598:
133:
36:
183:
550:, despite bordering only 15 kV territory decided to electrify their mainline railways at 25 kV 50 Hz for that and other reasons. Because it is technically very challenging and therefore not cost-effective to provide high-speed passenger services on 1.5 or 3 kV DC lines, newer European electrification primarily in Eastern Europe is mostly
501:.) The heavier transformers also lead to higher axle loads than for those of a higher frequency. Theoretically, in turn, this leads to increased track wear and increases the need for more frequent track maintenance while in practice electric locomotives must not become too lightweight in order to preserve traction effort at low speeds. The
557:
Simple
European unification with an alignment of voltage/frequency across Europe is not necessarily cost-effective since trans-border traction is more limited by the differing national standards in other areas. To equip an electric locomotive with a transformer for two or more input voltages is cheap
435:
was arbitrarily chosen to remain within the tolerance of existing traction motors. Austria, Switzerland and
Southern Germany switched their power plants to 16.7 Hz on 16 October 1995 at 12:00 CET. Note that regional electrified sections run by synchronous generators keep their frequency of
727:
The frequency of 16.7 Hz is determined based on the need to prevent synchronism issues in components of the rotary machine. This machine primarily comprises a three-phase asynchronous motor and a single-phase synchronous generator. Synchronism occurs when the frequency reaches 16+2⁄3 Hz in the
562:
and to run them through the approval procedure to get access to the railway network in other countries. However, some new high-speed lines to neighbouring countries are already intended to be built to 25 kV (e.g. in
Austria to Eastern Europe). Although newer locomotives are always built with
321:
on each locomotive are thus required to step high transmission voltages down to practical motor operating voltages. Before the development of suitable ways to efficiently transform DC currents through power electronics, efficient transformers strictly required
313:) used two 1,500 V DC motors in series. But even at 3 kV, the current needed to power a heavy train (particularly in rural and mountainous areas) can be excessive. Although increasing the transmission voltage decreases the current and associated
832:
837:
Germany, Austria and
Switzerland operate the largest interconnected 15 kV AC system with central generation, and central and local converter plants. However, there are islands with alternative electrification systems. For example, the
554:. Conversion to this voltage/frequency requires higher voltage insulators and greater clearance between lines and bridges and other structures. This is now standard for new overhead lines as well as for modernizing old installations.
1401:
995:
C. Linder (2002). "Umstellung der
Sollfrequenz im zentralen Bahnstromnetz von 16 2/3 Hz auf 16,70 Hz" [Switching the frequency in train electric power supply network from 16 2/3 Hz to 16.70 Hz].
337:
The 50 Hz (60 Hz in North
America) AC grid was already established at the beginning of the 20th century. Although series-wound motors can in principle run on AC as well as DC (the reason they are also known as
567:
control systems that have no problem with a range of input frequencies including DC, the required additional pantographs and wiring are not universally installed in order to offer cost-reduced models like the
Siemens
631:
in
Switzerland. This system is called the centralized railway energy supply. A separate single-phase power distribution grid makes the recuperation of energy during braking extremely easy in comparison with
584:
series anymore, many smaller private rail companies do, though some are now as much as 60 years old. Even as these obsolescent models are decommissioned, it still may not be easier to unify. Meanwhile, the
1196:
1144:
1139:
1191:
728:
single-phase system, according to technical specifications. Therefore, the centralized system's frequency was set at 16.7 Hz to ensure that synchronism is avoided and the machinery operates correctly.
525:) at the lower frequency, the transformers had to be de-rated to one third of their original power handling capability, thereby reducing the available tractive effort by the same amount (to around
431:, the control current induced an undesired DC component, leading to pole overheating problems. This was solved by shifting the frequency slightly away from exactly one third of the grid frequency;
707:
transmission. The inductance through which the earthing is done is designed to limit earth currents in cases of faults on the line. At the transformer substations, the voltage is transformed from
1368:
1373:
1406:
1363:
589:
tends to order rolling stock that are capable of running multiple electrification systems, especially freight locomotives and high-speed passenger trainsets as these operate across Europe.
881:
405:; converters powered by the grid supply railway power in those two German states plus Sweden and Norway. Norway also has two hydro-electric power plants dedicated for railway power with
1149:
1378:
1202:
780:. The decentralized system in the north-east of Germany was established by the Deutsche Reichsbahn in the 1980s, because there was no centralized system available in these areas.
1179:
776:
by synchronous-synchronous-converters or static converters. Both systems need additional transformers. The converters consist of a three-phase synchronous motor and a
532:
These drawbacks, plus the need for a separate supply infrastructure and the lack of any technical advantages with modern motors and controllers has limited the use of
1355:
387:
to operate at the same shaft speed as a standard 50 Hz generator by reducing the number of pole pairs by a factor of three. For example, a generator turning at
1253:
546: Hz and 16.7 Hz beyond the original five countries. Most other countries electrified their railways at the utility frequency of 50/60 Hz.
1114:
647:), converted to low frequency single phase and fed into the overhead line. This system is called the decentralized (i.e. local) railway energy supply.
489:
required to reduce the overhead line voltage to that used by the motors and their speed control gear. Low frequency transformers need to have heavier
53:
940:
955:
920:, Danish standard; the split is located on the Swedish side near the bridge. Only two-system trains (or diesel trains; rare) can pass the point.
100:
1051:
1230:
72:
691:. The 0 V point is connected to earth through an inductance so that each conductor of the single phase AC power line has a voltage of
428:
79:
1427:
282:
despite the fact that this would reduce the weight of the on-board step-down transformers to one third that of the present devices.
1335:
1320:
793:
755:
The power for the decentralized system is taken directly from the national power grid and directly transformed and converted into
86:
1268:
930:
1107:
744:
68:
1432:
1023:
739:, are either dedicated to generating this specific single phase AC or have special generators for the purpose, such as the
639:
In Sweden, Norway, Mecklenburg-Western
Pomerania and Saxony-Anhalt, the power is taken directly from the three-phase grid (
427:
The first generators were synchronous AC generators or synchronous transformers; however, with the introduction of modern
1393:
1340:
1187:
820:
740:
1284:
1217:
1100:
815:
119:
256:
that were available at the beginning of the 20th century. Railway electrification in late 20th century tends to use
1437:
945:
917:
551:
257:
17:
1164:
1131:
950:
810:
194:
in
Germany. Lines of this type are used in Germany to supply electric railways with single-phase AC at 16.7
57:
93:
1330:
1263:
935:
612:
505:
encountered the problem of the reduced power handling of lower frequency transformers when they rebuilt some
398:
237:
581:
619:), Austria and Switzerland, there is a separate single-phase power distribution grid for railway power at
379:, exactly one third of the national power grid frequency of 50 Hz. This facilitated the operation of
1383:
1325:
1240:
606:
327:
263:
which has become the preferred standard for new railway electrifications but extensions of the existing
1169:
700:
783:
1159:
1154:
233:
229:
1123:
1059:
353:
problems and the non-laminated magnetic pole-pieces originally designed for DC exhibited excessive
245:
241:
597:
559:
206:
136:
46:
805:
960:
777:
390:
833:
List of installations for 15 kV AC railway electrification in Germany, Austria and Switzerland
656:
498:
347:
384:
343:
268:
8:
1084:
1037:
573:
331:
323:
211:
839:
502:
564:
317:
for a given power, insulation limits make higher voltage traction motors impractical.
1005:
397:
Separate plants supply railway power in Austria, Switzerland and Germany, except for
980:
252:
enables high power transmission with the lower frequency reducing the losses of the
1207:
784:
Facilities for 15 kV AC railway electrification in Germany, Austria and Switzerland
380:
342:) large series-wound traction motors had problems with such high frequencies. High
494:
27:
Standard current and voltage settings for much of Central Europe's train transport
909:
676:
672:
339:
291:
132:
901:
521:
lines. As a result of using the same transformer cores (originally designed for
1315:
913:
865:
490:
310:
253:
198:. In the substations of the railway, transformers are used to step it down to
1421:
1009:
704:
616:
586:
577:
576:
series are not certified for additional electrification systems. Despite the
402:
314:
306:
271:(opened on 1 June 2016) still uses 15 kV, 16.7 Hz electrification.
191:
1092:
905:
354:
350:
249:
1024:"Siemens to electrify Denmark's rail network | Press | Company | Siemens"
869:
486:
318:
223:
360:
In the German-speaking countries, high-voltage electrification began at
326:(AC); thus high voltage electrified railways adopted AC along with the
882:
List of installations for 15 kV AC railway electrification in Sweden
796:
35:
1310:
569:
302:
294:
219:
175:
687:), they convert it to 55-0-55 kV (or 66-0-66 kV) AC at
547:
1289:
1258:
1248:
298:
453:
just as Sweden and Norway still run their railway networks at
1294:
601:
Single-phase (two-wire) lines coming out of a converter plant
420:
375:
357:
losses. Using a lower AC frequency alleviated both problems.
195:
383:
from the grid frequency and allowed dedicated railway power
572:. Likewise, newer regional passenger trainsets such as the
274:
Due to high conversion costs, it is unlikely that existing
182:
267:
networks are not completely unlikely. In particular, the
636:
kV 50 Hz system tied to 3 phase distribution grid.
1345:
1085:
DB Energie soll Durchleitung von Bahnstrom ermöglichen
699:) with respect to earth potential. This is similar to
868:
museum railway which uses 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC). The
679:
that are supplied from the national power grid (e.g.
394:
would be wound with two pole pairs rather than six.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
912:(650 V and 750 V DC) and tramways (750 V DC). The
580:train operator does not use older models from the
719:AC and the energy is fed into the overhead line.
499:effect of frequency on the design of transformers
1419:
956:Seebach-Wettingen railway electrification trial
655:The centralized system is supplied by special
1108:
916:linking Sweden and Denmark is electrified at
497:for the same level of power conversion. (See
1122:
650:
558:compared to the cost of installing multiple
886:In Sweden most electric railways use 15 kV
1115:
1101:
1044:
850:In Norway all electric railways use 15 kV
722:
994:
842:is the largest 25 kV AC line in Germany.
750:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1336:Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority
596:
592:
181:
131:
1269:European Rail Traffic Management System
1038:"ELECTRIFICATION OF THE DANISH RAILWAY"
931:List of railway electrification systems
513:locomotives (series 340) to operate on
14:
1420:
745:Walchensee hydroelectric power station
1096:
1321:Norwegian State Railways (1883–1996)
290:The first electrified railways used
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
24:
778:single-phase synchronous generator
741:Neckarwestheim nuclear power plant
228:are used on transport railways in
69:"15 kV AC railway electrification"
25:
1449:
1078:
872:and tramways use 750 V DC power.
1428:15 kV AC railway electrification
946:25 kV AC railway electrification
34:
983:railway electrification systems
941:25 Hz Power Transmission System
429:double fed induction generators
137:Railway electrification systems
45:needs additional citations for
1030:
1016:
988:
974:
278:systems will be converted to
13:
1:
1331:Norwegian Railway Directorate
1264:European Train Control System
967:
936:Category:15 kV AC locomotives
613:Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
399:Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
346:of the motor windings caused
186:A pylon of a single-phase AC
582:standard electric locomotive
473:One of the disadvantages of
7:
1433:Electric power distribution
1326:Norwegian Railway Authority
923:
900:Hz AC. Exceptions include:
821:GPX (secondary coordinates)
667:in the Swiss system) AC at
627:in Germany and Austria and
607:Electric power transmission
485:locomotives is the heavier
477:locomotives as compared to
328:electric power distribution
10:
1454:
879:
830:
701:split-phase electric power
604:
305:. Areas with 3 kV DC
285:
1392:
1354:
1303:
1277:
1239:
1216:
1178:
1130:
981:Bahnstromsystem (German)
875:
845:
816:GPX (primary coordinates)
791:Map all coordinates using
703:systems and results in a
651:Generation and conversion
1124:Rail transport in Norway
799:Download coordinates as:
560:train protection systems
1438:Electric rail transport
731:Power plants providing
723:Asynchronous converters
207:Railway electrification
961:Traction power network
951:Rotary phase converter
751:Synchronous converters
602:
203:
179:
811:GPX (all coordinates)
600:
593:Distribution networks
185:
144: Non-electrified
135:
1402:Museums and heritage
269:Gotthard Base Tunnel
156: 1.5 kV DC
54:improve this article
611:In Germany (except
574:Bombardier Talent 2
344:inductive reactance
332:War of the currents
324:alternating current
212:alternating current
168: 15 kV AC
150: 750 V DC
998:Elektrische Bahnen
864:Hz AC (except the
603:
565:asynchronous motor
204:
180:
162: 3 kV DC
1415:
1414:
1341:Railway companies
1062:on 5 October 2015
908:(1.5 kV DC), the
673:rotary converters
623:; the voltage is
552:25 kV AC at 50 Hz
381:rotary converters
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1445:
1208:Bane NOR Eiendom
1145:Closing timeline
1140:Opening timeline
1117:
1110:
1103:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1058:. Archived from
1048:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1014:
1013:
992:
986:
978:
899:
898:
894:
891:
863:
862:
858:
855:
840:Rübeland Railway
775:
773:
772:
768:
765:
758:
738:
734:
718:
714:
710:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:AC/AC converters
670:
666:
662:
646:
642:
635:
630:
626:
622:
545:
544:
540:
537:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
484:
480:
476:
469:
467:
466:
462:
459:
452:
450:
449:
445:
442:
434:
423:
419:
418:
414:
411:
393:
378:
374:
373:
369:
366:
340:universal motors
315:resistive losses
281:
277:
266:
260:
227:
215:
201:
190:power line near
189:
173:
167:
161:
155:
149:
143:
139:used in Europe:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
18:15 kV 16.7 Hz AC
1453:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1388:
1350:
1299:
1273:
1235:
1218:Electrification
1212:
1174:
1126:
1121:
1087:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1017:
993:
989:
979:
975:
970:
965:
926:
910:Stockholm Metro
896:
892:
889:
887:
884:
878:
860:
856:
853:
851:
848:
835:
829:
828:
827:
826:
825:
786:
770:
766:
763:
761:
760:
756:
753:
736:
732:
725:
716:
712:
708:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
668:
664:
660:
653:
644:
640:
633:
628:
624:
620:
609:
595:
542:
538:
535:
533:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
482:
478:
474:
464:
460:
457:
455:
454:
447:
443:
440:
438:
437:
432:
416:
412:
409:
407:
406:
388:
371:
367:
364:
362:
361:
288:
279:
275:
264:
258:
254:traction motors
217:
210:
199:
187:
178:
171:
169:
165:
163:
159:
157:
153:
151:
147:
145:
141:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1451:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1379:Multiple units
1376:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1316:Jernbaneverket
1313:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1080:
1079:External links
1077:
1074:
1073:
1056:jernbaneverket
1043:
1029:
1015:
987:
972:
971:
969:
966:
964:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
927:
925:
922:
914:Oresund Bridge
880:Main article:
877:
874:
866:Thamshavnbanen
847:
844:
831:Main article:
824:
823:
818:
813:
808:
802:
789:
788:
787:
785:
782:
752:
749:
724:
721:
659:that generate
652:
649:
605:Main article:
594:
591:
503:Czech Railways
491:magnetic cores
311:Eastern Europe
309:(primarily in
287:
284:
276:15 kV, 16.7 Hz
222:(kV) and 16.7
170:
164:
158:
152:
146:
140:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1450:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1356:Rolling stock
1353:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:"Bane Energi"
1047:
1039:
1033:
1025:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:(in German).
999:
991:
985:
984:
977:
973:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
928:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
883:
873:
871:
867:
843:
841:
834:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
801:
800:
795:
794:OpenStreetMap
792:
781:
779:
748:
746:
742:
729:
720:
706:
705:balanced line
702:
678:
674:
658:
648:
637:
618:
617:Saxony-Anhalt
614:
608:
599:
590:
588:
587:Deutsche Bahn
583:
579:
578:Deutsche Bahn
575:
571:
566:
561:
555:
553:
549:
530:
527:1,000 kW
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
471:
430:
425:
422:
404:
403:Saxony-Anhalt
400:
395:
392:
386:
382:
377:
358:
356:
352:
349:
345:
341:
335:
333:
329:
325:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
293:
283:
272:
270:
262:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
225:
221:
213:
208:
197:
193:
184:
177:
176:25 kV AC
138:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1304:Institutions
1225:
1203:Architecture
1165:Narrow-gauge
1064:. Retrieved
1060:the original
1055:
1046:
1032:
1018:
1001:
997:
990:
982:
976:
906:Roslagsbanan
902:Saltsjöbanan
885:
849:
836:
798:
797:
790:
754:
730:
726:
657:power plants
654:
638:
610:
556:
531:
472:
470:throughout.
426:
396:
359:
355:eddy current
336:
330:system (see
319:Transformers
303:1,500 V
292:series-wound
289:
280:25 kV, 50 Hz
273:
259:25 kV, 50 Hz
250:high voltage
205:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1278:Train radio
1088:(in German)
870:Oslo T-bane
493:and larger
487:transformer
297:, first at
238:Switzerland
110:August 2007
1422:Categories
1160:High-speed
968:References
433:16.7 hertz
385:generators
348:commutator
307:catenaries
299:600 V
261:AC systems
192:Bartholomä
80:newspapers
1407:Accidents
1384:Carriages
1241:Signaling
1010:0013-5437
351:flashover
301:and then
295:DC motors
220:kilovolts
1369:Electric
1311:Bane NOR
1285:Timeline
1231:Timeline
1180:Stations
924:See also
715:) AC to
570:Smartron
495:windings
424:output.
1394:History
1170:Private
1155:Tunnels
1150:Bridges
1066:29 July
895:⁄
859:⁄
769:⁄
743:or the
737:16.7 Hz
689:16.7 Hz
671:and by
669:16.7 Hz
621:16.7 Hz
548:Denmark
541:⁄
519:16.7 Hz
475:16.7 Hz
463:⁄
446:⁄
415:⁄
370:⁄
286:History
234:Austria
230:Germany
94:scholar
1374:Diesel
1290:Scanet
1259:EBICAB
1254:Merkur
1249:NSI-63
1197:Listed
1192:Closed
1008:
876:Sweden
846:Norway
733:110 kV
713:132 kV
709:110 kV
681:110 kV
665:132 kV
661:110 kV
641:110 kV
634:
629:132 kV
625:110 kV
389:1,000
248:. The
246:Norway
244:, and
242:Sweden
209:using
188:110 kV
174:
172:
166:
160:
154:
148:
142:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1364:Steam
1295:GSM-R
1226:15 kV
1132:Lines
918:25 kV
757:15 kV
717:15 kV
697:66 kV
693:55 kV
685:50 Hz
645:50 Hz
523:50 Hz
515:15 kV
511:50 Hz
507:25 kV
483:60 Hz
479:50 Hz
421:hertz
376:hertz
265:15 kV
224:hertz
200:15 kV
196:hertz
101:JSTOR
87:books
1188:List
1068:2015
1006:ISSN
904:and
711:(or
695:(or
663:(or
615:and
517:AC,
509:AC,
401:and
226:(Hz)
214:(AC)
73:news
806:KML
675:or
643:at
529:).
481:or
391:rpm
334:).
218:15
216:at
56:by
1424::
1346:Vy
1054:.
1004:.
1002:12
888:16
852:16
774:Hz
762:16
759:,
747:.
735:,
683:,
632:25
534:16
468:Hz
456:16
451:Hz
439:16
408:16
363:16
240:,
236:,
232:,
1199:)
1190:(
1116:e
1109:t
1102:v
1070:.
1040:.
1026:.
1012:.
897:3
893:2
890:+
861:3
857:2
854:+
771:3
767:2
764:+
543:3
539:2
536:+
465:3
461:2
458:+
448:3
444:2
441:+
417:3
413:2
410:+
372:3
368:2
365:+
202:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
