222:, the U.S. Supreme Court attempted to draw a limit on the extent to which campaign finance laws could regulate speech about politics. The Court's answer was that campaign finance laws could reach only party and candidate committees, organizations with the major purpose of electing candidates, or speech that "expressly advocated" the election or defeat of candidates. The determination of whether a group had the major purpose of electing candidates depended, in turn, on whether "express advocacy" was the group's primary activity. In footnote 6 of the Buckley opinion, the Court limited "express advocacy" to words and phrases such as "Smith for Congress", "elect", "defeat", or other specific calls for action to vote for or against a candidate. Thus, organizations could run ads discussing candidates and issues without being subject to campaign finance restrictions, so long as they avoided such express advocacy.
272:) which, like 527s, can raise unlimited amounts of money from individuals, unions, associations and corporations to influence elections. Speechnow.org v. Federal Election Commission, 599 F.3d 686, (U.S.C.A. D.C. 2010). These PACs must also disclose their finances to the FEC and cannot coordinate with candidates or political parties. The difference is that the Super PACs must "expressly advocate" for or against a candidate. The Speechnow.org and Citizens United decisions made 527s much less valuable as a medium of political communication, and their use declined substantially in the elections of 2010 and 2012 .
284:– RADM James J. Carey, USN (ret), chairman of the National Defense PAC, along with the PAC and a prospective donor, brought suit after the FEC deadlocked on a 2010 Advisory Opinion Request (see AO 2010-20), in which the PAC sought permission to operate both an independent expenditure PAC and a traditional PAC that could make contributions to candidates and was subject to fundraising restrictions. Carey's victory in the court now allows organizations to operate both traditional and "Super" PACs.
27:
346:
Under federal election law, coordination between an election campaign and a 527 group is not allowed. The heavy spending of key 527 groups to attack presidential candidates brought complaints to the
Federal Elections Commission of illegal coordination between the groups and rival political campaigns.
394:
In 2006 and 2007 the FEC fined a number of organizations, including MoveOn and Swift Boat
Veterans for Truth, for violations arising from the 2004 campaign. The FEC's rationale was that these groups had specifically advocated the election or defeat of candidates, thus making them subject to federal
292:
A February 2010 poll from the Pew
Research Center found that 68 percent of Americans disapprove of the Supreme Court's decision to allow corporations to make expenditures on behalf of candidates during elections. Seventeen percent approve of the expenditures, and 15 percent of respondents said they
256:
In
January 2010, the Supreme Court held that the government may not keep corporations or unions from spending money to support or denounce individual candidates in elections. While corporations or unions may not give money directly to campaigns or coordinate their activity with campaigns, they may
240:
rules, but concluded that the law did not cover these independent 527 organizations unless they directly advocated the election or defeat of a candidate or engaged in broadcast advertising mentioning within the 30- and 60-day windows specified by
Congress in the McCain-Feingold law. Nevertheless,
225:
The McCain-Feingold law, also known as the
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act, extended certain campaign finance limitations to broadcast advertisements run within 60 days of a general election or 30 days of a primary election if they mentioned a candidate, regardless of whether or not they contained
339:. A reported $ 9.45 million came from just 3 private individuals. On the liberal side, contributor George Soros contributed $ 23.7 million to 527s, and Peter Lewis of Progressive Insurance contributed another $ 23.2 million to 527s in 2004. Prominent 527s that supported Democrats included
1498:
Some of these listings identify a parent organization that has created a 527 group but that also engages in many nonpolitical activities. Democratic/liberal leaning groups are highlighted in blue, Republican/conservative leaning groups are highlighted in pink.
2220:*Joint Victory Campaign 2004 is a joint fund-raising committee run by America Coming Together and the Media Fund. Money raised by JVC is divided between these two beneficiaries. Combining receipts for these three groups would result in
2506:
2428:
166:", and political parties are "527s". However, in common practice the term is usually applied only to such organizations that are not regulated under state or federal campaign finance laws because they do not
1876:
A total of $ 439,709,105 was spent by these organizations alone, $ 307,324,096 of which was spent by
Democratic/liberal groups and $ 132,385,009 of which was spent by Republican/conservative groups.
1166:
A total of $ 303,309,245 was spent by these organizations alone, $ 178,397,267 of which was spent by
Democratic/liberal groups and $ 117,112,322 of which was spent by Republican/conservative groups.
799:
A total of $ 415,784,148 was spent by these organizations alone, $ 214,580,543 of which was spent by
Republican/conservative groups and $ 201,203,605 of which was spent by Democratic/liberal groups.
1502:
A total of $ 171,045,165 was spent by these organizations alone, $ 121,665,587 of which was spent by
Democratic/liberal groups and $ 49,379,578 of which was spent by Republican/conservative groups.
173:
There are no upper limits on contributions to 527s and no restrictions on who may contribute. There are no spending limits imposed on these organizations. The organizations must register with the
249:
On September 18, 2009, the Federal Appeals Court in Washington, D.C., ruled that these groups have a First Amendment right to raise and spend freely to influence elections so long as they do not
236:(FEC) to use its regulatory power to extend campaign finance laws to cover these groups. The Commission held hearings in April 2004 to determine whether or not 527s should be regulated under
2510:
315:
paid for by anonymous business groups. According to the pollster, 41 percent said that it would not matter, and 9 percent said they would be more likely to back the candidate.
2432:
2012:
1620:
854:
519:
2827:
264:
In July 2010, the U.S. District Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ruling in Speechnow.org v. Federal Election Commission struck down fundraising limits on
2963:
241:
Federal Election Commission rulings after the 2004 election attempted to extend the reach of the law to advertisements which questioned a candidate's
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1106:
643:
1684:
1074:
3159:
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2885:
2248:
1849:
Some of these listings identify a parent organization that has created a 527 group but that also engages in many nonpolitical activities.
1139:
Some of these listings identify a parent organization that has created a 527 group but that also engages in many nonpolitical activities.
772:
Some of these listings identify a parent organization that has created a 527 group but that also engages in many nonpolitical activities.
408:
Some of these listings identify a parent organization that has created a 527 group but that also engages in many nonpolitical activities.
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687:
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886:
549:
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228:
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379:
372:
91:
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1948:
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870:
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503:
63:
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3003:
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70:
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327:, which limited the ability of political parties to raise money, 527s rose to much greater prominence and visibility.
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2927:
110:
44:
158:
Technically, almost all political committees, including state, local, and federal candidate committees, traditional
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1996:
1980:
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838:
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332:
184:
for specific candidates or coordinate with any candidate's campaign, many 527s are used to raise money to spend on
269:
216:
Internal Revenue Code section 527 was enacted as part of Public Law No. 93-625 on January 3, 1975. In the case of
163:
77:
3035:
2769:
2469:
1854:
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789:
627:
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201:
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2534:"ELECTION 2004 / 2 Texans dig deep for boat vet ads / Pair from Dallas kick in $ 3 million for group's coffers"
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2322:
Pub. L. No. 93-625, sec. 10(a) (Jan. 3, 1975), effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 1974.
2302:"What are 527's? | Who Donates? | Where does the money go? Government Regulation | Ethics"
1915:
233:
3154:
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159:
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177:(IRS), publicly disclose their donors and file periodic reports of contributions and expenditures.
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331:
was one such group, which ran controversial and highly effective ads critical of the 2004
8:
2922:
2586:"Top Individual Contributors to Federally Focused 527 Organizations, 2004 Election Cycle"
2258:
1028:
226:"express advocacy". The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of this provision in
2912:
2762:
2611:
2338:
2253:
308:
185:
181:
167:
2738:
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poll found that 47 percent of Americans say they would be less likely to support a
237:
218:
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2152:
2120:
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1403:
934:
565:
242:
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2805:
155:, appointment or defeat of candidates to federal, state or local public office.
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360:
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Although 527 organizations were in common use by the 1990s, in the wake of the
193:
3143:
2942:
1652:
1574:
1297:
1251:
950:
368:
3090:
2429:"Former FEC Chair Smith joins litigation team to create "Super-Duper" PACs"
2757:
2182:
2136:
312:
2608:"FEC Collects $ 630,000 in Civil Penalties from Three 527 Organizations"
398:
2869:
2044:
1932:
1433:
356:
336:
148:
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2233:
304:
301:
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26:
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152:
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1090:
487:
395:
regulation and its limits on contributions to the organizations.
2610:. Federal Election Commission. December 13, 2006. Archived from
2281:
The Center for Public Integrity, 527 Frequently Asked Questions
147:). A 527 group is created primarily to influence the selection,
2485:"Wyly Brothers Gave Millions To Over 200 Republican Candidates"
2283:
http://projects.publicintegrity.org/527/default.aspx?act=faq#5
2013:
American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees
1621:
American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees
1357:
1058:
855:
American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees
520:
American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees
2562:. Texans for Public Justice (self-published). Archived from
3008:
2556:"Bob Perry - The Man Behind Swift Boat Veterans for Truth"
2470:"End Citizens United PAC wants to make its name a reality"
1221:
American Federation of State, County, Municipal Employees
1122:
American Federation of State, County, Municipal Employees
2431:. Republican National Lawyers Association. Archived from
245:
and fitness for office off limits to 527s specifically.
2634:"Top 50 Federally Focused Organizations | OpenSecrets"
399:
Top 20 federally focused and state focused 527 groups
2800:"Kerry files FEC complaint against swift boat group"
2659:"State-Focused 527 Organizations Only | OpenSecrets"
170:
for the election or defeat of a candidate or party.
2754:
527s: Advocacy Group Spending in the 2010 Elections
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2835:
232:. Based on that decision, many persons urged the
3141:
2384:"Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission"
2366:"Court Backs Outside Groups' Political Spending"
2676:
2525:
1685:International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
1075:International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
2455:"Midterm Election Challenges for Both Parties"
2334:"Ready to Attack Obama, if Some Money Arrives"
1793:Laborers' International Union of North America
2821:
2734:
2732:
2719:
2717:
253:their activities with a candidate or a party.
188:and voter mobilization. Examples of 527s are
2548:
2249:Campaign finance reform in the United States
318:
2780:Tax Information for Political Organizations
2499:
688:National Democratic Redistricting Committee
257:seek to persuade the voting public through
2828:
2814:
2729:
2714:
2507:"Swift Vets Top Contributors, 2004 Cycle"
2457:. Pew Research Center. February 12, 2010.
1762:Democratic Attorneys General Association
1747:Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee
1419:Democratic Attorneys General Association
1342:Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee
1268:American Solutions for Winning the Future
1044:Democratic Attorneys General Association
967:Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee
887:American Solutions for Winning the Future
597:Democratic Attorneys General Association
550:Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee
535:Republican Attorneys General Association
371:of coordinating their efforts with the
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
757:
229:McConnell v. Federal Election Commission
135:organized under Section 527 of the U.S.
2790:"RNC opens assault on anti-Bush groups"
2426:
386:of coordinating their efforts with the
3142:
2763:Top 50 Federally Focused Organizations
2724:Top 50 Federally Focused Organizations
2690:Top 50 Federally Focused Organizations
2467:
2106:Republican State Leadership Committee
1844:
1606:Republican State Leadership Committee
1493:
1283:Republican State Leadership Committee
1134:
767:
432:, neutral groups are not highlighted.
403:
3160:Campaign finance in the United States
2901:Major industrial and business lobbies
2809:
2531:
2482:
2244:Campaign finance in the United States
2061:College Republican National Committee
1949:Service Employees International Union
1777:College Republican National Committee
1543:Service Employees International Union
1388:College Republican National Committee
1236:Service Employees International Union
983:College Republican National Committee
903:Service Employees International Union
871:Republican State Leadership Committee
582:Service Employees International Union
504:Republican State Leadership Committee
268:-only committees, (commonly known as
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
16:Type of U.S. tax-exempt organization
2770:Silent Partners (527 Organizations)
2331:
1014:Citizens for Strength and Security
13:
2468:Frumin, Aliyah (August 20, 2015).
347:These formal complaints included:
343:, MoveOn.org, and the Media Fund.
14:
3171:
2747:
2739:State-Focused 527 Committees Only
2709:State-Focused 527 Committees Only
2427:Marston, Chris (April 27, 2011).
287:
2536:. Houston Chronicle. pp. A8
1997:Democratic Governors Association
1981:Republican Governors Association
1838:June 30, 2008. Source: Source:
1559:Democratic Governors Association
1527:Republican Governors Association
1206:Democratic Governors Association
1190:Republican Governors Association
839:Democratic Governors Association
823:Republican Governors Association
732:National Association of Realtors
472:Democratic Governors Association
456:Republican Governors Association
211:
25:
2651:
2626:
2600:
2578:
2532:Frank, John (October 5, 2004).
2476:
2461:
2447:
628:American Federation of Teachers
202:Progress for America Voter Fund
36:needs additional citations for
2483:Baram, Marcus (May 25, 2011).
2420:
2398:
2376:
2358:
2355:, 581 F.3d 1 (D.C. Cir. 2009).
2346:
2332:Luo, Michael (June 12, 2008).
2325:
2316:
2294:
2275:
999:National Education Association
325:Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
259:independent expenditure groups
1:
2837:Lobbying in the United States
2509:. opensecrets. Archived from
2269:
2254:Issue versus express advocacy
2199:League of Conservation Voters
2092:Citizens for a Strong Senate
2029:Swift Vets and POWs for Truth
384:Swift Boat Veterans for Truth
353:Republican National Committee
190:Swift Boat Veterans for Truth
2168:Voices for Working Families
703:American Comeback Committee
7:
2774:Center for Public Integrity
2227:
1916:Joint Victory Campaign 2004
1464:
234:Federal Election Commission
160:political action committees
10:
3176:
2957:Major single-issue lobbies
2865:Political action committee
2802:, CNN.com, August 21, 2004
2264:Political action committee
2197:
2181:
2167:
2151:
2135:
2119:
2105:
2091:
2075:
2059:
2043:
2027:
2011:
1995:
1979:
1963:
1947:
1931:
1914:
1898:
1869:groups are highlighted in
1857:groups are highlighted in
1823:
1807:
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1761:
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1340:
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1234:
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1188:
1159:groups are highlighted in
1147:groups are highlighted in
1121:
1105:
1089:
1073:
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1027:
1013:
997:
981:
965:
949:
933:
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792:groups are highlighted in
780:groups are highlighted in
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686:
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596:
580:
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548:
534:
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486:
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428:groups are highlighted in
416:groups are highlighted in
206:Secretary of State Project
3121:
3022:
2956:
2900:
2852:
2843:
2210:
1834:
319:2004 election controversy
2784:Internal Revenue Service
175:Internal Revenue Service
1900:America Coming Together
1824:Bluegrass Freedom Fund
1731:America Coming Together
388:George W. Bush campaign
365:America Coming Together
341:America Coming Together
266:independent expenditure
198:America Coming Together
133:tax-exempt organization
1373:Patriot Majority Fund
3150:Internal Revenue Code
2892:Legislative scorecard
2776:, publicintegrity.org
2513:on September 30, 2007
2372:. September 19, 2009.
2304:. Stanford University
1715:Economic Freedom Fund
1327:The Fund for America
761:March 2021. Sources:
747:A Stronger Wisconsin
717:Garden State Forward
673:State Victory Action
380:John Kerry's campaign
180:Because they may not
137:Internal Revenue Code
3129:Congressional caucus
2077:New Democrat Network
1965:Progress For America
1867:conservative leaning
1809:Progressive Majority
1669:Progress for America
1480:Progressive Majority
1465:All Children Matter
1157:conservative leaning
778:conservative leaning
659:A Stronger Michigan
414:conservative leaning
378:On August 20, 2004,
351:On May 5, 2004, the
168:"expressly advocate"
45:improve this article
2663:www.opensecrets.org
2638:www.opensecrets.org
2614:on February 8, 2012
2353:EMILY's List v. FEC
2259:Opposition research
1845:2004 election cycle
1494:2006 election cycle
1135:2008 election cycle
1029:American Crossroads
768:2010 election cycle
404:2018 election cycle
373:John Kerry campaign
2979:Federal leadership
2370:The New York Times
2339:The New York Times
2288:2011-04-11 at the
1891:2004 Expenditures
1518:2006 Expenditures
1181:2008 Expenditures
814:2010 Expenditures
447:2018 Expenditures
182:expressly advocate
131:is a type of U.S.
60:"527 organization"
3155:527 organizations
3137:
3136:
3096:Anti-Israel lobby
3072:
2741:, opensecrets.org
2726:, opensecrets.org
2711:, opensecrets.org
2692:, opensecrets.org
2487:. Huffington Post
2435:on March 12, 2012
2218:
2217:
1888:2004 Fundraising
1842:
1841:
1515:2006 Fundraising
1491:
1490:
1178:2008 Fundraising
1132:
1131:
811:2010 Fundraising
765:
764:
444:2018 Fundraising
311:was supported by
121:
120:
113:
95:
3167:
3070:
2882:Campaign finance
2877:527 organization
2830:
2823:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2742:
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2727:
2721:
2712:
2706:
2693:
2687:
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2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2552:
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2503:
2497:
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2480:
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2413:
2402:
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2391:
2380:
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2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2298:
2292:
2279:
1879:
1878:
1505:
1504:
1169:
1168:
802:
801:
435:
434:
333:Democratic Party
296:An October 2010
238:campaign finance
219:Buckley v. Valeo
125:527 organization
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3117:
3018:
2952:
2928:Organized labor
2896:
2860:Direct lobbying
2848:
2839:
2834:
2750:
2745:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2715:
2707:
2696:
2688:
2677:
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2640:
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2617:
2615:
2606:
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2601:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2566:on May 28, 2007
2554:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2490:
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2477:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2290:Wayback Machine
2280:
2276:
2272:
2230:
2222:double-counting
2214:June 30, 2008.
2121:Club for Growth
1855:liberal leaning
1847:
1700:September Fund
1637:Club for Growth
1509:
1496:
1450:Citizens United
1404:RightChange.com
1145:liberal leaning
1137:
919:Citizens United
790:liberal leaning
770:
612:Citizens United
426:liberal leaning
406:
401:
321:
290:
214:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3173:
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3135:
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3131:
3125:
3123:
3119:
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3110:
3105:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3032:
3030:
3028:ethnic lobbies
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2989:Foreign policy
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2964:Administration
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2948:Transportation
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:Pharmaceutical
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
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2748:External links
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1173:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1107:Laborers Union
1104:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
996:
992:
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985:
980:
976:
975:
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964:
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873:
868:
864:
863:
860:
857:
852:
848:
847:
844:
841:
836:
832:
831:
830:$ 131,823,354
828:
827:$ 117,129,464
825:
820:
816:
815:
812:
809:
806:
769:
766:
763:
762:
755:
754:
751:
748:
745:
741:
740:
737:
734:
729:
725:
724:
721:
718:
715:
711:
710:
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701:
697:
696:
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690:
685:
681:
680:
677:
674:
671:
667:
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663:
660:
657:
653:
652:
649:
646:
644:Laborers Union
641:
637:
636:
633:
630:
625:
621:
620:
617:
614:
609:
605:
604:
601:
598:
595:
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584:
579:
575:
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509:
506:
501:
497:
496:
493:
490:
485:
481:
480:
477:
474:
469:
465:
464:
463:$ 167,835,847
461:
460:$ 150,387,931
458:
453:
449:
448:
445:
442:
439:
405:
402:
400:
397:
392:
391:
376:
361:The Media Fund
320:
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289:
288:Public opinion
286:
274:
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262:
254:
213:
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194:The Media Fund
186:issue advocacy
141:26 U.S.C.
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118:
33:
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24:
15:
9:
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4:
3:
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3071:(Anti Castro)
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3000:
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2980:
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2974:Environmental
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2941:
2939:
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2899:
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2868:
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2798:
2796:, May 6, 2004
2795:
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2682:
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2660:
2654:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2588:. OpenSecrets
2587:
2581:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2535:
2528:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2486:
2479:
2471:
2464:
2456:
2450:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2408:. OpenSecrets
2407:
2401:
2385:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2328:
2319:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2128:$ 11,943,415
2127:
2125:$ 10,645,976
2124:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2112:$ 10,682,312
2111:
2109:$ 10,762,907
2108:
2102:
2101:
2098:$ 10,228,515
2097:
2095:$ 10,853,730
2094:
2088:
2087:
2084:$ 12,524,063
2083:
2081:$ 12,726,158
2080:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2068:$ 17,260,655
2067:
2065:$ 12,780,126
2064:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2052:$ 21,565,803
2051:
2049:$ 12,956,215
2048:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2036:$ 22,565,360
2035:
2033:$ 17,008,090
2032:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2020:$ 22,332,587
2019:
2017:$ 22,227,050
2016:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2004:$ 24,125,938
2003:
2001:$ 24,172,761
2000:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1988:$ 34,301,889
1987:
1985:$ 33,848,421
1984:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1972:$ 35,631,378
1971:
1969:$ 44,929,174
1968:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1956:$ 47,695,646
1955:
1953:$ 48,385,367
1952:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1940:$ 57,694,580
1939:
1937:$ 59,414,183
1936:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1924:$ 72,588,053
1923:
1921:$ 71,811,666
1920:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1907:$ 78,040,480
1906:
1904:$ 79,795,487
1903:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1784:$ 10,260,343
1783:
1780:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1676:$ 13,000,574
1675:
1672:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1653:Change to Win
1648:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1612:$ 10,132,510
1611:
1609:$ 11,340,863
1608:
1602:
1601:
1598:$ 11,128,005
1597:
1595:$ 11,776,201
1594:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1582:$ 14,106,236
1581:
1579:$ 14,391,893
1578:
1576:
1575:America Votes
1570:
1569:
1565:
1563:$ 18,526,787
1562:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1550:$ 28,212,510
1549:
1547:$ 25,053,546
1546:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1534:$ 15,993,537
1533:
1531:$ 28,798,367
1530:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1349:$ 12,665,087
1348:
1345:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1333:$ 12,142,044
1332:
1330:$ 12,142,046
1329:
1323:
1322:
1319:$ 12,910,515
1318:
1316:$ 13,659,555
1315:
1313:EMILY'S List
1309:
1308:
1304:
1302:$ 13,917,202
1301:
1299:
1298:Change to Win
1293:
1292:
1289:$ 20,981,193
1288:
1286:$ 19,961,136
1285:
1279:
1278:
1275:$ 22,966,088
1274:
1272:$ 22,722,547
1271:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1259:$ 24,491,324
1258:
1256:$ 25,959,173
1255:
1253:
1252:America Votes
1247:
1246:
1243:$ 27,839,177
1242:
1240:$ 27,432,667
1239:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1227:$ 30,652,149
1226:
1224:$ 32,867,824
1223:
1217:
1216:
1213:$ 26,376,784
1212:
1210:$ 35,831,960
1209:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1197:$ 44,625,517
1196:
1194:$ 58,942,154
1193:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1000:
994:
993:
989:
986:
984:
978:
977:
974:$ 10,949,775
973:
970:
968:
962:
961:
958:$ 11,237,974
957:
954:
952:
951:America Votes
946:
945:
942:$ 10,439,329
941:
938:
936:
930:
929:
925:
922:
920:
914:
913:
910:$ 15,534,072
909:
907:$ 14,923,663
906:
904:
898:
897:
894:$ 28,419,764
893:
891:$ 28,233,447
890:
888:
882:
881:
878:$ 29,911,967
877:
875:$ 29,504,912
874:
872:
866:
865:
862:$ 46,520,548
861:
859:$ 47,068,586
858:
856:
850:
849:
846:$ 64,708,253
845:
843:$ 55,362,218
842:
840:
834:
833:
829:
826:
824:
818:
817:
813:
810:
807:
804:
803:
800:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
760:
756:
753:$ 12,062,035
752:
750:$ 12,062,035
749:
743:
742:
738:
736:$ 13,405,000
735:
733:
730:
727:
726:
722:
720:$ 13,742,250
719:
713:
712:
709:$ 15,839,410
708:
706:$ 14,117,837
705:
699:
698:
695:$ 13,413,926
694:
692:$ 14,221,188
691:
689:
683:
682:
679:$ 14,713,267
678:
676:$ 14,905,000
675:
669:
668:
665:$ 15,138,049
664:
662:$ 15,138,050
661:
655:
654:
651:$ 16,024,116
650:
648:$ 15,974,447
647:
645:
639:
638:
635:$ 21,072,933
634:
632:$ 17,927,893
631:
629:
623:
622:
619:$ 18,828,337
618:
616:$ 18,526,147
615:
613:
607:
606:
603:$ 20,503,622
602:
600:$ 20,373,246
599:
593:
592:
589:$ 29,319,705
588:
586:$ 27,465,223
585:
583:
577:
576:
573:$ 26,332,838
572:
570:$ 28,529,793
569:
567:
561:
560:
557:$ 32,203,180
556:
554:$ 32,918,509
553:
551:
545:
544:
541:$ 50,936,229
540:
538:$ 40,640,124
537:
531:
530:
527:$ 40,318,034
526:
524:$ 41,390,913
523:
521:
515:
514:
511:$ 49,998,382
510:
508:$ 45,283,573
507:
505:
499:
498:
495:$ 74,272,425
494:
492:$ 92,101,947
491:
489:
483:
482:
479:$ 96,371,376
478:
476:$ 95,779,024
475:
473:
467:
466:
462:
459:
457:
451:
450:
446:
443:
440:
437:
436:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
396:
389:
385:
381:
377:
374:
370:
369:America Votes
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:
348:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
316:
314:
310:
306:
303:
299:
294:
293:were unsure.
285:
283:
279:
271:
267:
263:
260:
255:
252:
248:
247:
246:
244:
239:
235:
231:
230:
223:
221:
220:
212:Legal history
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
178:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
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62: –
61:
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56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
3091:Jewish lobby
3051:Saudi Arabia
2908:Agricultural
2876:
2666:. Retrieved
2662:
2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2637:
2628:
2616:. Retrieved
2612:the original
2602:
2590:. Retrieved
2580:
2568:. Retrieved
2564:the original
2559:
2550:
2540:February 12,
2538:. Retrieved
2527:
2515:. Retrieved
2511:the original
2501:
2489:. Retrieved
2478:
2463:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2433:the original
2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2406:"Super PACs"
2400:
2388:. Retrieved
2386:. SCOTUSblog
2378:
2369:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2337:
2327:
2318:
2308:November 16,
2306:. Retrieved
2296:
2277:
2219:
2211:
2206:$ 5,078,116
2203:$ 6,049,500
2190:$ 6,473,110
2187:$ 6,583,572
2174:$ 7,202,695
2171:$ 7,466,056
2160:$ 8,100,752
2157:$ 7,739,946
2153:EMILY's List
2144:$ 6,261,811
2141:$ 8,727,127
1875:
1870:
1858:
1848:
1835:
1830:$ 3,135,863
1827:$ 3,150,125
1816:$ 4,845,486
1813:$ 3,262,427
1800:$ 3,762,110
1797:$ 3,688,250
1781:$ 3,720,110
1768:$ 2,630,350
1765:$ 4,083,576
1754:$ 3,928,487
1751:$ 4,365,495
1738:$ 6,998,238
1735:$ 4,494,107
1722:$ 4,835,805
1719:$ 5,050,450
1706:$ 4,950,861
1703:$ 5,230,500
1692:$ 5,529,067
1689:$ 5,538,113
1673:$ 6,175,025
1660:$ 2,592,376
1657:$ 7,061,423
1644:$ 8,157,383
1641:$ 7,217,080
1628:$ 8,336,574
1625:$ 9,599,404
1591:EMILY's List
1566:$ 8,508,850
1501:
1497:
1487:$ 7,444,825
1484:$ 5,743,779
1471:$ 3,368,861
1468:$ 6,031,500
1457:$ 6,016,215
1454:$ 6,477,080
1441:$ 6,957,280
1438:$ 6,480,432
1425:$ 5,441,100
1422:$ 6,704,076
1411:$ 5,578,187
1408:$ 6,736,563
1395:$ 7,537,976
1392:$ 6,956,285
1379:$ 8,108,121
1376:$ 8,266,627
1365:$ 9,407,146
1362:$ 9,322,764
1346:$ 9,989,627
1305:$ 7,799,656
1165:
1160:
1148:
1138:
1128:$ 4,121,846
1125:$ 4,123,743
1114:$ 4,361,153
1111:$ 4,578,278
1098:$ 4,719,415
1095:$ 4,994,165
1082:$ 6,685,747
1079:$ 5,354,930
1066:$ 5,210,328
1063:$ 5,600,547
1050:$ 7,206,207
1047:$ 6,365,202
1036:$ 1,408,323
1033:$ 6,700,312
1020:$ 7,216,173
1017:$ 7,127,814
1006:$ 7,503,113
1003:$ 7,394,838
990:$ 8,621,662
987:$ 8,389,738
971:$ 8,684,721
955:$ 8,883,561
939:$ 9,001,964
935:EMILY's List
926:$ 9,185,145
923:$ 9,211,311
798:
793:
781:
771:
758:
739:$ 9,017,937
723:$ 4,981,083
566:EMILY's List
429:
417:
407:
393:
345:
322:
295:
291:
281:
277:
275:
227:
224:
217:
215:
179:
172:
157:
128:
124:
122:
107:
101:October 2008
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2999:Immigration
2758:OpenSecrets
2137:Sierra Club
335:candidate,
313:advertising
3144:Categories
2870:Hybrid PAC
2560:fact sheet
2270:References
2045:MoveOn.org
1933:Media Fund
1863:Republican
1851:Democratic
1434:UNITE HERE
1153:Republican
1141:Democratic
786:Democratic
774:Republican
422:Democratic
410:Republican
357:MoveOn.org
337:John Kerry
329:Swift Boat
270:Super PACs
251:coordinate
204:, and the
164:Super PACs
149:nomination
145:§ 527
71:newspapers
2923:Insurance
2786:, irs.gov
2782:from the
2668:March 20,
2643:March 20,
2239:501(c)(4)
2234:501(c)(3)
305:candidate
302:political
298:Bloomberg
243:character
162:(PACs), "
129:527 group
3122:See also
3103:Pakistan
3024:Diaspora
3009:Retirees
2984:Feminism
2969:Abortion
2938:Software
2618:April 1,
2592:April 1,
2570:April 1,
2517:April 1,
2491:April 1,
2472:. MSNBC.
2439:April 1,
2412:April 1,
2390:April 1,
2286:Archived
2228:See also
382:accused
355:accused
309:campaign
153:election
3081:Ireland
3058:Armenia
2943:Tobacco
2846:History
2794:CNN.com
2183:AFL–CIO
1091:ActBlue
488:ActBlue
307:if his
85:scholar
3108:Turkey
3086:Israel
3076:Greece
2918:Health
2913:Energy
2886:reform
2853:Topics
282:v. FEC
280:et al.
278:Carey
200:, the
143:
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
3113:Japan
3063:China
3046:Libya
3041:Egypt
3014:Taxes
2772:from
2756:from
2212:As of
1885:Name
1882:Rank
1836:As of
1512:Name
1358:GOPAC
1175:Name
1172:Rank
1059:GOPAC
808:Name
805:Rank
759:As of
441:Name
438:Rank
92:JSTOR
78:books
3068:Cuba
3036:Arab
3026:and
3004:LGBT
2994:Guns
2670:2021
2645:2021
2620:2012
2594:2012
2572:2007
2542:2012
2519:2007
2493:2012
2441:2012
2414:2012
2392:2012
2310:2013
1871:pink
1859:blue
1508:Rank
1161:pink
1149:blue
794:blue
782:pink
430:blue
418:pink
367:and
64:news
2195:20
2179:19
2165:18
2149:17
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1103:19
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995:12
979:11
963:10
744:20
728:19
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684:16
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656:14
640:13
624:12
608:11
594:10
276:In
127:or
47:by
3146::
2792:,
2731:^
2716:^
2697:^
2678:^
2661:.
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2558:.
2368:.
2336:.
2224:.
2025:9
2009:8
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1977:6
1961:5
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1918:*
1912:2
1896:1
1873:.
1861:,
1649:9
1633:8
1617:7
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1587:5
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1523:1
1310:9
1294:8
1280:7
1264:6
1248:5
1232:4
1218:3
1202:2
1186:1
1163:.
1151:,
947:9
931:8
915:7
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883:5
867:4
851:3
835:2
819:1
796:.
784:,
578:9
562:8
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