447:
966:
1211:
29:
745:. The sentence was first carried out to Anthony Borg, who had concealed his infection from the authorities, and he was publicly executed by firing squad in Valletta on 17 August. Houses of people who had been infected were closed but initially no attempts were made to purify them. Some infected animals from these buildings might have escaped and contributed to the spread of the plague. Eventually, domestic animals were restrained in homes or placed in cages while stray animals began to be killed in order to prevent further spread. Many people hid contaminated goods in order to prevent them from being destroyed by the authorities.
1043:
128:
1106:
610:
918:
534:
785:
726:
1071:
2729:
167:
183:
804:, which is located adjacent to the Lazzaretto, was converted into a depot where suspected cases of the plague were isolated. By late June 1813, the Lazzaretto had reached its capacity and it became crowded with patients, so no distinction was made between confirmed and suspected cases gathered close together in Fort Manoel. The fort therefore became one of the main focal points of the disease.
151:
135:
231:
215:
199:
833:) were built in various locations, mostly as shelters for people evacuated from their homes or as hospitals. Others were used as guard rooms, market stalls and shops, an abattoir, offices (including a post office), stores and privies. The huts became very hot in the summer causing discomfort to their occupants, and on one occasion some of them collapsed in a thunderstorm.
753:
Valletta was subdivided into eight districts and movement of people was restricted under the death penalty. Similar restrictions were also imposed on the Three Cities. Oakes established a Corps of Civic Guards to watch houses of the infected and enforce regulations, and he appointed
Lieutenant-Colonel
1137:
The plague outbreak caused severe economic disruption as trade links and communication were cut off, both internally and with neighbouring countries. Ties between Malta and Gozo were cut off for a long period of time, although there were instances where limited trade between the islands were allowed.
933:
in 1813. Communication with mainland Malta was restricted when the outbreak occurred in
Valletta, which initially prevented the disease from reaching Gozo. However, when restrictions were lifted upon the end of the epidemic in Malta, an outbreak in Gozo occurred, although it was much smaller than the
757:
to the temporary post of
Inspector General, who had power over the Civic Guards as well as the police. Shops selling food were only allowed to open for four hours a day. Throughout the epidemic, the postal service continued to function and it was the only means of communication between individuals in
576:
and was buried in the church's crypt. Soon after the girl died, her mother also developed a fever, causing alarm among physicians who informed the authorities of the case. The woman died on 3 May, and her husband
Salvatore also became sick and eventually died. On 4 May, the Committee of Health issued
1061:
At the time, the islands' population was about 97,000, so the plague is estimated to have killed approximately 5% of the population. In the 1820s, an author wrote that the disease "swept away more than one-twentieth of the inhabitants of one of the most populous islands under the
British crown". The
513:
on 29 March, after they had taken standard precautions. On 1 April, the ship's captain
Antonio Maria Mescara became sick, and a day later so did a servant who had looked after the two infected crew members on board the vessel. Mescara and the servant died on 7 April, and their corpses were examined,
902:
The situation had improved greatly by
December 1813, and on 7 January 1814 the restrictions on Valletta were lifted. Restrictions on other towns and villages were removed in the following days, except in Qormi which remained isolated until early March. The outbreak was said to be over by the end of
752:
were set up in and around
Valletta, Floriana and the Tree Cities. These were railings which were spaced such that they allowed people on opposite sides to be able to talk without coming in contact with each another. This was done in order to ensure supply of food from the countryside to the cities.
681:
The authorities introduced measures in an attempt to contain the outbreak, but these were initially ineffective. The spread was aggravated since the causes of the disease were unknown at the time, containment measures were not introduced immediately, and some people resisted by refusing to transfer
1086:
were established for the victims. These were extramural cemeteries located outside settlements, contrasting with the usual practice of burying the dead within churches. Dedicated cemeteries had been created for earlier epidemics such as the plagues of 1592 and 1675–1676, and they were also created
894:
Restrictive measures were also imposed in the villages in order to prevent the disease from spreading. The population was not allowed to go to the countryside or to the ports, and cotton fields were abandoned. On 10 September, movement from settlements with high mortality rates was restricted, and
580:
Panic spread throughout
Valletta, and many people left the city and went to the countryside or boarded ships to leave the islands. Most of the British and some Maltese isolated themselves within their homes. At the time, the only person known to have the disease was Borg, and he was transferred to
973:
On 8 March, Maitland cut off all communication between the islands, and the military was sent to cordon off Xagħra to prevent the spread of the plague to the rest of Gozo. The disease was successfully contained within the village, resulting in Gozo having a much lower death toll than Malta. On 13
985:
located south of the village was requisitioned and converted into a hospital by 19 March. Known as the Tal-Fewdu plague hospital, it was led by the military doctor George McAdam. The dead were buried in a nearby field so as to limit the possibility of infection while transporting corpses. On 31
1024:
In the
Valletta outbreak, it was observed that families of victims were more likely to contract the disease than neighbours, such that the disease spread whenever there was contact between people, but not between people who lived close but did not make contact with each other. This led to the
886:
In 1813, pursuant to the change of Malta's status from a protectorate to a crown colony, and the office of Civil Commissioner was replaced by that of a Governor. Oakes was offered the new position, but he declined on the grounds of his own poor health. There have been suggestions that Oakes'
898:
The mortality rate had decreased to 196 people in October, and by then the epidemic was on the decline. On 13 November, Maitland ordered houses and shops in Valletta and Floriana to be purified under the supervision of doctors and the police for a period of 15 days. People who had concealed
581:
the Lazzaretto, By 7 May there were a number of suspected cases, but the disease initially spread slowly, such that people began to doubt its existence. The outbreak increased by 16 May, as Borg's father became ill and died and many new cases were reported around Valletta, especially in
1004:
Plague is caused by microbes in rats, which spread to humans through infected fleas from the rats. At the time of the outbreak, this cause was not known, and this hampered containment efforts and led to speculation on the cause and spread of the disease. At the time, the
773:. Many prisoners became infected themselves and died in the process, and the authorities brought prisoners from Sicily to continue the work, but these also died. The Maltese population were scared of these prisoners, who at times might have committed rape and robbery.
1057:
The death toll in Gozo was reported to either 96 or 104, out of a population of over 15,000. Notable victims of the plague include Xagħra's parish priest Vincenzo Cauchi, and George McAdam, the army surgeon who had volunteered to help set up the hospital in Xagħra.
279:. It occurred between March 1813 and January 1814 on Malta and between February and May 1814 on Gozo, and the epidemic was officially declared to be over in September 1814. It resulted in approximately 4500 deaths, which was about 5% of the islands' population.
1141:
The plague contributed to an economic depression which lasted until well after the disease was eradicated from the islands. Some ports imposed quarantines on Maltese ships until 1826, negatively impacting trade in the process. Other factors such as the
937:
It is believed that the disease was imported to the island through infected clothing which had been concealed during the Malta epidemic. Angelo Galea, a Gozitan who was in Qormi at the time out the outbreak, hid a box of clothes (including an
306:
in late March 1813. Some of its crew members had contracted the disease and died, and although the vessel and crew were quarantined, the disease spread to the local population since infected cargo from the vessel was stolen and sold in
1016:
at the Lazzaretto by slitting letters open and soaking them in vinegar or exposing them to fumes of a mixture of substances. During the outbreak, some wrote on wooden tablets instead of paper, and in January 1814 the registers of the
2643:
The History of Plague: As it Has Lately Appeared in the Islands of Malta, Gozo, Corfu, Cephalonia, Etc. Detailing Important Facts, Illustrative of the Specific Contagion of that Disease, with Particulars of the Means Adopted for Its
2429:
1113:
Some of these cemeteries were later used for other burials, such that they became the main cemetery for a particular town or village. Examples of these include the cemeteries of Qormi and Lija. Other cemeteries, such as that of
957:. There were fears that the plague had reached Gozo, and within a few days a number of Xagħra residents died of the disease. An outbreak of fever was reported on 2 March 1814, and it was confirmed to be plague five days later.
571:
On 16 April, Salvatore Borg's 8-year-old daughter Anna Maria became sick, and she died three days later. It was not immediately realised that the cause of her death was the plague, and she was given a customary funeral at the
645:. In Qormi, the long duration of the disease was attributed to residents' resistance to government countermeasures attempting to control the outbreak. Some towns and villages were not affected at all by the plague, including
1628:
899:
potentially infected objects were pardoned if they revealed their items to the police within 10 days. In December, the number of districts in Valletta was increased to 24, while Floriana was divided into 7 districts.
601:. By 17 May, the disease had spread throughout the entire city. The guards who stole the linen, as well as those who stored and purchased the stolen goods, were among the first people to contract the plague and die.
413:
to the islands, and the free port status which meant that Malta was well-connected with other Mediterranean harbours. During the plague outbreak, the islands underwent a political change from a protectorate to a
478:
for two weeks. Health guards were sent to ensure that there was no communication between the ship and the shore. Two other ships which also arrived in Malta from Alexandria on 28 March, the British brigantine
473:
flying the British flag, had left Alexandria on 17 March 1813, and two of its crew members became sick a week after the vessel left port. The vessel arrived in Malta on 28 March, and it was quarantined in
986:
March, people who lived in houses where others had been infected were moved into a tented camp. The outbreak was already in decline by mid-April, but McAdam contracted the disease and died on 5 or 6 May.
713:
were placed under medical observation. Direct and indirect contact between people was discouraged, especially at markets. On 7 May, any communication between ships and the shore was forbidden, and Bishop
314:
The British colonial government took strict measures in order to contain the plague, although this was done too late to prevent the outbreak from spreading in its early stages. The urban area around the
1054:
were 33 in Birgu and 12 in Cospicua; there were no deaths from the plague in Senglea. Despite the high death toll of civilians, the British garrison of around 3700 men only lost 20 men to the plague.
769:, and their duties also included assisting the police and civil authorities. Prisoners were forced to carry the dead from their homes to burial sites in specially-made carts, and they were known as
1264:
In Senglea, a statue of Our Lady was commissioned to commemorate deliverance of the city's inhabitants from the plague. Salvatore Debarro paid for the statue, which was sculpted out of marble by
1725:
627:, when five cases were reported. Within days, it spread to other towns and villages in the country, with some being more severely affected than others. The outbreak was particularly severe in
3568:
1050:
The death toll of the plague outbreak on Malta has been variously reported as being either 4487, 4549, 4572 or 4668. About 740 of the deaths were in the town of Qormi. The death tolls in the
2440:
1506:
1390:
875:
2556:
2526:
2400:
1643:
946:
on 22 February 1814, a couple of days after his arrival. Like the first case in Malta, it was not believed that he died of the plague and his funeral was held at the village's
887:
resignation was due to the plague outbreak, but a letter he wrote before the disease broke out already expressed his wishes to resign. The office of Governor was given to Sir
895:
soldiers surrounded and cordoned off Qormi, Żebbuġ and Birkirkara to prevent any inhabitants from leaving. Violations of this restriction were liable to the death penalty.
2064:
1772:
3439:
1415:
1102:
due to the devotion to the saint in instances of plague, while others did not have a specific dedication. Many of the 1813 cemeteries bore this date on the outside.
2548:
2012:
2582:
996:
The Maltese Islands were officially declared to be free from the disease on 8 September 1814, and communication between the islands was restored on 14 September.
3604:
2733:
1550:
519:
1138:
Fearing the disease, a number of foreign business people had left the island by August 1813. Government expenditure also increased during the outbreak.
2093:
2288:
2368:
631:, one of the largest settlements outside the harbour area, whose population had increased by about 3000 refugees fleeing the plague from Valletta.
2657:
2518:
2200:
2161:
1736:
1009:
which believed that the disease was caused by "bad air" was popular, and those who believed that it was contagious traced it to unusual sources.
947:
922:
741:
ordered that any suspected case was to be reported to the Board of Health, and anyone concealing the existence of the disease was liable to the
346:
The epidemic began to subside by late 1813 and it was believed to be over by January 1814. However, the disease was inadvertently introduced to
3716:
3482:
3384:
3102:
327:, and several people were executed for concealing their infection. The outbreak was particularly severe in the capital Valletta and its suburb
1516:
1400:
1192:
993:
and were told to bathe in the sea three times a day under police supervision. This was believed to disinfect them from traces of the disease.
891:, who arrived in the islands on 3 October and assumed office two days later. Maitland took strict actions in order to eliminate the disease.
1819:
2411:
978:
after being infected, and he was shot dead by the police. Another man was executed by firing squad for concealing the disease on 31 March.
3402:
3294:
127:
3574:
3245:
3598:
1025:
realisation that the disease was not airborne. The fact that the plague devastated Valletta but did not seriously affect the nearby
3538:
3446:
3366:
3198:
3514:
3544:
3108:
3508:
2892:
2075:
1782:
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and the harbour) after the outbreak. The statue was sculpted by Ċikku and Girolamo Fabri (although it sometimes attributed to
3233:
3138:
3066:
3011:
2712:
1315:
1126:
573:
283:
2478:
1268:. It was erected in the city and it was blessed on 19 May 1816. The statue was relocated in 1955 and it still exists today.
552:
was in quarantine, some of its guards had stolen linen from its cargo which was infected. This was stored in a wine shop in
3488:
3432:
3257:
3204:
1425:
354:. Containment measures were imposed immediately, limiting the spread and resulting in a much lower mortality rate in Gozo.
3263:
2597:
1163:
3801:
3372:
3168:
3162:
3042:
2962:
2763:
2561:
2022:
387:
375:
548:
It was initially believed that the disease was contained without coming into contact with the population, but while the
461:
The plague arrived in the Maltese Islands by infected crew members on board ships sailing from Alexandria to Malta. The
3426:
3186:
3072:
246:
1012:
Hair, paper, feathers and straw were believed to be easily infected, so care was taken when these items were handled.
942:) from the authorities and took them with him when he returned to Gozo in late February 1814. He died in his house in
3831:
3826:
3609:
3580:
3470:
3414:
3330:
2678:
2630:
1254:
1231:
685:
Trade stopped immediately after the outbreak was identified as the plague. On 5 May, public buildings including the
3722:
3526:
3396:
3360:
3348:
3251:
3174:
3836:
3811:
3806:
3796:
3592:
3586:
3556:
3476:
3378:
3318:
3281:
3269:
3180:
3005:
2791:
2255:
989:
The last death from the plague on Gozo was on 28 May. On 12 June, family members of plague victims were taken to
3704:
3692:
3686:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3550:
3494:
3464:
3452:
446:
3420:
3336:
2938:
1258:
766:
2103:
397:. The island was undergoing a financial and demographic boom due to the war economy and the presence of the
3390:
3210:
3096:
3090:
2999:
1591:
1230:
which portray life during the course of the epidemic. Churches which contain ex voto paintings include the
1226:
which are not necessarily of a high artistic quality, but they have historical significance since they are
1191:
which was used in the 1813 plague outbreak still survives. It was rediscovered in 1992 in the crypt of the
3774:
3768:
3562:
3532:
3342:
3312:
3192:
2968:
1298:
Gioacchino Ermolao Barbaro, who had lost three children in the plague, wrote three sonnets and a poem in
929:
While parts of Malta were devastated by the plague, there was no outbreak of the plague on the island of
800:, a hospital and quarantine facility which had been built to deal with outbreaks of infectious diseases.
797:
506:
454:
320:
2379:
965:
577:
a warning that the public health was in danger, and confirmed the disease to be the plague a day later.
3354:
3023:
2993:
2684:
2531:
1210:
1147:
843:
383:
379:
2211:
2169:
1196:
718:
ordered all churches to be closed on 9 May. The government published an account of the 1743 plague in
35:
3078:
2741:
1143:
776:
By mid-September, there were fewer new cases of the plague and the disease seemed to be diminishing.
28:
1018:
3746:
3728:
1158:
Some regarded the plague as a form of divine punishment, and many who survived attributed this to
1042:
3752:
3656:
3650:
3017:
2950:
2932:
2756:
1860:
1289:
Ragguaglio storico della pestilenza che afflisse le isole di Malta e Gozo negli anni 1813 e 1814
3821:
3816:
3698:
3644:
3458:
3049:
3035:
2852:
686:
363:
3680:
3638:
3216:
2620:
1777:
1159:
953:
On 28 February, Galea's daughter Rosa became ill and died soon afterwards at the hospital at
415:
2369:"The epidemiology of plague in Europe: inferring transmission dynamics from historical data"
2287:
3287:
3084:
3029:
2944:
1062:
death toll played a role in reducing population pressure in the densely populated islands.
1253:), and an inscription commemorates that it was given an indulgence in 1816. In the 1880s,
1222:
were offered to churches by people who survived the outbreak. These are often examples of
350:
through contaminated clothes in February, and another outbreak occurred in the village of
8:
3520:
3150:
2915:
2868:
2862:
319:
was isolated from the rest of the island, and settlements with high mortality rates were
311:. The disease appeared in the city in mid-April, and the outbreak was severe by mid-May.
421:
The source of the 1813–1814 epidemic is believed to have been an outbreak that began in
3501:
3408:
3156:
2987:
2956:
2749:
2317:
1852:
1583:
1320:
1245:, a patron saint of the plague-stricken, was erected on the outskirts of Qormi (facing
754:
475:
450:
394:
2705:
The Art of Dying Well, Visual culture in times of piety and plague in Malta, 1675–1814
2670:
3758:
3239:
2904:
2841:
2708:
2674:
2626:
2322:
1844:
1575:
1170:
715:
693:
were closed down. The urban settlements in the harbour area: Valletta and its suburb
615:
1856:
1587:
3740:
2874:
2829:
2780:
2312:
2304:
1834:
1565:
1299:
1175:
1046:
1815 document written in Italian claiming 4,486 deaths and a further 3,826 infected
1013:
851:
826:
762:
738:
730:
557:
268:
260:
47:
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was built near the statue, and it became a separate parish in 1935. A much larger
3324:
2880:
2835:
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2641:
2489:
1265:
1250:
1242:
1214:
Statue of St Sebastian in Qormi, built to commemorate deliverance from the plague
1021:
were unbound, disinfected and rebound to ensure that they were not contaminated.
859:
58:
433:, and by January 1813 the authorities in Malta had been aware of this outbreak.
2816:
2098:
2017:
1511:
1420:
1395:
1227:
954:
847:
690:
609:
422:
371:
291:
287:
272:
69:
2308:
1150:
also contributed to the poor state of Malta's economy in the 1820s and 1830s.
3790:
3734:
2886:
1275:
after the military doctor who died in the plague. A street in Qormi is named
1006:
842:
were built in the ditches of fortifications, including the main ditch of the
742:
646:
510:
324:
316:
173:
2622:
Mediterraneans: North Africa and Europe in an Age of Migration, c. 1800–1900
1839:
1570:
1105:
725:
1246:
1051:
1026:
863:
855:
816:
789:
698:
430:
295:
87:
2326:
1848:
1579:
1235:
939:
533:
323:. Violations of these regulations were met with harsh penalties including
3710:
2898:
2401:"It-Tlett Ibliet fi żmien il-pesta. Programm tal-festa Marija Immakulata"
1287:
A number of accounts of the plague were written, such as G. M. de Piro's
808:
801:
758:
the quarantined cities of the Grand Harbour and the rest of the islands.
658:
642:
623:
The first cases of the plague outside Valletta was detected on 21 May in
367:
340:
221:
2289:"The use of wood as a writing medium during the plague of Malta of 1813"
1169:
During the plague, some linked the year 1813 with the superstition that
3275:
3123:
1099:
761:
The soldiers deployed to enforce the containment measures included the
637:
Towns and villages which were severely affected by the plague included
628:
470:
426:
398:
370:
in the 14th century, and it continued to recur until the 19th century.
332:
299:
189:
83:
2771:
1162:. When the epidemic ended, a pilgrimage was held from Valletta to the
917:
874:
990:
784:
1820:"Inspector of Hospitals Ralph Green and the Plague in Malta of 1813"
1629:"The Correspondence of a Senglea Merchant during the Plague of 1813"
1082:
Due to the high death toll, a number of special cemeteries known as
943:
862:
near Birgu. A temporary hospital consisting of 59 huts was built at
662:
390:. The latter was the most severe, having killed some 11,300 people.
351:
237:
3630:
2776:
2772:
2666:
1223:
1092:
975:
706:
694:
565:
541:
490:, also had cases of the plague on board. Two crew members from the
328:
308:
157:
141:
2557:
National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands
2527:
National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands
1292:
1219:
1125:
Some victims were also buried in abandoned churches (such as the
1088:
1070:
815:(later the site of a naval hospital) and St Dominic's Convent in
812:
792:, which was one of several temporary hospitals for plague victims
719:
710:
670:
634:
By the end of July 1813, the death toll had reached 1602 people.
484:
410:
402:
1507:"Sir Hildebrand Oakes' resignation as Governor of Malta in 1813"
858:, Fort Manoel, Bighi, Birkirkara, Qormi, Żebbuġ and outside the
2728:
2648:
1391:"Maltese islands devastated by a deadly epidemic 200 years ago"
1188:
1119:
666:
654:
650:
553:
406:
807:
Temporary hospitals were set up at other locations, including
16:
Last major outbreak of plague on the islands of Malta and Gozo
1642:(4). Upper Secondary School Valletta: 147–157. Archived from
969:
Shrine build for thanksgiving in the aftermath of the plague.
854:. Others were also built within Valletta and Floriana and at
702:
638:
624:
518:
was sent back to Alexandria on 10 April, under the escort of
336:
205:
1279:
after the huts built to house the infected in the epidemic.
1075:
974:
March, Joseph Said wandered out of his house in a state of
930:
347:
276:
73:
722:
to inform the public of the consequences of an outbreak.
2583:"The plagues of 1675 and of 1813 in contemporary poetry"
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
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1753:
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1129:
in Birkirkara), in fields or in sealed tombs in crypts.
514:
confirming suspicions that they died of the plague. The
1109:
Tal-Ftajjar chapel, in Luqa, was used as a burial site.
1153:
604:
2074:. The Malta Historical Society: 55–64. Archived from
1746:
250:
Map showing the most severe locations of the outbreak
2479:"Buried in Malta: a glance at history and tradition"
1037:
925:, whose construction was delayed due to the epidemic
1447:
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1443:
1202:
2006:
2004:
2002:
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1998:
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1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
779:
556:before being sold to Salvatore Borg, a shoemaker,
1735:(in Maltese). Ħaż-Żebbuġ: 257–268. Archived from
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1354:
1352:
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3788:
2394:
2392:
2156:
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2152:
1622:
1620:
1618:
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1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1440:
1146:, growing popularity of Egyptian cotton and the
2085:
1995:
1714:
1549:Bennett, J. D. C.; Bezzina, J. (January 1992).
1261:was built nearby later on in the 20th century.
2659:Ħal Qormi – Four walks through a historic city
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1813:
1811:
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1333:
682:the infected to government-designated depots.
619:, making reference to the spread of the plague
3762:
2757:
2576:
2574:
2455:
2453:
2389:
2149:
1601:
1173:, regarding the 13th year of a century as an
904:
837:
820:
528:
2618:
2195:
2193:
2191:
1451:
1416:"The plague that decimated Malta twice over"
494:were infected, while one crew member on the
290:in 1812 and it spread to other parts of the
2362:
2360:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1905:
1903:
1890:
1888:
1875:
1873:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1704:
1702:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1098:Some of these cemeteries were dedicated to
401:, the relocation of British factories from
34:Hearse used in the 1813 plague, now at the
2764:
2750:
2571:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2450:
2439:(in Maltese). pp. 3–4. Archived from
2408:Belt Cospicua 425 Sena Parroċċa, 1586–2011
2269:
2267:
2265:
2238:
2236:
2127:
2125:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2013:"Role of the Police in the plague of 1813"
1973:
1971:
1658:
1656:
1302:about the epidemic. They are all entitled
2945:"Cocoliztli" epidemics in colonial Mexico
2486:Omertaa – Journal of Applied Anthropology
2316:
2188:
1838:
1569:
1234:in Valletta and the Mensija sanctuary at
960:
298:. The disease was imported to Malta from
2651:: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown.
2430:"Il-pesta tal-1813 u l-Madonna tan-Nofs"
2357:
2333:
1983:
1915:
1900:
1885:
1870:
1789:
1699:
1680:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1209:
1104:
1069:
1041:
964:
916:
873:
783:
724:
608:
532:
445:
2465:
2427:
2262:
2233:
2122:
2041:
1968:
1827:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
1817:
1733:Għaqda Każin Banda San Filep, A.D. 1851
1723:
1653:
1558:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
1388:
1122:, were left in a state of abandonment.
733:, Civil Commissioner until October 1813
676:
3789:
2702:
2580:
2476:
2398:
2285:
2062:
2010:
1726:"Il-flaġell tal-pesta f'Malta fl-1813"
1626:
1413:
1271:In 1991, a street in Xagħra was named
3012:Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty
2745:
2639:
2351:
2339:
2273:
2242:
2227:
2182:
2143:
2116:
2035:
1989:
1977:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1909:
1894:
1879:
1798:
1708:
1693:
1674:
1662:
1523:
1504:
1463:
869:
544:, where the first cases were reported
166:
2366:
2091:
1304:Per la peste di Malta nell'anno 1813
1255:a church dedicated to the same saint
436:
2410:(in Maltese): 53–56. Archived from
1154:Religious and superstitious beliefs
912:
605:Spread throughout the rest of Malta
374:outbreaks had occurred in Malta in
265:l-epidemija tal-pesta tal-1813–1814
13:
2696:
2625:. University of California Press.
2256:"Tas-Sellum shrine being restored"
2092:Cini, George (18 September 2002).
2065:"An ex-voto of the Plague of 1813"
1132:
796:Infected people were taken to the
737:On 17 May, Civil Commissioner Sir
425:in 1812. The plague had spread to
182:
14:
3848:
2722:
2549:"Statue of the Madonna and Child"
2428:Bonnici, Arturo (24 March 1973).
1316:1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic
1306:and they were published in 1843.
1282:
1195:, and it is now exhibited at the
1164:Sanctuary of Our Lady of Mellieħa
1038:Death toll and demographic impact
1029:was also cited as proof of this.
850:ditches near Porta Sant'Anna and
267:) was the last major outbreak of
3717:encephalitis lethargica epidemic
2727:
2656:Twitchell-Waas, Jeffrey (2011).
2560:. 27 August 2012. Archived from
2530:. 27 August 2012. Archived from
2072:Proceedings of History Week 1983
1505:Grech, Chris (27 October 2013).
229:
213:
197:
181:
165:
150:
149:
134:
133:
126:
27:
3495:Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis
2792:List of epidemics and pandemics
2734:1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic
2619:Clancy-Smith, Julia A. (2012).
2611:
2541:
2511:
2499:
2421:
2345:
2279:
2248:
2221:
2176:
2137:
2110:
2029:
1956:
1944:
1932:
1414:Scerri, Louis (12 March 2017).
1389:Mangion, Fabian (19 May 2013).
999:
780:Hospitals and isolation centres
560:and smuggler who lived at 227,
257:1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic
22:1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic
2590:Journal of the Faculty of Arts
1668:
1457:
1407:
1095:later on in the 19th century.
230:
214:
1:
2820:
2094:"The plague in Malta in 1813"
2011:Attard, Eddie (9 June 2013).
1781:. 9 June 2013. Archived from
1326:
1065:
357:
198:
115:
2596:(4): 213–220. Archived from
2168:(in Maltese). Archived from
1127:old Parish Church of St Mary
903:January. On 27 January, the
882:, Governor from October 1813
767:Maltese Provincial Battalion
613:19 June 1813 edition of the
7:
2367:Dean, Katharine R. (2019).
1309:
909:were dismantled and burnt.
798:Lazzaretto of Manoel Island
10:
3853:
3802:Disease outbreaks in Malta
3605:2024 Latin American dengue
3385:Western African meningitis
3199:Pacific Northwest smallpox
2703:Attard, Christian (2022).
2201:"Ix-Xagħra Heritage Trail"
1773:"The plague 200 years ago"
1148:French conquest of Algeria
529:Spread throughout Valletta
3629:
3305:
3226:
3211:Buenos Aires yellow fever
3131:
3122:
3109:Philadelphia yellow fever
3079:Great Plague of Marseille
3073:Great Northern War plague
3067:Iceland smallpox epidemic
3059:
2980:
2925:
2914:
2851:
2807:
2800:
2787:
2488:: 505–512. Archived from
2477:Lorenz, Samantha (2011).
2309:10.1017/S0025727300011145
1182:
1144:Greek War of Independence
1078:, bearing the date "1813"
1032:
498:had died of the disease.
441:
331:, and in the villages of
109:
101:
93:
79:
65:
53:
43:
26:
21:
3832:1814 disasters in Europe
3827:1813 disasters in Europe
3775:Mpox (clade Ib) epidemic
3769:Mpox (clade II) outbreak
3729:Seventh cholera pandemic
2640:Tully, James D. (1821).
2519:"Statue of St Sebastian"
1206:and other commemorations
1171:the number 13 is unlucky
788:St Dominic's Convent in
302:on board the brigantine
282:The plague outbreak had
3687:Fourth cholera pandemic
3669:Second cholera pandemic
3515:Équateur province Ebola
3103:North American smallpox
3018:Great Plague of Seville
1840:10.1136/jramc-144-01-10
1571:10.1136/jramc-138-01-15
1291:which was published in
1232:Church of Saint Barbara
1197:Żabbar Sanctuary Museum
36:Żabbar Sanctuary Museum
3837:19th-century epidemics
3812:1814 disease outbreaks
3807:1813 disease outbreaks
3797:Second plague pandemic
3705:Sixth cholera pandemic
3693:Fifth cholera pandemic
3675:Third cholera pandemic
3663:First cholera pandemic
3645:Second plague pandemic
3205:Barcelona yellow fever
3050:Great Plague of Vienna
3036:Great Plague of London
3006:Massachusetts smallpox
2399:Attard, Anton (2011).
1215:
1110:
1079:
1047:
970:
926:
905:
883:
838:
830:
821:
793:
734:
620:
545:
458:
364:second plague pandemic
264:
3681:Third plague pandemic
3639:First plague pandemic
3433:Western African Ebola
3343:Chikungunya outbreaks
3295:Malaysian Nipah virus
3163:Great Plains smallpox
2736:at Wikimedia Commons
2581:Cassar, Paul (1977).
2537:on 29 September 2019.
2286:Cassar, Paul (1966).
2063:Cassar, Paul (1984).
1778:The Malta Independent
1627:Cassar, Paul (1980).
1213:
1108:
1073:
1045:
981:A farmhouse known as
968:
920:
877:
787:
728:
612:
587:Strada San Cristoforo
536:
449:
3741:Russian flu pandemic
3483:Angolan yellow fever
3234:San Francisco plague
3187:Broad Street cholera
3085:Great Plague of 1738
1818:Bonnici, W. (1998).
1724:Bonnici, E. (2015).
1193:Żabbar parish church
1014:Mail was disinfected
961:Containment measures
923:Xagħra parish church
748:On 19 June, various
677:Containment measures
395:British protectorate
393:In 1813 Malta was a
247:class=notpageimage|
3647:(1348–19th century)
3575:New Zealand measles
3403:Darfur yellow fever
3246:LA pneumonic plague
2863:Plague of Justinian
2506:Twitchell-Waas 2011
2460:Twitchell-Waas 2011
2258:. 19 November 2020.
2132:Twitchell-Waas 2011
2081:on 22 January 2019.
1074:Plague cemetery at
866:in September 1813.
844:Valletta land front
599:Strada San Giovanni
591:Strada San Giuseppe
574:church of Ta' Ġieżu
3657:Influenza pandemic
3651:Influenza pandemic
3599:Bangsamoro measles
3581:Singaporean dengue
3545:Pacific NW measles
3539:Philippine measles
3527:Madagascar measles
3509:Kerala Nipah virus
3502:Saudi Arabian MERS
3415:Singaporean dengue
3361:Zimbabwean cholera
3331:Singaporean dengue
3175:Copenhagen cholera
3157:Groningen epidemic
2951:Influenza pandemic
2933:Influenza pandemic
2567:on 29 August 2017.
2376:University of Oslo
1551:"Dr George McAdam"
1321:Epidemics in Malta
1273:Triq George McAdam
1216:
1111:
1080:
1048:
971:
927:
884:
870:Change of governor
794:
755:Francesco Rivarola
735:
621:
546:
505:were taken to the
476:Marsamxett Harbour
459:
451:Marsamxett Harbour
271:on the islands of
3784:
3783:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3557:Kuala Koh measles
3471:South Korean MERS
3459:Polio declaration
3447:Madagascar plague
3379:Gujarat hepatitis
3367:Madagascar plague
3319:Midwest monkeypox
3270:Yugoslav smallpox
3240:Manchurian plague
3181:Stockholm cholera
3118:
3117:
2905:Sweating sickness
2893:Japanese smallpox
2842:Plague of Cyprian
2781:disease outbreaks
2732:Media related to
2714:978-9918-23-055-6
2690:on 24 April 2016.
2603:on 12 March 2020.
2495:on 2 August 2019.
2446:on 14 March 2020.
2417:on 14 March 2020.
2385:on 13 March 2020.
2217:on 14 March 2020.
2172:on 12 April 2018.
2106:on 14 March 2020.
2025:on 12 March 2020.
1866:on 14 March 2020.
1742:on 14 March 2020.
1649:on 14 March 2020.
1597:on 14 March 2020.
1519:on 14 March 2020.
1452:Clancy-Smith 2012
1403:on 12 March 2020.
1087:for outbreaks of
716:Ferdinando Mattei
616:Giornale di Malta
437:Outbreak in Malta
122:
121:
3844:
3764:
3551:New York measles
3505:
3465:Indian swine flu
3453:Odisha hepatitis
3443:
3397:Pakistani dengue
3349:Pakistani dengue
3298:
3264:Wrocław smallpox
3217:Hong Kong plague
3151:Caragea's plague
3129:
3128:
3046:
2939:Mexican smallpox
2923:
2922:
2875:Plague of Sheroe
2830:Plague of Athens
2825:
2822:
2805:
2804:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2731:
2718:
2691:
2689:
2683:. Archived from
2664:
2652:
2636:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2553:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2523:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2483:
2474:
2463:
2462:, pp. 35–36
2457:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2434:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2378:. Archived from
2373:
2364:
2355:
2354:, pp. 67–69
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2294:
2291:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2231:
2230:, pp. 73–74
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2210:. Archived from
2205:
2197:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2166:Xaghraparish.org
2162:"Parish History"
2158:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2120:
2119:, pp. 54–55
2114:
2108:
2107:
2102:. Archived from
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2069:
2060:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2021:. Archived from
2008:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1913:
1907:
1898:
1892:
1883:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1859:. Archived from
1842:
1824:
1815:
1802:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1785:on 3 March 2016.
1769:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1706:
1697:
1691:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1633:
1624:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1590:. Archived from
1573:
1555:
1546:
1521:
1520:
1515:. Archived from
1502:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1428:on 14 March 2020
1424:. Archived from
1411:
1405:
1404:
1399:. Archived from
1386:
1277:Triq il-Barrakki
1176:annus horribilis
913:Outbreak in Gozo
908:
852:Porte des Bombes
841:
824:
819:. Huts known as
763:Maltese Veterans
739:Hildebrand Oakes
731:Hildebrand Oakes
562:Strada San Paolo
538:Strada San Paolo
501:The crew of the
483:and the Spanish
233:
232:
217:
216:
201:
200:
185:
184:
169:
168:
153:
152:
137:
136:
130:
117:
31:
19:
18:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3617:
3500:
3438:
3421:Swansea measles
3373:Bolivian dengue
3301:
3293:
3282:Indian smallpox
3252:Croydon typhoid
3222:
3114:
3055:
3041:
2976:
2917:
2910:
2881:Plague of Amwas
2854:
2847:
2836:Antonine Plague
2823:
2796:
2783:
2770:
2739:
2725:
2715:
2699:
2697:Further reading
2694:
2687:
2681:
2671:Din l-Art Ħelwa
2662:
2633:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2585:
2579:
2572:
2564:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2481:
2475:
2466:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2403:
2397:
2390:
2382:
2371:
2365:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2297:Medical History
2292:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2160:
2159:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2067:
2061:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2009:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1916:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1822:
1816:
1805:
1797:
1790:
1771:
1770:
1747:
1739:
1728:
1722:
1715:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1654:
1646:
1631:
1625:
1602:
1594:
1553:
1547:
1524:
1503:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1412:
1408:
1387:
1334:
1329:
1312:
1285:
1266:Vincenzo Dimech
1251:Vincenzo Dimech
1243:Saint Sebastian
1228:primary sources
1208:
1185:
1156:
1135:
1133:Economic impact
1068:
1040:
1035:
1002:
963:
915:
889:Thomas Maitland
880:Thomas Maitland
872:
860:Cottonera Lines
782:
679:
607:
531:
444:
439:
366:began with the
360:
253:
252:
251:
249:
243:
242:
241:
240:
234:
226:
225:
224:
218:
210:
209:
208:
202:
194:
193:
192:
186:
178:
177:
176:
170:
162:
161:
160:
154:
146:
145:
144:
138:
112:
59:Yersinia pestis
54:Bacteria strain
39:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3850:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3756:
3750:
3749:(1981–present)
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3635:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3602:
3601:(2023–present)
3596:
3593:Jamaica dengue
3590:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3498:
3492:
3489:Yemeni cholera
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3440:DR Congo Ebola
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3145:Maltese plague
3142:
3139:Ottoman plague
3135:
3133:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3097:Persian Plague
3094:
3091:Russian plague
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3047:
3043:Maltese plague
3039:
3033:
3027:
3024:Maltese plague
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
3000:Italian plague
2997:
2994:Maltese plague
2991:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2963:Maltese plague
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2929:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2817:Hittite plague
2813:
2811:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2724:
2723:External links
2721:
2720:
2719:
2713:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2679:
2653:
2637:
2631:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2570:
2540:
2510:
2498:
2464:
2449:
2437:Leħen is-Sewwa
2420:
2388:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2303:(3): 275–280.
2278:
2261:
2247:
2232:
2220:
2187:
2175:
2148:
2136:
2121:
2109:
2099:Times of Malta
2084:
2040:
2028:
2018:Times of Malta
1994:
1982:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1914:
1899:
1884:
1869:
1803:
1788:
1745:
1713:
1698:
1679:
1667:
1652:
1600:
1522:
1512:Times of Malta
1468:
1456:
1439:
1421:Times of Malta
1406:
1396:Times of Malta
1331:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1284:
1283:Literary works
1281:
1207:
1201:
1184:
1181:
1155:
1152:
1134:
1131:
1067:
1064:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1019:Monte di Pietà
1001:
998:
962:
959:
934:one in Malta.
914:
911:
871:
868:
848:Floriana Lines
781:
778:
678:
675:
606:
603:
530:
527:
443:
440:
438:
435:
423:Constantinople
372:Bubonic plague
359:
356:
292:Ottoman Empire
288:Constantinople
245:
244:
236:
235:
228:
227:
220:
219:
212:
211:
204:
203:
196:
195:
188:
187:
180:
179:
172:
171:
164:
163:
156:
155:
148:
147:
140:
139:
132:
131:
125:
124:
123:
120:
119:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
81:
80:First outbreak
77:
76:
67:
63:
62:
55:
51:
50:
45:
41:
40:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3849:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3822:1814 in Malta
3820:
3818:
3817:1813 in Malta
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3761:(2019–present
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3735:Hong Kong flu
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3563:Tonga measles
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3533:Samoa measles
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3391:Haiti cholera
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3355:Iraqi cholera
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3337:Indian dengue
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3193:Guam smallpox
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3030:Naples Plague
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2988:London plague
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2969:London plague
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2957:London plague
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2913:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2887:Plague of 664
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2730:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2686:
2682:
2680:9789995731021
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2634:
2632:9780520274433
2628:
2624:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2575:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2544:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2520:
2514:
2507:
2502:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2393:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2361:
2353:
2348:
2341:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2257:
2251:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2229:
2224:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2184:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2145:
2140:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2118:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2037:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1718:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1676:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1259:parish church
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:A hand-drawn
1180:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1077:
1072:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1044:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1007:miasma theory
997:
994:
992:
987:
984:
979:
977:
967:
958:
956:
951:
949:
948:parish church
945:
941:
935:
932:
924:
919:
910:
907:
900:
896:
892:
890:
881:
876:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
834:
832:
828:
823:
818:
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
791:
786:
777:
774:
772:
768:
764:
759:
756:
751:
746:
744:
743:death penalty
740:
732:
727:
723:
721:
717:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
632:
630:
626:
618:
617:
611:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
578:
575:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
543:
539:
535:
526:
524:
523:
517:
512:
511:Manoel Island
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
486:
482:
477:
472:
469:), a Maltese
468:
464:
456:
452:
448:
434:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
355:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:Grand Harbour
312:
310:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
248:
239:
223:
207:
191:
175:
174:Manoel Island
159:
143:
129:
114:
108:
104:
100:
97:28 March 1813
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
52:
49:
46:
42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
3587:Uganda Ebola
3306:21st century
3288:Surat plague
3258:NYC smallpox
3227:20th century
3144:
3132:19th century
3060:18th century
2981:17th century
2947:(1545, 1576)
2926:16th century
2869:Roman Plague
2838:(165–180 AD)
2832:(429–426 BC)
2779:and notable
2738:
2726:
2704:
2685:the original
2658:
2642:
2621:
2612:Bibliography
2598:the original
2593:
2589:
2562:the original
2555:
2543:
2532:the original
2525:
2513:
2508:, p. 13
2501:
2490:the original
2485:
2441:the original
2436:
2423:
2412:the original
2407:
2380:the original
2375:
2347:
2342:, p. 47
2335:
2300:
2296:
2281:
2276:, p. 76
2250:
2245:, p. 75
2223:
2212:the original
2207:
2185:, p. 71
2178:
2170:the original
2165:
2146:, p. 64
2139:
2134:, p. 23
2112:
2104:the original
2097:
2087:
2076:the original
2071:
2038:, p. 59
2031:
2023:the original
2016:
1992:, p. 46
1985:
1980:, p. 44
1965:, p. 57
1958:
1953:, p. 49
1946:
1941:, p. 48
1934:
1929:, p. 45
1912:, p. 43
1897:, p. 42
1882:, p. 41
1861:the original
1833:(1): 40–45.
1830:
1826:
1801:, p. 40
1783:the original
1776:
1737:the original
1732:
1711:, p. 50
1696:, p. 39
1677:, p. 38
1670:
1665:, p. 37
1644:the original
1639:
1635:
1592:the original
1561:
1557:
1517:the original
1510:
1466:, p. 35
1459:
1454:, p. 79
1430:. Retrieved
1426:the original
1419:
1409:
1401:the original
1394:
1303:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1263:
1241:A statue of
1240:
1218:A number of
1217:
1203:
1186:
1174:
1168:
1157:
1140:
1136:
1124:
1115:
1112:
1097:
1083:
1081:
1060:
1056:
1052:Three Cities
1049:
1027:Three Cities
1023:
1011:
1003:
1000:Transmission
995:
988:
982:
980:
972:
952:
936:
928:
901:
897:
893:
885:
864:Santa Venera
835:
806:
795:
775:
770:
760:
749:
747:
736:
699:Three Cities
684:
680:
636:
633:
622:
614:
598:
595:Strada Pozzi
594:
590:
586:
583:Strada Reale
582:
579:
570:
561:
549:
547:
537:
521:
515:
502:
500:
495:
491:
487:
480:
467:St. Nicholas
466:
462:
460:
420:
416:crown colony
392:
361:
345:
321:cordoned off
313:
303:
294:, including
281:
256:
254:
94:Arrival date
57:
3777:(2023–2024)
3771:(2022–2023)
3755:(2009–2010)
3743:(1977–1979)
3737:(1968–1970)
3731:(1961–1975)
3725:(1957–1958)
3719:(1919–1930)
3713:(1918–1920)
3711:Spanish flu
3707:(1899–1923)
3701:(1889–1890)
3699:Russian flu
3695:(1881–1896)
3689:(1863–1879)
3683:(1855–1860)
3677:(1852–1860)
3671:(1829–1851)
3665:(1816–1826)
3659:(1557–1559)
3589:(2022–2023)
3577:(2019–2020)
3571:(2019–2020)
3569:DRC measles
3523:(2018–2020)
3491:(2016–2022)
3479:(2015–2016)
3435:(2013–2016)
3429:(2013–2014)
3427:Chikungunya
3393:(2010–2019)
3387:(2009–2010)
3369:(2008–2017)
3363:(2008–2009)
3327:(2003–2005)
3315:(2002–2004)
3297:(1998–1999)
3278:(1972–1973)
3242:(1910–1911)
3236:(1900–1904)
3201:(1862–1863)
3171:(1847–1848)
3165:(1837–1838)
3147:(1813–1814)
3141:(1812–1819)
3111:(1793–1798)
3105:(1780–1782)
3093:(1770–1772)
3081:(1720–1722)
3075:(1710–1712)
3069:(1707–1708)
3045:(1675–1676)
3038:(1665–1666)
3020:(1647–1652)
3014:(1633–1644)
3002:(1629–1631)
2971:(1592–1593)
2965:(1592–1593)
2959:(1563–1564)
2953:(1557–1559)
2907:(1485–1551)
2901:(1346–1353)
2899:Black Death
2824: 1330
2644:Eradication
809:Villa Bighi
802:Fort Manoel
496:Bella Maria
488:Bella Maria
368:Black Death
3791:Categories
3521:Kivu Ebola
3276:London flu
2352:Tully 1821
2340:Tully 1821
2274:Tully 1821
2243:Tully 1821
2228:Tully 1821
2208:Visit Gozo
2183:Tully 1821
2144:Tully 1821
2117:Tully 1821
2036:Tully 1821
1990:Tully 1821
1978:Tully 1821
1963:Tully 1821
1951:Tully 1821
1939:Tully 1821
1927:Tully 1821
1910:Tully 1821
1895:Tully 1821
1880:Tully 1821
1799:Tully 1821
1709:Tully 1821
1694:Tully 1821
1675:Tully 1821
1663:Tully 1821
1464:Tully 1821
1327:References
1100:Saint Roch
1066:Cemeteries
983:tal-Qassam
846:, and the
771:beccamorti
697:, and the
687:law courts
629:Birkirkara
550:San Nicola
516:San Nicola
509:on nearby
507:Lazzaretto
503:San Nicola
471:brigantine
463:San Nicola
455:Lazzaretto
427:Alexandria
399:Royal Navy
358:Background
333:Birkirkara
304:San Nicola
300:Alexandria
190:Birkirkara
84:Alexandria
3753:Swine flu
3723:Asian flu
3641:(541–767)
3610:Argentina
2895:(735–737)
2889:(664–689)
2883:(638–639)
2877:(627–628)
2865:(541–542)
2855:classical
2844:(250–266)
2777:epidemics
2773:Pandemics
1564:(1): 49.
1295:in 1833.
1236:San Ġwann
1116:ta' Gadaf
991:Ramla Bay
940:għonnella
906:barracche
856:Ta' Xbiex
839:barracche
822:barracche
388:1675–1676
376:1592–1593
118:4487–4668
102:Recovered
3759:COVID-19
3747:HIV/AIDS
3325:Bird flu
2667:Valletta
1857:27396289
1588:33085308
1432:12 March
1310:See also
1224:folk art
1220:ex-votos
1093:smallpox
1084:clausure
976:delirium
831:barrakki
765:and the
750:barriere
707:Cospicua
695:Floriana
689:and the
647:Għargħur
566:Valletta
542:Valletta
453:and the
329:Floriana
309:Valletta
158:Floriana
142:Valletta
66:Location
2809:Ancient
2327:5330010
2318:1033607
1849:9694016
1580:1578438
1300:Italian
1293:Livorno
1204:Ex voto
1089:cholera
827:Maltese
813:Kalkara
720:Messina
711:Senglea
691:theatre
671:Senglea
485:polacca
411:Livorno
403:Palermo
261:Maltese
44:Disease
3653:(1510)
3631:Global
3612:(2024)
3595:(2023)
3583:(2020)
3565:(2019)
3559:(2019)
3553:(2019)
3547:(2019)
3541:(2019)
3535:(2019)
3529:(2018)
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3381:(2009)
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3333:(2005)
3321:(2003)
3290:(1994)
3284:(1974)
3272:(1972)
3266:(1963)
3260:(1947)
3254:(1937)
3248:(1924)
3219:(1894)
3213:(1871)
3207:(1870)
3195:(1856)
3189:(1854)
3183:(1853)
3177:(1853)
3169:Typhus
3159:(1829)
3153:(1813)
3124:Modern
3099:(1772)
3087:(1738)
3052:(1679)
3032:(1656)
3026:(1655)
3008:(1633)
2996:(1623)
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2918:modern
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2649:London
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1636:Hyphen
1586:
1578:
1189:hearse
1183:Legacy
1120:Naxxar
1033:Impact
944:Xagħra
667:Qrendi
663:Għaxaq
655:Kirkop
651:Balzan
643:Żebbuġ
554:Sliema
522:Badger
457:, 1906
442:Origin
407:Naples
352:Xagħra
341:Żebbuġ
269:plague
238:Xagħra
222:Żebbuġ
111:Deaths
48:Plague
2916:Early
2871:(590)
2853:Post-
2801:Local
2688:(PDF)
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1853:S2CID
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1595:(PDF)
1584:S2CID
1554:(PDF)
1247:Marsa
1160:grace
1118:near
955:Rabat
836:Many
817:Rabat
790:Rabat
703:Birgu
639:Qormi
625:Mdina
558:fence
492:Nancy
481:Nancy
431:Egypt
337:Qormi
325:death
296:Egypt
284:begun
273:Malta
206:Qormi
105:3,826
88:Egypt
70:Malta
3477:Zika
3409:MERS
3313:SARS
2709:ISBN
2675:ISBN
2627:ISBN
2323:PMID
1845:PMID
1576:PMID
1434:2020
1091:and
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931:Gozo
921:The
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729:Sir
709:and
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659:Safi
641:and
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520:HMS
465:(or
409:and
386:and
384:1655
380:1623
362:The
348:Gozo
339:and
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275:and
255:The
74:Gozo
72:and
2826:BC)
2313:PMC
2305:doi
1835:doi
1831:144
1566:doi
1562:138
811:in
701:of
564:in
540:in
429:in
286:in
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2821:c.
2775:,
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