497:) inaugurated the era of personal computing. Many 16-bit CPUs already existed in the mid-1970s. Over the next 30 years, the shift to 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit computing allowed, respectively, 2 = 65,536 unique words, 2 = 4,294,967,296 unique words and 2 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique words, each step offering a meaningful advantage until 64 bits was reached. Further advantages evaporate from 64-bit to 128-bit computing as the number of possible values in a register increases from roughly 18
36:
822:. In the PowerPC/Power ISA implementation, the first four bytes contain information used to identify the type of the object being referenced, and the final eight bytes are used as a virtual memory address. The remaining four bytes are unused, and would allow IBM i applications to be extended to 96-bit addressing in future without requiring code changes.
521:) as so many unique values are never utilized. Thus, with a register that can store 2 values, no advantages over 64-bit computing accrue to either home computing or gaming. CPUs with a larger word size also require more circuitry, are physically larger, require more power and generate more heat. Thus, there are currently no mainstream
577:, and −170,141,183,460,469,231,731,687,303,715,884,105,728 (−2) through 170,141,183,460,469,231,731,687,303,715,884,105,727
656:
are used to store several smaller numbers, such as four 32-bit floating-point numbers. A single instruction can then operate on all these values in parallel. However, these processors do not operate on individual numbers that are 128 binary digits in length; only their vector registers have the size
664:
supported operations on 128-bit integer ('O' or octaword) and 128-bit floating-point ('H-float' or HFLOAT) datatypes. Support for such operations was an upgrade option rather than being a standard feature. Since the VAX's registers were 32 bits wide, a 128-bit operation used four consecutive
1031:
Suzuoki, M.; Kutaragi, K.; Hiroi, T.; Magoshi, H.; Okamoto, S.; Oka, M.; Ohba, A.; Yamamoto, Y.; Furuhashi, M.; Tanaka, M.; Yutaka, T.; Okada, T.; Nagamatsu, M.; Urakawa, Y.; Funyu, M.; Kunimatsu, A.; Goto, H.; Hashimoto, K.; Ide, N.; Murakami, H.; Ohtaguro, Y.; Aono, A. (November 1999). "A
809:
Machine
Interface defines all pointers as 128-bit. The Machine Interface instructions are translated to the hardware's real instruction set as required, allowing the underlying hardware to change without needing to recompile the software. Past hardware had a
710:
ISA specification from 2016 includes a reservation for a 128-bit version of the architecture, but the details remain undefined intentionally, because there is yet so little practical experience with such large word size.
564:
used. With the two most common representations, the range is 0 through 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,455
1278:
698:
in their marketing to describe their capability. The
Playstation 2's CPU had 128-bit SIMD capabilities. Neither console supported 128-bit addressing or 128-bit integer arithmetic.
901:
1274:
723:
emulate e.g. 64-bit integer arithmetic on architectures with register sizes less than 64 bits, some compilers also support 128-bit integer arithmetic. For example, the
410:
2356:
549:) bytes, which would greatly exceed the total data captured, created, or replicated on Earth as of 2018, which has been estimated to be around 33
1328:
2467:
1650:
403:
2169:
1447:
2326:
1892:
1709:
2680:
971:
884:
1672:
396:
343:
2321:
2393:
683:
349:
561:
100:
2675:
2146:
332:
321:
529:
or addresses, although a number of processors do have specialized ways to operate on 128-bit chunks of data, and are given in
72:
1257:
3090:
2214:
1477:
1321:
1034:
938:
310:
3100:
2241:
79:
1368:
53:
2408:
2236:
2209:
1588:
1085:
641:
119:
3223:
2786:
1679:
1645:
1640:
1559:
1524:
1032:
microprocessor with a 128-bit CPU, ten floating-point MAC's, four floating-point dividers, and an MPEG-2 decoder".
811:
383:
86:
988:
Padegs A (1968). "Structural aspects of the System/360 Model 85, III: Extensions to floating-point architecture".
3198:
3095:
2496:
2403:
2204:
1425:
1314:
522:
378:
373:
2224:
1943:
1378:
897:
826:
57:
731:
for some architectures. GCC and compatible compilers signal the presence of 128-bit arithmetic when the macro
68:
2398:
2246:
2219:
2080:
1694:
1655:
1512:
768:
2835:
2597:
2073:
2034:
1689:
1684:
1618:
1430:
597:
474:
363:
300:
142:
2462:
2159:
1857:
1554:
1073:
744:
600:(thus 64-bit integers in particular). Quadruple precision floats can also represent any position in the
3112:
2759:
2176:
1667:
1635:
1405:
1393:
1373:
1296:
593:
431:
287:
1292:
751:), which is implemented on all platforms. A 128-bit type provided by a C compiler can be available in
282:
277:
3203:
3166:
3156:
1544:
645:
297:
3218:
2625:
2561:
2538:
2388:
2350:
2186:
2136:
2131:
1608:
1502:
1410:
929:; Pashley, Richard D.; Britton, Lee D.; Daimon, Yoshiaki T.; Sando, Stewart F. Jr. (October 1976).
637:
7.700 and 7.500 series mainframes and their successors support 128-bit floating-point arithmetic.
3171:
2954:
2848:
2812:
2729:
2713:
2555:
2344:
2303:
2291:
2154:
2068:
1989:
1754:
1415:
1358:
846:
724:
623:
451:
46:
17:
2977:
2949:
2859:
2824:
2573:
2567:
2549:
2283:
2277:
2181:
2085:
1976:
1915:
1777:
1420:
736:
589:
510:
498:
360:
93:
3151:
3060:
2806:
2518:
2336:
2095:
2063:
2021:
1933:
1734:
1549:
1539:
1529:
1519:
1489:
1472:
1337:
1106:
865:
uses a 128-bit random number as synchronization marker for efficient splitting of data files.
455:
424:
672:
provided a 128-bit accumulator, and its instruction set included 128-bit floating-point and
3181:
3117:
2703:
2425:
2315:
2262:
1794:
1507:
1363:
1345:
1043:
947:
930:
262:
1015:
607:
Decimal128 floating-point numbers can represent numbers with up to 34 significant digits.
8:
3228:
3213:
3033:
2884:
2866:
2830:
2818:
2472:
2419:
2196:
2112:
1994:
1849:
1744:
1603:
601:
582:
482:
1174:
1047:
951:
3259:
3085:
3077:
2929:
2904:
2708:
2583:
2107:
2048:
1928:
1660:
1388:
963:
892:
842:
834:
459:
338:
327:
3038:
3005:
2921:
2853:
2754:
2744:
2734:
2665:
2660:
2578:
2507:
2413:
2373:
2006:
1956:
1906:
1882:
1764:
1704:
1699:
1581:
1497:
1253:
1101:
1081:
838:
447:
247:
242:
1196:
1126:
967:
3208:
3141:
3127:
2982:
2889:
2843:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2620:
2490:
2457:
2368:
2363:
2272:
2124:
2119:
2102:
2090:
2029:
1593:
1571:
1457:
1435:
1353:
1069:
1051:
997:
955:
850:
791:
653:
439:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
3122:
3107:
3055:
2959:
2934:
2771:
2764:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2544:
2452:
2442:
2164:
1999:
1951:
1714:
1598:
1566:
1467:
1462:
1383:
1247:
669:
616:
467:
272:
162:
157:
152:
473:
General home computing and gaming utility emerged at 8-bit word sizes, as 2=256
3233:
3067:
3050:
3043:
2939:
2796:
2533:
2447:
2378:
1961:
1923:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1576:
1400:
833:, and potentially speed up algorithms used in complex mathematical processing (
747:
programming language has built-in support for 128-bit integers (originally via
673:
627:
556:
A 128-bit register can store 2 (over 3.40 × 10) different values. The range of
435:
1131:"The RISC-V Instruction Set Manual, Volume I: Base User-Level ISA version 2.2"
1130:
959:
679:
A CPU with 128-bit multimedia extensions was designed by researchers in 1999.
541:
A processor with 128-bit byte addressing could directly address up to 2 (over
3253:
3028:
2944:
1984:
1966:
1759:
1452:
691:
574:
486:
1887:
3238:
3176:
2992:
2969:
2781:
2502:
1440:
1152:
830:
799:
795:
3023:
2987:
2698:
2670:
2528:
2383:
1306:
926:
862:
814:
instruction set with 48-bit addressing, while current hardware is 64-bit
477:, a natural unit of data, became possible. Early 8-bit CPUs (such as the
463:
252:
1221:
588:
Quadruple precision (128 bits) floating-point numbers can store 113-bit
2909:
2899:
2894:
2876:
2776:
2749:
2011:
1844:
1814:
1534:
1001:
570:
197:
3000:
2997:
2739:
1809:
1787:
1055:
819:
777:
routes computer network traffic amongst a 128-bit range of addresses.
743:
type, or it can be implemented by a compiler-specific extension. The
687:
550:
478:
316:
35:
3015:
1834:
787:
720:
494:
1824:
1782:
815:
649:
634:
557:
1839:
1804:
1769:
707:
630:
and its successors, support 128-bit floating-point arithmetic.
490:
2297:
1829:
1799:
806:
883:
Reinsel, David; Gantz, John; Rydning, John (November 2018).
3161:
2309:
2229:
1819:
1153:"GCC 4.6 Release Series – Changes, New Features, and Fixes"
1030:
774:
752:
748:
1749:
1739:
856:
780:
661:
443:
925:
560:
values that can be stored in 128 bits depends on the
1104:(19 April 1999). "Sony's Emotionally Charged Chip".
1133:. University of California, Berkeley. EECS-2016-118
885:"The Digitalization of the World from Edge to Core"
882:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
859:is a hash function producing a 128-bit hash value.
1068:
3251:
458:(ALU) architectures are those that are based on
1245:
1175:"128-bit integer – nonsensical documentation?"
1080:(Third ed.). Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
1078:Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach
1322:
829:mathematical libraries, with applications to
404:
1239:
1124:
739:, 128-bit support is optional, e.g. via the
2327:Computer performance by orders of magnitude
1172:
1100:
1336:
1329:
1315:
411:
397:
1272:
727:4.6 and later has a 128-bit integer type
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
987:
1281:from the original on 27 September 2015.
684:sixth generation of video game consoles
665:registers or four longwords in memory.
14:
3252:
825:Increasing the word size can speed up
619:was described by researchers in 1976.
1310:
1273:Kleppmann, Martin (24 January 2013).
977:from the original on 3 November 2018.
907:from the original on 7 September 2021
2298:Floating-point operations per second
1062:
1035:IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
939:IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
604:with at least micrometer precision.
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1017:Assembler Instructions (BS2000/OSD)
24:
1118:
1094:
771:(UUID) consist of a 128-bit value.
25:
3271:
1293:"Apache Avro 1.8.0 Specification"
1249:Inside the AS/400, Second Edition
642:single instruction, multiple data
536:
3224:Semiconductor device fabrication
137:Computer architecture bit widths
34:
3199:History of general-purpose CPUs
1426:Nondeterministic Turing machine
1285:
1266:
1214:
1189:
1166:
45:needs additional citations for
27:Computer architecture bit width
1379:Deterministic finite automaton
1173:Marc Glisse (26 August 2015).
1145:
1024:
1008:
981:
919:
876:
769:Universally unique identifiers
442:units are those that are 128
13:
1:
2170:Simultaneous and heterogenous
1275:"Re: Synchronization Markers"
869:
2854:Integrated memory controller
2836:Translation lookaside buffer
2035:Memory dependence prediction
1478:Random-access stored program
1431:Probabilistic Turing machine
794:and a common block size for
530:
525:built to operate on 128-bit
7:
2310:Synaptic updates per second
1114:(5). Microdesign Resources.
714:
701:
10:
3276:
2714:Heterogeneous architecture
1636:Orthogonal instruction set
1406:Alternating Turing machine
1394:Quantum cellular automaton
1297:Apache Software Foundation
610:
596:accurately without losing
569:for representation as an (
523:general-purpose processors
485:, used in the in the 1977
3204:Microprocessor chronology
3191:
3167:Dynamic frequency scaling
3140:
3076:
3014:
2968:
2920:
2875:
2795:
2722:
2691:
2596:
2517:
2481:
2435:
2335:
2322:Cache performance metrics
2261:
2195:
2145:
2056:
2047:
2020:
1975:
1942:
1914:
1905:
1725:
1628:
1617:
1488:
1344:
960:10.1109/JSSC.1976.1050799
931:"128-Bit Multicomparator"
783:is a 128-bit file system.
646:Streaming SIMD Extensions
644:(SIMD) instruction sets (
640:Most modern CPUs feature
3219:Hardware security module
2562:Digital signal processor
2539:Graphics processing unit
2351:Graphics processing unit
1246:Frank G. Soltis (1997).
3172:Dynamic voltage scaling
2955:Memory address register
2849:Branch target predictor
2813:Address generation unit
2556:Physics processing unit
2345:Central processing unit
2304:Transactions per second
2292:Instructions per second
2215:Array processing (SIMT)
1359:Stored-program computer
762:
624:IBM System/360 Model 85
452:central processing unit
450:) wide. Also, 128-bit
2978:Hardwired control unit
2860:Memory management unit
2825:Memory management unit
2574:Secure cryptoprocessor
2568:Tensor Processing Unit
2550:Vision processing unit
2284:Cycles per instruction
2278:Instructions per cycle
2225:Associative processing
1916:Instruction pipelining
1338:Processor technologies
737:C programming language
581:for representation as
562:integer representation
361:Decimal floating-point
3061:Sum-addressed decoder
2807:Arithmetic logic unit
1934:Classic RISC pipeline
1888:Epiphany architecture
1735:Motorola 68000 series
1107:Microprocessor Report
786:128 bits is a common
719:In the same way that
553:(over 2 bytes).
456:arithmetic logic unit
425:computer architecture
298:Binary floating-point
3182:Performance per watt
2760:replacement policies
2426:Package on a package
2316:Performance per watt
2220:Pipelined processing
1990:Tomasulo's algorithm
1795:Clipper architecture
1651:Application-specific
1364:Finite-state machine
735:is defined. For the
652:etc.) where 128-bit
54:improve this article
3214:Digital electronics
2867:Instruction decoder
2819:Floating-point unit
2473:Soft microprocessor
2420:System in a package
1995:Reservation station
1525:Transport-triggered
1074:Patterson, David A.
1048:1999IJSSC..34.1608S
990:IBM Systems Journal
952:1976IJSSC..11..692M
602:observable universe
483:MOS Technology 6502
69:"128-bit computing"
3086:Integrated circuit
2930:Processor register
2584:Baseband processor
1929:Operand forwarding
1389:Cellular automaton
1125:Waterman, Andrew;
1102:Diefendorff, Keith
1002:10.1147/sj.71.0022
893:Seagate Technology
835:numerical analysis
827:multiple precision
657:of 128 bits.
3247:
3246:
3136:
3135:
2755:Instruction cache
2745:Scratchpad memory
2592:
2591:
2579:Network processor
2508:Network on a chip
2463:Ultra-low-voltage
2414:Multi-chip module
2257:
2256:
2043:
2042:
2030:Branch prediction
2007:Register renaming
1901:
1900:
1883:VISC architecture
1705:Quantum computing
1700:VISC architecture
1582:Secondary storage
1498:Microarchitecture
1458:Register machines
1259:978-1-882419-66-1
1201:doc.rust-lang.org
1070:Hennessy, John L.
1042:(11): 1608–1618.
839:signal processing
792:symmetric ciphers
733:__SIZEOF_INT128__
421:
420:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3267:
3209:Processor design
3101:Power management
2983:Instruction unit
2844:Branch predictor
2793:
2792:
2491:System on a chip
2433:
2432:
2273:Transistor count
2197:Flynn's taxonomy
2054:
2053:
1912:
1911:
1715:Addressing modes
1626:
1625:
1572:Memory hierarchy
1436:Hypercomputation
1354:Abstract machine
1331:
1324:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1056:10.1109/4.799870
1028:
1022:
1021:
1012:
1006:
1005:
985:
979:
978:
976:
935:
923:
917:
916:
914:
912:
906:
889:
880:
851:video processing
758:
742:
734:
730:
654:vector registers
583:two's complement
580:
568:
548:
546:
520:
518:
508:
506:
436:memory addresses
413:
406:
399:
134:
133:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3229:Tick–tock model
3187:
3143:
3132:
3072:
3056:Address decoder
3010:
2964:
2960:Program counter
2935:Status register
2916:
2871:
2831:Load–store unit
2798:
2791:
2718:
2687:
2588:
2545:Image processor
2520:
2513:
2483:
2477:
2453:Microcontroller
2443:Embedded system
2431:
2331:
2264:
2253:
2191:
2141:
2039:
2016:
2000:Re-order buffer
1971:
1952:Data dependency
1938:
1897:
1727:
1721:
1620:
1619:Instruction set
1613:
1599:Multiprocessing
1567:Cache hierarchy
1560:Register/memory
1484:
1384:Queue automaton
1340:
1335:
1305:
1304:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1127:Asanović, Krste
1123:
1119:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1067:
1063:
1029:
1025:
1014:
1013:
1009:
986:
982:
974:
933:
927:Mead, Carver A.
924:
920:
910:
908:
904:
887:
881:
877:
872:
765:
756:
740:
732:
728:
717:
704:
670:ICL 2900 Series
617:multicomparator
613:
578:
566:
544:
542:
539:
516:
514:
504:
502:
417:
388:
355:
292:
257:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3273:
3263:
3262:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3234:Pin grid array
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3082:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3068:Barrel shifter
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3051:Binary decoder
3048:
3047:
3046:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2940:Stack register
2937:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2833:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2803:
2801:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2534:AI accelerator
2531:
2525:
2523:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2500:
2497:Multiprocessor
2494:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2448:Microprocessor
2445:
2439:
2437:
2436:By application
2430:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2379:Tile processor
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2348:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2165:Hyperthreading
2157:
2151:
2149:
2147:Multithreading
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2060:
2058:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1924:Pipeline stall
1920:
1918:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1873:z/Architecture
1870:
1865:
1860:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1577:Virtual memory
1569:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1401:Turing machine
1398:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1361:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1284:
1265:
1258:
1252:. Duke Press.
1238:
1222:"Math::Int128"
1213:
1188:
1165:
1144:
1117:
1093:
1086:
1061:
1023:
1007:
980:
946:(5): 692–695.
918:
874:
873:
871:
868:
867:
866:
860:
854:
823:
803:
784:
778:
772:
764:
761:
725:GCC C compiler
716:
713:
703:
700:
694:used the term
674:packed decimal
628:IBM System/370
612:
609:
538:
537:Representation
535:
531:§ History
470:of that size.
419:
418:
416:
415:
408:
401:
393:
390:
389:
387:
386:
381:
376:
370:
367:
366:
357:
356:
354:
353:
347:
341:
336:
330:
325:
319:
314:
307:
304:
303:
294:
293:
291:
290:
285:
280:
275:
269:
266:
265:
259:
258:
256:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
149:
146:
145:
139:
138:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3272:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3029:Demultiplexer
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2950:Memory buffer
2948:
2946:
2945:Register file
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2885:Combinational
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2260:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:Scoreboarding
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1967:False sharing
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1760:Stanford MIPS
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1724:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1621:architectures
1616:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1589:Heterogeneous
1587:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1540:Memory access
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1473:Random-access
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1453:Stack machine
1451:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1369:with datapath
1367:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1242:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1202:
1198:
1197:"i128 – Rust"
1192:
1176:
1169:
1154:
1148:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1089:
1087:1-55860-724-2
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
940:
932:
928:
922:
903:
900:. p. 3.
899:
895:
894:
886:
879:
875:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
848:
844:
843:photo editing
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
821:
817:
813:
808:
804:
801:
797:
796:block ciphers
793:
789:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
766:
760:
754:
750:
746:
738:
726:
722:
712:
709:
699:
697:
693:
692:PlayStation 2
689:
685:
680:
677:
675:
671:
666:
663:
658:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
631:
629:
625:
620:
618:
608:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
584:
576:
575:binary number
572:
563:
559:
554:
552:
534:
532:
528:
524:
512:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
464:address buses
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:
426:
414:
409:
407:
402:
400:
395:
394:
392:
391:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
369:
368:
365:
362:
359:
358:
351:
348:
345:
342:
340:
337:
334:
331:
329:
326:
323:
320:
318:
315:
312:
309:
308:
306:
305:
302:
299:
296:
295:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
270:
268:
267:
264:
261:
260:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
150:
148:
147:
144:
141:
140:
136:
135:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3239:Chip carrier
3177:Clock gating
3096:Mixed-signal
2993:Write buffer
2970:Control unit
2782:Clock signal
2655:
2521:accelerators
2503:Cypress PSoC
2160:Simultaneous
1977:Out-of-order
1609:Neuromorphic
1490:Architecture
1448:Belt machine
1441:Zeno machine
1374:Hierarchical
1287:
1268:
1248:
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1226:metacpan.org
1225:
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1200:
1191:
1179:. Retrieved
1168:
1156:. Retrieved
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1120:
1111:
1105:
1096:
1077:
1064:
1039:
1033:
1026:
1016:
1010:
993:
989:
983:
943:
937:
921:
911:14 September
909:. Retrieved
891:
878:
831:cryptography
800:cryptography
757:Math::Int128
718:
705:
695:
681:
678:
676:arithmetic.
667:
659:
639:
632:
621:
614:
606:
587:
555:
540:
526:
472:
428:
422:
237:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3024:Multiplexer
2988:Data buffer
2699:Single-core
2671:bit slicing
2529:Coprocessor
2384:Coprocessor
2265:performance
2187:Cooperative
2177:Speculative
2137:Distributed
2096:Superscalar
2081:Instruction
2049:Parallelism
2022:Speculative
1854:System/3x0
1726:Instruction
1503:Von Neumann
1416:Post–Turing
863:Apache Avro
592:numbers or
590:fixed-point
511:undecillion
499:quintillion
438:, or other
263:Application
253:bit slicing
3144:management
3039:Multiplier
2900:Logic gate
2890:Sequential
2797:Functional
2777:Clock rate
2750:Data cache
2723:Components
2704:Multi-core
2692:Core count
2182:Preemptive
2086:Pipelining
2069:Bit-serial
2012:Wide-issue
1957:Structural
1879:Tilera ISA
1845:MicroBlaze
1815:ETRAX CRIS
1710:Comparison
1555:Load–store
1535:Endianness
1181:23 January
1177:. GCC-Help
870:References
841:, complex
682:Among the
615:A 128-bit
551:zettabytes
468:data buses
454:(CPU) and
110:April 2023
80:newspapers
3260:Data unit
3078:Circuitry
2998:Microcode
2922:Registers
2765:coherence
2740:CPU cache
2598:Word size
2263:Processor
1907:Execution
1810:DEC Alpha
1788:Power ISA
1604:Cognitive
1411:Universal
996:: 22–29.
820:Power ISA
721:compilers
688:Dreamcast
598:precision
509:) to 340
479:Zilog Z80
460:registers
364:precision
301:precision
3254:Category
3016:Datapath
2709:Manycore
2681:variable
2519:Hardware
2155:Temporal
1835:OpenRISC
1530:Cellular
1520:Dataflow
1513:modified
1279:Archived
1076:(2003).
972:Archived
968:27262034
902:Archived
788:key size
759:module.
755:via the
741:int128_t
729:__int128
715:Software
702:Hardware
690:and the
660:The DEC
594:integers
571:unsigned
527:integers
495:Apple II
432:integers
3192:Related
3123:Quantum
3113:Digital
3108:Boolean
3006:Counter
2905:Quantum
2666:512-bit
2661:256-bit
2656:128-bit
2499:(MPSoC)
2484:on chip
2482:Systems
2300:(FLOPS)
2113:Process
1962:Control
1944:Hazards
1830:Itanium
1825:Unicore
1783:PowerPC
1508:Harvard
1468:Pointer
1463:Counter
1421:Quantum
1231:25 June
1206:25 June
1158:25 July
1044:Bibcode
1020:. 1993.
948:Bibcode
816:PowerPC
696:128-bit
650:AltiVec
635:Siemens
611:History
579:(2 − 1)
567:(2 − 1)
558:integer
429:128-bit
94:scholar
18:128-bit
3128:Switch
3118:Analog
2856:(IMC)
2827:(MMU)
2676:others
2651:64-bit
2646:48-bit
2641:32-bit
2636:24-bit
2631:16-bit
2626:15-bit
2621:12-bit
2458:Mobile
2374:Stream
2369:Barrel
2364:Vector
2353:(GPU)
2312:(SUPS)
2280:(IPC)
2132:Memory
2125:Vector
2108:Thread
2091:Scalar
1893:Others
1840:RISC-V
1805:SuperH
1774:Power
1770:MIPS-X
1745:PDP-11
1594:Fabric
1346:Models
1256:
1137:25 May
1084:
966:
708:RISC-V
686:, the
626:, and
493:, and
491:TRS-80
448:octets
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3184:(PPW)
3142:Power
3034:Adder
2910:Array
2877:Logic
2838:(TLB)
2821:(FPU)
2815:(AGU)
2809:(ALU)
2799:units
2735:Cache
2616:8-bit
2611:4-bit
2606:1-bit
2570:(TPU)
2564:(DSP)
2558:(PPU)
2552:(VPU)
2541:(GPU)
2510:(NoC)
2493:(SoC)
2428:(PoP)
2422:(SiP)
2416:(MCM)
2357:GPGPU
2347:(CPU)
2337:Types
2318:(PPW)
2306:(TPS)
2294:(IPS)
2286:(CPI)
2057:Level
1868:S/390
1863:S/370
1858:S/360
1800:SPARC
1778:POWER
1661:TRIPS
1629:Types
975:(PDF)
964:S2CID
934:(PDF)
905:(PDF)
888:(PDF)
847:audio
807:IBM i
475:words
466:, or
101:JSTOR
87:books
3162:ACPI
2895:Glue
2787:FIFO
2730:Core
2468:ASIP
2409:CPLD
2404:FPOA
2399:FPGA
2394:ASIC
2247:SPMD
2242:MIMD
2237:MISD
2230:SWAR
2210:SIMD
2205:SISD
2120:Data
2103:Task
2074:Word
1820:M32R
1765:MIPS
1728:sets
1695:ZISC
1690:NISC
1685:OISC
1680:MISC
1673:EPIC
1668:VLIW
1656:EDGE
1646:RISC
1641:CISC
1550:HUMA
1545:NUMA
1254:ISBN
1233:2020
1208:2020
1183:2020
1160:2016
1139:2017
1082:ISBN
913:2021
849:and
845:and
812:CISC
805:The
790:for
775:IPv6
763:Uses
753:Perl
749:LLVM
745:Rust
706:The
668:The
633:The
622:The
543:3.40
481:and
446:(16
444:bits
440:data
352:(×8)
346:(×4)
335:(×2)
324:(×1)
313:(×½)
73:news
3157:APM
3152:PMU
3044:CPU
3001:ROM
2772:Bus
2389:PAL
2064:Bit
1850:LMC
1755:ARM
1750:x86
1740:VAX
1052:doi
998:doi
956:doi
898:IDC
857:MD5
798:in
781:ZFS
662:VAX
515:3.4
503:1.8
487:PET
423:In
384:128
350:256
344:128
248:512
243:256
238:128
143:Bit
56:by
3256::
3091:3D
1295:.
1277:.
1224:.
1199:.
1129:.
1112:13
1110:.
1072:;
1050:.
1040:34
1038:.
992:.
970:.
962:.
954:.
944:11
942:.
936:.
896:.
890:.
853:).
837:,
648:,
585:.
573:)
547:10
533:.
519:10
507:10
489:,
462:,
434:,
427:,
379:64
374:32
339:80
333:64
328:40
322:32
317:24
311:16
288:64
283:32
278:16
233:64
228:60
223:48
218:45
213:36
208:32
203:31
198:30
193:28
188:26
183:24
178:18
173:16
168:12
1330:e
1323:t
1316:v
1299:.
1262:.
1235:.
1210:.
1185:.
1162:.
1141:.
1090:.
1058:.
1054::
1046::
1004:.
1000::
994:7
958::
950::
915:.
818:/
802:.
545:×
517:×
513:(
505:×
501:(
412:e
405:t
398:v
273:8
163:8
158:4
153:1
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
