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1913 Ais Gill rail accident

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sleeping car behind it. As with many railway collisions in Britain about this time, flammable gas escaping from the cylinders for the gas-oil lighting system ignited and rapidly spread a fire. Fourteen people in the first train died at the scene, and very few remains were later found. Two passengers subsequently died of their injuries. Thirty-eight passengers in the second train were seriously injured.
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thrown all his signals to "caution" or "danger" after the first train passed. As the second train approached, he thought it was proceeding slowly under caution, and lowered the home signal to allow the train to proceed as far as the starting signal. When he realised that the train was actually steaming hard, he could not throw the home signal back to "danger" until the train had already passed it.
336:, which were at danger. The crew also missed a red lantern being waved from the signal box by the Mallerstang signalman, and another being waved by the guard of the first train. Shortly after, they looked up from their distractions to see the first train stalled not far in front of them, and far too late to stop. 324:, a few miles north of Ais Gill, the driver left the cab, to walk round the outside framing and oil some of the working parts while the train was in motion. Even though that procedure was no longer necessary because wick lubricators were in use, drivers apparently continued to do it out of habit and pride. 361:
The Mallerstang signalman was also criticised, although his actions did not contribute to the accident. The section controlled three main signals; the "distant", which could indicate "clear" or "caution", and the "home" and "starting", which could both indicate "clear" or "danger". The signalman had
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The crash caused an unexpectedly high number of casualties. Even though the last vehicle of the first train was a parcels van, the second train demolished it and ploughed into a third-class coach ahead. The roof of the parcels van slid over the roof of the second engine and sliced into a first class
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With regard to the issue of lack of motive power, the inquiry found that the Midland's policy was not to use pilot engines on engines that were on or slightly over their weight limit as the time lost in calling up a pilot engine, attaching it to the train and then removing it further along the line
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in Northwest England on 2 September 1913. Two long trains were both ascending a steep gradient with some difficulty, because their engines generated barely enough power to carry the load. When the first train stopped to build up steam pressure, the driver and fireman of the second train were
281:, which owned and operated the Settle-Carlisle line, had a policy of using small engines, and the two locomotives had barely sufficient power to surmount the steep gradients on the line with the heavy trains they were assigned. In theory, the load pulled by the first engine, 374:, was discussed. This would sound a siren in the cab to alert the crew of a train if they passed a signal at danger or caution and then automatically apply the brakes if they failed to acknowledge and cancel the warning. Signalboxes should be fitted with 353:
The subsequent inquiry blamed the crew of the first train for neglecting to protect the rear of their train, and the enginemen (particularly the driver) of the second train for failing to proceed with caution knowing that they must have passed several
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to work, so the water level in the boiler was dropping. When the driver returned, both men worked on the injector, and eventually restarted it. While they were distracted by the problem, their train had passed all the signals at the Mallerstang
378:, to alert engine crews who missed signals or were unable to observe them in fog or thick weather. Electric lighting was clearly safer than gas oil lighting, and steel-framed carriages were less likely to be crushed than wooden-framed stock. 365:
The inquiry made several recommendations. Most concerned the enforcement of regulations on drivers, firemen, guards and signalmen to ensure closer attention to their primary duty; the care and safety of trains. The more extensive use of
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to hold the train brakes "off", and so the train stopped one-half-mile (800 m) short of the summit. As they cleaned out the grate and tried to build up steam pressure, the driver and fireman made the mistake of telling the
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which had taken place less than three years earlier, and to which the Midland Railway's small-locomotive policy had also indirectly contributed (in this instance by leading to a large number of light engine movements).
289:, but was not given one. To make matters worse, the coal with which both engines were supplied had not been properly screened and was full of slack and small coal, which did not fire well and tended to clog the grates. 949: 261:
distracted by maintenance routines, and failed to observe the warning signals. The collision wrecked several carriages, which were then engulfed by flammable gas, killing 16 people and injuring 38.
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was greater than the time lost by a slightly overloaded train unable to keep up to time. The company did not discipline drivers who failed to keep to time because their trains were overloaded.
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The driver of the second train, Samuel Caudle, was convicted of culpable negligence and imprisoned. Due to strong public opinion that this was unjust, the Home Secretary ordered his release.
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The Mallerstang section of the Settle-Carlisle line: including a commemoration (and a list of names) of all those who lost their lives during its construction and in subsequent accidents
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that they would only be standing for a few minutes. The guard therefore did not protect the train in the rear, which could be done by laying
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summit, the highest point of the Settle-Carlisle line, the steam pressure steadily dropped to the point where the locomotive's
285:, was 13 long tons (13 t) over its maximum limit of 230 long tons (230 t), so the driver asked for assistance from a 1937: 1705: 1580: 1244: 1089: 527: 469: 1643: 1336: 1131: 2263: 2238: 1890: 1723: 1048: 985: 813: 1256: 1167: 2128: 1735: 1574: 1232: 1422: 2258: 2243: 1312: 1283: 1208: 1404: 1380: 2110: 1955: 1798: 1395: 1277: 1191: 1060: 75: 53: 46: 2092: 2062: 1931: 1815: 1786: 1592: 1458: 1348: 1042: 927: 918: 914: 905: 520: 1539: 2152: 2033: 1925: 1919: 1494: 909: 2283: 2170: 2098: 1747: 1729: 1607: 1530: 1066: 979: 696: 562: 402: 574: 1027: 766: 317: 1482: 2164: 1693: 1637: 1185: 1161: 836: 749: 661: 412: 2253: 2122: 2080: 2018: 1833: 1759: 1699: 1619: 1586: 1545: 1155: 1101: 1083: 1006: 615: 20: 2086: 1967: 1949: 1827: 1431: 1289: 1262: 1250: 1179: 1143: 1107: 842: 819: 807: 737: 725: 644: 592: 586: 580: 2176: 2027: 1896: 1884: 1711: 1568: 1500: 1449: 1342: 1095: 1012: 848: 667: 598: 389: 282: 860: 2248: 2146: 2134: 2056: 2003: 1664: 1506: 1214: 1054: 743: 673: 568: 270: 257: 40: 1878: 1872: 1771: 991: 407: 367: 1386: 1979: 1913: 1765: 1437: 1413: 1137: 1113: 1021: 772: 719: 507: 57: 1295: 1991: 1961: 1943: 1741: 1670: 1464: 1268: 1036: 883: 801: 621: 371: 2298: 2009: 1753: 1601: 1473: 973: 866: 854: 795: 184: 8: 2158: 2104: 1866: 1857: 1655: 1443: 638: 375: 310: 1562: 2140: 1997: 1985: 1973: 1717: 1515: 1330: 434: 274: 286: 2116: 1845: 1792: 1687: 1631: 1625: 1488: 1238: 1000: 889: 465: 957: 1780: 1173: 789: 439: 306: 297: 99: 327:
While the driver was out of the cab, the fireman was having difficulty getting an
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on the rails or walking a considerable distance along the line with a lantern.
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indicates railway accidents and incidents resulting in at least 20 fatalities
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The first train left Carlisle at 1:38 am. As it struggled up the gradient to
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The two trains involved were both passenger trains, which had left
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indicates the deadliest railway accident in British history
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A modern train having no difficulty with the same gradient
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Accidents and incidents involving Settle-Carlisle Railway
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The site of the crash was quite close to the site of the
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St. Croix, New Brunswick, Canada / Vanceboro, Maine, US
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Railway accidents involving a signal passed at danger
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Railway accidents and incidents in the United Kingdom
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Railways Archive summary, including official report
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Raynes (1921), 408:Lists of rail accidents 368:Automatic Train Control 60:more precise citations. 1891:Paisley Gilmour Street 867:Brooklyn, New York, US 738:Quintinshill, Scotland 593:Novato, California, US 587:Spring Creek, Iowa, US 569:Nairn, Ontario, Canada 460:Rolt, L.T.C. (1999) . 254:Ais Gill rail accident 157:54.368470°N 2.349350°W 2284:September 1913 events 1730:Knowle & Dorridge 1694:Severn Railway Bridge 1221:Birmingham New Street 639:Corning, New York, US 372:Great Western Railway 1284:Glasgow Queen Street 843:Hammond, Indiana, US 773:Herceghalom, Hungary 703:Carrbridge, Scotland 258:Settle–Carlisle line 185:Settle-Carlisle Line 162:54.368470; -2.349350 1724:Coppenhall Junction 1608:Irk Valley Junction 1525:Manchester Victoria 790:Edinburgh, Scotland 726:Guadalajara, Mexico 153: /  2254:History of Cumbria 1816:Audenshaw Junction 1650:Chapel-en-le-Frith 1644:Welwyn Garden City 1546:Penmanshiel Tunnel 1337:Welwyn Garden City 884:Vigerslev, Denmark 855:Weesp, Netherlands 616:Hopkinstown, Wales 275:St Pancras station 2221: 2220: 2165:Spa Road Junction 2034:Glasgow Bellgrove 1540:Stockport Viaduct 1396:Norton Fitzwarren 1296:Combe Down Tunnel 1162:St Bedes Junction 925: 924: 899: 898: 674:Bramming, Denmark 668:Chumhill, England 549:Location and date 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2179:(Oct 1999) 2040:West Ealing 2021:(Dec 1988) 2012:(Nov 1987) 1897:Invergowrie 1860:(Feb 1975) 1774:(Nov 1967) 1658:(Dec 1957) 1595:(Oct 1952) 1563:Penmaenmawr 1533:(Apr 1948) 1518:(Oct 1947) 1509:(Oct 1947) 1497:(July 1947) 1483:Potters Bar 1476:(Jan 1946) 1467:(Sep 1945) 1452:(Jan 1945) 1425:(Mar 1943) 1416:(Dec 1941) 1407:(Jan 1941) 1398:(Nov 1940) 1389:(Oct 1940) 1351:(Dec 1937) 1325:Raynes Park 1271:(Jun 1928) 1146:(May 1915) 1126:Burntisland 1061:Bournemouth 1030:(Dec 1906) 1015:(Jul 1906) 994:(Jul 1905) 961:, 1900–1999 863:(1 October) 792:(3 January) 746:(14 August) 722:(1 January) 664:(1 January) 565:(1 January) 322:Mallerstang 160: / 136:Coordinates 130:Westmorland 58:introducing 2228:Categories 2173:(Jun 1999) 2167:(Jan 1999) 2161:(Sep 1997) 2155:(Feb 1997) 2149:(Nov 1996) 2143:(Aug 1996) 2137:(Mar 1996) 2131:(Jul 1995) 2125:(Jan 1995) 2119:(Oct 1994) 2113:(Jun 1994) 2107:(Jun 1994) 2101:(Sep 1993) 2095:(Nov 1992) 2089:(Feb 1992) 2083:(Dec 1991) 2077:(Jul 1991) 2071:(Feb 1991) 2065:(Jan 1991) 2059:(Aug 1990) 2042:(Aug 1989) 2036:(Mar 1989) 2030:(Mar 1989) 2006:(Oct 1987) 2000:(Sep 1986) 1994:(Jul 1986) 1992:Lockington 1988:(Dec 1984) 1982:(Dec 1984) 1976:(Nov 1984) 1970:(Oct 1984) 1964:(Jul 1984) 1958:(Jun 1984) 1952:(Dec 1983) 1946:(Dec 1981) 1944:Seer Green 1940:(Dec 1981) 1934:(Jul 1980) 1928:(Apr 1980) 1922:(Feb 1980) 1916:(Jan 1980) 1899:(Oct 1979) 1893:(Apr 1979) 1887:(Jul 1978) 1881:(Mar 1976) 1875:(Oct 1975) 1873:Green Park 1869:(Jun 1975) 1854:(Jan 1975) 1848:(Dec 1973) 1842:(Sep 1973) 1836:(Jun 1972) 1830:(May 1972) 1824:(Feb 1971) 1818:(May 1970) 1801:(May 1969) 1795:(Jan 1969) 1789:(Sep 1968) 1787:Castlecary 1783:(Jan 1968) 1768:(Jul 1967) 1762:(Mar 1967) 1756:(Feb 1967) 1750:(Jun 1965) 1744:(Jan 1965) 1742:Coton Hill 1738:(May 1964) 1732:(Aug 1963) 1726:(Dec 1962) 1720:(Jun 1962) 1714:(Jul 1961) 1708:(Feb 1961) 1702:(Feb 1961) 1696:(Oct 1960) 1690:(Jan 1960) 1673:(Aug 1958) 1671:Eastbourne 1667:(Jan 1958) 1652:(Feb 1957) 1646:(Jan 1957) 1640:(Dec 1955) 1634:(Dec 1955) 1628:(Nov 1955) 1622:(Jan 1955) 1616:(Feb 1954) 1610:(Aug 1953) 1604:(Apr 1953) 1589:(Sep 1951) 1583:(Aug 1951) 1577:(Jul 1951) 1575:Huntingdon 1571:(Mar 1951) 1565:(Aug 1950) 1548:(Jun 1949) 1542:(Nov 1948) 1527:(Dec 1947) 1503:(Aug 1947) 1495:Polesworth 1491:(May 1947) 1485:(Feb 1946) 1465:Bourne End 1461:(Feb 1945) 1446:(Jun 1944) 1440:(Jan 1944) 1434:(Feb 1944) 1383:(Oct 1940) 1366:(May 1938) 1360:(Mar 1938) 1349:Castlecary 1345:(Apr 1937) 1339:(Jun 1935) 1333:(Sep 1934) 1327:(May 1933) 1321:(Mar 1931) 1315:(Jan 1930) 1298:(Nov 1929) 1292:(Oct 1928) 1286:(Oct 1928) 1280:(Jul 1928) 1269:Darlington 1265:(Aug 1927) 1259:(Feb 1927) 1253:(Feb 1927) 1247:(Nov 1926) 1241:(Nov 1924) 1235:(Feb 1923) 1229:(Dec 1922) 1223:(Nov 1921) 1217:(Jan 1921) 1211:(Aug 1920) 1194:(May 1919) 1188:(Jan 1918) 1182:(Sep 1917) 1176:(Jan 1917) 1170:(Feb 1916) 1164:(Dec 1915) 1158:(Aug 1915) 1140:(Jan 1915) 1134:(Jun 1914) 1132:Carrbridge 1128:(Apr 1914) 1122:(Sep 1913) 1116:(Feb 1913) 1110:(Sep 1912) 1104:(Jan 1911) 1102:Pontypridd 1098:(Dec 1910) 1092:(Jan 1910) 1086:(Jan 1910) 1069:(Mar 1909) 1063:(May 1908) 1057:(Oct 1907) 1055:Shrewsbury 1051:(Oct 1907) 1045:(Oct 1907) 1043:Birmingham 1039:(Sep 1907) 1024:(Sep 1906) 1009:(Dec 1905) 1003:(Sep 1905) 988:(Feb 1904) 982:(Jul 1903) 976:(Jun 1900) 699:(13 March) 595:(8 August) 589:(21 March) 444:Q115680227 419:References 334:signal box 311:detonators 220:Passengers 207:Statistics 145:54°22′06″N 41:references 2202:1815–1899 1938:Ulleskelf 1754:Stechford 1706:Baschurch 1602:Stratford 1581:Newcastle 1569:Doncaster 1501:Doncaster 1474:Lichfield 1290:Charfield 1263:Sevenoaks 1257:Penistone 1168:Penistone 1067:Tonbridge 1013:Salisbury 992:Hall Road 845:(22 June) 705:(18 June) 676:(26 July) 583:(4 March) 577:(1 March) 349:Aftermath 194:Collision 148:2°20′58″W 2171:Winsford 2159:Southall 2135:Stafford 2123:Ais Gill 2105:Greenock 2057:Stafford 1914:Dunmurry 1879:West Ham 1867:Nuneaton 1858:Moorgate 1748:Winsford 1656:Lewisham 1531:Winsford 1489:Grayrigg 1215:Abermule 1120:Ais Gill 1114:Chumhill 1022:Grantham 986:Gomshall 851:(9 July) 804:(7 June) 740:(22 May) 641:(4 July) 624:(29 May) 440:Wikidata 397:See also 329:injector 298:ejectors 294:Ais Gill 265:Incident 122:Location 2141:Watford 2111:Morpeth 2093:Morpeth 1998:Colwich 1962:Polmont 1956:Morpeth 1932:Holborn 1885:Taunton 1799:Morpeth 1718:Lincoln 1516:Goswick 1331:Winwick 1233:Retford 1037:Newport 454:Sources 356:signals 236:Injured 176:England 173:Country 126:Aisgill 107:Details 54:improve 2153:Bexley 2117:Cowden 2075:Newton 2028:Purley 1980:Eccles 1926:Bushey 1920:Bushey 1846:Ealing 1793:Marden 1766:Thirsk 1700:Royton 1688:Settle 1632:Barnes 1626:Milton 1587:Weedon 1438:Ilford 1414:Eccles 1387:Balham 1239:Lytham 1156:Weedon 1138:Ilford 1001:Witham 974:Slough 468:  442:  340:Damage 302:vacuum 277:. The 228:Deaths 212:Trains 43:, but 2129:Largs 2050:1990s 1907:1980s 1809:1970s 1781:Hixon 1681:1960s 1638:Luton 1556:1950s 1444:Soham 1374:1940s 1306:1930s 1202:1920s 1174:Ratho 1077:1910s 967:1900s 919:1920s 906:1900s 307:guard 199:Cause 117:03:04 1405:Bank 1049:Dore 877:1919 830:1918 783:1917 760:1916 713:1915 690:1914 655:1913 632:1912 609:1911 556:1910 466:ISBN 252:The 181:Line 112:Date 223:166 2230:: 239:38 231:16 128:, 2197:§ 2192:‡ 2181:‡ 2023:‡ 2014:‡ 1862:‡ 1776:‡ 1660:‡ 1597:‡ 1535:‡ 1520:‡ 1511:‡ 1478:‡ 1469:‡ 1454:‡ 1427:‡ 1418:‡ 1409:‡ 1400:‡ 1391:‡ 1353:‡ 1273:‡ 1151:§ 1148:‡ 1032:‡ 1017:‡ 996:‡ 951:e 944:t 937:v 536:e 529:t 522:v 474:. 215:2 79:) 73:( 68:) 64:( 50:. 23:.

Index

1995 Ais Gill rail accident
references
inline citations
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introducing
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Aisgill
Westmorland
54°22′06″N 2°20′58″W / 54.368470°N 2.349350°W / 54.368470; -2.349350
Settle-Carlisle Line
List of UK rail accidents by year
Settle–Carlisle line
Carlisle railway station
St Pancras station
Midland Railway
No. 993 4-4-0
pilot engine
Ais Gill
ejectors
vacuum
guard
detonators
No. 446 4-4-0
Mallerstang
injector
signal box
signals
Automatic Train Control
Great Western Railway

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