261:: Frederick II's retreat was meant to show that the Emperor "had made war with Gregory IX, and not with the Church"—who had been at odds with Gregory IX and then Celestine IV. Two cardinals had been sent to England (Oddo de Monferrato) and France (Giacomo da Pecorara, OCist.), in order to rally bishops and other prelates to attend Pope Gregory's Council. Since Frederick and his army held the Lombard plain and Tuscany, travelers would have to take the sea route. A navy was assembled by the two cardinals at Nice and Genoa, and despite warnings from the Genoese, they insisted on setting sail. They were met by Frederick's fleet off the tiny island of Giglio on 3 May 1241. They were sent to imprisonment in the Kingdom of Naples. The election took place in the Saepta Solis ('enclosure of the Sun') near the Clivus Scauri, an ancient complex that had been turned into a monastery. The cardinals were confined by Senator
1230:, a contemporary writer, says: Eodem mense Augusti iussu imperatoris vastatores de regno aput Insulam pontis solarati et aput Sanctum Iohannem de Incarico, ut intrent Campaniam congregantur. Cardinales qui in Urbe ad papae electionem convenerant, per senatorem et Romanos apud Septisolium includuntur, ut ad creandum papam inviti procedant. "In that same month of August, while, by order of the Emperor, the destroyers from his kingdom, at Insula of Pons Solaris and at S. Giovanni de Incarico, were assembled so that they could enter Campania. The cardinals, who had assembled in Rome for the papal election, were closed up by the Senator and the Romans at the Septasolium, that, even unwillingly, they might proceed to electing a pope." For an evaluation of Ryccardus, see Karla Mallette,
3259:
926:
1038:
242:
265:, the father of Giovanni Caetano Orsini (Pope Nicholas III), who had been appointed to his office by Pope Gregory IX. The conditions of the election were reported—by a contemporary author hostile to the Orsini—to have been stressful, with the urine of Orsini's guards on the rooftop leaking into the election chamber along with the rain. The actual forced confinement to the Saepta Solis took place only for the last two weeks of the conclave. It is even alleged that the citizens of Rome, angered by rumors that a
1459:(Stuttgart 1847), pp. 55-57: ...et Oddo de Todenengo, sancti Nycolai in carcere Tulliano diaconus cardinalis, qui diu legati fuerant in partibus transalpinis et contra honorem nostrum multipliciter machinati, praelatorum turba, quam dinumerare nemo poterat, pro celebrando Romae contra nos concilio e diversis provinciis convenerat, Januam venientes, et conspiratione facta cum Januensibus rebellibus nostris et armata ibidem copia galearum, cum quibus duci Romam et Januam reduci convenerant...
3389:
180:
3208:
3287:
3355:
3247:
3235:
3372:
3338:
3406:
3321:
819:
3304:
938:
881:, however, was allowed to join the election, though he was required to leave hostages in his place and to promise to return to the Emperor's custody, unless he himself was elected pope or the deadlock continued. Frederick did not expect, of course, that the cardinals would elect Cardinal Oddo as pope; Frederick's own friends in the Conclave could and would prevent that. Nor did he
1178:(ed. L. Richardson) (Baltimore 1992), pp. 349-350, makes it clear that the Septizodium was only an elaborate water feature, without rooms or roof; "the upper storeys can have been accessible only by ladders, and there is no sign of a building of any sort behind this façade." A clue as to what is meant is given by a signature of the newly created Cardinal Silvius, ca. 1130:
907:
remainder of the cardinals were not allowed to leave the
Septisolium for the funeral, nor were physicians or servants allowed to enter the building (where a sizable amount of excrement had begun to build up). Bonaventura would also die some sixteen months after the election, which the vivid narrations gratuitously attribute to the effects of the Election.
972:, Frederick II reportedly said: "Who is hindering the welfare of the Church? Not I; but the stubborn pride and greediness of Romans. Who can wonder if I withstand the English and Roman Churches, which excommunicate me , defame me, and are always pouring forth money to do me wrong?" Soon after the conclave, the hostilities between the
1189:
II, 185. Heliogabalus, the early-third-century Roman
Emperor, had built the Precinct of the Sun (Saepta Solis) not far from the Septizodium, at the foot of a street called the Clivus Scauri. It was in the Saepta Solis, or Septasolium, where the election took place. In 1152 a cardinal signs himself
916:
and his ultimate election, making him an ideal compromise candidate, "stop-gap", or "provisional Pope". More polemical sources describe
Celestine IV as a "feeble, ignorant, old fanatic" who was "destitute of any other qualification". One commentator suggested that the cardinals "escaped by electing a
896:
Like serpents you cling to the earth instead of raising yourself to the skies. Each of you is aiming at the tiara, and no one of you is willing to leave it to the other. Renounce the spirit of faction and of discord! Let the college of cardinals give by unanimous choice to
Christendom a pope who will
868:
When neither side was able to reach a two-thirds majority, required by the
Constitution of Alexander III, the cardinals wrote to Frederick II and requested him to release the two cardinals whom he held captive. After the conclave had begun, the Emperor Frederick had had the two cardinals brought from
1061:
in Rome), and further claimed that
Somercotes would have soon been elected pope himself had he survived. Such speculation appears from time to time in English literature; e.g. "the Italians were too hard for the honest Englishman, being made away by poison at the Holy Conclave, 1241," but it can be
1471:
incorrectly states that
Pecorara was released as well, stating also that Oddone (who had excommunicated the emperor from England and raised funds with which Gregory IX had waged war on the emperor) returned to Frederick II's custody before the conclusion of the election. See Gasquet, 1905, p. 199.
298:
1241 to denounce
Frederick II. Cardinal Colonna, however, was on one of his country estates near Palestrina when the Pope died. He had had a nasty fight with Gregory IX, and withdrew from the Curia. On his estate he had been holding consultations with the Emperor Frederick. When Gregory died, the
960:
Pope
Celestine was buried on the day after his death, according to the custom. But, even before the funeral, certain cardinals fled the city, and headed for Anagni, the home of Cardinal Rinaldo dei Conti di Segni. It is said (by Matthew of Paris) that only six or seven cardinals were left in the
906:
The heat and shortage of food may have contributed to the death of
Cardinal Somercotes, although the other members of the pro-Imperial faction alleged that he had been poisoned. Cardinal Fieschi's health also deteriorated severely, apparently causing the future pope to inch closer to death. The
889:
after the Battle of Giglio: as a Legate in England and France Oddo had conspired a good deal against the honor of the Emperor; he had raised a crowd of prelates to bring them to Rome to participate in Gregory IX's Council; in Genoa he had conspired against those Genoese who were supporters of
281:
According to different accounts, the College of Cardinals on the death of Gregory IX numbered between 12 and 14 cardinals. The number of cardinal electors who actually voted in the final scrutiny was only 10. At the time of Gregory IX's death, most of the cardinal electors who took part in the
145:, Frederick II surrounded Rome with his armies, blocking the arrival of some cardinal electors known to be hostile to his interests. Unable to reach a consensus, the cardinals were locked in a monastery called the Septasolium (corrupted in both medieval and modern narratives into
1368:
Imperator ipse apud Criptam ferratam ponit castra sua, et in exterioribus Urbem divastat, et tunc de Gregorio papa quod obierit Romae 21 Augusti, pro certo accepit, de cuius licentia cardinales omnes qui extra Urbem fuerant, pro electione papae facienda ad Urbem
1425:, I, p. 16 says that although commonly given year of his death is 1242, his last subscription of the papal bull took place in February 1236, and concludes that it is unlikely that died later than 1241. Paravicini Bagliani is relying on an argument
890:
Frederick; he had raised and armed a fleet to transport the prelates to Rome, and to reduce the Genoese. Cardinal Oddo was to be an instrument to break the deadlock in the meeting. Frederick II himself urged the cardinals to make a quick choice.
225:
but later abandoned it and returned to Italy, for a variety of political, economic, and military reasons. This served as a pretext for his excommunication by Gregory IX, and thinly veiled skirmishes between supporters of the pope and emperor
1299:, vol. I, p. 6. Eubel's list of cardinals who actually carried out the Election (i.e. were present at the end of the Conclave) contains thirteen names, but omits Robert Somercote, who died before the election was completed; it also includes
1307:, 2 vols., Padova 1972), who excludes Cardinal Peter of Capua. This discrepancy appears to be a matter of the difference between 'cardinals alive at the death of Gregory IX' and 'cardinals who cast a vote in the final scrutiny'.
1975:
1925:
1945:
2109:
1913:
155:
and even to the death of Celestine IV soon after the election. Following Celestine IV's death, the war on the peninsula resumed and the cardinals dispersed for over a year and a half before coming together in
2125:
1013:(Frederick II was in possession of Rome) and electing a successor to Celestine IV, due in no small part to Frederick II's continuing to keep da Pecorara and Oddone as hostages: choosing Cardinal Fieschi as
1889:
3179:
1833:
149:) by the Roman civic officials, eventually settling on one of their oldest and most feeble members. The conditions within the building were believed to have contributed to the death of one of the
845:), who wished to continue Gregory IX's hostility towards the Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick II naturally objected to the election of Cardinal Romano Bonaventura due to his "persecution" of the
1812:('the Perusines enclosed the cardinals very securely for the sake of the election of a pope'). That is the only reference in contemporary literature, and its meaning is vague. A. Bo. 1910.
167:
The forced sequestration of the cardinals during the election was historically significant, and—along with other papal elections of the 13th century—contributed to the development of the
273:
and place it in the Saepta Solis with the cardinals. A different account states that Orsini himself threatened to have the corpse exhumed and displayed publicly in full papal regalia.
2160:
213:
took place at a time when centuries-old disputes between the popes and emperors were coming to a head. Frederick II had dedicated troops, but not his own leadership, to the failed
1779:
1562:
Henderson, 1894, p. 385. There are numerous cases, however, in which Popes surprise their supporters by showing entirely opposite attitudes and policies than what was expected.
2766:
1303:, Deacon of S. Giorgio, whose participation is uncertain. The number of 12 or 13 appears from the prosopography of the cardinals of that time by A. Paravicini Bagliani (
3378:
957:, contracted in the Septasolium (Saepta Solis). It is speculated that had Celestine IV lived longer he "would in all likelihood have proven friendly to the emperor".
1062:
safely ignored. Accusations of poisoning of popes and cardinals, such as Innocent V and Adrian V, are a regular feature of chronicles in the 13th and 14th century.
1494:(Roma 1908), p. 91. There is too much distance between the electoral meeting and his death to conjecture that the one caused the other. That would be an argument
1472:
Henderson also claims that the two prisoners attended the election and thereafter returned to custody together. See Henderson, 1894, p. 395; Henderson is wrong.
1053:(c. 1200–1259), who claims that both his compatriot, Robert Somercotes, and Celestine IV died of poisoning; his works are more prized for their accounts of the
2153:
238:
to denounce Frederick II, and the emperor had gone to great lengths to disrupt the gathering, including the imprisonment of captured prelates and cardinals.
903:
The Emperor then, in September, returned to his kingdom by way of Campania, leaving the two cardinals at Tivoli under the custody of Tybboldus de Dragone.
3189:
961:
city. Cardinal Colonna, however, was seized by the Roman populace, who supported the Orsini, and imprisoned due to his association with King Frederick.
877:
the Emperor yet once again. It was clear that the Cardinal would never cooperate, and he therefore remained in detention for two more years. Cardinal
1017:
in 1243. Innocent IV breathed new life into the conflict against Frederick II, and after the emperor's death in 1250, excommunicated his son and heir,
2782:
2146:
1553:
The statement that Celestine died of dysentery contracted in the Septasolium is pure speculation. There is no contemporary source that says so.
853:, and his role in the dispute between Gregory IX and the emperor. The majority, however, including the "Moderates of the Opposition", including
2645:
2629:
3062:
3046:
3014:
2998:
2982:
2966:
3094:
3078:
3030:
2738:
1963:
Tomus V, Pars II (Parisiis: Henricus Plon 1859); Tomus VI. Pars I. a mense Septembri 1241 ad mensem Julium 1247 (Paris: Plon 1860).
1718:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), pp. 34-40. Cardinal Oddo and Cardinal Sinibaldo Fieschi had also been auditors
1074:" (even the "first formal papal Conclave"), although the formal procedures of the conclave were not developed until after the
869:
Naples to Tivoli. However, when summoned to the Emperor's presence, rather than agree to the Emperor's conditions, Cardinal
998:
3275:
2759:
266:
299:
Emperor, who was with his army at Grottaferrata, gave permission (licentia) for all cardinals outside Rome to return.
3446:
2101:
2086:
2071:
2056:
2041:
1998:
1905:
1881:
1849:
1670:
Rand, Edward Kennard (1932). "Osbert of Clare, the Sarum Breviary, and the Middle-English Saint Anne in Rime Royal".
1490:
Cardinal Bonaventura died on 21 February 1243, according to the "Necrologio di S. Maria in Trastevere," in P. Egidi,
1409:
I (Padova: Antenore 1972), p. 13, states correctly that he had died in 1239, between 18 August and 22 August. Cf.
3327:
910:
Cardinal Castiglione's advanced age and deteriorating health are thought to have contributed both to his status as
741:
709:
282:
election were already present in Rome, and the two cardinals held prisoner by Frederick II were already captive in
254:
210:
184:
123:
1174:, a third-century nymphaeum which was mostly in ruins in 1241, and which never had any rooms attached to it. The
3431:
1025:, after which the Imperial party (then composed mostly of older cardinals) was all but extinguished within the
426:
371:
3395:
2731:
2622:
2426:
1114:
Gregorovius is in error, giving 1 November as the date of the Election of Celestine IV; he was following the
1075:
1022:
984:
without a pope to oppose him, he soon diverted much of his cavalry and infantry north of the Alps where the
3310:
2931:
2910:
2903:
2826:
2710:
2682:
2661:
2489:
2482:
2461:
2454:
2440:
2405:
2398:
2335:
1116:
1083:
457:
3055:
2638:
2412:
2328:
2181:
949:
Celestine IV died on Sunday, 10 November 1241, just 17 days after his election, even before he had been
3225:
3039:
1300:
783:
339:
1869:
1814:
3159:
2689:
2116:
Williamson, Dorothy M. 1949. "Some Aspects of the Legation of Cardinal Otto in England, 1233-1241,"
1744:
Dugmore, C. W. (1950). "On the Promotion of English University Clerks during the Later Middle Ages".
1086:. In fact, the practice of seclusion of the cardinal electors can perhaps even be traced back to the
778:
of the Sacred College; his participation is disputed because sources indicate that he died in 1239.
3441:
3211:
3169:
2419:
218:
3451:
2775:
2696:
2169:
973:
227:
200:
135:
1837:. 1838. London: John W. Parker. pp. 116–120. (a superficial, polemical, anti-Roman tract).
3149:
1429:, and carefully phrases his statement both to include and exclude Cardinal Peter as an elector.
676:
925:
3129:
1920:
1646:
1468:
1054:
1037:
1009:(681-682). It took a year and a half before the cardinals were successful in reconvening in
2559:
1640:
1403:
Aput Anagniam Thomas Capuanus Sancte Sabine presbyter cardinalis 15 Kal. Septembris obiit.
1087:
1026:
1018:
865:, supported Cardinal Goffredo Castiglione, who advised a policy of dealing with Frederick.
695:
1937:
1244:
1199:
1070:
By virtue of the cardinals being locked in, the election is sometimes referred to as the "
8:
3263:
3251:
3087:
3071:
3023:
3007:
2991:
2975:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2924:
2917:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2752:
2745:
2724:
2717:
2703:
2675:
2668:
2654:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2475:
2468:
2447:
2433:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2209:
870:
846:
671:
262:
90:
85:
886:
3239:
1761:
1697:
1689:
1672:
1057:
struggles. Matthew was a friend of Cardinal Somercotes (who had once presided over the
965:
850:
842:
771:
579:
360:
291:
2018:
Nicolaus de Curbio, O.Min., "Vita Innocentii Papae IV," in Ludovico Antonio Muratori,
1292:
3361:
2097:
2082:
2067:
2052:
2037:
1994:
1901:
1877:
1845:
1765:
1701:
1095:
977:
969:
942:
858:
830:
823:
802:
766:
606:
570:
540:
474:
443:
418:
392:
379:
353:
328:
119:
105:
104:(21 September to 25 October) saw the election of Cardinal Goffredo da Castiglione as
70:
3344:
1363:
1227:
1753:
1681:
1014:
950:
930:
862:
838:
834:
749:
517:
510:
484:
449:
403:
161:
57:
1410:
241:
1139:
878:
874:
744:; allowed to join the election late, but returned to prison before the election.
735:
716:
703:
623:
596:
504:
411:
347:
270:
206:
131:
2138:
2188:
1716:
Papal Government and England During the Pontificate of Honorius III (1216-1227)
1071:
854:
192:
168:
127:
2132:
1934:
Sitzungsberichte. Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften,.phil. hist. Klasse
1855:
Bernardus Guidonis, "Vita Coelestini Papae IV," in Ludovico Antonio Muratori,
1757:
1540:
It is perhaps imprecise, therefore, to state that Celestine IV "only wore the
885:
Cardinal Oddo to be elected. His real opinion of the Cardinal is revealed in
134:, with Italy divided between pro-Papal and pro-Imperial factions known as the
3436:
3425:
3119:
1079:
1050:
1042:
897:
satisfy us and the empire, and whose election will be for the universal good.
553:
222:
214:
196:
2049:
Politics and Political Change: A Journal of Interdisciplinary History Reader
1862:
Bernardus Guidonis, "Vita Gregorii Papae IX," in Ludovico Antonio Muratori,
1049:
One contemporary account of mixed reliability is that of British chronicler
601:
Rector of Campagna and Marittima; nephew of Cardinal Rinaldo Conti de Segni
118:, and like many of them was characterized by disputes between popes and the
993:
630:
110:
1124:. See the list of contemporary sources on the matter in August Potthast,
1082:" of Pope Gregory X (1274). Its provisions were first implemented in the
3139:
1723:
1541:
1006:
1002:
775:
682:
545:
521:
385:
246:
179:
146:
115:
3412:
980:, on both land and sea. Although Frederick II was now free to crush the
964:
When confronted by a group of begging friars bearing a message from the
2034:
Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession
1693:
1639:
721:
1956:
Stuttgart, Publications of the German Historical Institute, London, 9.
1234:(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), esp. p. 45-54.
1728:
Zur Audientia litterarum contradictarum und und zur "Reskripttechnik"
954:
945:; both were members of the Gregorian faction opposed to Frederick II.
3293:
1810:
Perusinis causa electionis papae strictissime arctantibus cardinales
1685:
253:
The conclave took place under the threat of the surrounding army of
3234:
981:
912:
687:
231:
151:
1932:
Hampe, K., "Ein ungedruckter Bericht über das Konklave von 1241,"
230:, respectively) throughout the Italian peninsula, particularly in
3246:
1954:
Kaiser- und Papstbriefe in den Chronica Majora des Mattheus Paris
1580:
Kington-Oliphant, 1862, pp. 304-305, relying on Matthew of Paris.
1571:
Matthew of Paris, Volume IV, p. 194 Luard. Butler, 1906, p. 290.
1216:
Der Kardinal Johann Gaetan Orsini (Papst Nikolaus III.) 1244-1277
1091:
985:
937:
489:
3180:
De aliquis mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis
1795:
Kühner, 1958, p. 89. Pham, 2006, pp. 62-63. Duffy, 2006, p. 153.
818:
286:. The two cardinals had been apprehended at sea aboard captured
2064:
Selecting the Pope: Uncovering the Mysteries of Papal Elections
1890:
The Lombard Communes: A History of the Republics of North Italy
1732:
Beiträge zur geschichte der Audientia litterarum contradictarum
1140:"Papal elections and conclaves of the 13th Century (1216–1294)"
1010:
917:
dying man". Still others refer to him as "Orsini's candidate".
788:
295:
283:
258:
157:
122:. Specifically, the election took place during the war between
2027:
Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinaliste, dal 1227 al 1254
1423:
Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie. Dal 1227 al 1254
1305:
Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie. Dal 1227 al 1254
829:
The main faction of cardinals was composed of the Gregorians (
108:. The election took place during the first of many protracted
3269:
287:
235:
2013:
Matthaei Parisiensis, Monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora
1382:
Cardinali di Curia e 'familiae' cardializie dal 1227 al 1254
1021:. Imperial influence in papal elections persisted until the
526:
42:
2123:
Wright, Charles Henry Hamilton, and Neil, Charles. 1904.
217:, to the dismay of the church; following his marriage to
183:
The cardinals were divided into factions for and against
2008:. Berkeley-Los Angeles. University of California Press.
849:
while legate to France, his alleged debauching of Queen
2015:
Vol. IV. A.D. 1248 to A. D. 1258 (London: Longman 1880)
1976:
History of Frederick the Second, Emperor of the Romans
1192:
Radulfus, diaconus card. Sanctae Luciae in Septa solis
3223:
1842:
Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections
1544:
sixteen days". See Michaud and Robson, 1881, p. 296.
1291:
The number of fourteen is given by Salvador Miranda
1232:
The Kingdom of Sicily, 1100-1250: A Literary History
1401:Volume 19, 378, states, under the year 1239 :
1959:Huillard-Bréholles, J.-L.-A. (Editor). 1859–1860.
1804:Bernardus Guidonis, in Ludovico Antonio Muratori,
2168:
2022:Tomus Tertius (Mediolani 1723) pp. 592–592e.
3423:
2079:A Short history of the papacy in the Middle Ages
1866:Tomus Tertius (Mediolani 1723) pp. 570–588.
1457:Albert von Beham und Regesten Papst Innocenz IV.
234:. Before his death, Gregory IX had called for a
2006:The Art of Matthew Paris in the Chronica Majora
1492:Necrologi e libri affini della Provincia Romana
1926:History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
1446:Scriptorum Tomus 19 (Hannoverae 1866), p. 381.
1411:S. Miranda: Cardinal Tommaso da Capua (note 2)
2154:
2092:Watt, J. A. 1995. "Chapter 5: The Papacy" in
953:. It is possible that the cause of death was
2077:Ullmann, Walter, and Garnett, George. 2003.
1680:(1). Mediaeval Academy of America: 106–113.
1407:Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie
1214:(Münster 1903), pp. 2-5. Richard Sternfeld,
1176:New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
1859:Tomus Tertius (Mediolani 1723) p. 589.
1094:locked in the cardinals after the death of
1045:, a contemporary chronicler of the election
988:had begun to seriously threaten his lands.
249:, an ancient nymphaeum, in a 1582 engraving
2161:
2147:
2133:Documents concerning the Elections of 1241
1898:Saints and Sinners: a history of the popes
1637:
2062:Tobin, Greg, and Wister, Robert J. 2003.
1973:Kington-Oliphant, Thomas Laurence. 1862.
1243:Abulafia, 1988, p. 350. This depends on
1196:Leo sce. Lucie ad septa solis diac. card.
1032:
384:Not to be confused with the contemporary
1631:
1624:
1622:
1506:
1504:
1350:
1348:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1036:
936:
924:
817:
729:Deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano
240:
178:
1946:A History of Germany in the Middle Ages
1743:
1137:
3424:
2011:Luard, Henry Richards (editor), 1880.
1961:Historia diplomatica Friderici Secundi
1938:source of most of the lurid XX century
1887:Butler, William Francis Thomas. 1906.
1752:(2). Cambridge University Press: 174.
1730:(Cologne: Böhlau, 1973). Josef Teige,
1513:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
2191:(1274–1276, 1294–present)
2142:
1619:
1501:
1345:
1310:
1269:
1267:
269:, threatened to dig up the corpse of
3276:
2110:The Historians' History of the World
1780:17th century Account of Lincolnshire
1669:
1650:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1610:
1589:Kington-Oliphant, 1862, pp. 305-306.
1475:
1212:Papst Nikolaus III, Eine Monographie
999:history of the Roman Catholic Church
276:
1531:Ambrosini and Willis, 1969, p. 267.
1250:
1218:(Berlin: E. Ebering 1905), pp. 1-7.
1146:
1059:audientia litterarum contradictarum
640:
548:of the Sacred College of Cardinals
13:
2094:The New Cambridge Medieval History
1354:Ullmann and Garnett, 2006, p. 259.
1264:
1170:The Cardinals were not put in the
14:
3463:
2066:. Barnes & Noble Publishing.
1746:Journal of Ecclesiastical History
1638:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
1245:the account published by K. Hampe
822:Goffredo da Castiglione, elected
590:Deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria
3404:
3387:
3370:
3353:
3336:
3319:
3302:
3285:
3257:
3245:
3233:
3207:
3206:
1940:stories of this papal election).
841:, who supported the election of
807:He may have died ca. 1236–1241.
796:Deacon of S. Girogio in Velabro
742:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
710:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
437:Title of S. Maria in Trastevere
255:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
211:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
209:(1227–1241) and the kingship of
124:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
1968:Frederick the Second, 1194-1250
1943:Henderson, Ernest Flagg. 1894.
1840:Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003.
1798:
1789:
1772:
1737:
1708:
1663:
1654:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1534:
1525:
1510:Kington-Oliphant, 1862, p. 304.
1484:
1462:
1449:
1432:
1415:
1387:
1374:
1357:
1336:
1333:Kington-Oliphant, 1862, p. 303.
1285:
1276:
534:Deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin
294:that Gregory IX had called for
2096:. Cambridge University Press.
1952:Hilpert, Hans Eberhard. 1981.
1914:Henry the Third and the Church
1784:Lincolnshire Notes and Queries
1628:Wright and Neil, 1904, p. 525.
1607:Tobin and Wister, 2003, p. 54.
1237:
1221:
1204:
1200:The Septasolium (Saepta Solis)
1164:
1131:
1108:
813:
564:Deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano
498:Title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina
427:Stefano de Normandis dei Conti
372:Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina
290:galleys, while traveling to a
39:21 September – 25 October 1241
1:
2170:Papal elections and conclaves
2107:Williams, Henry Smith. 1908.
1929:. G. Bell. Volume V, part 1.
1911:Gasquet, Fracis Aidan. 1905.
1825:
1444:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
1399:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
267:non-Cardinal would be elected
16:Election of Pope Celestine IV
1966:Kantorowitz, Ernest. 1931.
1126:Regesta pontificum Romanorum
1084:papal conclave, January 1276
920:
7:
2182:Papal selection before 1059
2036:. Oxford University Press.
2025:Parravicini Bagliani, A.,
2020:Rerum Italicarum Scriptores
1991:The Papacy: An Encyclopedia
1989:Levillain, Philippe. 2002.
1936:4 (1913) 1-31. (the single
1864:Rerum Italicarum Scriptores
1857:Rerum Italicarum Scriptores
1806:Rerum Italicarum Scriptores
1384:I (Padua, 1972), pp. 41-53.
479:The first Colonna cardinal
10:
3468:
1984:Encyclopedia of the Papacy
1876:. Atlantic Monthly Press.
1722:earlier in their careers.
1187:Pontificum Romanorum Vitae
1161:Gregorovius, 1906, p. 218.
1138:Miranda, Salvador (1998).
929:Fieschi was later elected
784:Peter of Capua the Younger
669:
340:Bishop of Ostia e Velletri
329:Raynalo dei Conti di Jenne
326:
257:—before he pulled back to
190:
174:
3201:
3160:Romano Pontifici eligendo
3106:
2199:
2176:
2118:English Historical Review
2047:Rotberg, Robert I. 2001.
1900:. Yale University Press.
1758:10.1017/S002204690007233X
1720:litterarum contradictarum
1660:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 39.
1598:Butler, 1906, p. 290-291.
1496:post hoc ergo propter hoc
1438:Ryccardus de S. Germano,
1393:Ryccardus de S. Germano,
1273:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 35.
1076:papal election, 1268–1271
1065:
1023:papal election, 1268–1271
1001:since the period between
452:; nephew of Innocent III
82:
68:
63:
53:
48:
38:
33:
23:
3447:13th-century Catholicism
3170:Universi Dominici gregis
2032:Pham, John-Peter. 2006.
1986:. Philosophical Library.
1734:(Prag: Dominicus, 1897).
1641:"Pope Innocent IV"
1481:Henderson, 1894, p. 386.
1421:A. Paravicini Bagliani,
1405:A. Paravicini Bagliani,
1380:A. Paravacini-Bagliani,
1366:, p. 381, lines 29-30:
1180:Silvius diac. S. Luciae
1101:
219:Isabella II of Jerusalem
2129:. Hodder and Stoughton.
2126:A Protestant Dictionary
2029:Volume II (Padua 1972).
1815:Encyclopædia Britannica
1364:Ryccardus de S. Germano
1342:Williams, 1908, p. 511.
1228:Ryccardus de S. Germano
1078:, in the Constitution "
991:Thus began the longest
974:Guelphs and Ghibellines
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
617:Deacon of S. Eustachio
393:Goffredo da Castiglione
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
228:Guelphs and Ghibellines
201:Guelphs and Ghibellines
136:Guelphs and Ghibellines
71:Goffredo da Castiglione
3432:13th-century elections
3150:Ingravescentem aetatem
2004:Lewis, Suzanne. 1987.
1921:Gregorovius, Ferdinand
1397:, in G. Pertz (ed.),
1371:Gasquet, 1905, p. 199.
1293:Papal election of 1241
1261:Bordihn, 2005, p. 376.
1090:, where the people of
1046:
1033:Problematical Accounts
946:
934:
831:Rinaldo Conti de Segni
826:
250:
188:
130:and deceased pontiff,
3130:Aeterni Patris Filius
2739:October–December 1590
2120:64. pp. 145–173.
2113:. Hooper and Jackson.
1893:. C. Scribner's Sons.
1874:The Falcon of Palermo
1647:Catholic Encyclopedia
1469:Francis Aidan Gasquet
1282:Rotberg, 2001, p. 58.
1040:
940:
928:
821:
634:on 26 September 1241
468:Title of S. Prassede
244:
182:
1982:Kühner, Hans. 1958.
1896:Duffy, Eamon. 2006.
1455:Constantin Höffler,
1297:Hierarchia Catholica
1122:Chronicle of Mailros
1088:papal election, 1216
1027:College of Cardinals
1019:Conrad IV of Germany
879:Oddone di Monferrato
717:Oddone di Monferrato
696:Bishop of Palestrina
185:Emperor Frederick II
3272:1241 papal election
1949:. G. Bell and Sons.
1834:A History of Popery
1808:III, p. 486],
1616:Watt, 1995, p. 112.
976:resumed around the
871:Giacomo da Pecorara
847:University of Paris
760:Title of S. Sabina
672:Giacomo da Pecorara
263:Matteo Rosso Orsini
102:1241 papal election
1117:Annals of Piacenza
1047:
966:Archbishop of York
947:
935:
851:Blanche of Castile
843:Romano Bonaventura
839:Riccardo Annibaldi
827:
732:18 September 1227
580:Riccardo Annibaldi
501:18 September 1227
448:Archpriest of the
408:18 September 1227
361:Romano Bonaventura
344:18 September 1227
251:
245:A fragment of the
189:
120:Holy Roman Emperor
34:Dates and location
3221:
3220:
2135:(Dr. J. P. Adams)
1520:History of Popery
1210:Augustin Demski,
1182:iuxta Heligabalum
1096:Pope Innocent III
1041:Self-portrait of
978:Italian peninsula
970:Bishop of Lincoln
941:...then Conti as
887:a letter he wrote
859:Robert Somercotes
835:Sinibaldo Fieschi
824:Pope Celestine IV
811:
810:
700:5 September 1231
660:Date of creation
638:
637:
607:Robert Somercotes
485:Sinibaldo Fieschi
471:18 February 1212
419:Pope Celestine IV
386:Saint Bonaventure
354:Pope Alexander IV
317:Date of creation
277:Cardinal electors
221:, he took up the
106:Pope Celestine IV
98:
97:
29:
3459:
3417:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3399:from Wikiversity
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3190:Normas nonnullas
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2760:March–April 1605
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1208:
1202:
1185:: J. Watterich,
1168:
1162:
1159:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1129:
1112:
1015:Pope Innocent IV
863:Rainiero Capocci
855:Giovanni Colonna
793:Cardinal-deacon
757:Cardinal-priest
750:Tommaso da Capua
726:Cardinal-deacon
692:Cardinal-bishop
680:
645:
644:
641:Absent cardinals
628:Died during the
614:Cardinal-deacon
587:Cardinal-deacon
561:Cardinal-deacon
531:Cardinal-deacon
518:Rainiero Capocci
511:Pope Innocent IV
495:Cardinal-priest
465:Cardinal-priest
458:Giovanni Colonna
450:Vatican Basilica
434:Cardinal-priest
404:Bishop of Sabina
400:Cardinal-bishop
368:Cardinal-bishop
336:Cardinal-bishop
302:
301:
162:Pope Innocent IV
58:Rainiero Capocci
28:
21:
20:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3442:Papal elections
3422:
3421:
3420:
3410:
3405:
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3393:
3388:
3386:
3376:
3371:
3369:
3365:from Wikisource
3359:
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3325:
3320:
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3308:
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3297:from Wiktionary
3291:
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3277:sister projects
3274:at Knowledge's
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292:general council
279:
271:Pope Gregory IX
207:Pope Gregory IX
203:
191:Main articles:
177:
132:Pope Gregory IX
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779:
769:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
746:
745:
738:
733:
730:
727:
724:
719:
713:
712:
706:
701:
698:
693:
690:
685:
668:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
642:
639:
636:
635:
626:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
603:
602:
599:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
576:
575:
573:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
550:
549:
543:
538:
535:
532:
529:
524:
514:
513:
507:
502:
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487:
481:
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477:
472:
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454:
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438:
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414:
409:
406:
401:
398:
395:
389:
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382:
377:
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369:
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357:
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350:
345:
342:
337:
334:
331:
325:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
278:
275:
205:The papacy of
193:Lombard League
176:
173:
169:papal conclave
128:Lombard League
96:
95:
89:
83:
80:
79:
66:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
46:
45:
36:
35:
31:
30:
24:Papal election
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3464:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3416:from Wikidata
3415:
3414:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3334:
3331:from Wikinews
3330:
3329:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3213:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3120:Ubi periculum
3116:
3115:
3113:
3105:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
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2442:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2424:
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2400:
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2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2336:December 1187
2333:
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2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
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2239:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2200:Elections and
2198:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2102:0-521-36289-X
2099:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2087:0-415-30227-7
2084:
2081:. Routledge.
2080:
2076:
2073:
2072:0-7607-4032-1
2069:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2057:0-262-68129-3
2054:
2051:. MIT Press.
2050:
2046:
2043:
2042:0-19-517834-3
2039:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1999:0-415-92228-3
1996:
1993:. Routledge.
1992:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1906:0-300-11597-0
1903:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1882:0-87113-880-8
1879:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1850:0-312-29463-8
1847:
1844:. Macmillan.
1843:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1792:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1733:
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1679:
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1642:
1634:
1625:
1623:
1613:
1604:
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1577:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1543:
1537:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1497:
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1470:
1465:
1458:
1452:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
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1383:
1377:
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1351:
1349:
1339:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
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1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1246:
1240:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:Ubi Periculum
1077:
1073:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:Matthew Paris
1044:
1043:Matthew Paris
1039:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
958:
956:
952:
944:
939:
932:
927:
918:
915:
914:
908:
904:
895:
894:
893:
892:
891:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:excommunicate
873:proceeded to
872:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
825:
820:
806:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
781:
777:
773:
770:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
743:
739:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
714:
711:
707:
705:
702:
699:
697:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
678:
673:
670:
646:
633:
632:
627:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
600:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
574:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
547:
544:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
519:
516:
515:
512:
508:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
478:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
451:
447:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
421:
420:
415:
413:
410:
407:
405:
402:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
387:
383:
381:
378:
375:
373:
370:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
355:
351:
349:
346:
343:
341:
338:
335:
332:
330:
327:
303:
300:
297:
293:
289:
285:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
248:
243:
239:
237:
233:
229:
224:
223:Sixth Crusade
220:
216:
215:Fifth Crusade
212:
208:
202:
198:
197:Sixth Crusade
194:
186:
181:
172:
170:
165:
163:
159:
154:
153:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:
111:sede vacantes
107:
103:
92:
87:
81:
78:
73:
72:
67:
62:
59:
56:
52:
49:Key officials
47:
44:
41:Septasolium,
37:
32:
22:
19:
3411:
3394:
3377:
3360:
3343:
3326:
3314:from Commons
3309:
3292:
3271:
3264:Vatican City
3252:Christianity
3188:
3178:
3168:
3158:
3148:
3138:
3128:
3118:
3056:October 1978
2639:October 1503
2413:January 1276
2370:
2329:October 1187
2124:
2117:
2108:
2093:
2078:
2063:
2048:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1990:
1983:
1979:. Macmillan.
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1933:
1924:
1912:
1897:
1888:
1873:
1863:
1856:
1841:
1832:
1831:Anonymous,
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1791:
1783:
1774:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1656:
1645:
1633:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1536:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1477:
1464:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1381:
1376:
1367:
1359:
1338:
1304:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1239:
1231:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1110:
1069:
1058:
1055:Hohenstaufen
1048:
994:sede vacante
992:
990:
963:
959:
948:
943:Alexander IV
911:
909:
905:
902:
882:
867:
828:
803:Honorius III
772:Penitentiary
767:Innocent III
740:Prisoner of
708:Prisoner of
631:sede vacante
629:
571:Honorius III
541:Innocent III
475:Innocent III
444:Innocent III
416:
380:Innocent III
280:
252:
204:
166:
150:
143:sede vacante
142:
140:
109:
101:
99:
77:Celestine IV
76:
75:Name taken:
69:
64:Elected pope
18:
3294:Definitions
3240:Catholicism
3140:Cum proxime
3040:August 1978
1970:. New York.
1724:Peter Herde
1172:Septizodium
1128:I , p. 940.
1007:Pope Leo II
1003:Pope Agatho
931:Innocent IV
814:Proceedings
776:protopriest
675: [
546:Protodeacon
247:Septizodium
147:Septizodium
141:During the
116:Middle Ages
54:Protodeacon
3426:Categories
3345:Quotations
3111:(selected)
2690:April 1555
1917:. G. Bell.
1826:References
1427:e silentio
736:Gregory IX
722:Montferrat
704:Gregory IX
624:Gregory IX
597:Gregory IX
554:Gil Torres
505:Gregory IX
412:Gregory IX
348:Gregory IX
3396:Resources
3379:Textbooks
3109:documents
3107:Governing
2932:1830–1831
2911:1799–1800
2904:1774–1775
2827:1669–1670
2711:1565–1566
2683:1549–1550
2662:1521–1522
2490:1314–1316
2483:1304–1305
2462:1292–1294
2455:1287–1288
2441:1280–1281
2420:July 1276
2406:1268–1271
2399:1264–1265
2202:conclaves
1872:R. 2005.
1818:. p. 828.
1766:162981313
1702:162863109
955:dysentery
951:enthroned
921:Aftermath
160:to elect
3212:Category
3095:electors
3079:electors
3063:electors
3047:electors
3031:electors
3015:electors
2999:electors
2983:electors
2967:electors
2783:electors
2776:May 1605
2767:electors
2697:May 1555
2646:electors
2630:electors
1923:. 1906.
1673:Speculum
1440:Chronica
1395:Chronica
1369:redeunt.
1120:and the
982:Lombards
913:papabile
688:Piacenza
663:by Pope
651:Origins
648:Elector
611:English
558:Spanish
492:, Genoa
417:Elected
320:by Pope
308:Origins
305:Elector
232:Lombardy
152:papabile
126:and the
3226:Portals
1694:2848329
1247:in 1913
1092:Perugia
997:in the
986:Tartars
683:O.Cist.
522:O.Cist.
509:Future
490:Lavagna
352:future
288:Genoese
175:Context
114:of the
93: →
84:←
3193:(2013)
3183:(2007)
3173:(1996)
3163:(1975)
3153:(1970)
3143:(1922)
3133:(1621)
3123:(1274)
2100:
2085:
2070:
2055:
2040:
1997:
1904:
1880:
1848:
1764:
1700:
1692:
1066:Legacy
1011:Anagni
861:, and
837:, and
789:Amalfi
754:Capua
666:Notes
657:Title
654:Order
584:Roman
462:Roman
431:Roman
397:Milan
365:Roman
333:Jenne
323:Notes
314:Title
311:Order
296:Easter
284:Naples
259:Apulia
199:, and
158:Anagni
3362:Texts
3311:Media
1762:S2CID
1698:S2CID
1690:JSTOR
1542:tiara
1442:, in
1198:See:
1102:Notes
799:1219
763:1216
679:]
620:1238
593:1237
537:1216
440:1216
376:1216
236:synod
3437:1241
3413:Data
3328:News
3088:2013
3072:2005
3024:1963
3008:1958
2992:1939
2976:1922
2960:1914
2953:1903
2946:1878
2939:1846
2925:1829
2918:1823
2897:1769
2890:1758
2883:1740
2876:1730
2869:1724
2862:1721
2855:1700
2848:1691
2841:1689
2834:1676
2820:1667
2813:1655
2806:1644
2799:1623
2792:1621
2753:1592
2746:1591
2725:1585
2718:1572
2704:1559
2676:1534
2669:1523
2655:1513
2616:1492
2609:1484
2602:1471
2595:1464
2588:1458
2581:1455
2574:1447
2567:1431
2560:1417
2553:1406
2546:1404
2539:1389
2532:1378
2525:1370
2518:1362
2511:1352
2504:1342
2497:1334
2476:1303
2469:1294
2448:1285
2434:1277
2392:1261
2385:1254
2378:1243
2371:1241
2364:1227
2357:1216
2350:1198
2343:1191
2322:1185
2315:1181
2308:1159
2301:1154
2294:1153
2287:1145
2280:1144
2273:1143
2266:1130
2259:1124
2252:1119
2245:1118
2238:1099
2231:1088
2224:1086
2217:1073
2210:1061
2098:ISBN
2083:ISBN
2068:ISBN
2053:ISBN
2038:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1902:ISBN
1878:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1005:and
968:and
883:want
774:and
527:Todi
100:The
91:1243
86:1227
43:Rome
26:1241
1782:".
1754:doi
1682:doi
933:...
3428::
1760:.
1748:.
1726:,
1696:.
1688:.
1676:.
1644:.
1621:^
1503:^
1347:^
1312:^
1266:^
1252:^
1148:^
1098:.
1029:.
857:,
833:,
681:,
677:it
520:,
195:,
171:.
164:.
138:.
3280::
3228::
2162:e
2155:t
2148:v
2104:.
2089:.
2074:.
2059:.
2044:.
2001:.
1908:.
1884:.
1852:.
1768:.
1756::
1750:1
1704:.
1684::
1678:7
1498:.
1142:.
226:(
187:.
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