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231:, humor was intentionally used to press for both political and social change. Topics reflected the interests and political positions of Keppler and other senior staff, and Keppler closely reviewed others' work before it went to publication, influencing both content and style with "a strong guiding hand". Among the areas of public health addressed by Friedrich Graetz's cartoons in
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but the
Alchemist of the Present profits by making things out of almost everything. In the cartoon "Dr. Cashdown Mixer, Analytical Chemist" is collecting payments from a number of well-dressed gentlemen, while above him on the wall are the results of some of his work, "Analysis Tea," "Analysis Coffee," and "Analysis Oilymargarine". "
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Graetz's cartoon "The
Alchemist of the Past, and the Alchemist of the Present" targeted food adulteration practices by commercial chemists and hinted at the need for regulation, as a matter of public health. The Alchemist of the Past, as noted in the illustration, could not make gold out of anything,
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Over time, Graetz drew fewer lithographs. Zimmermam became increasingly skilled, and was seen by
Keppler and his partner Adolph Schwarzmann as a possible replacement. Keppler, however, felt uncomfortable about firing his friend. According to Zimmerman, when it was time to renew Graetz's contract,
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recalls Graetz as "an elderly gentleman with short-cropped hair and abundant red whiskers." Zimmerman considered Graetz to be "an excellent pen-and-ink artist but too careful in detail for an
American comic paper". Graetz was unfamiliar with American politics, and was often given topics dealing
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was particularly feared for its high rate of mortality, and because its cause of infection was not yet known. A major epidemic was occurring in Egypt at the time this cartoon was drawn. Graetz's illustration "The Kind of 'Assisted
Emigrant' We Can Not Afford to Admit" personifies cholera as a
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Graetz's cartoon "The Anti-Chinese Wall: The
American wall goes up as the Chinese original goes down" caricatures a group including Irish, African American, French, and Jewish laborers. They are shown building a wall against the Chinese at the same time that the Chinese are removing their own
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and other
Viennese newspapers shifted, becoming less an appeal to improve city life, and more an attempt to cope with its stresses by "keeping up a cheerful spirit". Their humour also became increasingly distanced and negative toward marginalized groups, including women and Jewish people.
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A flag entitled "Freedom of thought" flies above the conflict in
Friedrich Graetz's cartoon "An appalling attempt to muzzle the watch-dog of science" (1883). The caption notes that The Society for the Suppression of Blasphemous Literature proposed to prosecute professors such as physicist
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for sowing "widespread unbelief, and in some cases rank atheism" through the expression of their views on science and religion. In the cartoon, Spencer is shown as a monumental dog, guarding the doors of scientific enlightenment. His detractors surround him with muzzles.
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with international affairs. Because he spoke little or no
English, proposed work had to be described to him extremely precisely by a German-speaking staff member. While Keppler was travelling abroad for six months in 1883, Zimmerman acted as Graetz's translator.
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Keppler caricatured himself and his staff in "The return of the 'prodigal father' at the 'Puck" office'", a cartoon published on
October 10, 1883. Graetz is portrayed among the members of the art department, to the left of Keppler. He is dressed in a
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skeletal invader in the foreground of the cartoon, but does not demonize or blame immigrants. The deadly disease is opposed by an array of tiny figures: a boat representing the Board of Health, cannons loaded with
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Two other similarly named artists were active in Austria and Germany during Friedrich Graetz's lifetime (1842–1912). Friedrich Graetz has been credited with publishing during the periods 1885–1891 in
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in 1882, and was manipulating prejudice and fear against minority groups to support anti-Chinese trade policies. Graetz's cartoon has been used to examine recurring political debates across time.
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in New York. Keppler, who was also from Austria, established the German-language magazine in 1871, publishing the first English-language edition in 1877. Graetz's illustrations appear in
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Graetz did not "speak English, which made it difficult for him to understand American humor, so I shared his stall in the art department and acted as interpreter. All... "
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barriers to trade. The lettering on the blocks includes "Fear", "Non Reciprocity", "Law Against Race" and "Congressional Blunders". Congress had passed the
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as Fritz Graetz (1875–1915). Georg Friedrich "Fritz" Grätz or Graetz (1875–1915) was also from Frankfurt am Main, and signed paintings as "Fritz Grätz".
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was the first magazine to print cartoons in color. Many of Graetz's cartoons were political, targeting issues of government responsibility and
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What fools these mortals be! : the story of Puck : America's first and most influential magazine of color political cartoons
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proposed to cut Graetz's salary in half. Humiliated, he chose to leave and return to Europe. A few months later, Zimmerman left
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1271:, eds. Werner Bergmann, Ulrich Wyrwa, Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History. Journal of Fondazione CDEC, n.3 July 2012
173:("The Flea"), also in Vienna, beginning in 1875. Both magazines were printed by the publishing house Johann Nepomuk Vernay.
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Comical modernity : popular humour and the transformation of urban space in late nineteenth-century Vienna
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used humour to critique authority and call for social change. It has been suggested that over time humour in
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The Making of Antisemitism as a Political Movement. Political History as Cultural History (1879–1914)
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are unsanitary conditions; disease, quarantine and immigration; and adulteration of foodstuffs.
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1257:
829:"The Image and Advocacy of Public Health in American Caricature and Cartoons from 1860 to 1900"
611:
Ritchie, Donald A. (2006). "The Senate Theatre: 19th century cartoonists and the U.S. Senate".
282:, and a frail line of human defenders. The building in the illustration has been identified as
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962:"LESSON Editorial Cartoons: A Historical Example of Immigration Debates Grade Level 6–8 9–12"
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was edited by Ottokar Franz Ebersberg, under the pseudonym O. F. Berg. In its early years,
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By 1892 Graetz was again working in Vienna, where he drew for several magazines including
1204:"The return of the "prodigal father" at the "Puck" office – drawn by himself / J. Keppler"
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220:, depict complex scenes in which a number of characters are involved in unfolding action.
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between March 1882 and March 1885. Graetz's images, like those of Joseph Keppler and
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Der Teufel in Berlin. Illustrierte politische Witzblätter einer Metropole (1848–1890)
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Culbertson, Tom (8 November 2010). "The Golden Age of American Political Cartoons".
877:"The anti-Chinese wall—The American wall goes up as the Chinese original goes down"
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Life on the press : the popular art and illustrations of George Benjamin Luks
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1025:"F. Graetz, "The Kind of 'Assisted Emigrant' We Can't Afford to Admit,""
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115:. His best-known works appeared in Viennese satirical magazines such as
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Keppler and his staff, as caricatured by himself. Graetz wears a toga.
1081:"An appalling attempt to muzzle the watch-dog of science / F. Graetz"
792:. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. p. 19.
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104:
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Berridge, Virginia; Gorsky, Martin; Mold, Alex (September 1, 2011).
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A report of Friedrich Graetz's death credits him with publishing in
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Kahn, Michael Alexander; West, Richard Samuel (October 14, 2014).
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The Age of Scientific Naturalism: Tyndall and His Contemporaries
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The Spanish Flu: Narrative and Cultural Identity in Spain, 1918
937:"Will Trump Repeat the Historic Chinese Exclusion Act Mistake?"
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Satire on stone : the political cartoons of Joseph Keppler
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258:"The Kind of 'Assisted Emigrant' We Can Not Afford to Admit" ,
169:("Cock-a-doodle-doo") in Vienna between 1872 and 1875, and for
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Georg Friedrich "Fritz" Grätz (1875–1915), from painting, 1904
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Graetz, F. (Friedrich), approximately 1840-approximately 1913
906:"Primary Documents in American History Chinese Exclusion Act"
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The Image of Antisemites in German and Austrian Caricatures
668:"Johann N. Vernay Druckerei- und Verlagsaktiengesellschaft"
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and others identify the author of anti-Semitic cartoons in
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on a three-year contract, to work for the popular magazine
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Sample signatures for the three artists are shown below:
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Friedrich Graetz's death was reported by December 1912.
1425:. Akron, Ohio: Saalfield Publishing Company. p. 37
153:. In 1867 Graetz came to Vienna, spending time also in
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Künstler- Seiten mit vielen Gemälden von Antiquitäten
1306:
Benz, Wolfgang; Mihok, Brigitte (December 12, 2014).
620:. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office.
1109:Lightman, Bernard; Reidy, Michael S., eds. (2014).
1312:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 17.
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762:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
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509:("The Flea") (1891–1913), and the worker's paper
570:The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
494:Theodor Grätz (1859–1947), from caricature, 1919
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1507:, Digital Archives, Theodore Roosevelt Center,
1177:Zim : the autobiography of Eugene Zimmerman
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16:Austrian illustrator and cartoonist (1842–1912)
1472:"What the people read in Austria and Bohemia"
1175:Zimmerman, Eugene; Brasch, Walter M. (1988).
1115:. London: Pickering & Chatto. p. 4.
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996:. UK: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 51–55.
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646:(1st ed.). IDW Publishing. p. 322.
614:United States Senate Catalogue of Graphic Art
149:Graetz studied art in Frankfurt am Main with
1179:. Susquehanna University Press. p. 62.
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107:– November 28, 1912 Vienna) was an Austrian
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543:"Ein Veteran bei Zeichenstifte"
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343:" consists almost entirely of
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1050:Davis, R. (August 20, 2013).
754:West, Richard Samuel (1988).
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1544:Artists from Austria-Hungary
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1445:"Hier Ruht der Liberalismus"
1056:. Springer. pp. 78–79.
513:("New Incandescent Light").
7:
1282:"Der Wahre Jacob – digital"
935:Yung, Judy (Apr 28, 2017).
786:Gambone, Robert L. (2009).
697:Hakkarainen, Heidi (2019).
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1509:Dickinson State University
1470:Shaw, Albert, ed. (1905).
1232:. Köln. pp. 266, 323.
141:and urging social change.
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1341:"Grätz, Fritz 1875–1915"
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290:area of New York City.
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672:Wien Geschichte Wiki
410:) and 1896–1897 in
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308:Thomas Henry Huxley
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1451:. 12 November 1896
1375:. 22 December 1912
1369:"Friedrich Graetz"
1263:2018-04-22 at the
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