions felt suspicious of long-term American intentions; the conduct of some American soldiers also served to heighten tensions. The de-Ba’athification Commission set up by the 8577: 1909: 25: 2165:, whose mission he said was to help keep order and cleanse Iraq of "evil." Since that point, the U.S. had regarded him as a threat, but was divided on whether or not to proceed with a crackdown. Eventually, as Sadr's rhetoric heated and his militia paraded through Sadr City in what seemed like a challenge to the United States, they decided to begin to squeeze his movement. On March 29, they moved to close Sadr's newspaper known as 321: 338: 1877:, the nature of selection of the Governing Council, and other policy decisions were interpreted by Sunni Arabs as actions intended to single out their community for discrimination; this encouraged the beginnings of sectarian tensions. However, it is necessary to note, that before the invasion sectarian tensions already existed in Iraq, due to the inherent inequalities between those communities during Saddam Hussein's regime. 8595: 3476: 295: 4616: 363: 308: 8604: 4626: 2254:

verge of capturing, but had not yet taken central control of, the city of Fallujah. Pentagon leaders, fearing that continuing the effort to capture the city might further inflame a larger revolt against coalition authority, pulled back the forces. The Marines were ordered to stand-down and cordon off the city on April 30, where they would remain in a perimeter around the city for the following six months.

2434:. Many guerrillas had apparently slipped out amongst the fleeing civilians, leaving a force of 5,000 still remaining in the city out of a force of what had grown to 10,000 insurgents (according to estimates). The vast majority of the civilian population by this time had fled, although thousands remained (either because they lacked means of transportation or because they were guarding their property). 2258:

act under the control of the Coalition Provisional Authority, patrol alongside the Iraqi Police and National Guardsmen but maintain its autonomy. The Fallujah Brigade had many former Saddam loyalists. From various reports, Brigade members re-integrated themselves into the insurgent outfits that dominated. The city remained under the control of insurgent and rebel forces. Reportedly,

2312:. With the situation in the south seemingly settled and the transfer of power, many hoped that the steam would be taken out of the ongoing Sunni insurgency. Although many Iraqis were optimistic about the government, militants saw it as little more than an American puppet and continued the fight unabated. On July 18, guerrillas offered a $ 285,000 reward for Allawi's assassination. 2293:, a top U.S. commander in charge of Najaf, Iraq, stated, "The Moqtada militia is militarily defeated. We have killed scores of them over the last few weeks, and that is in Najaf alone. The militia have been defeated, or have left..." However, Sadr remained in control of parts of Najaf and Sadr City, while the U.S. continued to patrol in the south outside those areas. 2499:

attacks and the elections were largely seen as a success. The Sunni population, however, responding to a boycott call by their clerics and intimidated by insurgents, largely stayed at home. As a result, the Sistani-endorsed largely Shiite ticket and the Kurdish parties received the largest share of the votes, leaving the Sunni minority disenfranchised.

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not seen before in the Iraq war, using standard infantry tactics such as indirect fire support, cover fire, and phased withdrawal. It was noted to resemble a Soviet-style "defense-in-depth" strategy, suggesting guidance from former members of the Iraqi Army rather than foreign jihadis who would more likely used tactics reminiscent of the

2609:, to roam the streets of Baghdad and other major cities, attacking Sunni mosques, killing Sunni civilians and murdering Sunni clerics. The Sunni insurgents and populace soon organized into their own defensive units and death squads and began further revenge killings, causing a spiral of violence that took the country into a full blown 2629:

the Mahdi Army, resulted in the Mahdi Army moving onto the streets to exact revenge on largely uninvolved Sunni civilians. Neither the U.S. Army, nor the Iraqi Defense Ministry, were making headway in stopping the attacks. By June 2006, the UN reported that 100 civilians a day were dying in Baghdad alone due to sectarian violence.

2401:, located west of Mosul. U.S. forces said that the town was being used as a transit point for the entry of foreign guerrillas of al-Qaeda in Iraq and weapons from nearby Syria. After a 12-day siege, the city was stormed and retaken by U.S. and Iraqi troops on September 12. At least 58 people were reported killed in the fighting. 1998:, in addition to using basic forms of IEDs (Improvised Explosive Device) on U.S. patrols and convoys in attacks that were often poorly planned and demonstrated poor marksmanship and training. In many cases the insurgents were killed in the return fire. The U.S. military blamed the attacks on remnants of the Ba'ath Party and the 2084:), as informants guided troops over the next six months to hideouts and weapons caches primarily belonging to the Fedayeen Saddam and the remaining Ba'athist resistance. However, most of the Sunni regions saw the military situation gradually worsen for the U.S. as a disaffected nationalist resistance began to take hold. 2413:

Once again, the insurgents, and surprisingly much of the civilian population, melted away before the offensive rather than fighting, taking shelter in nearby areas. Small-scale rebel harassment was reported, but not major fighting. As a result, the operation saw little success in netting rebel fighters.

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coalition had failed to deliver on its promises and a nationalist dissatisfaction with foreign occupation. Many young men without jobs or prospects and who had lost faith with the promises of the U.S. began to become drawn to Shiite religious radicalism, especially of the brand advocated by the cleric

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When the elections for parliament occurred on December 15, 2005, insurgents pledged not to disrupt them, and the day passed peacefully. Until the New Year of 2006, few major attacks occurred on either U.S. soldiers or on Iraqi civilians and troops. The insurgency remained quiet, launching small-scale

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in search of suspected Sunni Arab insurgents. The U.S. military and the Iraqi government asserted that the town had turned into an important way station for the Sunni insurgency, particularly al-Qaeda in Iraq. Tal Afar had been reported as a conduit for equipment and local fighters smuggled in from

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Al-Anbar province, the westernmost and largest province of Iraq (containing the cities of Fallujah and Ramadi) was where the largest amount of combat continued to take place, with U.S. soldiers routinely suffering casualties in military operations against insurgents. At the same time, the insurgency

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A concentrated barrage of air strikes and artillery (including use of white phosphorus and napalm) began pounding the city. Simultaneously, U.S. and Iraqi forces began advancing, primarily from the north, and quickly secured the city's main hospital, where rebels had reported high numbers of civilian

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The U.S. and Iraqi buildup around Fallujah continued, and by the beginning of November and the time of the U.S. presidential elections, over 5,000 U.S. and 1,000 Iraqi troops surrounded the city. The Iraqi troops were drawn from what were considered the most capable segments of the U.S.-trained Iraqi

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This left the heart of the Sunni insurgency, Fallujah, bracing for an attack. Large numbers of U.S. Army troops and Marines began massing in bases ringing the city, and most of the civilian population fled. To support the buildup, British forces deployed the Black Watch regiment, composed of 850 men,

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At the same time, negotiations involving the Iraqi interim government, tribal leaders, and Mahdi Army officials successfully brought a resolution to the fighting in Sadr City. A weapons handover was announced, and some weapons trickled into the Iraqi police from Shiite rebels. Although the Mahdi Army

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Soon, however, the peace in the south would once again be broken. The U.S. Marines, having taken control from the U.S. Army of the area around Najaf, began to adopt a more aggressive posture with the Mahdi Army and began patrolling zones previously considered off-limits. Soon, the Mahdi Army declared

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A compromise on April 30 was reached in order to ensure security within Fallujah itself by creating the "Fallujah Brigade", a unit that drew from former members of Iraq's Army, local volunteers, and even the insurgents themselves. The unit's formation was part of a truce negotiation. This unit was to

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On April 4, the Mahdi Army was directed to begin launching attacks on coalition targets and to seize control from the nascent U.S.-trained Iraqi security forces. The Mahdi Army, which by then numbered from 3,000 to 10,000 men, organized quickly escalating violent riots and then a coordinated assault,

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Suicide attacks dropped during the period in exchange for largely underreported single killings, and also included a few spectacular, brazen daylight raids on Sunni or Shi'a communities by masked gunmen who executed large numbers of opposing sect members. Bomb attacks on Sadr City, the stronghold of

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Violence throughout the spring was largely dominated by inter-Iraqi fighting, leaving the U.S.-led coalition forces unsure of their next move as death squads engaged in tit-for-tat revenge killings. U.S. commanders were forced to admit that this level of violence was unprecedented in the three years

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The Sunni insurgency continued to launch bomb attacks, suicide bombings, and mortar strikes against both civilian targets and coalition forces, mostly U.S. troops. Iraqi forces began sustaining heavier casualties fighting the insurgency, with more and more Iraqi troops and police engaged in pitched

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The talks for the new government seemed to continually drag on over the months and a power vacuum began to develop in Baghdad as Allawi waited to hand over power. As the political progress slowed, guerrilla attacks also began to gradually rise once more in April. Insurgents began a renewed effort to

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The next stage of the offensive began on September 30, when 3,000 soldiers from the U.S. Army 1st Infantry Division and 2,000 Iraqi troops launched a surprise attack on guerrilla-controlled Samarra. The insurgent hold on the city proved to be tenuous, and the rebel forces were quickly beaten back by

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With the violent threat from Sadr's forces eliminated throughout most of Iraq, coalition forces and the Iraqi government began turning their attention towards bringing under control the numerous Sunni guerrilla safe-havens that remained from the spring uprising. Officials from the U.S.-led coalition

2198:. A widespread collapse of the Iraqi security forces ensued, with most deserting or defecting to the rebels rather than fighting. Soon, combat was erupting in many urban centers of southern and central portions of Iraq as U.S. forces attempted to maintain control and prepared for a counteroffensive. 2513:

It was hoped to be the start of a gradual US withdrawal by many, but so far have proved untrue. February, March, and April proved to be relatively peaceful months compared to the carnage of November and January, with insurgent attacks averaging 30 a day from the average 70. This was also hoped by

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for much of the rest of Iraq. Insurgents fleeing Fallujah filtered into northern Babil province, Mosul in the north, and Baghdad itself. As a result, a sharp spike of violence was seen upon the attack's commencement, with mortar and IED attacks increasing in frequency and intensity. The campaign of

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By the end of most of the fighting, over 50 U.S. Marines had been killed and several hundred wounded. As many as 3,000–4,000 insurgents may have been killed, according to U.S. military estimates. Reports suggested a heavy toll among remaining civilians in the city as well. Most of the city suffered

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Ruined homes across the city attest to a strategy of overwhelming force. A video showing the killing of at least one unarmed and wounded man by an American serviceman surfaced, throwing renewed doubt and outrage at the efficiency of the US occupation. The Marine was later cleared of any wrongdoing,

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province just south of Baghdad, an area also known as the "Triangle of Death" for the amount of hostage-taking and guerrilla violence in the area. Coalition forces moved west from their forward operating bases across the Euphrates River, securing a key bridge and conducting house-to-house searches.

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and the small town of Abu Hishma were wrapped in barbed wire and carefully monitored. Following Operation Iron Hammer, the number of insurgent attacks dropped to an average of 18 a day. In the wave of intelligence information fueling the raids on Ba’ath Party members connected to insurgency, Saddam

2115:

In response, the coalition launched its counteroffensive known as Operation Iron Hammer in the second week of November. Operation Iron Hammer brought back the use of U.S. air power for the first time since the end of the initial war to topple Saddam Hussein's regime, with suspected ambush sites and

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An effort began in August by the coalition to increase human intelligence gathering in order to more carefully target operations. The effort did eventually begin to reap limited and temporary results in the north-central region of the country (which includes Tikrit and up to the southern borders of

2530:

Once the new government was announced, the Iraqi insurgency began a major offensive against civilian targets across Iraq for the next several months, killing thousands of civilians. This was considered by analysts to be a direct challenge to the authority of the Iraqi government, and although the

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Despite the renewed insurgent effort, on January 31 the elections proceeded as scheduled. The Shiite and Kurdish populations, encouraged by their leaders, turned out in large numbers to the polls. With the heavy security presence on that day, the guerrillas failed to successfully conduct any large

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to retake the city, which had clearly fallen completely into rebel hands. They met very stiff and well-organized resistance from the guerrillas. The insurgent force defending Fallujah was believed to number over 2,000 men, divided into platoon-sized units. The guerrillas used sophisticated tactics

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Resistance to U.S.-led forces would not for long be confined to the Sunni regions of Iraq. Over this period, Shiite dissatisfaction with the occupation, especially among the urban poor, had been gradually increasing for some of the same reasons it had been among the Sunnis: the perception that the

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Hopes for a quick end to an insurgency and a withdrawal of U.S. troops where dashed at the advent of May, the Iraq's bloodiest month since the invasion of U.S. forces in March and April 2003. Suicide bombers, believed to be radical Islamist Sunni insurgents, tore through Iraq. Its targets where

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While for the most part both the Mahdi Army and U.S. forces observed the truce by withdrawing from Najaf and returning control to the Iraqi government, many of the remnants of Sadr's militia in Najaf kept their weapons and moved north into Sadr City in order to regroup. Negotiations involving the

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U.S. forces launched only occasional armored forays into Samarra and Baquba, while about half a dozen small forts were maintained by the U.S. Marines in Ramadi, with the surrounding territory in the city controlled by rebels. American ground forces remained outside of Fallujah, though regular air

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However, these initial counterinsurgency efforts failed to suppress the insurgency. The sweeps failed to stem the tide of the attacks, which during the summer of 2003 numbered about a dozen a day and resulted in, on average, 1 U.S. soldier killed and 7 more wounded every day. The guerrillas began

2477:

With the year's end, the U.S. military reported that they had killed or captured at least 15,000 guerrillas over the course of 2004, giving a new perspective on the intensity of the fighting during that period. 848 U.S. soldiers were killed in 2004, and 9,034 were wounded in action. There are no

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Meanwhile, the fighting continued in the Shiite south. Over the next three months, over 1,500 Mahdi Army militiamen, several hundred civilians, and dozens of coalition soldiers were killed as the U.S. gradually took back the southern cities. On June 6, a truce was reached, temporarily ending the

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Political pressure began to build on the United States and the Governing Council of Iraq as the hospital of Fallujah continued to report high numbers of civilian casualties, inflaming further the Iraqi people and Muslim world in general. After two weeks of fighting, the U.S. Marines were on the

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The period from December 2003 to March 2004 marked a relative lull in guerrilla attacks. It is believed that although some damage was done to the insurgency, this was primarily due to a reorganization period during which new U.S. tactics were studied and a renewed offensive planned. Although the

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Following the elections, insurgent attacks again declined and U.S. casualty rates were reduced as negotiations went on to decide on the makeup of the new government. March saw one of the least deadly months of the war for the U.S, with only 38 American troops killed. At least 200 Iraqi security

2494:

Although no major cities were now under the control of rebels, the spike of increased guerrilla violence against U.S. and Iraqi forces continued into January. The focus of attention was now on the impending elections set for January 31. Many rebels became intent on disrupting the elections, and

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By November 9, U.S. units had penetrated into the heart of the city. By now, they were receiving stiff opposition from small groups of guerrillas, employing hit-and-run tactics, and snipers. Booby traps, rigged to destroy homes U.S. troops had entered, also were encountered, including some even

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working for the U.S. military were killed and subsequently mutilated by insurgents and a crowd of residents in the city of Fallujah, long a particularly troublesome center of Sunni resistance to the U.S. presence. On the same day, 5 U.S. soldiers were killed by a large IED on a road a few miles

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regime, former military officers, and some other Ba’ath Party members are cited as members of insurgent groups; indeed, these elements formed the primary backbone of the nascent insurgency. Initially, most former members of the Ba'ath Party and former Iraqi soldiers expressed a willingness to

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shrine, often thought of as the holiest Shi'ite Muslim shrine in Iraq. Heavy combat ensued in the Old City of Najaf around the shrine and in the Wadi al-Salam (Valley of Peace) cemetery, one of the largest cemeteries in the world. The terrain of the cemetery, densely packed with above-ground

1868:

A number of factors played into the beginning of the insurgency in Iraq. Invading U.S.-led forces were unable to immediately fill the power vacuum caused by the sudden collapse of a highly centralized state authority, resulting in weeks of virtual anarchy. Due to the fact that Saddam Hussein

2337:

Eventually, after three weeks of fighting, Sadr's forces, which originally had at least 2,000 militiamen spread out throughout the city and the cemetery, was reduced to only a few hundred holding out within the shrine itself. Although much of the fighting was conducted by US forces, it was

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by Bremer; this, and the unwillingness of the Coalition Provisional Authority to negotiate with former Ba'ath elements, provided impetus for the initial insurgency. While 80% the officers were Sunni, the rank and file of the regular army was 80% Shia. Prisoners released from prison by

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Mosul, which a year earlier was relatively peaceful compared to much of Iraq, would be a scene of some of the heaviest sustained fighting for some time to come. In December, 14 American soldiers were killed and over a hundred injured when an explosion struck an open-tent mess hall in

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In July 2006, the U.S. military started to bolster its troop numbers in the city—a concession to the seriousness of the situation and the inability of local forces under Iraqi command to combat it. The new security crackdown, which also involved a number of Iraqi troops, was called

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in the city. With the battle for Fallujah over, the Sunni insurgency continued against the U.S. forces remaining outside these cities as the guerrillas resumed their tactics of using IED's and mortars to attack U.S. forces indirectly, for the most part avoiding direct combat.

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from Basra to the "triangle of death" south of Baghdad in order to replace U.S. troops heading for Fallujah. The decision proved controversial in Britain, especially after the regiment suffered casualties from dogged attacks involving suicide bombers and roadside bombs.

2535:

battles and coming under direct attack. An increasing sectarian overtone to the conflict became more visible, as most of the insurgents were Sunni Arab and the vast majority of the recruits to the Iraqi security forces came from the Shia regions of the southern Iraq.

2354:; fighters would leave the shrine, and visitors will be allowed in; additionally, the Iraqi interim government would agree to repair damage to buildings caused by the fighting. This resolution occurred two days before the one-year anniversary of the assassination of 2527:

dispel any beliefs that they were weakening and to discredit the formation of the new government. The attacks gradually increased until, on April 28, the new government led by Prime Minister Ibrahim Jafarri of the Sistani-backed political party was announced.

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launched a new round of massive suicide bombings against Shi'a populations, declaring an all-out war on the Shi'a majority. Hundreds of Shi'a workers, soldiers, and civilians were killed in several of these individual strikes. Shi'a anger was quelled by

2002:

militia. It seems that many of these attacks were "potshots" from disaffected former members of the Iraqi military. Tensions between U.S. forces and the residents of Fallujah were especially severe, with crowd riots and small skirmishes commonplace.

2023:

in the Sunni Triangle, detaining 397 Iraqis. Almost all of the detainees were later released, and the operation failed to stem the tide of the assaults. A series of similar operations were launched throughout the summer in the Sunni Triangle, such as

2417:

retained some of its weapons stockpiles, it was no longer an official active participant in the violent Iraqi revolt. Sadr repeatedly signalled a desire to participate in the elections, though he did not compromise his strong anti-occupation stance.

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U.S. and Iraqi armies attempted to quell the violence using large-scale, house-to-house operations in Baghdad, Tal Afar, and elsewhere, the bombings were only temporarily halted while the insurgency regrouped and planned a new offensive.

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and several top associates were holding a meeting. The attack leveled the structure and killed al-Zarqawi. His death was announced a day later by U.S. military officials after they had confirmed that they had actually hit their target.

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as the Marines had been warned that the enemy would sometimes feign death and booby-trap bodies as a tactic to lure Marines to their deaths. November was the deadliest month of the occupation for coalition troops, surpassing April.

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before his disappearance provided another source both of insurgent recruits and of organized crime factions. Finally, as O’Hanlan says, the porous borders of Iraq and the subsequent foreign insurgents also bolstered the insurgency.

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began drawing up plans to end the violence and reconcile Sunni and Shi'a. Many observers, however, have doubted al-Maliki's commitment towards seeking a truly equitable resolution to the conflict (on account of his Shia biases).

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mortar launching positions struck from the air and with artillery fire. Surveillance of major routes, patrols, and raids on suspected insurgents were stepped up. In addition, two villages, including Saddam's birthplace of

2449:

Gradually, U.S. and Iraqi forces pushed the main insurgent force into the southwest of the city, carefully conducting house-to-house searches and securing areas of the city block by block. The U.S. military adopted a

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attached to corpses. Within a week, 38+ U.S. troops had been killed and 275+ wounded in the offensive. Insurgent losses during that same time period were believed to be much heavier, running into several hundred.

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Hussein himself was captured on a farm near Tikrit on December 12, 2003. This apparent renewed success led many to a renewed sense of optimism that the U.S. was prevailing in the fight against the insurgency.

2098:

In October 2003, the intensity and pace of insurgent attacks began to increase. Finally, at the end of October, a series of four simultaneous suicide car bomb attacks on the Iraqi police and the International

2474:, where President Bush had displayed a Thanksgiving turkey the year before. It was one of the most costly attacks on U.S. troops during the war – the explosion is believed to have come from a suicide bomber. 2169:

and arrested one of his aides on murder charges. That, combined with his steadily decreasing political prospects for success within the U.S.-backed interim government, pushed Sadr to decide for armed revolt.

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for a government to draft a permanent constitution took place. Although some violence and lack of widespread Sunni participation marred the event, most of the eligible Kurd and Shia populace participated.

2134:, only increased. Hundreds of Iraqi civilians and police (mainly Shi'a) were killed over this period in a series of massive bombings. These events marked the emergence of the organization then known as 2286:

fighting. Sadr entered into negotiations with the provisional government to lay down arms and enter the political process, while the U.S. declared that the Mahdi Army had been militarily defeated when

1974:

In May 2003, after the Iraqi conventional forces had been defeated and disbanded, the U.S. military noticed a gradually increasing flurry of attacks on U.S. troops in various regions of the so-called "

2242:

Cases of widespread reach and planning, suggesting national insurgent coordination, were noted. Hundreds of insurgents cut the road between Fallujah and Baghdad to the east, while west of Fallujah in

2226:, and close cooperation with local leaders was quickly suspended and the U.S. decided that it was time for a major assault to clear the city of insurgents. On April 4, U.S. and Iraqi forces launched 2161:, caused him to emerge as the leader of this portion of Iraqi Shiite society. In June 2003, after being rejected from a spot on the Iraqi Governing Council, he had created a militia known as the 2617:

of American occupation and reconstruction, although both political and military leaders in the United States and Iraq continued to insist that the country was not on the verge of civil war. The

4996: 2103:, quickly followed by a sharp surge in guerrilla attacks, ushered in an insurgent effort that was termed the "Ramadan Offensive," as it coincided with the beginning of the Muslim holy month of 2605:

are buried. Although there were no casualties in the attack, the bombing leveled the mosque and caused unprecedented anger amongst the Shi'a majority, prompting death squads, largely from the

2438:

deaths in April. Guerrilla resistance was initially reported to be less than expected, partially due to diversionary tactics and also because much of the insurgent force in Fallujah had fled.

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exact figures, but thousands of Iraq security forces, as well as Iraqi civilians, were killed as well, both in terrorist attacks and from U.S. aerial bombardment and accidental shootings.

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ordered Iraqi forces to commence the operation to remove all insurgent elements. The operation was later declared successful at removing the city from the control of Sunni insurgents.

2246:, over 150 insurgents launched an offensive against U.S. Marine positions. A similar attack followed, conducted by about 150 insurgents, against U.S. Marines near the Syrian border in 2107:. Attacks that were increased to nearly 50 a day, along with a series of helicopter downings, resulted in a U.S. death toll of 82 for the month of November with 337 wounded in action. 4984: 662: 647: 2138:, led by al-Zarqawi, to prominence as a major force within the insurgency. This organization, composed both of foreign fighters and Iraqis, had a militant Sunni Islamist agenda. 2321:

that the truce had been broken and militiamen launched an assault on a police station. U.S. forces responded, and in the first week of August, a prolonged conflict broke out in

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El-Magd, Nadia About (June 17, 2003). "U.S. soldiers raid homes in hunt for Saddam loyalists ; Operation Desert Scorpion stings 59 Two Baghdad blasts reported".

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announced that 15,000 U.S. troops whose tours of duty had been extended in order to provide election security would be pulled out of Iraq by the next month.

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often Shia gatherings or civilian concentrations mainly of Shiites. As a result, over 700 Iraqi civilians died in the month, as well as 80 U.S. soldiers.

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without the jungle." Nevertheless, U.S. forces continued a steady advance and inflicted heavy casualties on Sadr's forces, lightly wounding Sadr himself.

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severe damage from the fighting by the battle's end. In the months to come, only a small fraction of refugees from the city would permanently return.

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The next phase began soon afterwards, on October 5, when 3,000 coalition and Iraqi troops began a sweep against Sunni insurgents through northern

8550: 3293: 75: 2040:, succeeded in destroying an encampment of over 70 local fighters, possibly linked to the Fedayeen Saddam, near the Syrian border town of Rawa. 7306: 5503: 5372: 1886: 1460: 486: 2685:. In fresh violence on September 9, 2006, 16 bodies, all bound, blindfolded, and shot, were found in different areas of Mahmudiya, south of 57: 6917: 5214: 5192: 1091: 1045: 7567: 6627: 4929: 2703: 2698: 2379: 1705: 7994: 5362: 2020: 1241: 8626: 8354: 7951: 6637: 5409: 3775: 2487: 2117: 1177: 2514:

many to be the beginning of the end of the insurgency due to the renewed confidence in the elections, but this again proved untrue.

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report from September 1, 2006 said attacks had risen by 24% in the month from June to August 2006 as violence spread north beyond

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mausoleums and caves, favored the urban guerrilla warfare conducted by Sadr's militia. It was described by U.S. soldiers as "

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bomb attacks that were, in comparison to the hundreds of dead in suicide attacks during the fall, relatively minor affairs.

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The first of the offensives began on September 1, 2004, when U.S. and Iraqi forces besieged the northern Turkmen city of

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security forces and were mainly drawn from the Shiite regions of Iraq. On November 8, the assault on Fallujah began in

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Members of insurgent groups came from a variety of sources. Former members of the security services of the

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along with dozens of others. Only ten days later marked the beginning of another phase to the conflict.

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On June 28, 2004, the occupation was formally ended by the coalition, which transferred power to a new

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guerrilla attacks were less intense, the "terrorist" offensive, possibly connected to the followers of

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forces were killed that month, however, as their more visible presence attracted the most attacks.

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All attacks listed in this group were either committed by insurgents, or have unknown perpetrators

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The Fletcher School Online Journal for Issues Related to Southwest Asia and Islamic Civilization

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On February 22, 2006, suspected Sunni rebels, dressed as Iraqi police commandos, stormed the

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compromise with the Coalition forces. However, many lost their jobs and pensions with the

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At the same time, the Sunni insurgency was rapidly intensifying. On March 31, 2004, four

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On June 7, 2006, U.S. warplanes bombed a house north of Baghdad where terror leader

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On September 10, thousands of Iraqi soldiers, backed by Coalition forces, assaulted

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Coalition counteroffensive against Sunni insurgency begins (September–November 2004)

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anticipated that only Iraqi forces would enter the shrine. Negotiations with cleric

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defending the shrine, were attempted but did not end the standoff. On August 25,

2339: 2262:'s organization was among the several that exercised some authority in the area. 2154: 2065: 2049: 2006: 1999: 883: 878: 2316:

The Battle for Najaf, the Truce Agreement, and aftermath (August–September 2004)

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In response to the attacks taking place, on June 9, the U.S. military launched

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Changes within the Sunni insurgency were also taking place over this period.

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Iraqi insurgency began that would last until the United States left in 2011

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Announcement of the Government and Renewed Fighting (April–December 2005)

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Gaub, 2011, "Rebuilding Armed Forces: Learning From Iraq And Lebanon",

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Battle for Fallujah and aftermath (November 2004 – January 2005)

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adopting new and more complex tactics, such as the planting of

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Coalition response and counterinsurgency (June–September 2003)

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surprising coalition and Iraqi forces and seizing control of

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During the fall of 2005, insurgents, suspected to be mostly

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targeting the UN on August 19, and the massive blast at the

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By the end of the spring uprising, the cities of Fallujah,

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confirmed his death and quickly appointed a successor,

1855:, which became the most violent phase of the Iraq War. 8535:

The Iraq War: A Historiography of Knowledge Changelogs

8256:"The wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time" 2937:

Dictatorship, Imperialism & Chaos: Iraq since 1989

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Dictatorship, Imperialism & Chaos: Iraq since 1989

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Dictatorship, Imperialism & Chaos: Iraq since 1989

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Dictatorship, Imperialism & Chaos: Iraq since 1989

5381: 2342:, a leading Shi'ite cleric in Iraq and leader of the 1969: 2206:outside of the city. The attacks took place as the 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7563:United States and the International Criminal Court 3424:"Iraq's resistance war was planned", Jason Burke, 2675:Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq 2482:Iraqi elections and aftermath (January–March 2005) 8618: 6676: 2277:strikes were conducted on alleged safehouses of 2186:, and parts of Baghdad and southern cities like 1081:§ indicates the deadliest attack in the Iraq War 2574:New Iraqi elections and the threat of civil war 1990:. These consisted of small groups of suspected 1822:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) 3080:Center for Strategic and International Studies 2111:Operation Iron Hammer (November–December 2003) 1078:indicates attacks resulting in over 100 deaths 8277:Afghan–Iraqi Freedom Memorial (Salem, Oregon) 7832: 4656: 3457: 2962:"IRAQ AFTER THE WAR Troops open fire again". 1706: 1046: 480: 6818:Use of white phosphorus by the United States 2885:Hashim, A.S., 2003, The Insurgency in Iraq, 2019:swept through the Tigris River peninsula of 2948:O’Hanlan, M.E., 2005, Iraq Without A Plan, 2704:Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn 2699:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 2380:Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn 1937:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5776: 4663: 4649: 3464: 3450: 1713: 1699: 1053: 1039: 487: 473: 7952:A Responsible Plan to End the War in Iraq 3772:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 3070: 2863: 2754:"Overview: The Iraq War - New York Times" 2358:, a prominent Shi'ite cleric from Najaf. 2214:, in which Fallujah is located, from the 2088:Ramadan Offensive (October–November 2003) 1957:Learn how and when to remove this message 1863: 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 58:"2003–2006 phase of the Iraqi insurgency" 5751:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 4670: 3596:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire 3432:"Ten Impasses of the Resistance in Iraq" 3071:Cordesman, Anthony H. (August 5, 2005). 2297:Transfer of sovereignty (June–July 2004) 8237: 6243: 5746:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 3241: 3055: 2141: 126:2003–2006 phase of the Iraqi insurgency 8619: 8551:U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East 8345:Iraqi security forces fatality reports 8292:Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial 8287:Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial (London) 7939:Winter Soldier: Iraq & Afghanistan 7869: 5576:Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance 1755:Iraq no-fly zones conflict (1991–2003) 1084:This list only includes major attacks. 494: 8433: 8090: 7633: 6665: 6628:Turkish incursions into northern Iraq 5775: 5453: 5123: 4693: 4644: 4331: 4223: 4045: 3920: 3493: 3445: 2976: 2148:Ramadi under U.S. military occupation 2124: 1720: 1694: 1034: 468: 8603: 5881:Capture of Saddam Hussein (Red Dawn) 5001:UK parliament's support for invasion 4625: 4567:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) 2210:were taking over responsibility for 1935:adding citations to reliable sources 1902: 1748:Iraqi Kurdish/Shi'a uprisings (1991) 1064:List of bombings during the Iraq War 677:Post-invasion insurgency (2003–2006) 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 8465:"Enhanced interrogation techniques" 4615: 3366:. September 9, 2006. Archived from 3360:"Iraq prime minister to visit Iran" 2900:"Iraq Timeline: Since the 2003 War" 2778:"Iraq Timeline: Since the 2003 War" 691:Killing of Qusay & Uday Hussein 13: 7800:Scott Thomas Beauchamp controversy 3190:"Iraq's bin Laden? Zarqawi's rise" 2218:. The intended Marine strategy of 14: 8708: 8460:Efforts to impeach George W. Bush 8325:Aviation shootdowns and accidents 8091: 7840:Senate Report on WMD Intelligence 7575:Prosecution for the 2003 invasion 6721:Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre 4920:Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory 3417: 2866:"Understanding Iraq's Insurgency" 2673:, the armed wing of the powerful 2070:Ayatollah Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim 1970:Insurgency begins (May–June 2003) 8602: 8593: 8585: 8584: 8575: 7730:Violence against Iraqi academics 6727:Haifa Street helicopter incident 6175:Valiant Guardian (Harris Ba'sil) 5454: 4624: 4614: 4604: 4595: 4594: 3900:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis 3474: 2904:United States Institute of Peace 2782:United States Institute of Peace 2279:Abu Musab al-Zarqawi's followers 1907: 434: 422: 409: 397: 385: 373: 361: 349: 336: 319: 306: 293: 280: 267: 253: 238: 226: 214: 143: 23: 8576: 8350:Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards 7877:Pre-war international reactions 5683:Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq 5393:Coalition Provisional Authority 5048:Saddam Hussein and human rights 4379:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects 3802:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 3792:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 3531:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period 3352: 3332: 3307: 3296:from the original on 2004-12-13 3282: 3235: 3214: 3182: 3158: 3134: 3110: 3086: 3064: 3049: 3025: 2970: 2955: 2942: 2929: 2916: 2892: 2623:Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq 2015:, in which 2,000 soldiers from 1875:Coalition Provisional Authority 1760:Iraq air strikes (January 1993) 194:Insurgency deteriorates into a 34:needs additional citations for 8199:"Smoking gun / mushroom cloud" 7785:Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz 7288:Attacks on Christians in Mosul 6716:Murder of Muhamad Husain Kadir 6666: 4975:Colin Powell's UN presentation 3662:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 3437:"The Iraqi Resistance Reports" 3349:". One- News, 4 September 2006 3033:"'Operation Peninsula Strike'" 2979:"Fear and Loathing in Falluja" 2879: 2864:Ruvalcaba, Jim (Spring 2004). 2857: 2833: 2820: 2807: 2794: 2770: 2746: 2722: 2568:Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani 2348:Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani 153:heavily damaged caused by the 1: 8487:Guantanamo Bay detention camp 8445:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 8335:Coalition military operations 8063:U.S.-led intervention in Iraq 6381:Baghdad International Airport 5373:U.S. kill or capture strategy 5200:2006 al-Askari mosque bombing 4750:Chemical attacks against Iran 3921: 3340:Iraq captures al Qaeda deputy 3222:"Guide: Armed groups in Iraq" 3166:"A Ramadan Offensive in Iraq" 2715: 2356:Sayed Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim 1858: 1787:Iraqi conflict (2003–present) 403:Iraqi Islamic Resistance Army 190:Short-term Insurgent victory 169:1 May 2003 – 22 February 2006 8627:Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011) 8470:Torture in the United States 8216:"There are unknown unknowns" 7748:Post-invasion WMD conjecture 7177:2007 Karbala mosque bombings 6879:Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi 6873:Death of Abed Hamed Mowhoush 6751:Mahmudiyah rape and killings 6698:U.S. killings of journalists 6191:Defeat Al Qaeda in the North 5410:2005 parliamentary elections 5124: 4158:in ISIL-controlled territory 4046: 3098:Council on Foreign Relations 3073:"Iraq's Evolving Insurgency" 2681:coalition, was a product of 2582: 2378:, which changed its name to 2203:private military contractors 1887:disbanding of the Iraqi army 1847:was toppled in May 2003, an 1812:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 1807:Iraqi insurgency (2008–2011) 1797:Iraqi insurgency (2003–2006) 7: 8652:Al-Qaeda activities in Iraq 8504:Military–industrial complex 8434: 7546:Torture by the Wolf Brigade 5623:Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan 5613:Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad 5606:Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah 5284:Mission Accomplished speech 4942:Oil as a possible rationale 4694: 4332: 4224: 4069:Council of Representatives 3807:Weapons of mass destruction 3494: 3094:"IRAQ: Insurgents' Tactics" 2924:Strategic Studies Institute 2887:Small Wars and Insurgencies 2692: 2683:Iran's Revolutionary Guards 2589:Iraqi Civil War (2006–2008) 2461:The attack on Fallujah had 2376:Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad 2136:Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad 1802:Iraqi civil war (2006–2008) 1770:Iraq missile strikes (1996) 1765:Iraq missile strikes (1993) 368:Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad 10: 8713: 8519:Petrodollar warfare theory 7634: 7531:Raid on Camp Ashraf (2011) 6989:Karbala and Najaf bombings 6710:Killing of Nadhem Abdullah 5227:Status of forces agreement 5016:Legitimacy of the invasion 3797:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 3378: 2983:Armed Forces & Society 2651:Operation Together Forward 2586: 2228:Operation Vigilant Resolve 2145: 2091: 2013:Operation Peninsula Strike 1994:firing assault rifles and 1982:and in the regions around 1898: 1780:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 8687:Islamic terrorism in Iraq 8573: 8440: 8429: 8363: 8355:Private contractor deaths 8312: 8297:Old North Memorial Garden 8269: 8178:Old Europe and New Europe 8101: 8097: 8086: 8032: 7966: 7862: 7805:MoveOn.org ad controversy 7738: 7684:Al-Aimmah Bridge disaster 7662:Iraq Family Health Survey 7644: 7640: 7629: 7609: 7555: 7523: 7433: 7362: 7296: 7235: 7212:Al-Khilani mosque bombing 7104: 7058: 7007: 6941: 6910: 6898: 6827: 6808: 6763:Baghdad detainee killings 6683: 6672: 6661: 6620: 6599: 6561: 6505: 6464: 6423: 6342: 6236: 6229: 6209: 6183: 6072: 6016: 5950: 5894: 5796: 5789: 5785: 5771: 5716: 5657: 5628:Black Banner Organization 5551: 5542: 5466: 5462: 5449: 5368:Al Qa'qaa high explosives 5297: 5254:Preparations for invasion 5237: 5174:Capture of Saddam Hussein 5134: 5130: 5119: 5056: 5036:Saddam's alleged shredder 4950: 4873: 4770: 4713: 4706: 4702: 4689: 4679: 4590: 4489: 4344: 4340: 4327: 4232: 4219: 4054: 4041: 3929: 3916: 3737: 3654: 3506: 3502: 3489: 3244:"What Went Wrong in Iraq" 3194:Christian Science Monitor 2966:. May 1, 2003. p. 9. 2222:, less aggressive raids, 2038:Operation Desert Scorpion 1996:rocket-propelled grenades 1743:Invasion of Kuwait (1990) 1733:Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988) 1728: 1072: 709:Capture of Saddam Hussein 509: 207: 161: 142: 130: 125: 8546:Unitary executive theory 8250:Inverted totalitarianism 8140:Coalition of the willing 7990:Bring Them Home Now Tour 7889:Saddam Hussein interview 6693:During the 2003 invasion 5633:Wakefulness and Holy War 5591:Mujahideen Shura Council 5566:1920 Revolution Brigades 5031:Rapid response operation 5026:Military analyst program 4992:Failed peace initiatives 4148:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq 4059:Administrative divisions 3170:The Washington Institute 2995:10.1177/0095327X05281460 2935:Abdullah, T.A.J., 2006, 2826:Abdullah, T.A.J., 2006, 2813:Abdullah, T.A.J., 2006, 2800:Abdullah, T.A.J., 2006, 2386:declaring allegiance to 8657:Arab rebellions in Iraq 8492:Gulf of Tonkin incident 8477:Extraordinary rendition 8205:Star Spangled Ice Cream 7929:Oprah's Anti-war series 7795:Al Jazeera bombing memo 7753:Iraq scandal in Finland 7425:Baghdad church massacre 7112:Mustansiriya University 6928:Imam Ali mosque bombing 6885:Death of Fashad Mohamed 6775:Iraqi bodyguard killing 5644:Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army 5417:Transitional Government 5398:Iraqi Governing Council 4854:U.S. War in Afghanistan 4731:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge 3707:Mandate for Mesopotamia 3581:First Babylonian Empire 3242:Diamond, Larry (2004). 2889:, Volume 14(3), pp 1-22 2486:On 31 January 2005, an 2463:unintended consequences 2060:terrorist threats. The 2030:Operation Soda Mountain 1817:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 1000:2008 al-Qaeda Offensive 8692:Guerrilla wars in Iraq 7536:Archaeological looting 7096:Hayy Al-Jihad massacre 7076:Buratha mosque bombing 6793:Nisour Square massacre 5274:Battle of Debecka Pass 5147:Occupation (2003–2011) 5006:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 4820:Oil-for-Food Programme 4795:Sanctions against Iraq 3866:Insurgency (2011–2013) 3787:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 3591:Middle Assyrian Empire 2432:Operation Phantom Fury 2094:2003 Ramadan Offensive 1864:Build up to insurgency 1839:was completed and the 1026:US withdrawal violence 968:Insurgency (2008–2011) 155:2nd Battle of Fallujah 8561:Ba'ath Party archives 8166:"Mother of All Bombs" 7958:Bush shoeing incident 7902:Views on the invasion 7758:Dixie Chicks comments 7701:2007 cholera outbreak 7207:Al-Askari mosque 2007 7181:Massacres of Yazidis 7071:Al-Askari mosque 2006 6867:Killing of Baha Mousa 6781:Iron Triangle Murders 6739:Basra prison incident 6518:Karbala provincial HQ 5618:Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna 5596:Islamic State of Iraq 5210:2007 U.S. troop surge 4745:U.S. support for Iraq 4153:in post-invasion Iraq 3859:U.S. troop withdrawal 3621:Neo-Babylonian Empire 2977:Hills, Alice (2006). 2952:, Issue 128, pp 33-45 2146:Further information: 2052:, and better-planned 2034:Operation Ivy Serpent 2017:Task Force Iron Horse 1837:2003 invasion of Iraq 1332:2nd & 3rd Karbala 853:Civil war (2006–2008) 392:Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna 8529:Special Relationship 8303:Saving Iraqi Culture 7811:Six Days in Fallujah 7773:Death of David Kelly 7496:Al Diwaniyah bombing 6969:2004 church bombings 6933:Baghdad October 2003 6861:Death of Nagem Hatab 6196:Augurs of Prosperity 5703:Promised Day Brigade 5561:Islamic Army in Iraq 5309:Occupation of Ramadi 5279:Firdos Square statue 5259:Multi-National Force 5093:Bush–Blair 2003 memo 4958:American imperialism 4849:2001 anthrax attacks 4832:September 11 attacks 4102:Council of Ministers 3984:Mesopotamian Marshes 2710:Shia–Sunni relations 2677:party, a partner in 2634:Abu Musab al-Zarqawi 2559:Abu Musab al-Zarqawi 2394:in Baghdad itself). 2260:Abu Musab al-Zarqawi 2212:Al Anbar Governorate 2142:Spring 2004 uprising 2132:Abu Musab al-Zarqawi 2026:Operation Sidewinder 1931:improve this section 1853:Sunni-Shia civil war 1792:Iraq War (2003–2011) 1738:Gulf War (1990–1991) 1006:Augurs of Prosperity 380:Islamic Army in Iraq 196:full scale civil war 43:improve this article 16:Part of the Iraq War 8282:Al-Shaheed Monument 8151:Embedded journalism 8117:Outposts of tyranny 8015:2007 Port of Tacoma 7907:U.S. public opinion 7696:Humanitarian crisis 7581:Abtan v. Blackwater 7440:Nationwide attacks 7369:Nationwide attacks 7190:Qahtaniyah bombings 7080:Sadr City bombings 6999:Kufa mosque bombing 6576:Iraqi Day of Ashura 5336:U.S. military bases 5264:Battle of Nasiriyah 5205:Civil war (2006–08) 5087:Letter of the eight 5071:Downing Street memo 4815:Arms-to-Iraq affair 4364:Mesopotamian Arabic 4170:Freedom of religion 3616:Neo-Assyrian Empire 3586:Old Assyrian Period 3571:Neo-Sumerian Empire 3118:"OHCHR | Iraq 2003" 2964:Adelaide Advertiser 2939:, London, Zed Books 2830:, London, Zed Books 2817:, London, Zed Books 2804:, London, Zed Books 2758:archive.nytimes.com 2062:Canal Hotel bombing 1775:Iraq bombing (1998) 1163:Karbala & Najaf 8697:Rebellions in Iraq 8020:September 15, 2007 8000:September 24, 2005 7790:2004 document leak 7588:Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 7568:Hague Invasion Act 7339:Baghdad–Miqdadiyah 7227:Al Amarah bombings 7066:Karbala and Ramadi 6733:Tal Afar shootings 6591:Al-Qaeda offensive 6376:Good Friday ambush 6366:Siege of Sadr City 5927:Phantom Linebacker 5917:New Dawn (Al Fajr) 5693:Soldiers of Heaven 5571:Jaish al-Rashideen 5405:Interim Government 5314:De-Ba'athification 4980:Disarmament crisis 4968:Wolfowitz Doctrine 4913:Mobile weapon labs 4898:Biological weapons 4888:Yellowcake uranium 4783:Invasion of Kuwait 4762:Iran–Contra affair 4726:Iranian Revolution 4721:17 July Revolution 4295:Telecommunications 4270:Foreign Investment 4207:Wars and conflicts 4143:in pre-Saddam Iraq 4107:Presidency Council 3893:2019–2021 protests 3822:Invasion of Kuwait 3646:Sassanid Asorestan 3641:Parthian Babylonia 3636:Seleucid Babylonia 3631:Achaemenid Assyria 3546:Jemdet Nasr period 3400:2011-07-09 at the 3370:on April 18, 2010. 3345:2011-09-20 at the 2706:(Al-Qaeda in Iraq) 2643:Abu Ayyub al-Masri 2125:January–March 2004 2068:that assassinated 1471:Baghdad-Muqdadiyah 975:2008 Day of Ashura 8677:Conflicts in 2006 8672:Conflicts in 2005 8667:Conflicts in 2004 8662:Conflicts in 2003 8614: 8613: 8569: 8568: 8425: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8265: 8264: 8222:Triangle of Death 8082: 8081: 8078: 8077: 8033:Aftermath in Iraq 7980:February 15, 2003 7934:Iraqi map pendant 7897: 7896: 7858: 7857: 7679:Damage to Baghdad 7625: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7541:Chlorine bombings 7519: 7518: 7476:Arba'een bombings 7283:Balad Ruz bombing 7116:Baghdad bombings 7050:Khanaqin bombings 7029:Baghdad bombings 6973:Baghdad bombings 6918:Jordanian embassy 6894: 6893: 6837:Abu Ghraib prison 6787:Baghdad airstrike 6769:Hamdania incident 6703:Fallujah killings 6677:Occupation forces 6657: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6616: 6615: 6356:Karbala City Hall 6334:Ramadan Offensive 6324: 6323: 6225: 6224: 5958:Able Rising Force 5809:Bayonet Lightning 5767: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5708:Kata'ib Hezbollah 5698:Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq 5678:Badr Organization 5445: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5289:US public opinion 5115: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5076:September Dossier 4869: 4868: 4788:Nayirah testimony 4681:Beginning of the 4638: 4637: 4586: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4572:Mandaean New Year 4323: 4322: 4215: 4214: 4197:Political parties 4092:Foreign relations 4037: 4036: 3944:Lower Mesopotamia 3939:Upper Mesopotamia 3912: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3672:Abbasid Caliphate 3667:Umayyad Caliphate 3576:Isin-Larsa period 2671:Badr Organization 2619:Interior Ministry 2288:Brigadier General 1978:", especially in 1967: 1966: 1959: 1832: 1831: 1722:Persian Gulf Wars 1686: 1685: 1682: 1681: 663:Kani Domlan Ridge 463: 462: 451:Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq 446:Kata'ib Hezbollah 203: 202: 149:A city street in 119: 118: 111: 93: 8704: 8682:Politics of Iraq 8606: 8605: 8597: 8588: 8587: 8579: 8578: 8431: 8430: 8245:Global arrogance 8235: 8234: 8099: 8098: 8088: 8087: 8057:War against ISIL 8040:The rise of ISIL 8005:January 27, 2007 7995:January 20, 2005 7867: 7866: 7830: 7829: 7718:Iraqi Christians 7642: 7641: 7631: 7630: 7524:Other war crimes 7455:Bagdad bombings 7384:Bagdad bombings 7303:Bagdad bombings 7242:Bagdad bombings 7172:Iraqi Parliament 7025:Musayyib bombing 6908: 6907: 6745:Haditha massacre 6681: 6680: 6674: 6673: 6663: 6662: 6241: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6064:Together Forward 5937:Vigilant Resolve 5871:Peninsula Strike 5794: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5773: 5772: 5688:Sheibani Network 5601:Al-Qaeda in Iraq 5549: 5548: 5464: 5463: 5451: 5450: 5379: 5378: 5351:Development Fund 5132: 5131: 5121: 5120: 5098:February Dossier 4903:Chemical weapons 4711: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4691: 4690: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4642: 4641: 4628: 4627: 4618: 4617: 4608: 4598: 4597: 4342: 4341: 4329: 4328: 4260: 4221: 4220: 4072: 4043: 4042: 4029:Sinjar Mountains 4019:Zagros Mountains 3959:Hamrin Mountains 3918: 3917: 3881:Mosul liberation 3854:Iraqi insurgency 3776:National Command 3765: 3601:Simurrum culture 3504: 3503: 3491: 3490: 3480: 3479: 3478: 3466: 3459: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3372: 3371: 3356: 3350: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3326: 3317:. Archived from 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3301: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3260:10.2307/20034066 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3229: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3208: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3176: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3152: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3128: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3104: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3077: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3029: 3023: 3022: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2959: 2953: 2946: 2940: 2933: 2927: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2896: 2890: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2870: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2851: 2837: 2831: 2824: 2818: 2811: 2805: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2788: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2764: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2740: 2726: 2639:Al-Qaeda in Iraq 2595:Al Askari Mosque 2563:al-Qaeda in Iraq 2452:hammer and anvil 2303:Iraqi government 2224:humanitarian aid 2036:. One, known as 1962: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1942: 1911: 1903: 1723: 1715: 1708: 1701: 1692: 1691: 1067: 1065: 1055: 1048: 1041: 1032: 1031: 840:Together Forward 735: 504: 489: 482: 475: 466: 465: 439: 438: 437: 427: 426: 425: 414: 413: 412: 402: 401: 400: 390: 389: 388: 378: 377: 376: 366: 365: 364: 356:Al-Qaeda in Iraq 354: 353: 352: 343:Sunni Insurgents 341: 340: 339: 325: 323: 322: 312: 310: 309: 299: 297: 296: 286: 284: 283: 273: 271: 270: 258: 257: 256: 244: 242: 241: 232: 230: 229: 220: 218: 217: 163: 162: 147: 133:Iraqi insurgency 123: 122: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 8712: 8711: 8707: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8702: 8701: 8617: 8616: 8615: 8610: 8565: 8509:Neoconservatism 8455:CIA black sites 8450:Chelsea Manning 8436: 8417: 8359: 8308: 8261: 8233: 8210:Strategic reset 8193:"Sixteen Words" 8093: 8074: 8028: 7962: 7893: 7854: 7850:Chilcot Inquiry 7828: 7740: 7734: 7657:Iraq Body Count 7636: 7617: 7605: 7551: 7515: 7491:Samarra bombing 7429: 7358: 7292: 7231: 7100: 7054: 7003: 6954:Ashura massacre 6937: 6902: 6890: 6829: 6823: 6810: 6804: 6757:Ishaqi massacre 6685: 6668: 6649: 6612: 6595: 6570:Spring fighting 6557: 6501: 6460: 6419: 6350:Spring fighting 6338: 6320: 6221: 6205: 6201:Phantom Phoenix 6179: 6140:Phantom Thunder 6120:Marne Avalanche 6068: 6012: 5946: 5907:Bulldog Mammoth 5890: 5866:Panther Squeeze 5859:Airborne Dragon 5824:Desert Scorpion 5814:Bulldog Mammoth 5804:Ancient Babylon 5781: 5755: 5741:Al-Abud Network 5726:Fedayeen Saddam 5718: 5712: 5659: 5653: 5649:Mujahideen Army 5553: 5544: 5538: 5458: 5433: 5384: 5377: 5358:Economic reform 5300: 5293: 5269:Fall of Baghdad 5240: 5233: 5222:U.S. withdrawal 5142:Invasion (2003) 5126: 5107: 5103:Bush–Aznar memo 5058: 5052: 4997:Iraq resolution 4946: 4865: 4766: 4698: 4685: 4675: 4669: 4639: 4634: 4578: 4562:Public holidays 4485: 4336: 4319: 4258: 4228: 4211: 4070: 4050: 4033: 3964:Iraqi Kurdistan 3954:Euphrates river 3925: 3904: 3871:War (2014–2017) 3817:Operation Opera 3763: 3733: 3729:Arab Federation 3717:Kingdom of Iraq 3650: 3626:Fall of Babylon 3561:Akkadian Empire 3536:Samarra culture 3521:Hassuna culture 3498: 3485: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3420: 3402:Wayback Machine 3381: 3376: 3375: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3347:Wayback Machine 3337: 3333: 3324: 3322: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3299: 3297: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3248:Foreign Affairs 3240: 3236: 3227: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3206: 3204: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3174: 3172: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3150: 3148: 3146:edition.cnn.com 3140: 3139: 3135: 3126: 3124: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3102: 3100: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3075: 3069: 3065: 3054: 3050: 3041: 3039: 3031: 3030: 3026: 2975: 2971: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2947: 2943: 2934: 2930: 2921: 2917: 2908: 2906: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2884: 2880: 2868: 2862: 2858: 2849: 2847: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2825: 2821: 2812: 2808: 2799: 2795: 2786: 2784: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2762: 2760: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2738: 2736: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2695: 2655:Nouri al-Maliki 2591: 2585: 2576: 2552:Ibrahim Jaafari 2524: 2506:On 4 February, 2484: 2427: 2388:Osama bin Laden 2368: 2352:Imam Ali shrine 2340:Muqtada al-Sadr 2318: 2299: 2155:Muqtada al-Sadr 2150: 2144: 2127: 2113: 2096: 2090: 2066:Imam Ali shrine 2009: 2000:Fedayeen Saddam 1972: 1963: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1928: 1912: 1901: 1866: 1861: 1833: 1828: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1678: 1614:Karbala-Baghdad 1188:Suwaira bombing 1082: 1080: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1030: 960:Phantom Phoenix 729: 597:Raid on Karbala 566:Invasion (2003) 505: 495: 493: 435: 433: 423: 421: 416:Shia insurgents 410: 408: 406: 398: 396: 386: 384: 374: 372: 362: 360: 350: 348: 337: 335: 331: 320: 318: 307: 305: 294: 292: 281: 279: 268: 266: 263: 262: 254: 252: 248: 239: 237: 236: 227: 225: 224: 215: 213: 181: 148: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8710: 8700: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8612: 8611: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8500: 8499: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8473: 8472: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8427: 8426: 8423: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8369: 8367: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8320:Assassinations 8316: 8314: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8306: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8273: 8271: 8267: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8252: 8247: 8241: 8239: 8232: 8231: 8224: 8219: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8172:"Mrs. Anthrax" 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8136: 8133:"Chemical Ali" 8129: 8122: 8121: 8120: 8105: 8103: 8095: 8094: 8084: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8071:(2017–present) 8066: 8060: 8059:(2014–present) 8054: 8048: 8042: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8025:March 19, 2008 8022: 8017: 8012: 8010:March 17, 2007 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7985:March 20, 2003 7982: 7977: 7975:Halloween 2002 7972: 7970: 7964: 7963: 7961: 7960: 7955: 7948: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7924:United Nations 7921: 7916: 7911: 7910: 7909: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7891: 7886: 7879: 7873: 7871: 7864: 7860: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7852: 7847: 7845:Duelfer Report 7842: 7836: 7834: 7833:Investigations 7827: 7826: 7825: 7824: 7817:Role of Canada 7814: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7781: 7780: 7778:Hutton Inquiry 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7744: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7710: 7708:Financial cost 7705: 7704: 7703: 7693: 7688: 7687: 7686: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7667:Lancet surveys 7664: 7659: 7648: 7646: 7638: 7637: 7627: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7610: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7603: 7598: 7591: 7584: 7577: 7572: 7571: 7570: 7559: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7486:Al Hillah 2011 7483: 7481:Tikrit assault 7478: 7473: 7472: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7453: 7452: 7451: 7446: 7437: 7435: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7375: 7366: 7364: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7278:Dujail bombing 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7239: 7237: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7217:Amirli bombing 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7185:April massacre 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7162:Al Hillah 2007 7159: 7158: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7114: 7108: 7106: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7093: 7092: 7091: 7086: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7041: 7040: 7035: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7015:Al Hillah 2005 7011: 7009: 7005: 7004: 7002: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6979: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6945: 6943: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6914: 6912: 6905: 6901:Other killings 6896: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6855:Balad Air Base 6852: 6846: 6840: 6833: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6821: 6814: 6812: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6796: 6790: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6760: 6754: 6748: 6742: 6736: 6730: 6724: 6718: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6689: 6687: 6678: 6670: 6669: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6645:Abu Kamal raid 6642: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6624: 6622: 6621:Related events 6618: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6603: 6601: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6543:Route Bismarck 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6427: 6425: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6329:Majar al-Kabir 6325: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6247: 6245: 6238: 6231: 6227: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6219: 6213: 6211: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6155:Saber Guardian 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6135:Phantom Strike 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6100:Commando Eagle 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6034:Guardian Tiger 6031: 6026: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5942:Warrior's Rage 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5854:Northern Delay 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5800: 5798: 5791: 5783: 5782: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5722: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5593: 5588: 5586:Jeish Muhammad 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5557: 5555: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5529:United Kingdom 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5479:Ba'athist Iraq 5476: 5470: 5468: 5460: 5459: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5419: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5389: 5387: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5346:Reconstruction 5343: 5338: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5311: 5305: 5303: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5245: 5243: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5229: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5186: 5181: 5171: 5166: 5164:Anbar campaign 5161: 5160: 5159: 5157:2003–06 period 5149: 5144: 5138: 5136: 5128: 5127: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5083: 5081:Vilnius letter 5078: 5073: 5068: 5066:Habbush letter 5062: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5043:Preemptive war 5040: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5021:Media coverage 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4994: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4977: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4925:Anthrax claims 4917: 4916: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4893:Aluminum tubes 4890: 4879: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4825:Investigations 4817: 4812: 4807: 4805:1991 uprisings 4802: 4797: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4785: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4755:Anfal campaign 4752: 4747: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4717: 4715: 4708: 4700: 4699: 4687: 4686: 4683:Iraqi conflict 4680: 4677: 4676: 4668: 4667: 4660: 4653: 4645: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4622: 4612: 4602: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4451: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4356: 4350: 4348: 4338: 4337: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4300:Transportation 4297: 4292: 4290:Stock Exchange 4287: 4285:Reconstruction 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4265:Infrastructure 4262: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4217: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4178: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4150: 4145: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4124:Prime Minister 4121: 4120: 4119: 4109: 4104: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4066: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4039: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3914: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3896: 3895: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3868: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3841: 3836: 3835: 3834: 3832:1991 uprisings 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3782:Saddam Hussein 3779: 3768: 3767: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3725: 3724: 3714: 3712:Mandatory Iraq 3709: 3704: 3701:Mamluk dynasty 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3566:Gutian dynasty 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3512: 3510: 3500: 3499: 3487: 3486: 3469: 3468: 3461: 3454: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3419: 3418:External links 3416: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3392: 3387: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3351: 3331: 3306: 3281: 3234: 3213: 3196:. 2004-05-14. 3181: 3157: 3133: 3109: 3085: 3063: 3048: 3024: 2989:(4): 623–639. 2969: 2954: 2941: 2928: 2915: 2891: 2878: 2856: 2832: 2819: 2806: 2793: 2769: 2745: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2701: 2694: 2691: 2587:Main article: 2584: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2549:Prime Minister 2523: 2520: 2508:Paul Wolfowitz 2483: 2480: 2426: 2423: 2367: 2364: 2332:jungle warfare 2317: 2314: 2307:Prime Minister 2298: 2295: 2143: 2140: 2126: 2123: 2112: 2109: 2092:Main article: 2089: 2086: 2008: 2005: 1976:Sunni Triangle 1971: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1915: 1913: 1906: 1900: 1897: 1892:Saddam Hussein 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1845:Saddam Hussein 1830: 1829: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1735: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1718: 1717: 1710: 1703: 1695: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1509: 1501: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1311: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1245:Karbala-Ramadi 1239: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1216: 1211: 1203: 1198: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1132: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1058: 1057: 1050: 1043: 1035: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 996: 991: 984: 977: 964: 963: 956: 951: 948:Phantom Strike 944: 939: 934: 929: 922: 915: 910: 903: 898: 893: 888: 881: 876: 871: 864: 849: 848: 843: 836: 831: 826: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 766: 765: 760: 755: 750: 743: 736: 724: 712: 705: 700: 693: 688: 673: 672: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 638: 633: 628: 623: 616: 613:Northern Delay 609: 604: 599: 594: 587: 580: 575: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 510: 507: 506: 492: 491: 484: 477: 469: 461: 460: 459: 458: 453: 448: 443: 441:Special Groups 431: 405: 404: 394: 382: 370: 358: 332: 330: 329: 316: 303: 290: 288:United Kingdom 277: 251: 250: 249: 246:United Kingdom 210: 209: 205: 204: 201: 200: 199: 198: 187: 183: 182: 177: 175: 171: 170: 167: 159: 158: 140: 139: 128: 127: 121: 120: 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8709: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8609: 8600: 8596: 8591: 8582: 8572: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8541:Unilateralism 8539: 8537: 8536: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8498: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8471: 8468: 8467: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8439: 8432: 8428: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8362: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8340:Documentaries 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8311: 8305: 8304: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8268: 8258: 8257: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8236: 8230: 8229: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8217: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8200: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8188:Shock and awe 8186: 8184: 8183:Regime change 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8161:Friedman Unit 8159: 8157: 8156:Freedom fries 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8146:Dead checking 8144: 8142: 8141: 8137: 8135: 8134: 8130: 8128: 8127: 8126:"Baghdad Bob" 8123: 8119: 8118: 8114: 8113: 8112: 8111: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092:Miscellaneous 8089: 8085: 8070: 8067: 8064: 8061: 8058: 8055: 8052: 8049: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8031: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7969: 7965: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7953: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7884: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7868: 7865: 7861: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7831: 7823: 7822:War resisters 7820: 7819: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7812: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7741:controversies 7737: 7731: 7728: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7715: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7685: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7677: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7632: 7628: 7616: 7614: 7608: 7602: 7601:Taguba Report 7599: 7597: 7596: 7595:Saleh v. Bush 7592: 7590: 7589: 7585: 7583: 7582: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7554: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7501:Taji bombings 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7355: 7354:Tal Afar 2009 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7295: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7234: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7167:Tal Afar 2007 7165: 7163: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7103: 7097: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7057: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6940: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6897: 6886: 6883: 6880: 6877: 6874: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6826: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6807: 6800: 6799:Iraq War Logs 6797: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6711: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6682: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6664: 6660: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6619: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6548:Donkey Island 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6431:Lake Tharthar 6429: 6428: 6426: 6422: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6228: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6145:Polar Tempest 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6105:Forsythe Park 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6039:Iron Triangle 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6009: 6008:Steel Curtain 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5998:Spear (Romhe) 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5932:Plymouth Rock 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5829:Desert Thrust 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5770: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5581:Hamas of Iraq 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5550: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5534:United States 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5452: 5448: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5236: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5179:Interrogation 5177: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5122: 5118: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4963:Bush Doctrine 4961: 4960: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4844:War on terror 4842: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4736:Iran–Iraq War 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4673: 4666: 4661: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4631: 4623: 4621: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4601: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4436:Iraqi Turkmen 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4071:(legislative) 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4004:Syrian Desert 4002: 4000: 3999:Shatt al-Arab 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3934:Faw peninsula 3932: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3901: 3898: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3876:Fall of Mosul 3874: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3849:U.S. invasion 3847: 3846: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3812:Iran–Iraq War 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3770: 3769: 3766: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3677:Buyid dynasty 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3526:Halaf culture 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3477: 3467: 3462: 3460: 3455: 3453: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3421: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3348: 3344: 3341: 3335: 3321:on 2005-09-12 3320: 3316: 3310: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3238: 3223: 3217: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3123: 3119: 3113: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3081: 3074: 3067: 3059: 3052: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2965: 2958: 2951: 2950:Policy Review 2945: 2938: 2932: 2925: 2919: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2888: 2882: 2874: 2867: 2860: 2846: 2845:www.nam.ac.uk 2842: 2836: 2829: 2823: 2816: 2810: 2803: 2797: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2735: 2734:www.nam.ac.uk 2731: 2725: 2721: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2580: 2571: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2489: 2479: 2475: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2453: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2433: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2363: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2294: 2292: 2291:Mark Hertling 2289: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2261: 2255: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2122: 2119: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2095: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1961: 1958: 1950: 1947:February 2015 1940: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1916:This section 1914: 1910: 1905: 1904: 1896: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1716: 1711: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1629:3rd Al Hillah 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1309:2nd Al Hillah 1308: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1196:1st Al Hillah 1195: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1112:1st Nasiriyah 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1079: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 1001: 997: 995: 992: 990: 989: 985: 983: 982: 978: 976: 973: 972: 971: 970: 969: 962: 961: 957: 955: 952: 950: 949: 945: 943: 940: 938: 937:Donkey Island 935: 933: 930: 928: 927: 926:Baghdad belts 923: 921: 920: 916: 914: 911: 909: 908: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 886: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 869: 865: 863: 862: 858: 857: 856: 855: 854: 847: 844: 842: 841: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 824: 823:Steel Curtain 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 802:Lake Tharthar 800: 798: 795: 793: 792: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 748: 744: 742: 741: 737: 733: 728: 725: 723: 720: 719: 718: 717: 713: 711: 710: 706: 704: 701: 699: 698: 694: 692: 689: 687: 686: 682: 681: 680: 679: 678: 671: 670: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 643: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 621: 620:Viking Hammer 617: 615: 614: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 592: 588: 586: 585: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 570: 569: 568: 567: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 517: 516: 515: 508: 502: 498: 490: 485: 483: 478: 476: 471: 470: 467: 457: 456:Badr Brigades 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 432: 430: 420: 419: 418: 417: 395: 393: 383: 381: 371: 369: 359: 357: 347: 346: 345: 344: 333: 328: 317: 315: 304: 302: 291: 289: 278: 276: 275:United States 265: 264: 261: 247: 235: 234:United States 223: 212: 211: 206: 197: 193: 192: 191: 188: 185: 184: 180: 176: 173: 172: 168: 165: 164: 160: 156: 152: 146: 141: 138: 134: 129: 124: 113: 110: 102: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: – 59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 8647:2006 in Iraq 8642:2005 in Iraq 8637:2004 in Iraq 8632:2003 in Iraq 8601: / 8592: / 8583: / 8533: 8301: 8254: 8226: 8214: 8197: 8170: 8138: 8131: 8124: 8115: 8110:Axis of evil 8108: 7950: 7944: 7881: 7809: 7763:Plame affair 7691:Human rights 7612: 7611: 7593: 7586: 7579: 7506:Karbala 2011 7420:Baqubah 2010 7344:Taza bombing 7268:Karbala 2008 6994:Baqubah 2004 6982:30 September 6977:14 September 6903:and bombings 6684:Killings and 6568: 6528:Shurta Nasir 6513:Haifa Street 6487:Al Rumaythah 6348: 6311:Debecka Pass 6170:Tiger Hammer 6160:Sledgehammer 6110:Imposing Law 6044:River Falcon 6003:Squeeze Play 5963:Able Warrior 5922:Phantom Fury 5849:Ivy Blizzard 5844:Iron Justice 5777:Battles and 5736:Popular Army 5456:Participants 5427:Ratification 5422:Constitution 5329:CPA Order 17 5191: / 5085: 4999: / 4935:Ricin claims 4800:No-fly zones 4743: / 4464:Christianity 4346:Demographics 4280:Oil reserves 4275:Oil Industry 4242:Central Bank 4138:Human rights 4064:Constitution 4009:Tigris river 3989:Persian Gulf 3697:Ottoman Iraq 3682:Qara Qoyunlu 3516:Ubaid period 3426:The Observer 3425: 3395:Albawaba.com 3368:the original 3354: 3334: 3323:. 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