642:
146:
404:
24:
590:. The Charter stated that "the legislature will consist of two chambers, namely one that is constituted through free, direct elections whose mandate will be to enact laws, and a second one that would have people with experience and expertise who would give advice as necessary." The opposition groups deemed this statement to be too ambiguous, and remained opposed to the Charter.
689:. The following day protesters reoccupied Pearl Roundabout after the government ordered troops and police to withdraw. Subsequent days saw large demonstrations; on 21 February a pro-government Gathering of National Unity drew tens of thousands, whilst on 22 February the number of protestors at the Pearl Roundabout peaked at over 150,000 after more than 100,000 protesters
712:
Pearl
Roundabout monument. After the lifting of emergency law on 1 June, several large rallies were staged by the opposition parties. Smaller-scale protests and clashes outside of the capital have continued to occur almost daily. On 9 March 2012 over 100,000 protested in what the opposition called "the biggest march in our history".
711:
on 15 March and asked the military to reassert its control as clashes spread across the country. On 16 March, armed soldiers and riot police cleared the protesters' camp in the Pearl
Roundabout, in which 3 policemen and 3 protesters were reportedly killed. Later, on 18 March, the government tore down
626:
Between 2002 and 2006, the four boycotting societies continued their demand for discussions on constitutional reforms. By 2006 these four party opposition indicated that it would participate in the parliamentary elections, but retain their demand for constitutional reform at the top of their agenda.
593:
Hamad responded by holding a highly publicized meeting with the spiritual leaders of the Shia
Islamist opposition. He signed a document clarifying that only the elected lower house of the parliament would have legislative power, while the appointed upper house would have a strictly advisory role.
480:
Hamad ended the political repression that had defined the 1990s by scrapping security laws, releasing all political prisoners, instituting elections, giving women the vote and promising a return to constitutional rule. The move brought an end to political violence that was part of the
606:
in which both the elected and the royally-appointed chambers of parliament were given equal legislative powers, going back on his public promise of 2001. As a result, the parliamentary elections due to be held later that year were boycotted by a group of four political societies;
488:
The invitation to
Bahrain's former exiles to return home revitalised the Kingdom's politics. Exiled leaders included a number of London-based Islamists including Dr Majid Al Alawi who became Minister of Labour, Dr Mansur Al Jamri who became editor of the new opposition daily,
669:. Lingering frustration among the Shiite majority with being ruled by the Sunni government was a major root cause, but the protests in Tunisia and Egypt are cited as the inspiration for the demonstrations. The protests were largely peaceful until a pre-dawn raid by police on
1280:"Bahrain's Calculated Campaign of Intimidation – Bahraini Activists and Locals Describe Midnight Arrests, Disappearances, Beatings at Checkpoints, and Denial of Medical Care – All Aimed at Deflating the Country's Pro-Democracy Protest Movement"
724:
released its report on its investigation of the events, finding that the government had systematically tortured prisoners and committed other human rights violations. It also rejected the government's claims that the protests were instigated by
719:
neighbourhoods, beatings at checkpoints, and denial of medical care in a "campaign of intimidation". More than 2,929 people have been arrested, and at least five people died due to torture while in police custody. On 23 November 2011 the
594:
Upon this assurance, the main opposition groups accepted the
Charter and called for a 'Yes' vote in the national referendum. The Charter was accepted in the 2001 referendum with 98.4% voting 'Yes' for it.
729:. Although the report found that systematic torture had stopped, the Bahraini government has refused entry to several international human rights groups and news organizations, and delayed a visit by a
715:
The police response has been described as a "brutal" crackdown on peaceful and unarmed protestors, including doctors and bloggers. The police carried out midnight house raids in
508:
1186:
1187:"The Footage That Reveals the Brutal Truth About Bahrain's Crackdown – Seven Protest Leaders Arrested as Video Clip Highlights Regime's Ruthless Grip on Power"
973:"Curfew Follows Deadly Bahrain Crackdown – Curfew Enforced, Several Dead and Hundreds Injured as Security Forces Use Tanks and Helicopters To Quash Protest"
734:
681:, in which police killed four protesters. Following the raid, some protesters began to expand their aims to a call for the end of the monarchy. On 18 February
998:
976:
1558:
1358:
1388:
1298:
950:
803:
515:. Leftists were also involved in the new trade union movement, although they faced competition from Islamists for control of several unions.
1166:
432:
1499:
315:
1966:
1323:
271:
1279:
721:
1052:
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928:
303:
641:
360:
88:
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523:
60:
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866:
559:
298:
1162:
67:
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335:
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571:
107:
41:
1255:
425:
74:
551:
1893:
1878:
1661:
1573:
1494:
1484:
543:
485:, but did not initially bring about a reconciliation between the government and most of the opposition groups.
278:
45:
1836:
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355:
56:
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1479:
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690:
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646:
418:
183:
125:
558:, which would have had been the longest fixed link bridge in the world when completed, however with the
1260:
701:
were requested by the government and entered the country, which the opposition called an "occupation".
612:
504:
246:
1961:
1956:
1725:
1681:
1568:
1521:
482:
469:
365:
786:
1509:
1034:
704:
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325:
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662:
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34:
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81:
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773:
757:
682:
654:
473:
1883:
1781:
1740:
1624:
1541:
562:
imposed by
Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Egypt, the plan was dismissed.
519:
753:
611:, a Shia Islamist group, thought to be the most popular political society in the country,
145:
8:
1888:
1831:
1806:
1791:
1671:
1666:
1602:
1588:
1236:
1141:
530:
in 2001 with its ships patrolling the
Arabian Sea searching for vessels, but opposed the
1336:
1231:
1136:
1100:
920:
884:
1921:
1914:
1826:
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378:
134:
1821:
658:
603:
730:
1930:
1855:
1843:
1811:
1801:
1205:
1182:
698:
674:
578:. However the opposition was opposed to the Charter's call for an amendment to the
531:
348:
253:
227:
190:
1786:
1656:
1265:
1212:
1191:
1170:
666:
477:
310:
1935:
1745:
1717:
1514:
408:
330:
218:
1950:
1158:
539:
1816:
694:
649:", honoring political dissidents killed by security forces, on 22 February.
575:
555:
449:
the government instituted political reforms and relaxed economic controls.
503:, Bahrain's largest political group. Former Leftist dissidents formed the
472:, and carried out wide-ranging social and political reforms, described by
1848:
716:
583:
496:
213:
1217:
685:
opened fire on protesters when they tried to reenter the roundabout,
587:
547:
23:
1418:
1241:
1146:
608:
500:
223:
1449:
527:
233:
1469:
678:
458:
160:
1389:"Bahrain delays U.N. investigator, limits rights group visits"
1045:
535:
165:
522:
with the United States in 2004. The country participated in
518:
Following the political liberalization
Bahrain negotiated a
726:
465:
170:
852:
1337:"Bahrain protesters join anti-government march in Manama"
1101:"Bahrain protesters join anti-government march in Manama"
853:"Report of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry"
452:
499:
who became head of the newly established Shia
Islamist
1299:"Bahrain inquiry confirms rights abuses - Middle East"
921:"Gulf States Send Force to Bahrain Following Protests"
754:"Bahrain: Promising human rights reform must continue"
476:
as representing a "historic period for human rights".
1137:"Police Brutality Turns Bahrain Into 'Island of Fear'
1071:
885:"Day of transformation in Bahrain's 'sacred square'"
1232:"Bahrain Rulers Unleash 'Campaign of Intimidation'"
903:"Bangladeshis complain of Bahrain rally 'coercion'"
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
951:"Bahrain declares state of emergency after unrest"
665:; they were not intended to directly threaten the
1261:"UK – Bahrain Union Suspends General Strike"
1948:
1017:"Bahrain sees new clashes as martial law lifted"
746:
657:, and were initially aimed at achieving greater
565:
1411:"Bahrain court delays ruling in activists case"
1079:"Heavy police presence blocks Bahrain protests"
550:in 2001. The two countries sought to build the
999:"Bahrain authorities destroy Pearl Roundabout"
645:Over 100,000 of Bahrainis taking part in the "
1434:
1413:. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
1403:
1055:. Al Jazeera. 25 January 2012. Archived from
426:
1329:
895:
798:
796:
619:, a marginal Shia Islamist society, and the
1111:
913:
867:"Bahrain mourners call for end to monarchy"
859:
804:"Protester killed in Bahrain "Day of Rage""
1441:
1427:
1381:
1119:"Mass pro-democracy protest rocks Bahrain"
1027:
1009:
433:
419:
1291:
1269:. 22 March 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
1093:
991:
943:
877:
793:
722:Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry
615:, the largest Leftist political society,
597:
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
1206:"Bahrain Arrests Key Opposition Leaders"
1129:
640:
1035:"Thousands rally for reform in Bahrain"
847:
845:
843:
841:
623:, a marginal Arab Nationalist society.
602:However, in 2002 Hamad promulgated the
534:. Relations improved with neighbouring
1949:
1163:"USA Emphatic Support to Saudi Arabia"
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
468:after the death of his father, Shaikh
1422:
1359:"Report: Doctors targeted in Bahrain"
975:. Al Jazeera English. 16 March 2011.
453:Accession of Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa
1448:
1301:. Al Jazeera English. Archived from
630:
621:Nationalist Democratic Rally Society
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
1500:Administrative reforms of the 1920s
818:
653:The protests in Bahrain started on
316:Administrative reforms of the 1920s
299:1783 Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain
13:
1326:, 9 May 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011
979:from the original on 14 April 2011
931:from the original on 20 April 2011
810:. 14 February 2011. Archived from
574:which would return the country to
538:after the border dispute over the
336:Bahraini independence survey, 1970
14:
1978:
1967:2000s decade overviews by country
1409:Gregg Carlstrom (23 April 2012).
737:since the start of the uprising.
554:to link the countries across the
582:, changing the legislature from
402:
144:
22:
1351:
1317:
1278:Chick, Kristen (1 April 2011).
1272:
1247:
1224:
1204:Wahab, Siraj (18 March 2011).
1198:
1176:
1152:
1053:"Bahrain live blog 25 Jan 2012"
957:. 15 March 2011. Archived from
560:2017–19 Qatar diplomatic crisis
552:Qatar-Bahrain Friendship Bridge
33:needs additional citations for
1490:History of Bahrain (1783–1971)
1395:. 1 March 2012. Archived from
1365:. 18 July 2011. Archived from
1081:. Al Jazeera. 15 February 2012
965:
570:In 2001 Hamad put forward the
544:International Court of Justice
279:1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain
1:
1285:The Christian Science Monitor
740:
705:King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
566:2001: National Action Charter
1324:Applying pressure on Bahrain
1173:). Retrieved 15 April 2011.
513:Bahrain Human Rights Society
7:
1288:. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
1244:). Retrieved 15 April 2011.
1230:Law, Bill (22 March 2011).
1149:). Retrieved 15 April 2011.
1135:Law, Bill (6 April 2011).
647:March of Loyalty to Martyrs
10:
1983:
1221:. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
1195:. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
733:. More than 80 people had
634:
613:National Democratic Action
505:National Democratic Action
1908:
1869:
1772:
1763:
1708:
1699:
1610:
1601:
1549:
1540:
1460:
673:to clear protestors from
483:1990s uprising in Bahrain
470:Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa
1554:Administrative divisions
1510:National Union Committee
462:Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa
361:1981 coup d'état attempt
326:National Union Committee
311:1895 coup d'etat attempt
304:Perpetual Truce of Peace
707:declared a three-month
572:National Action Charter
781:Cite journal requires
650:
637:2011 Bahraini uprising
617:Islamic Action Society
598:2002: new constitution
356:State Security Law era
1256:registration required
758:Amnesty International
644:
474:Amnesty International
321:first oil well (1932)
306:and Friendship (1861)
247:Portuguese occupation
1211:7 March 2012 at the
693:there. On 14 March,
687:fatally wounding one
542:was resolved by the
520:Free Trade Agreement
42:improve this article
1894:Freedom of religion
1495:Bani Utbah invasion
1485:1717 Omani invasion
1475:Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami
1399:on 1 February 2016.
1339:. BBC. 9 March 2012
1237:Crossing Continents
1142:Crossing Continents
1003:The Daily Telegraph
961:on 11 January 2016.
891:. 19 February 2011.
873:. 18 February 2011.
814:on 1 February 2016.
576:constitutional rule
331:March 1965 Intifada
196:Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami
1185:(18 March 2011).
1161:(30 March 2011).
1059:on 5 December 2012
709:state of emergency
651:
409:Bahrain portal
379:Kingdom of Bahrain
208:Reigning Dynasties
57:"2000s in Bahrain"
1944:
1943:
1904:
1903:
1759:
1758:
1695:
1694:
1677:Political parties
1630:Foreign relations
1597:
1596:
1305:on 4 October 2012
1183:Cockburn, Patrick
927:. 14 March 2011.
659:political freedom
631:Bahraini uprising
604:2002 Constitution
580:1973 Constitution
443:
442:
184:Historical region
118:
117:
110:
92:
1974:
1962:2000s by country
1957:2000s in Bahrain
1924:
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1005:. 18 March 2011.
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909:. 17 March 2011.
899:
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791:
790:
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779:
777:
769:
767:
765:
750:
675:Pearl Roundabout
661:and respect for
532:invasion of Iraq
507:, the Communist
447:2000s in Bahrain
435:
428:
421:
407:
406:
405:
386:2000s in Bahrain
349:State of Bahrain
272:Safavid hegemony
254:Muqrin ibn Zamil
191:Islam in Bahrain
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120:
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50:
26:
18:
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1971:
1947:
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1945:
1940:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1900:
1865:
1849:National Anthem
1797:Public holidays
1755:
1719:
1718:Bahraini dinar
1691:
1662:Law enforcement
1593:
1536:
1480:Antonio Correia
1456:
1447:
1417:
1408:
1404:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1369:on 18 July 2011
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1266:Financial Times
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1229:
1225:
1213:Wayback Machine
1203:
1199:
1192:The Independent
1181:
1177:
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1125:. 9 March 2012.
1117:
1116:
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1107:. 9 March 2012.
1099:
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1041:. 11 June 2011.
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760:. 13 March 2001
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524:military action
509:Democratic Bloc
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259:Antonio Correia
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155:Ancient Bahrain
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1522:1990s uprising
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1515:March Intifada
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1505:First Oil Well
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1026:
1023:. 1 June 2011.
1008:
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59: –
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53:Find sources:
47:
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36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
1871:Demographics
1751:Central Bank
1652:LGBT history
1635:Human rights
1620:Constitution
1579:Governorates
1526:
1405:
1397:the original
1392:
1383:
1371:. Retrieved
1367:the original
1362:
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1331:
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1303:the original
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981:. Retrieved
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871:The Guardian
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812:the original
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774:cite journal
762:. Retrieved
748:
731:UN inspector
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663:human rights
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556:Persian Gulf
526:against the
517:
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40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
1713:Agriculture
1687:Visa policy
1085:17 February
1063:17 February
683:army forces
671:17 February
655:14 February
135:History of
1951:Categories
1861:Television
1832:Literature
1720:(currency)
1672:Opposition
1363:Al Jazeera
1167:Zayd Alisa
764:9 February
741:References
699:GCC forces
584:unicameral
511:, and the
497:Ali Salman
214:Qarmatians
68:newspapers
1884:Languages
1837:Newspaper
1782:Education
1741:Transport
1731:Companies
1625:Elections
1559:Buildings
1542:Geography
1218:Arab News
588:bicameral
548:The Hague
292:1783–1971
230:dynasties
1931:Category
1889:Religion
1807:Internet
1792:Polygamy
1667:Military
1603:Politics
1589:Wildlife
1454:articles
1343:11 March
1242:BBC News
1209:Archived
1147:BBC News
983:16 April
977:Archived
935:15 April
929:Archived
925:BBC News
907:BBC News
889:BBC News
667:monarchy
609:Al Wefaq
501:Al Wefaq
492:Al Wasat
457:In 1999
228:Jarwanid
126:a series
124:Part of
1915:Outline
1827:Theatre
1777:Cuisine
1765:Culture
1736:Tourism
1701:Economy
1615:Cabinet
1584:Islands
1564:Climate
1462:History
1450:Bahrain
1393:Reuters
1373:20 July
1309:19 June
1123:Reuters
1039:Reuters
955:Reuters
855:. BICI.
808:Reuters
691:marched
528:Taliban
464:became
445:In the
224:Usfurid
137:Bahrain
82:scholar
1936:Portal
1822:Cinema
1569:Cities
1470:Dilmun
1452:
679:Manama
459:Shaikh
161:Dilmun
128:on the
84:
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70:
63:
55:
1922:Index
1856:Radio
1844:Music
1812:Media
1802:Sport
1645:Women
1527:2000s
1240:(via
1171:Scoop
1169:(via
1145:(via
697:-led
695:Saudi
536:Qatar
166:Tylos
89:JSTOR
75:books
1787:Flag
1657:King
1640:LGBT
1375:2011
1345:2012
1311:2012
1087:2012
1065:2012
985:2011
937:2011
787:help
766:2011
735:died
727:Iran
717:Shia
478:King
466:Emir
226:and
171:Awal
61:news
1817:Art
1165:.
1105:BBC
677:in
586:to
546:in
44:by
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