1218:) epitomized talk of a new group of young leaders and new intellectual thought. Following Indonesia's communal and political conflicts, and its economic collapse and social breakdown of the late 1950s through to the mid-1960s, the "New Order" was committed to achieving and maintaining political order, economic development, and the removal of mass participation in the political process. The features of the "New Order" established from the late 1960s were thus a strong political role for the military, the bureaucratization and corporatization of political and societal organizations, and selective but effective repression of opponents. Strident
1332:
Commission for "the
Disappeared" and Victims of Violence, on its report "Progress Case Activists kidnapping in 1998" notes that "the kidnapping of Pius Lustrilanang, Desmond J Mahesa, Haryanto Taslam, Mugiyanto, Aan Rusdianto, Faisol Reza, Rahardja W Jati and Nezar Patria encouraged civil community movement to demand responsibility from the military which was considered the perpetrator". Some of the victims were released, but 13 are still missing. That is the case of Suyat, Yani Afri, Sonny, M.Yusuf, Noval Alkatiri, Dedy Hamdun, Ismail, Bimo Petrus, Abdun Naser, Hendra Hambali, Ucok Siahaan, Yadin Muhidin and Wiji Thukul.
1662:
1616:
activists kidnappings. Group IV comprises approximately 800 men who work with the Joint
Intelligence Unit on interrogations and domestic clandestine operations. These operations include the majority of Kopassus' most controversial and politically problematic roles, such as 'deep cover' activities, agent running,assassinations,sabotage, intelligence, espionage and as agents provocateur. In particular, Group IV has focused on infiltrating what were deemed to be opposition groups, acting as agents provocateurs in order to legitimise official crackdowns.
143:
31:
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by the Human Rights Court law". In the same interview, Azhar pointed out that he had the chance to talk to the
Attorney General, who told him that "this is not a matter of legal technicalities, but political support is needed from the president and I do not have it". According to Azhar, this situation comes from the fact that the president's position is on the same level as the head of the military, the police, the intelligence corps and does not have the courage to control the security forces.
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humanity. An assistant to the ad hoc investigation team into the 1997–1998 disappearances, Lamria, said there a number of people out of the 13 activists that are still missing who are known to have been at the army's elite special forces
Kopassus post located the Cijantung area of East Jakarta. They are Yani Afrie, Sony, Herman Hendrawan, Deddy Hamdun and Noval Alkatiri, who Faisol Riza and Pius Lustrilanang met before released.
1592:
Multhazar, Infantry
Captain Sulistiyo Budi Nugroho, Infantry Captain Julius Selvanus and Infantry Captain Budi Harto to 20 months in prison and discharged all of them from active service. However, years later Fausani Multhazar and Untung Budi Harto emerged as commanders of military districts in Central Java and the Maluku islands respectively. The officers appealed to the Supreme Court, whose verdict was never made public.
1576:
December 30, 2010, Jay
Griffiths published in the article 'Indonesia's slow motion genocide', Griffits stated that "Although the US Leahy Law forbids funding to military units that violate human rights, Kopassus is now being supported by President Obama, under the guise of fighting terrorism. The Kopassus document gives the lie to that, showing their systematic targeting of civilians."
1629:
and abroad. Due to their petitions, the government decided to conduct an investigation through The strong demand from the victims and the public finally had the government through its
Commander of TNI (state army) to form the Council of Military Ethical Office (Dewan Kehormatan Perwira) to carry out an investigation.
1652:
In an interview with the
Argentinian newspaper Tiempo, Haris Azhar, director of Kontras, explained that "it was not easy, but we managed to take the case to justice. In the end they investigated it in 2005 and after investigations all the material was delivered to the Attorney General, as established
1636:
Abdul Hakim Garuda
Nusantara (Chairman of the National Human Rights Commission in 2006) requested the Attorney General to use the results obtained through the Commission to establish a team of investigators, as they had obtained sufficient preliminary evidence to prove the existence of crimes against
1628:
In 1998, many of the victims' families started to organise in order to ask the government for answers about the kidnappings. For this purpose, they created the
Indonesian Association of Families of the Disappeared (IKOHI), and held meetings, public campaigns and actions with institutions in Indonesia
1327:
Kingsbury explains that the activists were kidnapped "by members of Kopassus, then controlled by Prabowo, but sections of the army generally tolerated and in some cases even encouraged student protest". As an anonymous activist who was kidnapped and then released expressed, many of them were poisoned
1619:
Kingsbury notes that members of Group IV can be identified for growing their hair long, dress in nonconformist civilian clothes, set up secret cells based on groups of five, and sometimes carry out assassinations and other acts of terror. Also, they do not salute superior officers when outside their
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In his book "Power Politics and the Indonesian Military", Damien Kingsbury states that Kopassus has been identified with "the perpetration of state terror, including a wide range of covert anticivilian activities and related human rights abuses, and as having the strongest political orientation". On
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admitted the involvement of Kopassus in the activists kidnappings. A year later, on April 6, 1999, "a military court found 11 members of Kopassus guilty and handed them jail terms of up to 22 months". According to an article published by The Jakarta Post on April 17, 2002 Kopassus members "have also
1353:
During the period 1997/1998, KONTRAS (Commission for the Disappeared and Victims of Violence) reported that 23 people had been abducted by the state. Out of those 23 activists, one person was found dead (Leonardus Gilang), 9 released by their captors and 13 others are still missing to this day. The
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These events took 11 members of the Team Mawar to the Military High Court (Mahmilti II) in April 1999. Bambang Kristiono (Commander of the Team Mawar) was sentenced to 22 months in jail and expelled from the army. The court also sentenced the Infantry Captain Fausani Syahrial (FS) Deputy Commander
1556:
Mugiyanto was in Jakarta to meet with other pro-democracy activists to organize protests against the government when he was taken on March 13, 1998. VICE News caught up with him outside the Kopassus headquarters. The location has a special meaning, as he affirms that years after being kidnapped he
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Darma Putra considers that this kidnappings had the goal of suppressing anti-government movements. As she notes, many of the activists who were later released have been afraid of revealing their experiences publicly because they still feel threatened. In the profile published on Kontras's website,
1323:
in 1998. The kidnappings took place in three different phases: before the May 1997 Indonesian legislative elections, two months before the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) session in March 1998 and in the period just before Soeharto's 21 May resignation. None of those abducted during the first
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After an article published by The Jakarta Post mentioning the possible responsibility of the presidential candidate Prabowo, he answered the newspaper with a letter stating that he had nothing to do with it. However, as explained by Kingsbury, in August 1998 Prabowo, who was then the commander of
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The Commission concluded that there was evidence of human rights violations in the forced disappearance of activists during 1997–1998. This conclusion is based on the testimonies of 58 victims and community members, 18 retired members of the Police and a retired military. On December 22, 2006 the
1632:
The case was investigated by the National Commission on Human Rights under Law No. 26/2000 on Human Rights Court and the results were submitted to the Attorney General in 2006. The National Commission on Human Rights team was working on the cases of forced disappearance from October 1, 2005 until
1595:
At the same time, six other soldiers were sentenced to one year and four months in prison but they kept their positions in the army. They were Infantry Captain Dada Hendra Yuda, Infantry Captain Djaka Budi Utama and Infantry Captain Fauka Noor Farid. Sergeant Sunaryo, Sergeant Sigit Sugianto and
1342:
The victims were not only political parties, but also nearly all independent and community-based organizations. NGOs and student movements experienced cooptation and intimidation through increasingly brutal investigations, arrests and detentions. Some were done through "official" channels while
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on June 20–22, Megawati proclaimed that her supporters would hold demonstrations in protest. The Suryadi faction went through with its sacking of Megawati, and the demonstrations manifested themselves throughout Indonesia. This led to several confrontations on the streets between protesters and
1615:
Team Mawar is a small unit within the Kopassus Group IV, part of the Indonesian Army. KOPASSUS has expanded to five Groups, with Group IV specifically handling intelligence operations along with the KOPASSUS Joint Intelligence Unit . This team is the alleged mastermind behind the pro-democracy
1331:
The kidnappings started in the early months of 1997, after the campaign for general election began and members of the PDIP disappeared, and continued until the May 1998 riots extending the forced disappearances to members of Indonesia Students Solidarity for Democracy. Kontras, the Indonesian
1552:
The Special Forces have been a subject of controversy due to their role in the activists kidnappings in the period between 1997 and 1998. Mugiyanto, one of the activists who was kidnapped, as stated that the kidnapping and torture were carried out by the Indonesian special forces (Kopassus).
1306:
On July 27, police, soldiers, and people claiming to be Suryadi supporters stormed the headquarters. Several Megawati supporters were killed, and over two-hundred arrested and tried under the Anti-Subversion and Hate-Spreading laws. The day would become known as "Black Saturday" and mark the
1681:, Prabowo's past came under renewed scrutiny, with many organisations calling for him to step down. A coalition, which consisted of Imparsial, Kontras, the Setara Institute, and the Human Rights Working Group (HRWG), combined under the Civil Society Coalition Against Forgetting, visited the
1670:
Kostrad, admitted his responsibility to a military investigation team. He confirmed that he had been responsible for a series of political kidnappings and disappearances, being later removed from his posts with and two other senior Kopassus officers. He was also dismissed from the army.
104:(MPR) session in March 1998 and in the period just before Soeharto's 21 May resignation. None of those abducted during the first and third period have reappeared. Some of the activists who were abducted in the second period have openly spoken about their experiences.
1225:
Within a few years, however, many of its original allies had become indifferent or averse to the New Order, which comprised a military faction supported by a narrow civilian group. Among much of the pro-democracy movement which forced Suharto to resign in the
1557:
realised that "it was the Kopassus headquarters that I had been taken to". He also states that "some activists were taken directly to Kopassus, but not in my case". This testimony proves the direct responsibility of the Special Forces in these events.
1302:
meetings scheduled to take place there. Capitalizing on this, Megawati supporters organized "democracy forums" with several speakers at the site. On July 26, officers of the military, Suryadi, and Suharto openly aired their disgust with the forums.
1230:
and then gained power, the term "New Order" has come to be used pejoratively. It is frequently employed to describe figures who were either tied to the Suharto period, or who upheld the practises of his authoritarian regime, such as corruption,
1271:(PDI), a legal party that had traditionally propped up the regime had changed direction, and began to assert its independence. Suharto fostered a split over the leadership of PDI, backing a co-opted faction loyal to deputy speaker of the
1607:, from the Commission for Missing Persons and Victims of Violence, said that "the Team Mawar case was another example of the political establishment's reluctance to settle human rights abuses and pursue meaningful reform of the TNI".
1553:
Mugiyanto was kidnapped in Jakarta when he was going to meet other activists when he was kidnapped on March 13, 1998. He informed Vice News of what happened in an interview conducted in front of Kopassus headquarters in Jakarta.
1291:
security forces, and recriminations over the violence. The protests culminated in the military allowing Megawati's supporters to take over PDI headquarters in Jakarta, with a pledge of no further demonstrations.
1211:
in 1965, the political situation was uncertain, but the Suharto's New Order found much popular support from groups wanting a separation from Indonesia's problems since its independence. The 'generation of 66'
1673:
As reported by The Jakarta Post in June 2014, the Veterans Association chairman Gen. Agum Gumelar stressed that Prabowo told him that "he was ordered by former president Soeharto to kidnap the activists".
1328:
in an airless room after their detention. "Like in an underground room," he uttered, adding he was constantly tortured during his imprisonment. "If I'm not mistaken, I was imprisoned for seven days.
1641:
Human Rights Commission asked the Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR-RI) to urge the President to deploy and mobilize all law enforcement officials to resolve the issue. The House Speaker
1600:, Commander of the Team Mawar, during the Military Tribunal, the person who ordered the activist abductions was Colonel Chairawan, but he was never brought to trial so it can not be confirmed.
1560:
According to the Federation of American Scientists, during the Officers' Honorary Council, on August 21, 1998, three senior officers from Kopassus, including the unit's former commander,
1603:
An article published in 2007 by The South China Morning Post stated that "two members of the so-called Team Mawar have been promoted to important military posts". In the same article,
1588:(Team Rose) is a small unit within the Kopassus Group IV, part of the Indonesian Army. This team is the alleged mastermind behind the pro-democracy activists kidnappings.
1572:
been accused of taking part in the mass violence that occurred in East Timor after the historic independence ballot in the former Portuguese colony in September 1999".
2515:
1376:
Rahardjo Walujo Djati, kidnapped at the RSCM (Hospital Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo) after a press conference at the Legal Aid Foundation KNPD, Jakarta, March 12, 1998.
2264:
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in Jakarta on May 7, 2014 to urge the commission to re-investigate Prabowo. A June 27, 2014 report indicated that an investigative journalist,
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and third period have reappeared. Some of the activists who were abducted in the second period have openly spoken about their experiences.
892:
100:
in 1998. The kidnappings took place in three different phases: before the May 1997 Indonesian legislative elections, two months before the
2625:
1884:
1307:
beginning of a renewed crackdown by the New Order government against supporters of democracy, now called the "Reformasi" or Reformation.
1701:
appointed six military officers to strategic posts within the Defense Ministry, including two former members of the infamous Tim Mawar.
1715:
2178:
2088:
2295:
2118:
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1972:
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Desmond Junaidi Mahesa, kidnapped at the Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Nusantara (Nusantara Legal Aid Institute), Jakarta, February 4, 1998.
1448:
2354:
2599:
1438:
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93:
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2002:
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The 13 activists who are still missing were members of various organizations, such as the People's Democratic Party or
1272:
1154:
1100:
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2817:
2812:
2442:
1542:
1058:
101:
35:
The mother of one of the missing activists speaks at a student event for the 2014 presidential elections in Surabaya.
2485:
1541:. Kopassus was founded on April 16, 1952. It gained worldwide attention after several successful operations such as
1472:
Dedi Hamdun, businessman, active in the PPP and Mega Bintang 1997 campaign; disappeared in Jakarta on May 29, 1997.
1093:
1083:
1073:
1068:
1048:
2750:
1646:
1379:
Pius Lustrilanang, kidnapped in front of RSCM (Hospital Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo) after a press conference for the
1665:
Prabowo during the nomination ceremony for the 2014 presidential election in Lembah Hambalang, on March 17, 2012
1430:
Herman Hendrawan, Airlangga University student; disappeared after a press conference at the Legal Aid Foundation
2822:
2792:
1110:
902:
150:
1380:
1147:
1115:
1105:
1088:
1053:
977:
947:
882:
712:
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238:
122:
1946:
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Suharto allowed the occupation of PDI headquarters to go on for almost a month, as attentions were also on
731:
424:
1710:
1546:
1315:
The 1997/1998 activists kidnapping were abductions of pro-democracy activists which happened between the
1268:
1193:
957:
1649:
to conduct investigations and examinations based on the findings of the Commission to resolve the case.
1487:
Yadin Muhidin, Sailing School student; arrested by North Jakarta Police and disappeared on May 14, 1998.
1227:
1204:). The term "New Order" in more recent times has become synonymous with the Suharto years (1965–1998).
912:
2405:
1063:
2471:
1689:, had been threatened with arrest "for revealing the former general's role in human rights abuses."
2652:"Journalist Allan Nairn Threatened for Exposing Indonesian Pres. Candidate's Role in Mass Killings"
1757:
1518:
1408:
1043:
464:
2704:"Amnesty International Slams Decision to Appoint Former 'Tim Mawar' into Govt - News En.tempo.co"
2328:
210:
1522:
1462:
coalition for the 1997 elections, he was arrested in Jakarta and disappeared on April 26, 1997.
1895:
1514:
1276:
1208:
1175:
967:
694:
159:
1267:
In 1996 Suharto undertook efforts to pre-empt a challenge to the New Order government. The
995:
758:
721:
674:
604:
574:
544:
514:
131:
72:
2775:
A literary mirror: Balinese reflections on modernity and identity in the twentieth century
2186:
2096:
1661:
8:
2126:
2066:
1980:
1596:
Sergeant Sukadi were sentenced to 1 year in prison. According to the confession of Mayor
1181:
813:
778:
644:
564:
434:
2618:
2459:
1530:
1510:
1286:
After the Suryadi faction announced a party congress to sack Megawati would be held in
1018:
1003:
664:
634:
554:
474:
307:
142:
2788:
2438:
1838:
1796:
1786:
1737:
1597:
1534:
853:
833:
614:
504:
494:
454:
189:
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Mundandar Ucok Siahaan, student, kidnapped during the Jakarta riots on May 14, 1998.
2237:
1920:
1830:
1564:
1137:
1013:
768:
594:
584:
277:
1645:
on February 7, 2007, also asked President Yudhoyono to order the Attorney General
1484:
Hendra Hambali, high school student; disappeared in Glodok, Jakarta, May 15, 1998.
2549:
2432:
2032:
1503:
1320:
1008:
749:
624:
524:
484:
317:
97:
2156:
1386:
Faisol Reza, kidnapped in RSCM after press conference in Jakarta, March 12, 1998
30:
2210:"Activist on Being Tortured by the Man Who Could Be Indonesia's Next President"
1506:
1490:
Abdun Nasser, contractor; disappeared during the Jakarta riots on May 14, 1998.
1466:
1455:
1412:
1392:
Aan Rusdianto, kidnapped in the block of apartmentents Klender, March 13, 1998.
1219:
684:
654:
534:
357:
287:
2719:"Amnesty International Slams Decision to Appoint Former 'Tim Mawar' Into Govt"
2010:
1800:
1782:
Opposing Suharto : Compromise, Resistance, and Regime Change in Indonesia
1465:
Sonny, driver. He was friends with Yani Afri and also supporter of Megawati's
2806:
1642:
1561:
1259:
337:
1196:. Suharto used this term to contrast his rule with that of his predecessor,
2149:"Siar—Andi Arief: "Penculikan itu karena takut koalisi kaum oposisi" (2/2)"
2003:"Wawancara Pius Lustrilanang: "Tidak Ada Lagi Resiko yang Lebih dari Mati""
1824:
1389:
Nezar Patria, kidnapped in the block of apartments Klender, March 13, 1998.
327:
257:
220:
1834:
2493:
1698:
1686:
1604:
1444:
1214:
444:
367:
169:
1620:
base. This group is also known for recruiting criminals as auxiliaries.
2752:
Opposing Suharto Compromise, Resistance, and Regime Change in Indonesia
1395:
Mugianto, kidnapped in the block of apartments Klender, March 13, 1998.
387:
2756:
1780:
1475:
Noval Al Katiri, PPP activist; disappeared in Jakarta on May 29, 1997.
92:
were abductions of pro-democracy activists which happened between the
1232:
397:
347:
297:
200:
44:
2232:
2230:
1567:, were questioned. As a consequence, the Armed forces chief General
1526:
1499:
1236:
179:
2355:"Activists outraged at promotion of disgraced Indonesian soldiers"
1977:
Coordination group to Support the People's Resistance in Indonesia
2227:
1568:
1355:
1295:
1280:
1197:
1189:
267:
1423:
Petrus Bimo Anugrah, Airlangga University student and member of
2717:
Adyatama, Egi (September 25, 2020). Murti, Markus Wisnu (ed.).
1222:
remained a hallmark of the regime for its subsequent 32 years.
377:
2571:
1299:
1287:
247:
2348:
2346:
1860:"Jokowi to Investigate Case of Kidnapped Activists in 1998"
2626:"Prabowo unsuitable for president, rights campaigners say"
2516:"Komnas HAM calls on Yudhoyono to find missing activists"
1358:
was the Defense Minister/Armed Forces Commander General.
2679:"Former Tim Mawar members appointed to Prabowo's office"
2343:
1263:
University students and police forces clash in May 1998.
1188:) is the term coined by the second Indonesian President
1738:
Laporan Praktek HAK ASASI MANUSIA 1998 untuk Indonesia
1733:
1731:
2600:"Prabowo 'ordered by Soeharto to kidnap activists'"
2594:
2592:
1728:
1441:
activist; disappeared in Solo on February 12, 1998.
1354:kidnappings occurred during the years when General
62:
Youth leaders, protesters and pro-democracy leaders
1192:to characterize his regime as he came to power in
2542:"Indonesia busca justicia para sus desaparecidos"
1398:Andi Arief, kidnapped in Lampung, March 28, 1998.
2804:
2589:
1683:National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM)
1478:Ismail; disappeared in Jakarta on May 29, 1997.
1343:others were conducted secretly and arbitrarily.
1451:; disappeared in Jakarta on January 10, 1998.
1155:
1885:"Progress Case Activists kidnapping in 1998"
24:1997–1998 activists kidnappings in Indonesia
2771:
2755:. Stanford University Press. Archived from
1469:; disappeared in Jakarta on April 26, 1997.
1454:Yani Afri, driver, supporter of Megawati's
1427:; disappeared in Jakarta on March 30, 1998.
2785:Power Politics and the Indonesian Military
2434:Power Politics and the Indonesian Military
1826:Power Politics and the Indonesian Military
1716:Discrimination against Chinese Indonesians
1366:The nine activists who were released are:
1162:
1148:
2782:
2430:
2352:
2293:
1857:
1822:
1254:
16:Disappearances of pro-democracy activists
2748:
2716:
2676:
1660:
1258:
2406:"KOPASSUS – Army Special Force Command"
2380:"Promosi Jabatan TNI Belum Hormati HAM"
2321:"Anggota Tim Mawar Dihukum dan Dipecat"
2262:
2207:
1447:, poet, activist from the organisation
2805:
2725:. Translated by Ricky Mohammad Nugraha
2265:"Restoring image big job for Kopassus"
1778:
2677:Nurbaiti, Alya (September 26, 2020).
2238:"KOPASSUS Army Special Force Command"
1823:Kingsbury, Damien (August 18, 2005).
1361:
2296:"Indonesia's 'slow motion genocide'"
2294:Griffiths, Jay (December 30, 2010).
1947:"Desmond Memberi Kesaksian di YLBHI"
1779:Edward, Aspinall (January 1, 2005).
1402:
1317:1997 Indonesian Legislative Election
94:1997 Indonesian Legislative Election
2548:. December 30, 2012. Archived from
2486:"Event sheet kidnappings 1997–1998"
1692:
1656:
1275:Suryadi against a faction loyal to
82:23 (1 dead, 9 released, 13 missing)
13:
1239:(widely known by the acronym KKN:
14:
2839:
2353:Scarpello, Fabio (May 25, 2007).
2242:Federation of American Scientists
1756:. August 24, 2001. Archived from
1543:Indonesian invasion of East Timor
2263:Suryana, A'an (April 17, 2002).
1858:Ferdianto, Riky (July 7, 2014).
1697:On 25 September 2020, President
1131:
141:
29:
2741:
2710:
2696:
2670:
2644:
2564:
2534:
2508:
2478:
2424:
2398:
2372:
2327:. April 7, 1999. Archived from
2313:
2287:
2256:
2208:Hartono, Rizky (May 13, 2014).
2201:
2171:
2155:. July 23, 1998. Archived from
2141:
2125:. June 16, 1998. Archived from
2111:
2081:
2065:. June 16, 1998. Archived from
2051:
2025:
1995:
1979:. June 16, 1998. Archived from
1973:"Kesaksian Raharja Waluya Jati"
1965:
1273:People's Representative Council
90:1997–1998 activists kidnappings
2185:. May 26, 1998. Archived from
2095:. June 7, 1998. Archived from
1939:
1913:
1877:
1851:
1816:
1807:
1772:
1742:
1419:, and students organisations:
1310:
844:French and British interregnum
102:People's Consultative Assembly
1:
2033:"Kesaksian Pius Lustrilanang"
2009:. May 2, 1998. Archived from
1785:. Stanford University Press.
1721:
1579:
1298:due to a set of high-profile
107:
2772:Darma Putra, Nyoman (2011).
1623:
1383:in Jakarta, February 2, 1998
1200:(dubbed the "Old Order," or
732:Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow
112:
7:
1813:Amnesty International, 1996
1711:May 1998 riots of Indonesia
1704:
1679:2014 presidential candidate
1610:
1547:Garuda Indonesia Flight 206
1494:
1434:in Jakarta, March 12, 1998.
1283:and the PDI's chairperson.
1269:Indonesian Democratic Party
239:Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms
10:
2844:
2783:Kingsbury, Damien (2003).
2431:Kingsbury, Damien (2003).
1348:
1228:1998 Indonesian Revolution
1207:Immediately following the
1173:
913:United States of Indonesia
750:Chinese Kongsi federations
2749:Aspinall, Edward (2005).
2179:"Testimony of Andi Arief"
1064:Javanese historical texts
78:
66:
58:
50:
40:
28:
23:
2828:Kidnappings in Indonesia
2818:1998 crimes in Indonesia
2813:1997 crimes in Indonesia
2359:South China Morning Post
2089:"Kesaksian Aan Rusdinto"
2059:"Kesaksian Nezar Patria"
1409:Partai Rakyat Demokratik
824:Dutch East India Company
465:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
2520:Asia Pacific Solidarity
1545:and hostage release of
1666:
1539:intelligence gathering
1523:unconventional warfare
1458:. After he joined the
1264:
1255:Pro-democracy movement
1185:
875:Emergence of Indonesia
2823:New Order (Indonesia)
2275:on September 17, 2014
1835:10.4324/9780203987582
1664:
1515:Indonesian government
1277:Megawati Sukarnoputri
1262:
1176:New Order (Indonesia)
930:Republic of Indonesia
796:European colonization
695:Riau-Lingga Sultanate
2331:on December 30, 2010
2244:. September 13, 1999
2189:on December 14, 2013
1509:group that conducts
1138:Indonesia portal
759:Heshun Confederation
675:Yogyakarta Sultanate
605:Kalinyamat Sultanate
575:Sultanate of Jailolo
545:Sultanate of Ternate
258:Tarumanagara Kingdom
73:Forced disappearance
2759:on October 28, 2014
2552:on October 26, 2014
2522:. November 10, 2006
2496:on October 26, 2014
2069:on October 20, 2014
1760:on October 26, 2014
1381:Legal Aid Institute
903:National Revolution
893:Japanese occupation
779:Santiaogou Republic
645:Palembang Sultanate
565:Sultanate of Tidore
435:Peureulak Sultanate
368:Dharmasraya Kingdom
2572:"Prabowo Subianto"
2119:"Sebuah Kesaksian"
1921:"Kontras' Profile"
1750:"Stop talk of KKN"
1667:
1647:Abdul Rahman Saleh
1633:October 30, 2006.
1531:counter-insurgency
1511:special operations
1362:Released activists
1279:, the daughter of
1265:
982:1998–present
883:National Awakening
713:Christian kingdoms
679:1755–present
669:1745–present
665:Surakarta Sunanate
635:Kingdom of Kaimana
589:1526–present
555:Sultanate of Bacan
475:Pagaruyung Kingdom
416:Islamic sultanates
308:Shailendra Dynasty
2386:. August 25, 2011
2129:on April 28, 2014
2099:on April 23, 2014
1844:978-1-134-43215-8
1792:978-0-8047-6731-6
1598:Bambang Kristiono
1535:counter-terrorism
1513:missions for the
1403:Missing activists
1172:
1171:
986:
985:
938:Liberal democracy
921:
920:
866:
865:
854:Dutch East Indies
787:
786:
740:
739:
722:Larantuka Kingdom
703:
702:
615:Mataram Sultanate
515:Cirebon Sultanate
495:Malacca Sultanate
455:Ternate Sultanate
406:
405:
388:Singhasari Empire
382:1000s–1300s
348:Kahuripan Kingdom
229:
228:
86:
85:
2835:
2798:
2779:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2683:The Jakarta Post
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2630:The Jakarta Post
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2604:The Jakarta Post
2596:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2576:Republika Online
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2546:Tiempo Argentino
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2492:. Archived from
2482:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2271:. Archived from
2269:The Jakarta Post
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2039:. April 29, 1998
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1983:on April 6, 2014
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1953:. March 16, 2014
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1901:on March 4, 2016
1900:
1894:. Archived from
1889:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1754:The Jakarta Post
1746:
1740:
1735:
1693:2020 Controversy
1657:2014 Controversy
1565:Prabowo Subianto
1373:Haryanto Taslam.
1164:
1157:
1150:
1136:
1135:
1134:
948:Guided Democracy
934:
933:
879:
878:
800:
799:
769:Lanfang Republic
755:
754:
718:
717:
639:1600s–1926
629:1528s–1877
595:Banjar Sultanate
585:Banten Sultanate
569:1500s–1967
485:Brunei Sultanate
421:
420:
398:Majapahit Empire
298:Srivijaya Empire
278:Kalingga Kingdom
244:
243:
211:Toba catastrophe
194:94,000–12,000 BP
165:
164:
145:
135:
117:
116:
33:
21:
20:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2762:
2760:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2715:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2685:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2658:. June 27, 2014
2650:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2606:. June 11, 2014
2598:
2597:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2467:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2410:Global Security
2404:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2384:Media Indonesia
2378:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2351:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2183:Liberation Info
2177:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2159:on May 10, 2014
2147:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2123:Info Pembebasan
2117:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2093:Info Pembebasan
2087:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2063:Info Pembebasan
2057:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2037:Suluh Demokrasi
2031:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2013:on July 5, 2014
2001:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1793:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1724:
1707:
1695:
1659:
1626:
1613:
1582:
1504:Indonesian Army
1497:
1405:
1364:
1351:
1321:fall of Suharto
1313:
1257:
1180:The New Order (
1178:
1168:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1033:
1025:
1024:
1023:
998:
988:
987:
972:1967–1998
962:1966–1967
952:1959–1966
942:1950–1959
931:
923:
922:
917:1949–1950
907:1945–1949
897:1942–1945
887:1908–1942
876:
868:
867:
862:
861:1945–1949
860:
859:1800–1942
848:1806–1816
838:1685–1824
828:1602–1799
818:1521–1677
808:1512–1850
797:
789:
788:
783:1777–1853
773:1777–1884
763:1776–1854
752:
742:
741:
715:
705:
704:
699:1824–1911
689:1814–1946
659:1725–1946
649:1659–1823
625:Johor Sultanate
619:1586–1755
609:1527–1599
599:1526–1863
579:1496–1903
559:1515–1946
549:1486–1914
539:1496–1903
529:1475–1554
525:Demak Sultanate
519:1445–1677
509:1405–1851
499:1400–1511
489:1368–1888
479:1347–1833
469:1267–1521
459:1257–1914
449:1225–1613
425:Spread of Islam
418:
408:
407:
402:1293–1527
392:1222–1292
372:1183–1347
362:1045–1221
352:1019–1045
318:Mataram Kingdom
241:
231:
230:
162:
133:
126:
115:
110:
98:fall of Suharto
69:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2841:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2800:
2799:
2793:
2780:
2778:. KITLV Press.
2769:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2709:
2695:
2669:
2656:Democracy Now!
2643:
2617:
2588:
2563:
2533:
2507:
2477:
2443:
2423:
2397:
2371:
2342:
2312:
2286:
2255:
2226:
2200:
2170:
2140:
2110:
2080:
2050:
2024:
1994:
1964:
1938:
1912:
1876:
1850:
1843:
1815:
1806:
1791:
1771:
1741:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1694:
1691:
1658:
1655:
1625:
1622:
1612:
1609:
1581:
1578:
1507:special forces
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1463:
1452:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1363:
1360:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1312:
1309:
1256:
1253:
1220:anti-communism
1209:attempted coup
1174:Main article:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1000:
999:
994:
993:
990:
989:
984:
983:
980:
974:
973:
970:
964:
963:
960:
954:
953:
950:
944:
943:
940:
932:
929:
928:
925:
924:
919:
918:
915:
909:
908:
905:
899:
898:
895:
889:
888:
885:
877:
874:
873:
870:
869:
864:
863:
858:
856:
850:
849:
846:
840:
839:
836:
830:
829:
826:
820:
819:
816:
810:
809:
806:
798:
795:
794:
791:
790:
785:
784:
781:
775:
774:
771:
765:
764:
761:
753:
748:
747:
744:
743:
738:
737:
734:
728:
727:
724:
716:
711:
710:
707:
706:
701:
700:
697:
691:
690:
687:
685:Deli Sultanate
681:
680:
677:
671:
670:
667:
661:
660:
657:
655:Siak Sultanate
651:
650:
647:
641:
640:
637:
631:
630:
627:
621:
620:
617:
611:
610:
607:
601:
600:
597:
591:
590:
587:
581:
580:
577:
571:
570:
567:
561:
560:
557:
551:
550:
547:
541:
540:
537:
535:Aceh Sultanate
531:
530:
527:
521:
520:
517:
511:
510:
507:
505:Sulu Sultanate
501:
500:
497:
491:
490:
487:
481:
480:
477:
471:
470:
467:
461:
460:
457:
451:
450:
447:
441:
440:
439:840–1292
437:
431:
430:
429:800–1600
427:
419:
414:
413:
410:
409:
404:
403:
400:
394:
393:
390:
384:
383:
380:
378:Pannai Kingdom
374:
373:
370:
364:
363:
360:
358:Kediri Kingdom
354:
353:
350:
344:
343:
342:932–1579
340:
334:
333:
332:914–1908
330:
324:
323:
322:716–1016
320:
314:
313:
310:
304:
303:
300:
294:
293:
290:
288:Melayu Kingdom
284:
283:
280:
274:
273:
270:
264:
263:
260:
254:
253:
250:
242:
237:
236:
233:
232:
227:
226:
223:
217:
216:
213:
207:
206:
204:
196:
195:
192:
186:
185:
182:
176:
175:
173:
163:
158:
157:
154:
153:
147:
146:
138:
137:
128:
127:
120:
114:
111:
109:
106:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
70:
67:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2840:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2796:
2790:
2787:. Routledge.
2786:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2770:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2705:
2699:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2632:. May 7, 2014
2631:
2627:
2621:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2495:
2491:
2490:Stop Impunity
2487:
2481:
2473:
2461:
2446:
2444:9781134432158
2440:
2437:. Routledge.
2436:
2435:
2427:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2390:September 19,
2385:
2381:
2375:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2347:
2335:September 25,
2330:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1880:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1829:. Routledge.
1828:
1827:
1819:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1643:Agung Laksono
1638:
1634:
1630:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1562:Major General
1558:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:direct action
1516:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1425:STF Driyakara
1422:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1357:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
997:
992:
991:
981:
979:
976:
975:
971:
969:
966:
965:
961:
959:
956:
955:
951:
949:
946:
945:
941:
939:
936:
935:
927:
926:
916:
914:
911:
910:
906:
904:
901:
900:
896:
894:
891:
890:
886:
884:
881:
880:
872:
871:
857:
855:
852:
851:
847:
845:
842:
841:
837:
835:
832:
831:
827:
825:
822:
821:
817:
815:
812:
811:
807:
805:
802:
801:
793:
792:
782:
780:
777:
776:
772:
770:
767:
766:
762:
760:
757:
756:
751:
746:
745:
735:
733:
730:
729:
725:
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1467:PDI Pro Mega
1460:Mega Bintang
1456:PDI Pro Mega
1417:Mega Bintang
1413:PDI Pro Mega
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1120:
1079:Christianity
328:Bali Kingdom
221:Buni culture
199:
184:1,000,000 BP
168:
89:
87:
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2763:October 28,
2500:October 10,
2468:|work=
2450:October 12,
2416:October 12,
2279:October 10,
2219:October 10,
1931:October 10,
1764:October 10,
1699:Joko Widodo
1687:Allan Nairn
1605:Haris Azhar
1445:Wiji Thukul
1311:Kidnappings
1215:Angkatan 66
1044:Archaeology
1039:Agriculture
445:Aru Kingdom
170:Paleolithic
132:History of
68:Attack type
2807:Categories
2794:041529729X
2610:October 4,
2581:October 2,
2556:October 5,
2526:October 2,
2364:October 3,
2305:October 3,
2248:October 4,
2193:October 5,
2163:October 5,
2133:October 3,
2103:October 3,
2073:October 3,
2043:October 6,
2017:October 6,
1987:October 5,
1957:October 3,
1905:October 3,
1869:October 3,
1801:1294425775
1722:References
1586:Team Mawar
1580:Team Mawar
1517:, such as
1182:Indonesian
1101:Mass media
978:Reform era
958:Transition
804:Portuguese
190:Flores Man
160:Prehistory
108:Background
2729:March 22,
2688:March 22,
2470:ignored (
2460:cite book
2214:Vice News
1624:Aftermath
1249:nepotisme
1233:collusion
1202:Orde Lama
1186:Orde Baru
1059:Education
968:New Order
736:1670–1950
726:1515–1904
312:600s–900s
302:600s–1025
292:600s–1347
282:500s–600s
272:400s-500s
262:400s–500s
215:75,000 BP
201:Neolithic
134:Indonesia
113:New Order
54:1997–1998
45:Indonesia
1705:See also
1611:Group IV
1527:sabotage
1500:Kopassus
1495:Kopassus
1319:and the
1237:nepotism
1106:Military
1084:Hinduism
1074:Buddhism
1069:Religion
1049:Currency
1032:By topic
252:350–1605
180:Java Man
151:Timeline
123:a series
121:Part of
96:and the
41:Location
2662:July 4,
2636:May 13,
2153:Minihub
1925:Kontras
1892:Kontras
1569:Wiranto
1437:Suyat,
1356:Wiranto
1349:Victims
1296:Jakarta
1281:Sukarno
1241:korupsi
1198:Sukarno
1190:Suharto
1094:Judaism
1054:Economy
1019:Bandung
1004:Jakarta
996:Regions
834:British
814:Spanish
268:Kantoli
225:400 BCE
79:Victims
2791:
2441:
2412:. 1992
2325:KOMPAS
1951:INIDJM
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1537:, and
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1245:kolusi
125:on the
59:Target
2723:Tempo
2007:Tempo
1899:(PDF)
1888:(PDF)
1864:Tempo
1677:As a
1449:Jaker
1300:ASEAN
1288:Medan
1116:Women
1111:Sport
1089:Islam
1014:Bogor
2789:ISBN
2765:2014
2731:2023
2690:2023
2664:2014
2638:2014
2612:2014
2583:2014
2558:2014
2528:2014
2502:2014
2472:help
2452:2014
2439:ISBN
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1959:2014
1933:2014
1907:2014
1871:2014
1839:ISBN
1797:OCLC
1787:ISBN
1766:2014
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1439:SMID
1432:KNPD
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