553:, both mostly desert regions with very few permanent settlements. The seismologists who work with historical events gather macroseismic data from written records from cities that may not have been anywhere near the epicentral area. This can result in the mislocation of events when significant damage was reported in a particular location which were not actually where the earthquake occurred. The records of these events have been influenced by the distribution of the population (where the people were) and this has caused difficulty in creating a complete and accurate index of historical events. Several studies in the 80s and 90s indicate that there were two or possibly three large earthquakes in the region in the last 2000 years with magnitudes estimated to be 6.5–7.0 based on macroseismic data.
570:
the
European-Mediterranean Seismological Center and the agencies of each country. The data was filtered to include only those aftershocks within 150 km (93 mi) of the epicenter. Data from four stations from the Institute for Petroleum Research and Geophysics of Israel plus seven stations from Jordan's Natural Resource Authority recorded aftershocks in the epicentral area that met the restriction. It was found that the aftershocks were arranged with a north-south alignment over a length of 70 km (43 mi) and that was expected from an earthquake of such magnitude. The group of aftershocks were bunched in two distinct clusters, with one in the north and one further south.
557:
and ending in the south gulf, have been observed beginning in 1983 when more than 1,000 events occurred over a three-month period near the northeastern boundary of the Elat Deep (in the northern gulf) with the largest three events approaching 5 on the
Richter magnitude scale. A less pronounced swarm occurred in 1990 with the largest event reaching 4.3 in the central gulf near the Elat Deep and the Arogonese Deep. The last significant swarm happened in 1993 in the southwestern Arogonese Deep (in the southern gulf) with the highest magnitude of 6.1 and more than 300 larger than magnitude 3 in the following weeks.
405:
32:
53:
62:
90:
76:
39:
386:
Deep. At 25 km (16 mi) wide, the gulf is relatively narrow, but is up to 1,800 meters (5,900 ft) deep, with the nearby mountains near 2,600 meters (8,500 ft) in height. This difference in elevation suggests that the tectonic activity outpaces the erosive processes in the area, but the background seismicity is infrequent and is marked by
456:= 3.7) were recorded in three and a half hours. Randa Mohamad (from the Syrian National Seismological Center) and other seismologists determined that the abrupt increase of activity was due to remote earthquake triggering from the Gulf of Aqaba mainshock, and reported the results of their investigation in a journal published by the
569:
The countries surrounding the gulf (Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia) operate their own seismic networks and during the months that followed the main event, fourteen temporary and permanent stations recorded thousands of aftershocks. Klinger acquired data on approximately 1,000 aftershocks via
565:
During several independent field studies cracks and other ground deformations were observed on both the
Egyptian and Saudi Arabian sides of the gulf. During a field survey that was done there in 1996, a series of cracks were discovered between 28°35' N and 29°05' N on the Saudi Arabian coast. A field
336:
and is also thought to have remotely triggered a series of small to moderate earthquakes 500 kilometers (310 mi) to the north of the epicenter. In the aftermath of the quake, several field investigations set out to determine the extent of any surface faulting, and the distribution of aftershocks
412:
The earthquake was the largest event to occur on along the DST during the 20th century and was felt up to 600 km (370 mi) away. The period of aftershocks carried on for over a year with many exceeding magnitude 5. Within several hours of the mainshock a number of small earthquakes occurred
369:
in Turkey in the north. Although there is much that is not known about the DST, it is accepted that its transform motion began around 12–18 million years ago. Geologist A. M. Quennell, who is credited with first recognizing the movement along the fault in 1958, estimated the total displacement to be
556:
The countries surrounding the gulf have been actively monitoring the seismicity there since the 1980s and have found a consistent low level of activity, but a primary characteristic of the activity is that there are multiple sequences of earthquake swarms. Three swarm events, beginning in the north
385:
that have resulted in the formation of the Dead Sea as well as the Gulf of Aqaba. The 180 km (110 mi) gulf comprises three distinct pull-apart basins that were formed by individual segments of the fault and are known as (from north to south) the Elat Deep, Aragonese Deep, and the Dakar
500:
and one man died of a heart attack in Aqaba. In Saudi Arabia two women were reported dead and five deaths were reported in Egypt, with three of them occurring in the gulf resort town of
Nuweiba. Eight buildings collapsed in Cairo where, just several years before, the much smaller
440:. The increased seismic activity following the Aqaba earthquake was detected by the Syrian National Seismic Network (SNSN) and occurred in the area of the Serghaya and Rachaya faults within a 25 km × 25 km (16 mi × 16 mi) area near the
413:
along the DST 500 km (310 mi) north of the epicenter. Analysis of these earthquakes suggest that they may have been remotely triggered by the Gulf of Aqaba mainshock. Much attention has been given to remotely triggered earthquakes since the
1028:
Frucht, Eran; Salamon, Amos; Gal, Erez; Ginat, Hanan; Grigorovitch, Marina; Shem Tov, Rachamim; Ward, Steve (2019), "A Fresh View of the
Tsunami Generated by the Dead Sea Transform, 1995 Mw 7.2 Nuweiba Earthquake, along the Gulf of Elat–Aqaba",
566:
investigation was also done in Egypt in 1996 by seismologist Yann
Klinger and others along with the Egyptian Geological Survey and Mining Authority. The most dramatic ground ruptures found were north of Nuweiba along a coastal road.
468:
The epicenter was located 60 kilometers (37 mi) south of the head of the Gulf of Aqaba where the countries of Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia converge. Damage to buildings occurred in the coastal cities of
447:
This small area in southwest Syria situated 500 km north of the Gulf of Aqaba mainshock had almost no activity during the two previous months then, beginning two hours and 47 minutes after the event, a
496:. The heaviest damage occurred in the resort town of Eilat where seven hotels and 50 other buildings were damaged, and cracks formed in the sidewalks. Fifteen people were treated there for injuries or
428:
in south-central Turkey and consists of a main fault and several secondary faults. The fault system is at its widest and deepest in the gulf where a transition from proto-oceanic rifting to
452:
of 21 small earthquakes occurred. The average background seismicity was .5 to 1 events per day preceding
November 22, and during the swarm 21 small earthquakes with a peak magnitude of (M
328:, an active tectonic plate boundary with seismicity that is characterized by long-running quiescent periods with occasional large and damaging earthquakes, along with intermittent
370:
107 kilometers (66 mi) while a similar study that included more regional influences resulted in an estimated slip of 100 kilometers (62 mi). That broader
1620:
784:
196:
1285:
678:
1105:
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477:, Jordan and a small tsunami was observed by witnesses there. Farther down the coast and closer to the epicenter in the Egyptian city of
1077:
1852:
31:
1063:
1892:
1613:
436:
and splits into several strands that include the
Serghaya and Rachaya faults. These strands are believed to be the source of the
444:
in southwest Syria. The SNSN consists of twenty vertical-component seismometers, but only nine instruments recorded the swarm.
1872:
255:
875:
332:. It was the strongest tectonic event in the area for many decades and caused injuries, damage, and deaths throughout the
1491:
1278:
589:
1606:
1212:
1149:
980:"Remote Earthquake Triggering along the Dead Sea Fault in Syria following the 1995 Gulf of Aqaba Earthquake (Ms = 7.3)"
432:
occurs. Moving northward through
Lebanon and Syria, where the DST is known as the Yammouneh fault, the trace follows a
118:
1811:
1629:
1176:
1098:
594:
1887:
674:
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132:
851:. ESC 2010 6–10 September, Montpellier, France - Keynotes. European-Mediterranean Seismologial Centre. p. 13.
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Mohamad, Randa; Nasser Darkal, Abdul; Seber, Dogan; Sandvol, Eric; Gomez, Francisco; Barazangi, Muawia (2000),
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792:
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437:
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The earthquake's effects were felt as far north as
Lebanon and Syria and it was the strongest event in the
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879:
945:"Active Faulting in the Gulf of Aqaba: New Knowledge from the Mw 7.3 Earthquake of 22 November 1995"
728:
231:
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1188:
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349:(DST) fault zone, a 1,000 km (620 mi) transform fault that forms the barrier between the
317:
from the western border of Saudi Arabia. At least 8 people were killed and 30 were injured in the
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414:
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Along the length of the Dead Sea Transform (also known as the Levantine fault) there are several
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model translates into a slip rate of 8–10 mm/year for the portion of the fault south of the
666:
404:
1837:
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1679:
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441:
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715:
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had a much more destructive impact. One person was killed and two were injured slightly at
366:
8:
1556:
1312:
979:
995:
963:
719:
1042:
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485:
346:
325:
1046:
943:
Klinger, Yann; Rivera, Luis; Haessler, Henri; Maurin, Jean-Christophe (August 1999),
737:
550:
530:
318:
745:
1034:
1007:
999:
967:
733:
682:
449:
387:
382:
361:). The left-lateral strike-slip fault connects the spreading center that forms the
329:
546:
481:
several well-built, modern, concrete reinforced homes were completely destroyed.
429:
425:
314:
883:
1826:
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211:
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1083:
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Shaked, Y.; Agnon, A.; Lazar, B.; Marco, S.; Avner, U.; Stein, M. (2004),
667:
National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972),
1263:
408:
USGS shakemap showing the intensity of the 1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake
1038:
371:
1059:
1012:
686:
534:
845:
The quaternary activity of the Levant fault: progress and challenges
510:
493:
375:
529:, several people were injured and property damage, power cuts and
478:
421:
362:
977:
861:
829:
654:
345:
The Gulf of Aqaba is situated along the southern portion of the
876:"Mideast trembler rocks region, causing several deaths, damage"
522:
333:
309:
scale. The epicenter was located in the central segment of the
518:
474:
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942:
926:
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817:
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514:
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and damage was reported there as well as the towns of
1027:
698:
296:) occurred on November 22 at 06:15 local time (04:15
52:
1251:
indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths
313:, the narrow body of water that separates Egypt's
908:
1824:
952:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
898:
896:
1256:indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year
635:
633:
631:
629:
1628:
1614:
1279:
1099:
785:"Significant Earthquakes of the World — 1995"
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1113:
811:
626:
1621:
1607:
1286:
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1060:Aqaba – November 22, 1995, M7.1 Earthquake
645:
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1064:Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
1011:
727:
302:
172:
751:
420:The Dead Sea fault system runs from the
403:
606:
1825:
778:
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1602:
1267:
1087:
873:
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326:Dead Sea Transform (DST) fault system
757:
701:"Large earthquakes kill coral reefs"
612:
393:
1858:20th century in the Sinai Peninsula
841:
771:
660:
590:List of earthquakes in Saudi Arabia
545:The Gulf of Aqaba lies between the
340:
13:
1070:International Seismological Centre
1021:
874:Segal, Naomi (November 22, 1995).
324:The earthquake occurred along the
61:
14:
1904:
1853:Natural disasters in Saudi Arabia
1053:
595:List of earthquakes in the Levant
537:, some damage was also observed.
16:November 1995 earthquake in Egypt
782:
738:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2004.00541.x
675:National Geophysical Data Center
458:Seismological Society of America
88:
74:
60:
51:
37:
30:
867:
855:
835:
823:
789:United States Geological Survey
766:United States Geological Survey
670:Significant Earthquake Database
621:United States Geological Survey
248:
89:
1893:November 1995 events in Africa
1031:Seismological Research Letters
984:Seismological Research Letters
799:
540:
400:Remotely triggered earthquakes
1:
600:
438:Near East earthquakes of 1759
290:1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake
75:
38:
22:1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake
1873:November 1995 events in Asia
761:PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog
585:List of earthquakes in Egypt
560:
492:which was centered near the
300:) and registered 7.3 on the
7:
616:EXPO-CAT Earthquake Catalog
580:List of earthquakes in 1995
573:
147:November 22, 1995
10:
1909:
758:USGS (September 4, 2009),
397:
1779:
1733:
1672:
1636:
1630:Earthquakes in the Levant
1501:
1370:
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1127:
880:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
613:USGS (December 1, 2008),
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276:
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227:
190:
182:
166:
158:
143:
130:
117:
106:
26:
417:in southern California.
186:18 km (11 mi)
1888:Strike-slip earthquakes
889:(subscription required)
525:, one person died of a
490:1927 Jericho earthquake
415:1992 Landers earthquake
1883:1995 disasters in Asia
1659:528 Antioch earthquake
1654:526 Antioch earthquake
1644:115 Antioch earthquake
972:10.1785/BSSA0890041025
409:
365:in the south with the
241:Egypt, Israel, Jordan
1878:Earthquakes in Israel
1664:551 Beirut earthquake
1294:Earthquakes in Africa
1004:10.1785/gssrl.71.1.47
917:, pp. 1027, 1028
808:, pp. 1025, 1026
764:, Version 2008_06.1,
507:Al-Bad', Saudi Arabia
503:1992 Cairo earthquake
407:
359:Arabian-Nubian Shield
1843:Earthquakes in Egypt
1802:1969 Sharm El Sheikh
1527:2005 Lake Tanganyika
1438:1969 Sharm El Sheikh
886:on November 6, 2013.
367:East Anatolian Fault
1848:Earthquakes in Asia
1492:1999 Aïn Témouchent
1313:1624 Fez earthquake
1118:Earthquakes in 1995
996:2000SeiRL..71...47M
964:1999BuSSA..89.1025K
927:Klinger et al. 1999
915:Klinger et al. 1999
903:Klinger et al. 1999
862:Mohamad et al. 2000
830:Mohamad et al. 2000
818:Klinger et al. 1999
806:Klinger et al. 1999
720:2004TeNov..16..133S
655:Mohamad et al. 2000
640:Klinger et al. 1999
619:, Version 2007-12,
208: /
113:1995-11-22 04:15:11
23:
1807:1995 Gulf of Aqaba
1695:1033 Jordan Valley
1486:1995 Gulf of Aqaba
1078:authoritative data
1039:10.1785/0220190004
486:Jordan Rift Valley
430:transform faulting
410:
347:Dead Sea Transform
294:Nuweiba earthquake
21:
1820:
1819:
1812:2023 Turkey–Syria
1596:
1595:
1261:
1260:
551:Arabian Peninsula
533:was observed. In
394:Stress triggering
388:earthquake swarms
383:pull-apart basins
330:earthquake swarms
319:meizoseismal area
286:
285:
212:28.826°N 34.799°E
1900:
1833:1995 earthquakes
1690:859 Syrian coast
1623:
1616:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1551:2010 Beni-Ilmane
1468:1990 South Sudan
1361:1856 Middle East
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1274:
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1101:
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974:
958:(4): 1025–1036,
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887:
882:. Archived from
871:
865:
864:, pp. 49–51
859:
853:
852:
850:
839:
833:
832:, pp. 47–49
827:
821:
815:
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803:
797:
796:
791:. Archived from
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749:
748:
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696:
690:
689:
687:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
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442:restraining bend
434:restraining bend
341:Tectonic setting
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1792:1955 Alexandria
1775:
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1668:
1632:
1627:
1597:
1592:
1569:2015 South Kivu
1533:2006 Mozambique
1521:2004 Al Hoceima
1497:
1402:1955 Alexandria
1366:
1295:
1292:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1242:
1123:
1112:
1080:for this event.
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1022:Further reading
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729:10.1.1.539.2983
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547:Sinai Peninsula
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315:Sinai Peninsula
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292:(also known as
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159:Local time
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1868:1995 in Israel
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1863:1995 in Jordan
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1756:1834 Jerusalem
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1741:1759 Near East
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1700:1068 Near East
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1542:
1539:2008 Lake Kivu
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1515:2003 Boumerdès
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1307:1068 Near East
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1234:
1230:(6.2, Oct 24)
1225:
1219:
1213:Colima–Jalisco
1210:
1201:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1179:(7.3, July 11)
1174:
1168:
1164:(7.0, May 27)
1159:
1153:
1150:Kozani–Grevena
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1141:
1128:
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1111:
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1103:
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1054:External links
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937:
932:
931:
929:, p. 1030
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905:, p. 1027
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854:
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820:, p. 1026
810:
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795:on 2011-06-08.
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282:30–69 injured
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238:Areas affected
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1839:
1838:1995 in Egypt
1836:
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1588:
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1582:
1581:2017 Botswana
1579:
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1575:2016 Tanzania
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
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1493:
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1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1444:1980 El Asnam
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1432:1969 Portugal
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
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1397:
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1355:1856 Djijelli
1353:
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1289:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1239:(7.3, Nov 22)
1238:
1237:Gulf of Aqaba
1235:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1224:(7.1, Oct 20)
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:(8.0, Oct 9)
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:(6.8, Oct 6)
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:(6.2, Oct 1)
1196:
1193:
1191:(7.4, Sep 14)
1190:
1187:
1185:(8.0, Jul 30)
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1173:(6.5, Jun 15)
1172:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1158:(6.9, May 14)
1157:
1154:
1152:(6.6, May 13)
1151:
1148:
1146:(5.7, Apr 14)
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1134:(~7, Jan 17)
1133:
1132:Great Hanshin
1130:
1129:
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1097:
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831:
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819:
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790:
786:
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762:
754:
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473:, Israel and
472:
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418:
416:
406:
401:
391:
389:
384:
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368:
364:
360:
356:
355:Arabian Plate
352:
351:African Plate
348:
338:
335:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
311:Gulf of Aqaba
308:
299:
295:
291:
279:
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236:
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120:
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112:
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105:
33:
25:
19:
1806:
1787:1927 Jericho
1780:Contemporary
1761:1837 Galilee
1746:1796 Latakia
1685:847 Damascus
1587:2023 Morocco
1545:2009 Karonga
1502:21st century
1485:
1480:1994 Mascara
1462:1989 Chenoua
1420:1969 Tulbagh
1390:1921 Massawa
1371:20th century
1337:1761 Morocco
1319:1716 Algiers
1253:
1248:
1236:
1231:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1165:
1138:
1135:
1074:bibliography
1030:
990:(1): 47–52,
987:
983:
955:
951:
936:Bibliography
922:
910:
884:the original
869:
857:
844:
842:Klinger, Y.
837:
825:
813:
801:
793:the original
760:
753:
711:
707:
694:
673:(Data Set),
669:
662:
657:, p. 47
615:
608:
568:
564:
555:
544:
531:liquefaction
527:heart attack
483:
467:
446:
419:
411:
380:
344:
323:
293:
289:
287:
258:
243:Saudi Arabia
18:
1751:1822 Aleppo
1734:Ottoman era
1705:1138 Aleppo
1680:749 Galilee
1673:Middle ages
1649:363 Galilee
1637:Classic era
1563:2014 Orkney
1509:2002 Kalehe
1456:1989 Malawi
1450:1983 Guinea
1408:1960 Agadir
1384:1915 Asmara
1378:1913 Asmara
1331:1755 Meknes
1183:Antofagasta
541:Past events
424:north to a
280:9–12 dead
232:Strike-slip
215: /
121: event
1827:Categories
1725:1344 Syria
1720:1202 Syria
1715:1170 Syria
1557:2011 Nabro
1474:1992 Cairo
1396:1954 Chlef
1349:1825 Blida
1325:1754 Cairo
1300:Historical
1162:Neftegorsk
714:(3): 137,
708:Terra Nova
601:References
488:since the
398:See also:
277:Casualties
257:MMI VIII (
203:34°47′56″E
200:28°49′34″N
151:1995-11-22
110: time
68:Alexandria
1797:1956 Chim
1771:1872 Amik
1710:1157 Hama
1426:1966 Toro
1414:1963 Marj
1363:(7.7–8.2)
1343:1790 Oran
1047:197576451
1013:1813/5321
724:CiteSeerX
561:Aftermath
535:Jerusalem
372:kinematic
251:intensity
191:Epicenter
167:Magnitude
1189:Guerrero
1177:Menglian
1144:Marathon
746:36218725
574:See also
549:and the
494:Dead Sea
376:Dead Sea
353:and the
1309:(≥ 7.0)
1222:Chiapas
1204:Kerinci
1076:and/or
992:Bibcode
960:Bibcode
716:Bibcode
511:Al-`Ula
479:Nuweiba
422:Red Sea
363:Red Sea
269:Tsunami
149: (
96:Nuweiba
1228:Wuding
1072:has a
1045:
783:USGS.
744:
726:
523:Israel
464:Damage
334:Levant
259:Severe
162:06:15
138:ComCat
1589:(6.8)
1583:(6.5)
1577:(5.9)
1571:(5.8)
1565:(5.5)
1559:(5.7)
1553:(5.3)
1547:(6.0)
1541:(5.9)
1535:(7.0)
1529:(6.8)
1523:(6.3)
1517:(6.8)
1511:(6.2)
1494:(5.6)
1488:(7.3)
1482:(5.9)
1476:(5.8)
1470:(7.1)
1464:(5.9)
1458:(6.3)
1452:(6.3)
1446:(7.1)
1440:(6.6)
1434:(7.9)
1428:(6.8)
1422:(6.3)
1416:(5.6)
1410:(5.8)
1404:(6.3)
1398:(6.7)
1392:(6.1)
1351:(7.0)
1345:(6.0)
1339:(8.5)
1333:(7.0)
1327:(6.6)
1321:(7.0)
1315:(6.0)
1195:Dinar
1171:Aigio
1156:Timor
1043:S2CID
948:(PDF)
849:(PDF)
742:S2CID
704:(PDF)
519:Eilat
517:. In
498:shock
475:Aqaba
471:Eilat
450:swarm
183:Depth
131:USGS-
125:70282
82:Eilat
45:Cairo
1386:(VI)
1380:(VI)
1357:(IX)
1068:The
679:NOAA
515:Haql
513:and
288:The
272:Yes
249:Max.
228:Type
170:7.3
133:ANSS
1035:doi
1008:hdl
1000:doi
968:doi
734:doi
683:doi
298:UTC
119:ISC
108:UTC
1829::
1062:–
1041:,
1033:,
1006:,
998:,
988:71
986:,
982:,
966:,
956:89
954:,
950:,
895:^
878:.
787:.
773:^
740:,
732:,
722:,
712:16
710:,
706:,
681:,
677:,
647:^
628:^
521:,
460:.
390:.
378:.
321:.
1622:e
1615:t
1608:v
1287:e
1280:t
1273:v
1254:‡
1249:†
1232:†
1217:†
1208:†
1199:†
1166:†
1139:‡
1136:†
1121:→
1115:←
1107:e
1100:t
1093:v
1037::
1010::
1002::
994::
970::
962::
736::
718::
685::
454:d
357:(
305:w
303:M
261:)
175:w
173:M
153:)
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