554:
199:
257:
503:
1089:. Several other claims were made that the vote was rigged. The result was "... the outcome of opportunism, ideological conviction, massive pressure, occasional vote rigging, and a propaganda machine that Austria's political culture had never before experienced." The massive pressure to which people were exposed came from the fact that many were marking the ballot paper in front of the campaign workers in order not to be suspected of voting against the Anschluss. The secrecy of the ballot was in practice non-existent. However,
279:
527:
661:
805:
36:
449:
1759:
733:
590:
931:
697:
873:
312:
476:
841:
769:
625:
1077:, which meant that about two-thirds of Austrians could be counted on to vote for the Anschluss. However, Innitzer was intimidated into endorsing Anschluss and was assaulted by Nazi supporters, and the Vatican condemned Nazism and forbade Catholics from supporting the Anschluss.
1049:, which not only meant significant losses of territory, but also a forced change of name from "German Austria" to "Austria". Furthermore, Article 88 of the treaty stated that "the independence of Austria is inalienable otherwise than with the consent of the Council of the
1804:
1103:
of 24, about 70% of
Austrians would have voted to preserve the Austrian independence. In case of a fair plebiscite, the Anschluss would have been supported only by 20% of the Austrian population. According to some
1819:
1814:
1809:
1799:
1030:
claimed sovereignty over the majority German-speaking territory of the former
Habsburg empire. According to its provisional constitution it declared to be part of the also newly founded
1010:
Political enemies (communists, socialists, etc.) and
Austrian citizens of Roma or Jewish origin—roughly 360,000 people or 8% of the Austrian population—were not allowed to vote in the
1007:
The
Austrian government had planned a referendum to assert its sovereignty for 13 March 1938, but Germany invaded Austria the day before in order to prevent the vote taking place.
1518:
Günther
Bischof, Fritz Plasser, Barbara Stelzl-Marx eds. 2009. New Perspectives on Austrian and World War II. In: Contemporary Austrian Studies , Volume 17. New Brunswick. p.11.
1124:
Do you agree with the reunification of
Austria with the German Reich that was enacted on 13 March 1938 and do you vote for the party of our leader Adolf Hitler?
1369:
1004:. German troops had already occupied Austria one month earlier, on 12 March 1938. The official result was reported as 99.73% in favour, with a 99.71% turnout.
463:
491:
1725:
2180:
1834:
1321:
971:
152:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
1747:
428:
422:
417:
1881:
1633:
1042:
in 1921, where majorities of 98.77% and 99.11% voted for a unification with
Germany, showed that it was also backed by the population.
2230:
56:
1540:
Sandra
Paweronschitz. 2006. Zwischen Anspruch und Anpassung. Journalisten und der Presseclub Concordia im Dritten Reich. Wien. p.21
1437:
1247:
542:
1844:
1839:
1829:
1824:
1794:
2175:
1046:
534:
341:
944:
2185:
1715:
1484:
1283:
712:
1755:
1454:
1370:"Austrian attempts to unite with Germany from the founding of the republic to the referendums in Tyrol and Salzburg in 1921"
442:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
1096:
1001:
405:
400:
395:
553:
2210:
2022:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1062:
820:
676:
483:
381:
376:
371:
329:
1696:
964:
1740:
2215:
888:
604:
1677:
640:
317:
131:
110:
1085:
The ballots featured a large circle for 'yes' votes and a small one for 'no' votes. This was described as a
957:
97:
1733:
1243:
864:
824:
748:
2225:
1873:
1786:
1074:
1027:
784:
561:
455:
286:
205:
147:
2220:
264:
79:
198:
1318:
997:
856:
704:
510:
118:
256:
84:
74:
52:
1112:, while in most rural areas, especially in Tyrol, the support for the Anschluss was even lower.
1099:
were "largely honest". However, according to the estimates of the
Austrian government, with the
914:
1637:
1474:
1550:
776:
716:
570:
244:
126:
69:
2033:
1763:
680:
359:
305:
105:
8:
2116:
752:
608:
220:
192:
168:
64:
27:
1666:
1408:
1393:
1303:
1229:
909:
179:
175:
1108:
reports, only a quarter to a third of
Austrian voters in Vienna were in favour of the
212:
1711:
1692:
1673:
1480:
1279:
1050:
583:
1070:
1039:
502:
1476:
The Psychology of Social Influence: Modes and Modalities of Shifting Common Sense
1325:
1091:
1031:
689:
278:
935:
892:
495:
45:
2204:
1271:
1035:
985:
812:
668:
546:
519:
467:
236:
228:
160:
139:
660:
526:
1777:
1086:
993:
788:
644:
1066:
1023:
804:
1100:
1011:
880:
653:
617:
596:
448:
35:
989:
797:
632:
1668:
Hitler's Austria : popular sentiment in the Nazi era, 1938-1945
1128:
The officially published results showed 99.73% of voters in favour.
732:
589:
725:
1593:
The International Relations of Austria and the Anschluss 1931–1938
1578:
The International Relations of Austria and the Anschluss 1931–1938
696:
1864:
1862:
1758:
1105:
901:
872:
311:
1349:
840:
768:
475:
848:
740:
624:
1304:
Austria, 10 April 1938: Anschluss with Germany, Reichstag list
1531:. Kremayr & Scheriau, 1995, (chapter „Heim ins Reich“).
833:
761:
1551:"Germans from England - "Ja" on a Special Trip Out to Sea"
1672:. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press.
1439:
Kardinal Dr. Theodor Innitzer und der Nationalsozialismus
1614:
1095:
in 1938 claimed that the results of the referendum and
1339:
1337:
16:
Vote regarding the 1938 German annexation of Austria
1500:
1473:Sammut, Gordon; Bauer, Martin W. (7 January 2021).
1417:
1686:
1665:
1355:
1334:
1319:The propagandistic preparation for the referendum
1053:", to prevent any attempt to unite with Germany.
2202:
1479:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 207–208.
1456:The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965
1775:
1446:
1242:After the referendum's "approval", Austria was
1543:
1529:Der große Bildatlas zur Geschichte Österreichs
1741:
1687:Gellately, Robert; Stoltzfus, Nathan (2001).
965:
1328:Documentation Centre of Austrian Resistance
1472:
1748:
1734:
1605:
1580:. University of Wyoming. pp. 367–369.
1045:In September 1919 Austria had to sign the
972:
958:
1705:
1620:
1599:
1069:endorsed Hitler on 3 April and Cardinal
1626:
1462:. Indiana University Press. p. 22.
1435:
1429:
22:This article is part of a series on the
2203:
1584:
1569:
1521:
1466:
1452:
1394:24. April 1921: Anschluss with Germany
1729:
1663:
1595:. University of Wyoming. p. 370.
1590:
1575:
1506:
1423:
1343:
1297:
1216:
1205:
1194:
1183:
1135:
1764:Elections and referendums in Austria
1608:Adolf Hitler from speeches 1933-1938
1409:29. Mai 1921: Anschluss with Germany
1276:Elections in Europe: A data handbook
1073:, the highest representative of the
1061:The referendum was supported by the
1708:The Third Reich in Power, 1933-1939
13:
1367:
1063:Social Democratic Party of Austria
14:
2242:
1265:
2231:Austria under National Socialism
1757:
1689:Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany
929:
871:
839:
803:
767:
731:
695:
659:
623:
588:
552:
525:
501:
474:
447:
310:
277:
255:
197:
34:
1610:. Terramare Office. p. 23.
1534:
1512:
1691:. Princeton University Press.
1402:
1387:
1361:
1356:Gellately & Stoltzfus 2001
1312:
1288:
1:
1636:. MSN Encarta. Archived from
1453:Phayer, John Michael (2000).
1253:
1120:The referendum question was:
1017:
1606:von Halasz, Joachim (1938).
1237:
1000:on 10 April 1938, alongside
996:was held in German-occupied
342:Supreme Administrative Court
294:Joint session of both houses
7:
1274:& Philip Stöver (2010)
1056:
10:
2247:
1787:Imperial Council elections
1706:J. Evans, Richard (2006).
1442:(in German). pp. 7–8.
1115:
1080:
1075:Catholic Church in Austria
348:(administrative law cases)
336:(civil and criminal cases)
2211:1938 elections in Austria
2163:
2115:
2032:
1872:
1867:(1918–1934, 1945–present)
1861:
1857:
1785:
1774:
1770:
1664:Bukey, Evan Burr (2000).
1294:Nohlen & Stöver, p762
1227:
1217:Registered voters/turnout
1179:
1168:
1157:
1146:
1141:
1138:
272:Upper house of parliament
1557:. 1938-05-02. p. 21
1436:Krieger, Walter (1980).
1248:administrative divisions
1034:. Later plebiscites in
330:Supreme Court of Justice
119:Alexander Van der Bellen
1874:Parliamentary elections
1047:Treaty of Saint Germain
484:Social Democratic Party
2216:Referendums in Austria
2034:Presidential elections
1324:April 4, 2007, at the
1126:
1097:its German counterpart
1591:Knaur, Peter (1951).
1576:Knaur, Peter (1951).
1122:
571:Beate Meinl-Reisinger
1026:, the newly founded
318:Constitutional Court
1640:on 8 September 2009
1527:Wilhelm J. Wagner:
1374:The First World War
1250:into Nazi Germany.
1195:Invalid/blank votes
1132:
169:Nehammer government
28:Politics of Austria
2117:European elections
1368:Scharf, Michaela.
1131:
936:Austria portal
857:Mayor and Governor
2226:April 1938 events
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
1853:
1852:
1717:978-0-14-100976-6
1710:. Penguin Books.
1486:978-1-108-24441-1
1411:Direct Democracy
1396:Direct Democracy
1306:Direct Democracy
1284:978-3-8329-5609-7
1235:
1234:
1051:League of Nations
1022:After the end of
982:
981:
443:Political parties
324:(judicial review)
2238:
2221:1938 referendums
1859:
1858:
1772:
1771:
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1721:
1702:
1683:
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1612:
1611:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1269:
1230:Direct Democracy
1133:
1130:
1071:Theodor Innitzer
974:
967:
960:
938:
934:
933:
932:
875:
843:
807:
771:
735:
699:
663:
627:
592:
556:
529:
505:
478:
451:
314:
287:Federal Assembly
281:
259:
251:
243:
235:
227:
219:
206:National Council
201:
38:
19:
18:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2190:
2159:
2111:
2028:
1868:
1849:
1781:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1724:
1718:
1699:
1680:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1634:"1938: Austria"
1632:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1604:
1600:
1589:
1585:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1335:
1329:
1326:Wayback Machine
1317:
1313:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1240:
1118:
1083:
1065:, whose leader
1059:
1032:German Republic
1020:
986:sham referendum
978:
949:
945:Other countries
930:
928:
927:
920:
919:
906:
586:
576:
575:
445:
435:
434:
362:
352:
351:
308:
298:
297:
275:
265:Federal Council
253:
247:
245:Meinl-Reisinger
239:
231:
223:
215:
195:
185:
184:
165:
148:Vice Chancellor
100:
90:
89:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2244:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1768:
1767:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1703:
1697:
1684:
1678:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1625:
1623:, p. 655.
1613:
1598:
1583:
1568:
1542:
1533:
1520:
1511:
1499:
1485:
1465:
1445:
1428:
1416:
1401:
1386:
1360:
1358:, p. 216.
1348:
1333:
1311:
1296:
1287:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1117:
1114:
1082:
1079:
1058:
1055:
1019:
1016:
1002:one in Germany
980:
979:
977:
976:
969:
962:
954:
951:
950:
948:
947:
941:
940:
939:
922:
921:
918:
917:
915:Municipalities
912:
905:
904:
897:
896:
885:
884:
869:
868:
865:Michael Ludwig
861:
860:
853:
852:
837:
836:
829:
828:
817:
816:
801:
800:
793:
792:
781:
780:
765:
764:
757:
756:
745:
744:
729:
728:
721:
720:
709:
708:
693:
692:
685:
684:
673:
672:
657:
656:
649:
648:
637:
636:
621:
620:
613:
612:
601:
600:
587:
584:Federal states
582:
581:
578:
577:
574:
573:
566:
565:
550:
549:
539:
538:
523:
522:
515:
514:
499:
498:
496:Andreas Babler
488:
487:
472:
471:
460:
459:
456:People's Party
446:
441:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
425:
420:
414:
413:
409:
408:
403:
398:
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367:
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344:
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337:
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326:
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309:
304:
303:
300:
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296:
295:
291:
290:
274:
273:
269:
268:
210:
209:
196:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
172:
171:
164:
163:
157:
156:
143:
142:
136:
135:
122:
121:
115:
114:
101:
96:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:
85:Supreme organs
82:
77:
72:
67:
61:
60:
49:
44:
43:
40:
39:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2243:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1698:0-691-08684-2
1694:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1622:
1621:J. Evans 2006
1617:
1609:
1602:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1572:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1537:
1530:
1524:
1515:
1509:, p. 34.
1508:
1503:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1469:
1458:
1457:
1449:
1441:
1440:
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1426:, p. 36.
1425:
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1405:
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1327:
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1272:Dieter Nohlen
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813:Upper Austria
810:
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669:Lower Austria
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547:Werner Kogler
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541:
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537:
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520:Herbert Kickl
517:
516:
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511:Freedom Party
508:
507:
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468:Karl Nehammer
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390:Presidential:
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161:Werner Kogler
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140:Karl Nehammer
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29:
26:
25:
21:
20:
2170:
2021:
1863:Republic of
1778:Cisleithania
1707:
1688:
1667:
1657:Bibliography
1656:
1655:
1642:. Retrieved
1638:the original
1628:
1616:
1607:
1601:
1592:
1586:
1577:
1571:
1561:November 28,
1559:. Retrieved
1554:
1545:
1536:
1528:
1523:
1514:
1502:
1490:. Retrieved
1475:
1468:
1455:
1448:
1438:
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1419:
1404:
1389:
1379:November 22,
1377:. Retrieved
1373:
1363:
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983:
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870:
847:
838:
811:
802:
775:
766:
739:
730:
703:
694:
690:Sankt Pölten
681:Mikl-Leitner
667:
658:
631:
622:
595:
569:Chairwoman:
560:
551:
533:
524:
509:
500:
482:
473:
454:
427:
382:
366:Legislative:
285:
276:
263:
254:
248:
240:
232:
224:
221:Rendi-Wagner
216:
211:
204:
146:
125:
104:
75:Human rights
70:State Treaty
53:Constitution
2164:Referendums
1780:(1848–1918)
1492:9 September
1413:(in German)
1398:(in German)
1330:(in German)
1308:(in German)
1246:as several
1206:Total votes
1184:Valid votes
1067:Karl Renner
1024:World War I
535:Green Party
193:Legislature
2205:Categories
1679:0807853631
1507:Bukey 2000
1424:Bukey 2000
1344:Bukey 2000
1254:References
1244:integrated
1101:voting age
1018:Background
1012:plebiscite
881:Vorarlberg
654:Klagenfurt
618:Eisenstadt
597:Burgenland
518:Chairman:
127:Chancellor
80:Neutrality
1835:1900–1901
1805:1871–1872
1259:Citations
1238:Aftermath
1220:4,484,617
1209:4,471,618
1187:4,465,841
1172:4,465,841
1150:4,453,912
1110:Anschluss
990:Anschluss
910:Districts
900:Capital:
832:Capital:
798:Innsbruck
796:Capital:
760:Capital:
724:Capital:
688:Capital:
652:Capital:
633:Carinthia
616:Capital:
543:Spokesman
412:European:
360:Elections
306:Judiciary
180:Ministers
106:President
98:Executive
1644:11 March
1322:Archived
1228:Source:
1057:Campaign
1040:Salzburg
889:Governor
821:Governor
785:Governor
749:Governor
726:Salzburg
717:Haslauer
713:Governor
705:Salzburg
677:Governor
641:Governor
609:Doskozil
605:Governor
492:Chairman
470:(acting)
464:Chairman
213:Wöginger
65:Taxation
1865:Austria
1278:, p176
1158:Against
1116:Results
1106:Gestapo
1081:Conduct
1028:Austria
998:Austria
994:Germany
988:on the
902:Bregenz
893:Wallner
825:Stelzer
753:Drexler
176:Cabinet
1714:
1695:
1676:
1483:
1282:
1212:100.00
1175:100.00
1161:11,929
1136:Choice
849:Vienna
789:Mattle
741:Styria
645:Kaiser
237:Maurer
1460:(PDF)
1223:99.71
1198:5,777
1190:99.87
1169:Total
1153:99.73
1139:Votes
1087:nudge
1036:Tyrol
992:with
895:(ÖVP)
867:(SPÖ)
827:(ÖVP)
791:(ÖVP)
777:Tyrol
755:(ÖVP)
719:(ÖVP)
683:(ÖVP)
647:(SPÖ)
611:(SPÖ)
229:Kickl
2186:2013
2181:1994
2176:1978
2171:1938
2155:2024
2150:2019
2145:2014
2140:2009
2135:2004
2130:1999
2125:1996
2107:2022
2102:2016
2097:2010
2092:2004
2087:1998
2082:1992
2077:1986
2072:1980
2067:1974
2062:1971
2057:1965
2052:1963
2047:1957
2042:1951
2023:2024
2017:2019
2012:2017
2007:2013
2002:2008
1997:2006
1992:2002
1987:1999
1982:1995
1977:1994
1972:1990
1967:1986
1962:1983
1957:1979
1952:1975
1947:1971
1942:1970
1937:1966
1932:1962
1927:1959
1922:1956
1917:1953
1912:1949
1907:1945
1902:1930
1897:1927
1892:1923
1887:1920
1882:1919
1845:1911
1840:1907
1830:1897
1825:1891
1820:1885
1815:1879
1810:1873
1800:1867
1795:1848
1712:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1674:ISBN
1646:2007
1563:2011
1555:Life
1494:2021
1481:ISBN
1381:2022
1280:ISBN
1201:0.13
1164:0.27
1092:Life
1038:and
834:Linz
762:Graz
562:NEOS
429:2024
423:2019
418:2014
406:2022
401:2016
396:2010
383:2024
377:2019
372:2017
153:list
132:list
111:list
57:B-VG
1776:As
1147:For
466::
46:Law
2207::
1553:.
1372:.
1336:^
1014:.
984:A
891::
823::
787::
751::
715::
679::
643::
607::
545::
494::
178:·
1749:e
1742:t
1735:v
1720:.
1701:.
1682:.
1648:.
1565:.
1496:.
1383:.
1142:%
973:e
966:t
959:v
859::
249:•
241:•
233:•
225:•
217:•
155:)
151:(
134:)
130:(
113:)
109:(
59:)
55:(
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