30:
182:. Two large foreshocks were documented on 10 August and 13 November the same year. The 10 August foreshock destroyed several costal and fortified cities although unnamed and considered by historians as rhetoric. Marash was partly destroyed and all surrounding towns were levelled by the 13 November earthquake. There were many deaths in the region associated with the 13 November foreshock. At Antioch, large fissures occurred, causing buildings to settle into the ground.
37:
246:, Esârib, Zerdana and Balis. The earthquake caused the thirteen towers of the Edessa city wall and a part of the Harran city wall to collapse. While many monasteries and villages were destroyed in the city of Sis, tens of thousands of people died. It also destroyed the Azez fortress and caused the death of four hundred people.
144:
during the early morning hours of
November 29, 1114. It had an estimated surface-wave magnitude between 7.4 and 7.7 and an epicenter location in modern-day Turkey. The mainshock was preceded by two destructive foreshocks in August and November that same year. At least 40,000 people were killed in
194:
records that no one living in the city survived the earthquake and that about 40,000 people living in Marash died. That number seems excessive since the population of the town is estimated to have been a few thousand only. Another estimate for the city's population suggested 24,000 residents.
528:
145:
the earthquake; a number contested by historians due to the small population in the area at the time. These earthquakes were associated with seismic activity on the East
Anatolian Fault.
314:
was also partly destroyed. Damage in Aleppo was limited to some collapsed homes in the city center and upper district where some residents died. A tower at the north gate of Aleppo,
630:
623:
407:
190:
Marash was an important city with a large
Christian population at that time. According to the contemporary sources, the city was completely underground.
529:"Buildings tumbling, survivors living in tents: medieval descriptions of an 1114 CE earthquake in present-day Turkey and Syria feel eerily familiar"
1026:
616:
1310:
1390:
276:
who was in
Antioch documented many city residents sought refuge in tents built on courtyards, gardens, groves and abandoned dwellings.
1265:
1526:
29:
1295:
988:
567:
480:
1315:
1209:
1019:
74:
1335:
1119:
280:
reported most houses in towns around the
Antioch region were razed to the ground, killing its residents. According to
1531:
1505:
1064:
162:
1485:
1445:
1420:
1290:
973:
1285:
113:
1536:
1305:
1300:
983:
382:"The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D."
1541:
1129:
1109:
1012:
893:
842:
639:
1275:
1084:
1069:
1035:
958:
816:
719:
653:
938:
948:
857:
1204:
1480:
1450:
993:
913:
852:
1370:
1325:
1320:
1495:
1470:
1465:
1189:
888:
558:[Evaluation of Coulomb Stress Criteria in Earthquake Interactions; East Anatolian Fault Line].
203:
records that it was dark before the earthquake, and then it snowed and covered with snow on all sides.
1455:
1255:
1229:
1219:
908:
166:
1330:
1214:
1159:
837:
801:
663:
658:
1490:
1440:
1380:
1365:
1169:
978:
811:
431:
1475:
1410:
1340:
1280:
1245:
1199:
1139:
963:
953:
786:
765:
381:
1500:
1430:
1425:
497:
1405:
1395:
1360:
1194:
1164:
1144:
1104:
1094:
943:
933:
928:
918:
832:
755:
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740:
267:
872:
1350:
1260:
1224:
1134:
1124:
1114:
1089:
1079:
1074:
1054:
1049:
923:
903:
898:
867:
862:
796:
745:
709:
694:
689:
668:
158:
1546:
1435:
1415:
1375:
1355:
1345:
1270:
1184:
1179:
1154:
1149:
968:
806:
781:
760:
735:
714:
699:
418:
273:
555:
1460:
1400:
1385:
1250:
1174:
1059:
847:
704:
608:
343:
286:
179:
8:
791:
556:"Deprem Etkileşimlerinde Coulomb Gerilme Kriteri Değerlendirmesi; Doğu Anadolu Fay Hattı"
351:
277:
597:
581:
196:
408:"Large historical earthquakes of the earthquake-affected region: a preliminary report"
601:
589:
355:
191:
571:
509:
461:
250:
also records that this earthquake caused the most damage in the coastal region of
281:
247:
450:"The 12th century seismic paroxysm in the Middle East: A historical perspective"
406:
Sesetyan, K.; Stucchi, M.; Castelli, V.; Capera, A.A. Gomez (16 February 2023).
291:
263:
513:
1520:
593:
585:
576:
359:
89:
76:
211:
307:
1004:
223:
311:
215:
157: and assigned a maximum EMS-92 intensity of IX. The calculated
175:
466:
449:
270:, although both unnamed in sources, were killed in the earthquake.
207:
200:
284:, many residents of Damascus were frightened. In the history book
295:
255:
251:
231:
498:"The Crusader Lordship of Marash in Armenian Cilicia, 1104-1149"
315:
303:
299:
239:
235:
227:
219:
141:
199:
records that the city of Marash is a tomb for its own people.
405:
259:
206:
Apart from Marash, the earthquake also caused destruction in
638:
319:
243:
294:, he wrote about widespread destruction and fatalities in
413:. Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute.
379:
130:
40,000 (Marash); tens of thousands (Sis); 400 (Azaz)
380:Sbeinati, M. R.; Darawcheh, R.; Mouty, M. (2005).
554:SĂĽnbĂĽl, Fatih; SĂĽnbĂĽl, AyĹźe BengĂĽ (1 June 2018).
1518:
178:were associated with seismic activity along the
36:
1020:
624:
443:
441:
553:
1027:
1013:
631:
617:
438:
1034:
575:
465:
447:
399:
373:
167:
640:Historical earthquakes (1000 AD–1500 AD)
185:
153:The magnitude was estimated at 7.4–7.7 M
491:
489:
337:
335:
1519:
526:
1008:
612:
495:
341:
560:Karaelmas Fen ve MĂĽhendislik Dergisi
486:
346:[Marash earthquake (1114)].
332:
13:
568:Zonguldak BĂĽlent Ecevit University
14:
1558:
562:(Research Article) (in Turkish).
527:Spacey, Beth (15 February 2023).
16:1114 earthquake in Marash, Turkey
35:
28:
1527:12th century in the Middle East
106:
520:
496:Beech, George (January 1996).
481:Chronique de Matthieu d'Édesse
474:
1:
325:
310:and other areas. The city of
148:
1506:2023 Gaziantep–Kahramanmaraş
1311:1944 Gulf of Edremit–Ayvacik
7:
350:(in Turkish). No. 42.
174:7.8. The mainshock and its
161:was similar to that of the
10:
1563:
1266:1935 Erdek–Marmara Islands
547:
163:6 February 2023 earthquake
1238:
1042:
881:
825:
774:
728:
677:
646:
514:10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301121
448:Ambraseys, N. N. (2004).
322:fort were badly damaged.
126:
105:
68:
56:
48:
24:
1532:12th-century earthquakes
577:10.7212/zkufbd.v8i2.1166
342:Kesik, Muharrem (2012).
140:occurred in the area of
1537:Late Medieval Anatolia
1391:1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye
426:Cite journal requires
344:"MaraĹź Depremi (1114)"
20:1114 Marash earthquake
1542:Earthquakes in Turkey
1296:1943 Adapazarı–Hendek
1036:Earthquakes in Turkey
974:1585 Aleutian Islands
274:Walter the Chancellor
186:Damage and casualties
454:Annals of Geophysics
389:Annals of Geophysics
287:The Complete History
218:, Keysun, SĂĽmeysat (
180:East Anatolian Fault
1130:1668 North Anatolia
1110:1509 Constantinople
989:1596 Keichō–Fushimi
894:1509 Constantinople
352:Istanbul University
278:Fulcher of Chartres
86: /
21:
1210:1899 Aydın–Denizli
1085:557 Constantinople
1070:447 Constantinople
959:1580 Dover Straits
843:1456 Central Italy
817:1382 Dover Straits
720:1185 East Midlands
654:1033 Jordan Valley
531:. The Conversation
354:. pp. 43–46.
222:), Hısn-ı mansûr (
197:Michael the Syrian
19:
1514:
1513:
1421:1998 Adana–Ceyhan
1336:1953 Yenice–Gönen
1291:1942 Niksar–Erbaa
1120:1598 Amasya–Çorum
1002:
1001:
949:1575 San Salvador
858:1475 Tenochtitlan
192:Matthew of Edessa
138:Marash earthquake
134:
133:
52:November 29, 1114
1554:
1446:2004 Doğubayazıt
1316:1946 Varto–Hınıs
1306:1944 Bolu–Gerede
1301:1943 Tosya–Ladik
1029:
1022:
1015:
1006:
1005:
994:1590 Neulengbach
984:1586 Lima–Callao
914:1522 Vila Franca
633:
626:
619:
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268:bishop of Marash
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159:moment magnitude
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1496:2020 Aegean Sea
1471:2017 Aegean Sea
1466:2014 Aegean Sea
1234:
1065:262 SW Anatolia
1038:
1033:
1003:
998:
939:1570 ConcepciĂłn
889:1505 Lo Mustang
877:
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467:10.4401/ag-3303
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282:Ibn al-Qalanisi
258:, and Northern
248:William of Tyre
188:
171:
165:which measured
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114:
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94:
92:
90:37.90°N 36.97°E
88:
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49:Local date
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1331:1952 Hasankale
1328:
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1308:
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1288:
1286:1941 Van–Erciş
1283:
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1253:
1248:
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1212:
1207:
1205:1898 Balıkesir
1202:
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1160:1856 Heraklion
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664:1068 Near East
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659:1038 Dingxiang
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428:|journal=
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264:lord of Marash
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1476:2019 Istanbul
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1411:1992 Erzincan
1409:
1407:
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1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
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1372:
1371:1969 AlaĹźehir
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1326:1951 KurĹźunlu
1324:
1322:
1321:1949 Karlıova
1319:
1317:
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1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1281:1939 Erzincan
1279:
1277:
1276:1938 Kırşehir
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1246:1924 Pasinler
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1237:
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1216:
1213:
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1200:1894 Istanbul
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1140:1766 Istanbul
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964:1582 Ancuancu
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954:1575 Valdivia
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853:1461 L'Aquila
851:
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802:1349 Apennine
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788:
787:1303 Hongdong
785:
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766:1293 Kamakura
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348:Tarih Dergisi
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1547:1114 in Asia
1456:2011 KĂĽtahya
1406:1986 Malatya
1396:1983 Erzurum
1361:1967 Mudurnu
1341:1957 Fethiye
1256:1929 SuĹźehri
1239:Contemporary
1230:1919 Ayvalık
1220:1912 MĂĽrefte
1195:1893 Malatya
1175:1872 Antioch
1165:1859 Erzurum
1145:1766 Marmara
1105:1269 Cilicia
1099:
1095:847 Damascus
944:1570 Ferrara
934:1556 Shaanxi
929:1555 Kashmir
919:1536 Xichang
909:1522 AlmerĂa
882:16th-century
833:1420 Caldera
826:15th-century
775:14th-century
756:1275 British
751:1269 Cilicia
741:1222 Brescia
729:13th-century
684:
678:12th-century
647:11th-century
563:
559:
533:. Retrieved
522:
505:
501:
483:, p. 287-90.
476:
457:
453:
419:cite journal
401:
392:
388:
375:
363:. Retrieved
347:
292:Ibn al-Athīr
285:
272:
205:
189:
152:
137:
135:
116:
95:37.90; 36.97
1491:2020 Bingöl
1481:2020 Elazığ
1451:2010 Elazığ
1441:2003 Bingöl
1381:1971 Bingöl
1366:1968 Bartın
1351:1964 Manyas
1261:1930 Salmas
1225:1914 Burdur
1170:1866 Bingöl
1135:1688 Smyrna
1125:1653 Smyrna
1115:1513 Marash
1100:1114 Marash
1090:840 Erzurum
1080:528 Antioch
1075:526 Antioch
1055:115 Antioch
1050:AD 17 Lydia
979:1586 TenshĹŤ
924:1531 Lisbon
904:1513 Marash
899:1511 Idrija
868:1491 Cyprus
863:1481 Rhodes
812:1361 ShĹŤhei
797:1348 Friuli
792:1343 Naples
746:1222 Cyprus
710:1169 Sicily
695:1138 Aleppo
690:1117 Verona
685:1114 Marash
669:1088 Tmogvi
570:: 523–535.
117:Destructive
115:EMS-98 IX (
93: /
1521:Categories
1501:2022 DĂĽzce
1436:2002 Afyon
1431:1999 DĂĽzce
1426:1999 Ä°zmit
1416:1995 Dinar
1376:1970 Gediz
1356:1966 Varto
1346:1957 Abant
1271:1935 Digor
1190:1883 Çeşme
1185:1881 Chios
1180:1875 Dinar
1155:1855 Bursa
1150:1840 Ahora
1043:Historical
969:1584 Aigle
807:1356 Basel
782:1303 Crete
761:1290 Zhili
736:1202 Syria
715:1170 Syria
700:1139 Ganja
365:20 October
326:References
312:Mopsuestia
226:), Raban,
216:Mopsuestia
176:foreshocks
149:Earthquake
127:Casualties
1401:1983 Biga
1386:1975 Lice
1251:1926 Kars
1060:141 Lycia
873:1498 MeiĹŤ
848:Haowhenua
705:1157 Hama
602:165588705
594:2146-4987
586:2146-7277
508:: 35–52.
360:1015-1818
109:intensity
69:Epicenter
60:7.4–7.7 M
57:Magnitude
1486:2020 Van
1461:2011 Van
535:9 August
266:and the
224:Adıyaman
208:Elbistan
201:Al-Azimi
548:Sources
296:Al-Ruha
256:Isauria
252:Cilicia
232:Antioch
81:36°58′E
78:37°54′N
64:
600:
592:
584:
502:Viator
358:
316:Atarib
304:Samsat
300:Harran
262:. The
240:Aleppo
236:Harran
228:Edessa
220:Samsat
142:Marash
598:S2CID
582:eISSN
566:(2).
460:(2).
411:(PDF)
385:(PDF)
308:Balis
260:Syria
590:ISSN
537:2023
432:help
395:(3).
367:2022
356:ISSN
320:Azaz
318:and
244:Azaz
136:The
107:Max.
572:doi
510:doi
462:doi
290:by
212:Sis
1523::
596:.
588:.
580:.
506:27
504:.
500:.
488:^
458:47
456:.
452:.
440:^
423::
421:}}
417:{{
393:48
391:.
387:.
334:^
306:,
302:,
298:,
254:,
242:,
238:,
234:,
230:,
214:,
210:,
1028:e
1021:t
1014:v
632:e
625:t
618:v
604:.
574::
564:8
539:.
516:.
512::
470:.
464::
434:)
430:(
369:.
170:w
168:M
155:s
119:)
62:s
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