49:
statistics for the UK reported 102 deaths for the first week of
December, an increase from seven on the same time the previous year. In Scotland, 2,400 deaths were reported in the seven days preceding Christmas Eve, an increase of 1,092 on the five year rolling average. Flu-related deaths for Wales over that winter were reported to be 1,627.
91:
from
November 1993 reported that between 19,000 and 25,000 deaths in the UK were attributed to the 1989–90 flu outbreak, while later reports have suggested the figure to be in the region of 26,000. Sources have reported an infection rate of between 534 and 600 cases per 100,000 at its peak. In July
102:
quoted a figure of 29,169 deaths for the 1989 epidemic, and noted its relatively low public profile. Dr Roland Salmon, director of the communicable disease surveillance centre of the
National Public Health Service for Wales, observed that "few people have a marked recollection of 1989 as a year of
41:
notes that the outbreak was first recorded as an epidemic in mid-November 1989, with cases peaking in the UK in the week beginning 6 December. During the period from 15 November until the end of that year, the number of people reporting respiratory illnesses was roughly double the usual figure for
31:
type flu that occurred during the winter of 1989–1990. Cases were reported in other parts of Europe, including France, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the Soviet Union. At its peak, the epidemic saw an infection rate of between 534 and 600 people per 100,000, while various sources have
48:
reported that the outbreak was the worst to occur in
Britain since the winter of 1975–76, and was similar to that winter's strain of flu, which killed 1,283 people. By 24 December the flu virus had infected more than a million people in the UK, and hospitals were cancelling surgery. Government
532:
The annual impact of influenza on the NHS is well recognised. Even in winters when the incidence of flu is low, there are around 3,000–4,000 deaths in the UK1; however in epidemic years the death toll is very much higher (eg 26,000 excess deaths in
66:
reported that public health officials were not expecting it to have the same level of impact as in the UK, since similar H3N2 flu strains had been present in the US during two previous winters. Dr Carole A. Heilman, a respiratory expert at the
343:
56:
described it as "one of the worst epidemics for 30 years". A strain of flu classed as Type A Beijing and Type A Shanghai spread across the United States during the same winter. In
January 1990, the
71:, said "England has just not had a major epidemic for 10 to 15 years", whereas the recent presence of similar variants in the US meant that "one could assume there would be some protection".
272:
554:
828:
823:
207:
464:
519:
433:
79:
68:
377:
339:
1450:
1445:
983:
241:
1410:
264:
546:
408:
401:"Adjournment Under Standing Order 29: Flu Epidemic: Motion. – Seanad Éireann (19th Seanad) – Wednesday, 13 Dec 1989 – Houses of the Oireachtas"
1440:
1435:
93:
141:
1273:
174:
1379:
199:
1384:
489:
1430:
1425:
920:
632:
594:
112:
reported that more people in
Scotland died during the 1989–90 flu epidemic than did at the peak of the first wave of the
37:
74:
One of the effects of the 1989 flu outbreak was an increase in the use of flu vaccinations in the UK. Speaking in 2008,
951:
511:
1123:
1118:
925:
1231:
1186:
441:
1420:
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1211:
818:
813:
808:
369:
997:
895:
838:
803:
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748:
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738:
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728:
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708:
703:
28:
113:
1405:
1012:
930:
915:
233:
57:
1358:
973:
106:
The United States outbreak is estimated to have been responsible for 50,000 deaths. In
October 2020,
400:
1315:
1201:
1171:
1166:
1060:
865:
587:
1374:
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978:
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133:
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98:
8:
1026:
910:
627:
62:
166:
1158:
1100:
847:
617:
580:
312:
295:
44:
1181:
1110:
668:
622:
317:
265:"British Flu Epidemic Claims Lives And Is Forcing Delays in Surgery (Published 1989)"
60:, based in Atlanta, Georgia, reported that the flu was present in 30 US states, but
1323:
1268:
1258:
1196:
860:
683:
678:
673:
663:
307:
1296:
1280:
87:
53:
485:
1035:
642:
340:"Coronavirus in Scotland: More died in 1989 flu epidemic than coronavirus peak"
1399:
1328:
1191:
1338:
961:
637:
82:, described the 1989 epidemic as having "caught everyone a bit off guard".
24:
321:
1343:
1070:
1065:
1053:
855:
75:
294:
Fleming, D M; Crombie, D L; Norbury, C A; Cross, K W (5 December 1990).
1301:
1219:
1095:
1048:
1043:
647:
42:
that time of year, though not as high as some previous flu outbreaks.
1353:
1348:
1128:
1087:
1080:
1075:
603:
108:
296:"Observations on the influenza epidemic of November/December 1989"
1263:
1133:
512:"House of Lords – Science and Technology – Minutes of Evidence"
1333:
32:
attributed between 19,000 and 29,000 deaths to the outbreak.
572:
293:
134:"Update: Influenza Activity – 1990–91 Influenza Season"
161:
159:
69:
National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
167:"Flu outbreak reveals crisis in Britain's hospitals"
35:
A study published in the
December 1990 issue of the
156:
1397:
399:Oireachtas, Houses of the (13 December 1989).
194:
192:
588:
547:"Pandemic flu jabs to plug vaccine shortages"
363:
361:
80:Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry
21:1989–1990 flu epidemic in the United Kingdom
428:
426:
200:"The showboat flu is starting to slow down"
189:
1451:December 1989 events in the United Kingdom
1446:November 1989 events in the United Kingdom
595:
581:
398:
367:
358:
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227:
225:
423:
1411:Disease outbreaks in the United Kingdom
462:
333:
331:
300:The British Journal of General Practice
231:
1398:
337:
256:
222:
16:Disease outbreak in the United Kingdom
1385:US influenza statistics by flu season
576:
544:
1441:1990 disasters in the United Kingdom
1436:1989 disasters in the United Kingdom
522:from the original on 29 October 2016
434:"The flu's not just another illness"
411:from the original on 5 November 2020
380:from the original on 5 November 2020
346:from the original on 3 November 2020
328:
262:
232:Barkham, Patrick (10 January 2000).
210:from the original on 1 November 2020
177:from the original on 31 October 2015
144:from the original on 6 December 2018
78:, an expert in virology at London's
474:– via www.washingtonpost.com.
38:British Journal of General Practice
13:
1380:2017–2018 United States flu season
486:"Flu 'heading for nine-year high'"
368:Williamson, David (28 July 2009).
275:from the original on 23 April 2020
244:from the original on 22 April 2020
14:
1462:
1119:Live attenuated influenza vaccine
557:from the original on 12 June 2015
492:from the original on 27 July 2016
463:Squires, Sally (2 January 1990).
263:Rule, Sheila (24 December 1989).
545:Walsh, Fergus (6 January 2011).
252:– via www.theguardian.com.
538:
504:
478:
456:
370:"When flu wiped out 50 million"
354:– via www.thetimes.co.uk.
392:
287:
126:
1:
1177:Russian flu (1889–1890)
602:
119:
465:"ARE YOU READY FOR THE FLU?"
7:
500:– via news.bbc.co.uk.
58:Centers for Disease Control
10:
1467:
1431:1990 in the United Kingdom
1426:1989 in the United Kingdom
952:Transmission and infection
516:publications.parliament.uk
1367:
1314:
1289:
1251:
1244:
1232:Central Luzon H5N6 (2017)
1210:
1172:Influenza pandemic (1557)
1167:Influenza pandemic (1510)
1157:
1146:
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1034:
1025:
1005:
996:
939:
903:
894:
874:
846:
837:
692:
656:
610:
92:2009, at the time of the
1274:2007 Australian outbreak
171:World Socialist Web Site
1061:Neuraminidase inhibitor
1421:1990 disease outbreaks
1416:1989 disease outbreaks
1375:Influenza-like illness
1044:Adamantane derivatives
1225:1989–1990 UK outbreak
1187:Asian flu (1957-1958)
1192:Hong Kong flu (1968)
984:Pandemic preparation
488:. 23 December 2008.
206:. 14 November 1993.
1406:Influenza outbreaks
173:. 17 January 2000.
103:Biblical carnage".
63:The Washington Post
1182:Spanish flu (1918)
1101:Baloxavir marboxil
926:West Bengal (2008)
861:1977 (Russian flu)
856:1918 (Spanish flu)
444:on 5 November 2020
338:McLaughlin, Mark.
269:The New York Times
234:"The flu epidemic"
94:swine flu outbreak
45:The New York Times
25:influenza epidemic
1393:
1392:
1310:
1309:
1240:
1239:
1220:Fujian flu (H3N2)
1142:
1141:
1021:
1020:
992:
991:
947:Genetic structure
890:
889:
694:Influenza A virus
633:Genome sequencing
405:www.oireachtas.ie
114:COVID-19 pandemic
1458:
1324:Acute bronchitis
1249:
1248:
1202:Swine flu (2009)
1197:1977 Russian flu
1155:
1154:
1091:
1032:
1031:
1003:
1002:
901:
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866:2009 (Swine flu)
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664:Orthomyxoviridae
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440:. Archived from
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1036:Antiviral drugs
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974:Human mortality
967:clinical trials
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438:Tampa Bay Times
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116:in April 2020.
88:The Independent
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5:
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1368:Related topics
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1090:(experimental)
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138:wonder.cdc.gov
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85:An article in
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1329:Bronchiolitis
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1316:Complications
1313:
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1302:Fujian (H5N1)
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1148:Pandemics and
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979:Social impact
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957:Global spread
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40:
39:
33:
30:
26:
22:
1359:Strep throat
1339:Otitis media
1224:
916:India (2006)
638:Reassortment
559:. Retrieved
550:
540:
531:
524:. Retrieved
515:
506:
494:. Retrieved
480:
468:. Retrieved
458:
446:. Retrieved
442:the original
437:
413:. Retrieved
404:
394:
382:. Retrieved
373:
348:. Retrieved
303:
299:
289:
277:. Retrieved
268:
258:
246:. Retrieved
238:The Guardian
237:
212:. Retrieved
203:
179:. Retrieved
170:
146:. Retrieved
137:
128:
107:
105:
99:Western Mail
97:
86:
84:
73:
61:
54:Joe O'Reilly
51:
43:
36:
34:
20:
18:
1344:Pharyngitis
1290:Non-mammals
1071:Laninamivir
1066:Oseltamivir
1054:Rimantadine
882:2009 A/H1N1
684:Influenza D
679:Influenza C
674:Influenza B
669:Influenza A
561:19 December
470:19 December
374:WalesOnline
181:19 December
76:John Oxford
1400:Categories
1096:Umifenovir
1088:Peramivir
1049:Amantadine
1027:Treatments
648:Flu season
526:5 November
496:5 November
448:5 November
415:5 November
384:5 November
350:5 November
279:5 November
248:5 November
214:5 November
148:5 November
120:References
1354:Sinusitis
1349:Pneumonia
1245:Non-human
1212:Epidemics
1159:Pandemics
1150:epidemics
1129:Pandemrix
1081:Zanamivir
1076:Peramivir
1013:2020–2022
1006:Outbreaks
921:UK (2007)
904:Outbreaks
848:Pandemics
628:Treatment
604:Influenza
533:1989–90).
109:The Times
1111:Vaccines
696:subtypes
618:Research
555:Archived
551:BBC News
520:Archived
490:Archived
409:Archived
378:Archived
344:Archived
273:Archived
242:Archived
208:Archived
175:Archived
142:Archived
52:Senator
1252:Mammals
962:Vaccine
940:Science
875:Science
657:Viruses
623:Vaccine
553:. BBC.
322:2282227
313:1371445
29:A(H3N2)
23:was an
1269:Equine
1264:Feline
1259:Canine
1134:Audenz
1124:Brands
320:
310:
96:, the
1334:Croup
1297:Avian
1281:Swine
829:H11N9
824:H11N2
819:H10N8
814:H10N7
809:H10N3
998:H5N8
896:H5N1
839:H1N1
804:H9N2
799:H7N9
794:H7N7
789:H7N4
784:H7N3
779:H7N2
774:H7N1
769:H6N1
764:H5N9
759:H5N8
754:H5N6
749:H5N3
744:H5N2
739:H5N1
734:H3N8
729:H3N2
724:H3N1
719:H2N3
714:H2N2
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