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pre-1934 conditions and were forced to accept the unions as a permanent feature of the industry. The
Maritime Federation of the Pacific, however, crumbled due to ongoing disputes between Bridges and Lundeberg. Both maritime strikes in 1936 on the West Coast and Gulf Coast became a catalyst for the formation of the National Maritime Union and the International Longshore and Warehouse Union.
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paralleled the West Coast strike. The Gulf Coast strike was concentrated mostly in Texas among maritime workers who had formed their own banner, the
Maritime Federation of the Gulf Coast, modeled after Bridges' and Lundeberg's coalition. In solidarity with the striking workers, the Seamen's Defense
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As a result of the strike, longshore workers and sailors won wage increases and improvements to their working conditions, longshore workers were able to maintain control over their hiring halls, and sailors won a similar agreement for their hiring halls. Shipping companies were unable to reinstate
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After months of negotiations between the unions and shipping companies with federal intervention by the
Roosevelt administration, an agreement was unable to be reached, and a strike was called on October 29. All shipping on the West Coast came to a standstill the next day. Assistant Secretary of
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Following the 1934 strike, the SUP and ILA on the West Coast formed a united banner as the
Maritime Federation of the Pacific. In both unions, finding work stoppages to be highly effective, workers engaged in "quickie strikes" to address grievances on the job.
97:(ILA) on the West Coast. Unsettled tensions remained, however, as longshore workers sought to extend the gains they had won from the strike and waterfront employers desired to break the union. Workers in the
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of all West Coast ports, coast-wide collective bargaining, and union control of hiring halls. The strike also led to the emergence of
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35:. The strike involved over 37,000 workers and paralyzed the entire Pacific Coast shipping industry.
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305:"Finding Aid to the Maritime Federation of the Pacific Coast Records larc.ms.0002"
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Archie Brown - Howard
Kimeldorf Oral History Project - Oral History Audio
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Bill Bailey - Howard
Kimeldorf Oral History Project - Oral History Audio
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335:"Unions and the Popular Front: The West Coast Waterfront in the 1930s"
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Willett, Don (March 1994). "The
Galveston Bay Dock Wars, 1936-1937".
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126:. Unlike the 1934 strike, the 1936 strike saw little violence.
210:"The Pacific Coast Maritime Strike of 1936: Another View"
484:Transportation labor disputes in the United States
31:from October 1936 to February 1937 located on the
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38:The Gulf Coast strike was parallel to a similar
339:International Labor and Working-Class History
479:Maritime labor disputes in the United States
75:International Longshore and Warehouse Union
21:1936 Pacific Coast maritime workers' strike
174:Strikes in the United States in the 1930s
148:American Radio Telegraphists' Association
122:intervened to prevent disruptions to the
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134:Council, a rank-and-file group from the
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267:"The Maritime Strikes of 1936-37"
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169:1934 West Coast waterfront strike
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16:Labor strike on the US West Coast
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83:longshore workers went on strike
474:1937 labor disputes and strikes
464:1936 labor disputes and strikes
426:Howard Kimeldorf (1982-09-07),
408:Howard Kimeldorf (1981-09-15),
131:1936 Gulf Coast maritime strike
33:West Coast of the United States
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85:for 83 days, resulting in the
73:. He went on to establish the
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392:East Texas Historical Journal
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99:Sailors' Union of the Pacific
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208:Safford, Jeffrey J. (2008).
136:International Seamen's Union
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65:emerged as a leader in the
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140:Masters, Mates, and Pilots
40:Gulf Coast maritime strike
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459:1936 in the United States
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214:Pacific Historical Review
93:as a leader within the
44:National Maritime Union
333:Nelson, Bruce (1986).
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154:Results and aftermath
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277:(4): 813–827. 1937.
271:Monthly Labor Review
124:US food supply chain
46:under union leader
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180:References
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54:Background
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359:0147-5479
283:0098-1818
234:0030-8684
81:In 1934,
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163:See also
77:in 1937.
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