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1044:: "But Hannegan, Flynn, Kelly, and the others had been working through the night, talking to delegates and applying 'a good deal of pressure' to help them see the sense in selecting Harry Truman. No one knows how many deals were cut, how many ambassadorships or postmaster jobs were promised, but reportedly, by the time morning came, Postmaster General Frank Walker had telephoned every chairman of every delegation." But Robert Ferrell states that their tactics were not to make deals with delegates during the night, but to talk to the delegates during Friday and tell them the president wanted Truman. Meanwhile, police kept large numbers of Wallace supporters out of the convention venue.
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1000:. Hannegan called Roosevelt while Truman listened, and told him that Truman was a contrary Missouri mule. Roosevelt replied loudly, so everyone in the room could hear, "Well, tell him if he wants to break up the Democratic Party in the middle of a war, that's his responsibility," and slammed down the receiver. Truman was dumbstruck, but after a few moments replied, "Well, if that is the situation, I'll have to say yes. But why the hell didn't he tell me in the first place?" By another account he just said, "Jesus Christ." Before the call, Hannegan and Roosevelt had agreed what each one should say.
897:
president's real intentions, and he wrote in his diary, "He wanted to ditch me as noiselessly as possible." Roosevelt also promised to write a letter, saying that if he, Roosevelt, were a delegate to the convention he would vote for
Wallace. To Byrnes Roosevelt said, "You are the best qualified man in the whole outfit and you must not get out of the race. If you stay in the race you are certain to win." He also explained to Byrnes that he was having trouble with Wallace, who refused to withdraw unless the president told him so, and that he would write Wallace a lukewarm letter.
975:, released Roosevelt's Wallace letter. Roosevelt said, somewhat ambiguously, that he, if a delegate, would vote for Wallace, but that he did not want to dictate to the convention. Because it was a lukewarm endorsement, the letter became known as the "kiss-of-death" letter among the Byrnes and Truman supporters, but on the other hand, as some people pointed out, Wallace was the only candidate who had received a written endorsement. Hannegan had not told anyone about the letter he received on July 15, but now he said that he had a letter in which the president mentioned Truman.
708:
877:. Furthermore, Byrnes, who had been born a Roman Catholic, had left the church to become an Episcopalian, which would have alienated many Catholic voters who were a central part of the New Deal coalition. Truman was an ideal compromise candidate. He supported the administration on most issues, was acceptable to the unions, and he had opposed Roosevelt's reelection to a third term, which pleased conservative anti-Roosevelt Democrats. He had supported Roosevelt's foreign policy but was close to Senate isolationists like
275:
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the president welcoming enemies into the oval office, charming them, and giving every evidence of friendship, whereupon they later received unmistakable evidence of where they stood within the administration. Edward Flynn, however, believed that because of his poor health
Roosevelt was reluctant to get involved in a quarrel: "I believe that in order to rid himself of distress or strife and rather than argue, he permitted all aspirants for the nomination to believe it would be an open convention."
81:
858:. Finally the group decided on Truman, but this decision was secondary to the goal of not nominating Wallace. By late spring 1944, the group had succeeded in turning Roosevelt against Wallace, but the president did not tell Wallace directly and still refused to endorse anybody other than him. In May, the president sent Wallace on a trip to China and the Soviet Union, probably with the intention to get him out of the country at an inconvenient time and to obstruct his campaign.
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with
Hillman, who refused to accept Byrnes and said that labor's first choice was Wallace, and if that was impossible they could also consent to Truman or Douglas. Roosevelt had met Hillman the previous Thursday. There is no proof that Roosevelt conspired and struck a deal with Hillman not to accept Byrnes, but it might very well have been like that, according to Ferrell. Byrnes believed that Roosevelt had betrayed him.
165:
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telephoned
Roosevelt, saying that labor would not accept Byrnes and mentioned Flynn's concern as well. Roosevelt concurred and told them to "go all out for Truman". Now, when the president had really decided on Truman, the leader's next step was to convince Truman that he was Roosevelt's pick. They let Byrnes's friend
987:
Only now, after his meeting with
Hillman, did Truman know that he had a good chance to be nominated although Truman had planned to nominate Byrnes, and had the text of a nomination speech for him in his pocket. Truman had repeatedly said that he was not in the race and that he did not want to be vice
892:
After much debate, the president said, "Bob , I think you and everyone else here want Truman." There are, however, other accounts of
Roosevelt's exact statement. Pauley, for example, claimed that he said, "If that's the case, it's Truman." Just before the meeting ended, Roosevelt instructed Hannegan
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Ferrell also writes that
Roosevelt was disingenuous, in particular towards Byrnes, and "elevated untruthfulness to a high art." Roosevelt used subordinates for tasks that were unpleasant, like telling Byrnes and Wallace to withdraw. The Roosevelt administration, writes Ferrell, saw many examples of
1011:
On
Thursday, July 20, Hannegan released the letter which Roosevelt had given him on board the train, and its text appeared in the newspapers the next morning, but as it mentioned both Truman and Douglas it made people confused. The ballot was also held on Thursday. Wallace supporters had packed the
1024:
song, "Iowa, Iowa, that's where the tall corn grows!" Entrance tickets for each day to the
Chicago Stadium had been printed in the same color, and probably the Wallace supporters used all their tickets for the Thursday, and the ushers and takers at the gates couldn't see the difference. It is also
992:
on his Senate office payroll and he didn't want her name "drug over the front pages of the papers". Since 1943 he also had his sister Mary Jane on the payroll. Moreover, Bess disliked
Roosevelt and the White House in general. Byrnes, who was disappointed with Roosevelt, withdrew on Wednesday, July
983:
inform Byrnes. Truman probably learned of Roosevelt's endorsement the same evening, but he was aware of the president's inconsistency and could not be sure of what it meant. Truman had previously, just like Hannegan, got the impression that Roosevelt wanted Byrnes. But the next morning Truman met
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Ferrell asks himself if Truman, who appeared to gain the office without the effort, in reality was playing a calculated and sly game. Ferrell claims that everything suggests that Truman was trying to achieve the office he insisted he was not interested in. He would have been a strange politician
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Hannegan also tried to get Roosevelt to tone down the Wallace letter. The situation became even more complicated because Roosevelt said pleasant things about Byrnes, so Hannegan believed the president had changed his mind and wanted Byrnes. However, Roosevelt also said that Hannegan must clear
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The next day Hannegan and Walker thus tried to convince Wallace and Byrnes to withdraw, but they refused unless the president himself asked them. Roosevelt did not want to disappoint any candidate. He told Wallace, "I hope it will be the same old team." But Wallace nevertheless understood the
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On July 16 and 17, Sunday and Monday, Byrnes had several setbacks. One was Flynn's concern about losing black votes in case Byrnes got the nomination. The other, more serious, was the increasing opposition against Byrnes from labor, in particular Hillman. On Monday evening the party leaders
948:, the president's private secretary, asserted in her memoirs that the letter as originally written put Douglas's name first, but Hannegan asked her to switch the position of the names so it would appear as if Roosevelt preferred Truman. Hannegan, however, has denied this. Truman biographer
952:
wrote that Tully did switch the positions of the names, but it was probably at Roosevelt's wish. Truman later claimed that Hannegan had shown him a letter from Roosevelt that did not mention Douglas's name, saying "Bob, it's Truman. FDR." This letter has never been found.
1487:. On January 20, 1945, Truman was sworn in as Vice President of the United States. He eventually held the job for just 82 days. On April 12, 1945, he succeeded to the presidency on Roosevelt's death, just as the Democratic leaders had thought about.
893:
and Walker to notify Wallace and Byrnes, respectively, that they were out. After the group left the meeting, Hannegan asked Roosevelt to put his decision down in writing. Roosevelt wrote a note on a piece of scratch paper and gave it to Hannegan.
802:
said that 2% of those surveyed wanted then-Senator Truman to become the vice president. To overcome this initial deficit, the leaders of the Democratic Party worked to influence the Convention delegates, such that Truman received the nomination.
1475:. Additionally, he was criticized for having his wife Bess on the payroll. However, these controversies had no impact. Few Americans wanted to change their leadership as the Second World War was still going on, so Roosevelt and Truman
795:, was unpopular with some of the leaders of the Democratic Party, who disliked his liberal politics and considered him unreliable and eccentric in general. Wallace was the popular candidate and favored by the Convention delegates.
790:
of the Democratic Party, realized it. If he died during his next term, the vice president would become president, making the vice presidential nomination very important. Truman's predecessor as vice president, the incumbent
1828:, pages 82-83, 120n. Years later Hannegan's son William P. Hannegan visited the Truman library in Independence. The retired president asked if William's mother had the letter. He wanted them to look for it. (Ibid).
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You have written me about Harry Truman and Bill Douglas. I should, of course, be very glad to run with either of them and believe that either one of them would bring real strength to the ticket.
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Roosevelt preferred Byrnes as the best alternative and decided to push him as the party's nominee for the vice presidency if the party delegates refused to renominate Wallace at the 1944
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possible that they counterfeited the tickets. To avoid a victory for Wallace, the leaders got the organist to change his tune and they had Jackson, a Wallace supporter, recognize Mayor
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A powerful group of party leaders tried to persuade Roosevelt to not keep Wallace as vice president. Ferrell calls this process "a veritable conspiracy". The group consisted of
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President Roosevelt, Vice President-elect Truman and outgoing Vice President Wallace in Washington, D.C., November 10, 1944, after the Democratic ticket's election victory.
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otherwise, according to Ferrell. Roosevelt disliked ambitious people, and Truman knew this, so it was probably an advantage to be humble and deny he was a candidate.
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of Vermont was the clear frontrunner in a crowded field of candidates, but most of the candidates dropped out and endorsed former Vice President and former Senator
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four years earlier for the presidential nomination. There were parades and chants for Wallace, and banners for him were everywhere. The organist played the
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Both Ferrell and McCullough compare the way Truman was nominated with more recent presidential elections, where the candidates must participate in state
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1471:." The liberal group of the party was disappointed with Truman's nomination. Some newspapers falsely claimed that he had been a member of the
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of Delaware, giving Biden a decisive victory over Sanders. The "Stop Sanders" movement has been compared with the anti-Wallace movement.
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senator and a political moderate compared with the liberal Wallace and the conservative Byrnes, Truman was humorously dubbed the "
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As the Convention began, Wallace had more than half the votes necessary to secure his re-nomination. By contrast, the
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835:, political boss of New York. They considered several people to replace Wallace. Among the possible candidates were
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2292:"William O. Douglas 'Political Ambitions' and the 1944 Vice-Presidential Nomination: A Reinterpretation."
1793:"William O. Douglas 'Political Ambitions' and the 1944 Vice-Presidential Nomination: A Reinterpretation."
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were also raised, but they were dismissed, Byrnes because of his unpopularity among blacks and in the
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How the nomination went to Truman, who did not actively seek it, is, in the words of his biographer
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to receive delegates to the national convention. Ferrell remarks that Truman was a product of the
917:, met Roosevelt on board the train. They obtained a typewritten version of the note from July 11:
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At the presidential balloting, Roosevelt got an overwhelming majority, 1086 votes, far ahead of
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909:. He stopped in Chicago, where the Democratic national convention was to be held. Hannegan and
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889:. Roosevelt suggested William O. Douglas but party officials countered by suggesting Truman.
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Historical comparisons have been drawn between the 1944 vice presidential selection and the
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Balloting for the Vice Presidential nomination at the 1944 Democratic National Convention
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Heaster, Brenda L. "Who's on Second: The 1944 Democratic Vice Presidential Nomination."
2088:
1040:, the leaders tried to convince the delegates to vote for Truman. He writes in his book
964:, whom he knew opposed Byrnes. The line "Clear it with Sidney" was subsequently used by
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782:, "one of the great political stories of our century". The fundamental issue was that
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881:. Roosevelt did not know Truman well, but he knew of the senator's leadership of the
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839:, Roosevelt's "assisting president", who initially was the prominent alternative,
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1903:"Labor Will Rule: Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor." - book reviews
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president, and he remained reluctant. One reason was that he had put his wife
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A photograph of FDR's original letter appears in a biography of Douglas.
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was seriously declining, and everyone who saw Roosevelt, including the
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869:. They recommended Truman. The names of Rayburn, Barkley, Byrnes, and
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On Wednesday, Truman and the leaders gathered in Hannegan's suite in
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768:
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110:
2322:
1872:
Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945-1953
73:
192:
164:
775:'s running-mate in his bid to be re-elected for a fourth term.
2179:"Op-Ed: How Democrats dealt with the Bernie Sanders of 1944"
2113:"Oliver Stone's Untold History of the United States", Hour 2
3680:
Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees
2966:
1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection
2650:
1021:
115:
1732:"U.S. Senate: Harry S. Truman, 34th Vice President (1945)"
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convention hall and tried to stampede the convention, as
865:. On July 11, the leaders met with Roosevelt in the
1839:
Wild Bill: The Legend and Life of William O. Douglas
3331:
United States vice presidential candidate selection
2844:
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
2318:
PBS's American Experience Truman: The 1944 Election
1585:
1583:
1568:. St. Petersburg, Florida. July 22, 1944. p. 1
1562:"An Editorial: Yesterday's Defeat, Tomorrow's Hope"
1036:Until the next day, according to Truman biographer
1033:, who moved an adjournment until the next morning.
993:19, "in deference to the wishes of the president."
2263:Choosing Truman: The Democratic Convention of 1944
1994:
850:and Harry S. Truman as well as the industrialist
3656:
2266:(1994), Columbia: University of Missouri Press,
1849:. pg. 9 of photographs between pages 366 and 367
1683:"SC Governors â James Francis Byrnes, 1951-1955"
1580:
231:
3027:United States Senate election in Missouri, 1934
2992:Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site
2089:"Oral History Interview with David L. Lawrence"
1988:
1986:
1984:
1805:Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom
1707:
3315:
2338:
2304:"Oral History Interview with Edwin W. Pauley"
1992:
1644:"Harry S. Truman, 34th Vice President (1945)"
1494:. In the 2020 primaries, progressive Senator
732:
3076:1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries
1675:
1492:2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries
1415:2nd Vice Presidential Ballot (Before Shifts)
971:On July 17, the chairman of the convention,
605:Presidential and Vice presidential campaigns
19:1944 Democratic vice presidential nomination
2951:Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite
2433:1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum
2199:"The Stop Sanders movement has gone public"
1981:
1429:2nd Vice Presidential Ballot (After Shifts)
885:, and that he was a loyal supporter of the
3322:
3308:
2815:Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946
2345:
2331:
1712:(2nd ed.). Anchor Press. p. 21.
1701:
739:
725:
2538:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1889:"SIDNEY HILLMAN CONSTRUCTIVE COOPERATION"
1435:
3047:1944 United States presidential election
1724:
1532:"Here Is How Vice President Race Stands"
1002:
806:
3644:List of Republican National Conventions
3639:List of Democratic National Conventions
2704:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
2465:Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination
968:and the Republicans in their campaign.
559:Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination
3657:
3164:Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur
2810:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946
2568:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
905:On July 15, Roosevelt was en route to
831:, the Democratic party secretary; and
3303:
2838:President's Committee on Civil Rights
2670:U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82,
2326:
960:Byrnes' nomination with labor leader
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
3670:1944 Democratic National Convention
3037:Democratic National Convention 1944
2856:Presidential Succession Act of 1947
2745:National Institute of Mental Health
2380:Vice President of the United States
2352:
761:1944 Democratic National Convention
757:Vice President of the United States
399:33rd President of the United States
13:
2001:. Harper & Brothers. pp.
236:Previous Vice Presidential nominee
14:
3691:
2600:National Security Resources Board
2285:
1622:
763:, on July 21, 1944. U.S. Senator
3283:
3282:
2639:Joint Long Range Proving Grounds
2440:State of the Union Address (1946
1841:. New York: Random House, 2003.
1421:
1407:
1393:
823:, Democratic national chairman;
712:
706:
273:
163:
156:
79:
72:
60:589 delegate votes needed to win
55:All 1,176 delegate votes of the
2921:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952
2850:Housing and Home Finance Agency
2191:
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2158:
2142:
2129:
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2107:
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1710:The Future of American Politics
2690:Office of Defense Mobilization
2678:Defense Production Act of 1950
2550:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act
2369:President of the United States
1662:
1649:
1609:
1596:
1554:
1524:
1511:
900:
863:Democratic National Convention
771:was nominated to be President
57:Democratic National Convention
1:
3172:Backstairs at the White House
2956:Missouri Office and Courtroom
2909:Unrelated Business Income Tax
2825:Legislative Reference Service
2757:U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
2580:National Security Act of 1947
2214:
1901:, 22 July 1946; Marc Karson,
1016:had successfully done at the
817:Democratic National Committee
2769:Council of Economic Advisers
1974:, pages 44-45, 54; Ferrell,
1401:1st Vice Presidential Ballot
7:
3112:Harry S. Truman Scholarship
2683:Relief of Douglas MacArthur
2614:Central Intelligence Agency
1891:, Daily News, May 4, 1999;
1791:McCullough, pages 306-307;
1689:. South Carolina Government
1538:. St. Petersburg, Florida.
1067:Vice Presidential Balloting
10:
3696:
2739:National Mental Health Act
2696:Science Advisory Committee
2585:U.S. Department of Defense
2492:Presidential Proclamations
2388:U.S. Senator from Missouri
2279:Missouri Historical Review
1542:. July 20, 1944. p. 3
3634:
3609:
3586:American Independent 1968
3573:
3455:
3337:
3249:
3234:Martha Ellen Young Truman
3214:
3135:
3127:Statue of Harry S. Truman
3084:
3017:
3009:Truman Little White House
2987:Harry S. Truman Farm Home
2974:
2938:
2832:National School Lunch Act
2752:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
2718:
2595:National Security Council
2505:
2398:
2360:
1065:
854:and Speaker of the House
248:Vice Presidential nominee
229:
147:
64:
53:
23:
3107:Truman Dam and Reservoir
2883:Agricultural Act of 1949
2867:Agricultural Act of 1948
2709:National Security Agency
2313:Images at Truman Library
2062:, pages 61-62; Ferrell,
1505:
448:Supreme Court candidates
282:This article is part of
3255:â Franklin D. Roosevelt
3191:(1997 documentary film)
3102:Harry S Truman Building
2820:Federal Tort Claims Act
2226:Harry S. Truman: A Life
2064:Harry S. Truman: a Life
2017:Harry S. Truman: a Life
1997:Roosevelt in Retrospect
1976:Harry S. Truman: a Life
1864:Harry S. Truman: a Life
1767:Harry S. Truman: a Life
1708:Lubell, Samuel (1956).
1657:Harry S. Truman: a Life
1617:Harry S. Truman: a life
1591:Harry S. Truman: a Life
1479:the Republican nominee
1047:
755:'s 1944 nomination for
569:Puerto Rican referendum
31:July 21, 1944
3262:Dwight D. Eisenhower â
2764:Employment Act of 1946
2658:Revolt of the Admirals
1993:Gunther, John (1950).
1862:, pages 36-; Ferrell,
1436:Analysis and aftermath
1008:
943:
827:, Postmaster General;
759:was determined at the
700:National historic Site
3675:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3240:Clifton Truman Daniel
3144:Give 'em Hell, Harry!
3117:Truman Sports Complex
2946:Early life and career
2645:North Atlantic Treaty
2621:Displaced Persons Act
2590:Joint Chiefs of Staff
2497:Eisenhower transition
2482:"The buck stops here"
2455:Judicial appointments
2428:Assassination attempt
2281:80.2 (1986): 156â175.
1918:McCullough; Ferrell,
1837:Murphy, Bruce Allen.
1483:and his running mate
1018:Republican convention
1006:
936:Franklin D. Roosevelt
919:
807:Anti-Wallace movement
773:Franklin D. Roosevelt
443:Judicial appointments
317:Assassination attempt
3147:(1975 play and film)
3063:Dewey Defeats Truman
2872:Executive Order 9981
2562:Executive Order 9835
2531:Declaration to Japan
1566:St. Petersburg Times
1536:St. Petersburg Times
690:Presidential library
656:Dewey Defeats Truman
3222:Bess Wallace Truman
3122:U.S. Postage stamps
2916:Revenue Act of 1951
2899:Revenue Act of 1950
2893:DingellâJohnson Act
2888:Housing Act of 1949
2878:Revenue Act of 1948
2734:Revenue Act of 1945
2526:Agreement on Europe
2260:Robert H. Ferrell,
2091:, trumanlibrary.org
1469:Missouri compromise
1082:2nd (After Shifts)
1079:2nd (Before Shifts)
815:, treasurer of the
537:Second inauguration
431:international trips
176:John H. Bankhead II
20:
3275:Alben W. Barkley â
3270:â Henry A. Wallace
2904:Excess profits tax
2776:Flood Control Acts
2627:Key West Agreement
2520:Potsdam Conference
1922:, pages 74-75, 82.
1782:, pages 25, 28-29.
1521:, preface, page x.
1056:with 89 votes and
1009:
844:William O. Douglas
821:Robert E. Hannegan
784:Roosevelt's health
490:Potsdam Conference
463:First inauguration
350:Little White House
215:Final ballot
204:First ballot
135:Final ballot
122:First ballot
18:
3652:
3651:
3626:1974 confirmation
3621:1973 confirmation
3611:Vice presidential
3297:
3296:
3175:(1979 miniseries)
2997:Historic District
2934:
2933:
2926:1952 steel strike
2798:Fulbright Program
2574:Hoover Commission
2221:Robert H. Ferrell
2184:Los Angeles Times
2155:(2006), page 619.
2149:Jean Edward Smith
2079:, pages 78, 118n.
1866:, pages 166-167;
1386:
1385:
1027:David L. Lawrence
973:Samuel D. Jackson
933:Always Sincerely,
879:Burton K. Wheeler
841:Associate Justice
780:Robert H. Ferrell
749:
748:
485:Mental Health Act
416:Executive actions
382:Senate elections
312:Electoral history
299:
298:
264:
263:
260:
259:
225:
224:
49:
48:
3687:
3596:Independent 1992
3591:Independent 1980
3561:
3541:
3526:
3516:
3501:
3481:
3433:
3413:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3301:
3300:
3286:
3285:
3199:(2022 TV series)
2961:Truman Committee
2861:TaftâHartley Act
2728:Medal of Freedom
2503:
2502:
2487:Executive Orders
2391:
2383:
2372:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2241:David McCullough
2209:
2208:
2207:. March 2, 2020.
2195:
2189:
2188:
2187:. March 8, 2020.
2175:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2146:
2140:
2133:
2127:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2056:
2050:
2043:
2037:
2030:
2024:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1990:
1979:
1968:
1962:
1955:
1949:
1942:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1885:
1879:
1868:Arnold A. Offner
1856:
1850:
1835:
1829:
1822:
1816:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1776:
1770:
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1547:
1540:Associated Press
1528:
1522:
1515:
1425:
1411:
1397:
1063:
1062:
1038:David McCullough
998:Blackstone Hotel
915:mayor of Chicago
883:Truman Committee
848:Alben W. Barkley
846:, U.S. Senators
793:Henry A. Wallace
753:Democratic Party
741:
734:
727:
716:
715:
710:
376:Truman Committee
345:Truman Reservoir
295:
294:
292:
285:
277:
270:
269:
266:
265:
241:Henry A. Wallace
232:
189:Home state
167:
160:
107:Home state
99:Henry A. Wallace
83:
76:
66:
65:
38:
36:
25:
24:
21:
17:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3665:Harry S. Truman
3655:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3630:
3612:
3605:
3569:
3559:
3539:
3524:
3514:
3499:
3479:
3451:
3431:
3411:
3333:
3328:
3298:
3293:
3245:
3228:Margaret Truman
3210:
3131:
3080:
3013:
2970:
2930:
2804:HillâBurton Act
2714:
2556:LuceâCeller Act
2515:Truman Doctrine
2501:
2394:
2386:
2375:
2364:
2356:
2354:Harry S. Truman
2351:
2288:
2217:
2212:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2166:Choosing Truman
2163:
2159:
2147:
2143:
2137:Choosing Truman
2134:
2130:
2124:Choosing Truman
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2102:Choosing Truman
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2077:Choosing Truman
2074:
2070:
2060:Choosing Truman
2057:
2053:
2047:Choosing Truman
2044:
2040:
2034:Choosing Truman
2031:
2027:
2021:Choosing Truman
2014:
2010:
1991:
1982:
1972:Choosing Truman
1969:
1965:
1959:Choosing Truman
1956:
1952:
1946:Choosing Truman
1943:
1939:
1933:Choosing Truman
1930:
1926:
1920:Choosing Truman
1917:
1913:
1907:The Progressive
1893:"End of Strife"
1886:
1882:
1860:Choosing Truman
1857:
1853:
1836:
1832:
1826:Choosing Truman
1823:
1819:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1780:Choosing Truman
1777:
1773:
1764:
1760:
1754:Choosing Truman
1751:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1670:Choosing Truman
1667:
1663:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1623:
1614:
1610:
1604:Choosing Truman
1601:
1597:
1588:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1519:Choosing Truman
1516:
1512:
1508:
1485:John W. Bricker
1481:Thomas E. Dewey
1477:easily defeated
1438:
1431:
1426:
1417:
1412:
1403:
1398:
1060:with one vote.
1058:James A. Farley
1050:
1014:Wendell Willkie
924:
911:Edward J. Kelly
903:
852:Henry J. Kaiser
837:James F. Byrnes
833:Edward J. Flynn
829:George E. Allen
825:Frank C. Walker
813:Edwin W. Pauley
809:
765:Harry S. Truman
745:
713:
711:
704:
686:
685:Post-presidency
683:
682:
681:
606:
602:
601:
600:
532:
528:
527:
526:
458:
454:
426:Truman Doctrine
400:
397:
367:
361:
339:Harry S. Truman
291:Harry S. Truman
290:
288:
287:
286:
283:
281:
255:
253:Harry S. Truman
250:
243:
238:
230:
148:
125:319.5 (27.17%)
93:Harry S. Truman
59:
54:
34:
32:
12:
11:
5:
3693:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
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3623:
3617:
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3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3581:Dixiecrat 1948
3577:
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3250:
3247:
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3244:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3200:
3196:The First Lady
3192:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3155:(1975 song by
3148:
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3132:
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2999:
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2611:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2544:War Brides Act
2541:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2507:Foreign policy
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2477:Truman Balcony
2474:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2412:Inaugurations
2410:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2373:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2308:Truman Library
2301:
2287:
2286:External links
2284:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2258:
2238:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2190:
2170:
2157:
2141:
2139:, pages 91-92.
2128:
2126:, pages 90-91.
2115:
2106:
2104:, pages 85-86.
2093:
2081:
2068:
2051:
2038:
2036:, pages 50-52.
2025:
2008:
1980:
1963:
1950:
1937:
1935:, pages 43-44.
1924:
1911:
1880:
1851:
1830:
1817:
1803:Conrad Black,
1796:
1784:
1771:
1758:
1745:
1723:
1700:
1674:
1672:, pages 12-13.
1661:
1648:
1646:, U.S. Senate.
1621:
1608:
1595:
1579:
1553:
1523:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1496:Bernie Sanders
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1420:
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1046:
962:Sidney Hillman
942:
941:
940:
939:
938:
937:
934:
902:
899:
875:labor movement
871:John G. Winant
808:
805:
747:
746:
744:
743:
736:
729:
721:
718:
717:
705:
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470:Atomic bombing
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421:Foreign policy
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284:a series about
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219:
216:
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186:
185:
183:
181:Scott W. Lucas
178:
173:
169:
168:
161:
154:
150:
149:
145:
144:
141:
139:1,031 (90.76%)
136:
132:
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119:
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96:
89:
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3069:campaign song
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2272:0-8262-1308-1
2269:
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1989:
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1954:
1947:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1921:
1915:
1908:
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1900:
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1847:0-394-57628-4
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371:Senate career
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363:Senator from
358:
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129:429.5 (36.5%)
127:
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105:
102:
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95:
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63:
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52:
45: →
44:
41:
39:
29:
27:
26:
22:
16:
3613:confirmation
3346:
3281:
3260:
3253:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3152:Harry Truman
3150:
3142:
3136:Public image
3092:Bibliography
2965:
2295:
2278:
2261:
2244:
2224:
2202:
2193:
2182:
2173:
2165:
2160:
2152:
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2136:
2131:
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2118:
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2071:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2046:
2041:
2033:
2028:
2020:
2019:, page 167;
2016:
2011:
1996:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1940:
1932:
1927:
1919:
1914:
1909:, June 1994.
1896:
1883:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1838:
1833:
1825:
1820:
1804:
1799:
1787:
1779:
1774:
1766:
1761:
1753:
1748:
1736:. Retrieved
1734:. Senate.gov
1726:
1709:
1703:
1693:December 14,
1691:. Retrieved
1686:
1677:
1669:
1664:
1656:
1651:
1616:
1611:
1606:, pages 4-6.
1603:
1598:
1590:
1570:. Retrieved
1565:
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1535:
1526:
1518:
1513:
1489:
1473:Ku Klux Klan
1465:border state
1462:
1458:
1454:
1439:
1428:
1414:
1400:
1066:
1051:
1041:
1035:
1010:
995:
986:
977:
970:
966:Thomas Dewey
958:
955:
950:Conrad Black
944:
923:
920:
904:
895:
891:
860:
810:
797:
777:
750:
613:
564:Steel strike
357:Bibliography
338:
251:
247:
239:
235:
143:105 (9.24%)
138:
128:
91:
30:
15:
3601:Reform 1996
3207:(2023 film)
3204:Oppenheimer
3183:(1995 film)
3167:(1976 film)
3004:Blair House
2668:1950â1953;
2390:(1935â1945)
2371:(1945â1953)
2300:, 1/1 2000.
1978:, page 167.
1815:, page 971.
1769:, page 165.
1659:, page 164.
1619:, page 164.
1593:, page 163.
1450:Kansas City
1446:boss system
1359:Not Voting
1120:Bankhead II
981:Leo Crowley
946:Grace Tully
901:Maneuvering
867:White House
856:Sam Rayburn
800:Gallup poll
549:Housing Act
531:Second term
480:Strike wave
332:Scholarship
210:61 (5.19%)
207:98 (8.33%)
3659:Categories
3457:Republican
3339:Democratic
3242:(grandson)
3230:(daughter)
3097:Truman Day
2982:Birthplace
2664:Korean War
2609:Department
2400:Presidency
2215:References
2168:, page 93.
2066:, page 170
2049:, page 61.
2023:, page 53.
1961:, page 50.
1948:, page 47.
1756:, page 14.
1031:Pittsburgh
921:Dear Bob:
675:convention
641:convention
619:convention
544:Korean War
457:First term
404:Presidency
327:Truman Day
307:Early life
221:0 (0.00%)
218:0 (0.00%)
35:1944-07-21
3019:Elections
2720:Fair Deal
2605:Air Force
2164:Ferrell,
2135:Ferrell,
2122:Ferrell,
2100:Ferrell,
2075:Ferrell,
2058:Ferrell,
2045:Ferrell,
2032:Ferrell,
2015:Ferrell,
1970:Ferrell,
1957:Ferrell,
1944:Ferrell,
1931:Ferrell,
1858:Ferrell,
1824:Ferrell,
1778:Ferrell,
1765:Ferrell,
1752:Ferrell,
1738:March 20,
1668:Ferrell,
1655:Ferrell,
1615:Ferrell,
1602:Ferrell,
1589:Ferrell,
1572:March 26,
1546:March 26,
1517:Ferrell,
1500:Joe Biden
1442:primaries
1200:O'Mahoney
1168:Broughton
1073:Candidate
907:San Diego
670:primaries
636:primaries
575:Timeline
554:Fair Deal
501:Timeline
337:USS
3288:Category
3236:(mother)
3057:campaign
2408:Timeline
2249:(1992),
2229:(1995),
1807:(2003),
1718:6193934M
887:New Deal
769:Missouri
651:election
646:campaign
624:election
614:campaign
409:timeline
365:Missouri
198:Illinois
172:Nominee
111:Missouri
88:Nominee
3157:Chicago
2472:Cabinet
1876:page 15
1373:Absent
1344:Timmons
1328:Rayburn
1280:Douglas
1248:O'Conor
1152:Barkley
1104:Wallace
819:(DNC);
788:leaders
594:'52â'53
438:Cabinet
193:Alabama
153:
69:
33: (
3574:Others
3224:(wife)
3215:Family
3188:Truman
3180:Truman
3085:Legacy
2895:(1950)
2874:(1948)
2863:(1947)
2852:(1947)
2846:(1947)
2840:(1946)
2834:(1946)
2806:(1946)
2800:(1946)
2743:1946;
2730:(1945)
2711:(1952)
2698:, 1951
2694:1950;
2660:(1949)
2649:1949;
2641:(1949)
2635:(1948)
2629:(1948)
2623:(1948)
2576:(1947)
2570:(1947)
2564:(1947)
2558:(1946)
2552:(1946)
2546:(1945)
2540:(1945)
2524:1945;
2421:second
2382:(1945)
2270:
2253:
2246:Truman
2233:
1845:
1811:
1716:
1687:SCIWay
1312:Murphy
1296:Pepper
1264:Thomas
1216:Cooper
1184:McNutt
1108:429.5
1098:1,031
1095:477.5
1092:319.5
1088:Truman
1042:Truman
322:Legacy
2975:Homes
2450:1952)
2416:first
2005:â350.
1506:Notes
1463:As a
1362:29.5
1156:49.5
1136:Lucas
1127:23.5
767:from
695:Death
666:1952
632:1948
610:1944
3565:2024
3560:2020
3555:2016
3550:2012
3545:2008
3540:2004
3535:2000
3530:1996
3525:1992
3520:1988
3515:1984
3510:1980
3505:1976
3500:1972
3495:1968
3490:1964
3485:1960
3480:1956
3475:1952
3470:1948
3465:1944
3447:2024
3442:2020
3437:2016
3432:2012
3427:2008
3422:2004
3417:2000
3412:1996
3407:1992
3402:1988
3397:1984
3392:1980
3387:1976
3382:1972
3377:1968
3372:1964
3367:1960
3362:1956
3357:1952
3352:1948
3347:1944
3052:1948
3042:1948
3032:1940
2939:Life
2791:1950
2786:1948
2781:1946
2651:NATO
2445:1950
2377:34th
2366:33rd
2268:ISBN
2251:ISBN
2231:ISBN
1898:Time
1843:ISBN
1809:ISBN
1740:2017
1695:2014
1574:2020
1548:2020
1232:Kerr
1114:105
1111:473
1048:Vote
1022:Iowa
990:Bess
751:The
495:NATO
391:1940
386:1934
116:Iowa
43:1948
2204:CNN
2153:FDR
2003:349
1448:in
1268:10
1252:18
1236:23
1226:26
1223:26
1220:26
1204:27
1191:28
1188:31
1175:30
1172:43
1159:40
1143:58
1140:61
1124:98
1076:1st
1029:of
589:'51
584:'50
579:'49
520:'48
515:'47
510:'46
505:'45
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2181:.
2151:,
1983:^
1905:,
1895:,
1870:,
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1624:^
1582:^
1564:.
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1379:3
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