143:
continued to fly until T+126 seconds when it began to drift off its flight path, leading to an automatic shutdown command. On June 20, a few weeks later, a 4K1 (Oktan) launched from
Plesetsk's LC-16 and met nearly the same fate when again the payload fairing disintegrated 50 seconds after launch. This time the onboard destruct system on the satellite activated and destroyed it, after which ground controllers sent a manual shutdown command to the booster, which crashed 4 miles (6 kilometers) from the pad. The back-to-back failures were traced to a manufacturing defect in the payload shrouds, which were produced in a batch, and they left Russia's ability to perform military reconnaissance severely hampered. In both cases, the shrouds broke up at the point of maximum aerodynamic pressure during ascent.
171:
122:
1909:
189:
Yantar-4K1 was a modification of the Yantar-2K. It had a better camera, the
Zhemchug-18, and was in orbit for 45 days rather than the 30 days of Yantar-2K. Other systems were the same as the Yantar-2K and both types of satellites were launched in the same period. Both satellites were retired in 1984.
142:
The Yantar program produced two memorable launch accidents. The first of these was on May 15, 1996 when an attempted launch of a 1KFT (Kometa) at
Baikonur's LC-31 failed 50 seconds after liftoff when the payload fairing disintegrated. The satellite was destroyed by aerodynamic forces, but the booster
166:
reconnaissance satellite. It had three parts: the aggregate/equipment module (AO - Agregatnyy Otsek), the instrument module (PO - Pribornnyy Otsek) and the special equipment module/special apparatus module (OSA - otsek spetsial'noy apparatury). The special equipment module was the part that returned
138:
reconnaissance satellites. They had three streams of work: modifying Zenit satellites, a crewed reconnaissance craft called Soyuz-R and a new photoreconnaissance satellite based on Soyuz-R. The third stream was code-named Yantar and initially there were to be two types - Yantar-1 for medium
167:
to earth at the end of the mission, and contained the
Zhemchug-4 (pearl) camera. Each section was shaped like a truncated cone which gave the craft a conical shape. The craft was 6.3m long (although one source says 8.5m) with a maximum diameter of 2.7m. It weighed 6.6 tonnes.
139:
resolution imaging and Yantar-2 for high resolution. In 1967, a new high resolution satellite was proposed called Yantar-2K. Yantar-2K received government support with the first flight originally planned for 1970, although this deadline slipped.
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Yantar-2K differed from Zenit in that it had to stay in orbit for a month unlike Zenit's 8–14 days. It also had two film return capsules, something it had in common with the US
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1005:
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90:
satellites. 179 have been launched, nine of which were lost in launch failures. All Yantar satellites were launched using the
787:
515:
1905:
834:
498:
472:
75:
78:. Yantar-Terilen was the first real-time digital system. Yantar satellites also formed the basis for the later
2139:
17:
2002:
1916:
55:
31:
2105:
571:
Gorin, Peter (1998). "Black "Amber":Russian Yantar-Class
Optical Reconnaissance Satellites".
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1924:
827:
8:
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1981:
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115:
99:
87:
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2010:
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In 1964, Soviet design bureau OKB-1 was tasked with improving on the newly operational
71:
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1973:
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114:, launched on 5 June 2015. Reconnaissance missions have been taken over by the
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51:
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2015:
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1986:
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in 2012 which was announced as the last launch of that rocket from
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1951:
1913:
1908:
345:
267:
83:
79:
47:
1941:
299:
2093:
776:
Russian and
Chinese Responses to US Military Plans in Space
70:
spacecraft, was the first satellite to be launched by the
2088:
599:"Fourth generation reconnaissance satellites - Yantar-2K"
782:. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
499:"The History and Histography of National Security Space"
106:rocket. The last Yantar mission was Kosmos 2505, a
516:"Russia successfully launches military satellite"
58:, which supplemented and eventually replaced the
2131:
2145:Reconnaissance satellites of the Soviet Union
1891:
828:
573:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
405:
373:
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227:
41:
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772:
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475:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
27:Series of Russian reconnaissance satellites
2150:Military equipment introduced in the 1970s
1898:
1884:
835:
821:
102:. Subsequent launches used the modernized
592:
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753:"Yantar-4K2M (Kobalt-M, 11F695M ?)"
555:
169:
120:
744:
700:
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174:Yantar-2K in Togliatti Technical Museum
14:
2132:
678:
665:"Yantar-1KFT (Kometa, Siluet, 11F660)"
583:
1879:
842:
816:
722:
656:
612:
570:
508:
634:
518:. Xinhua. 2012-05-18. Archived from
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596:
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24:
773:Podvig, Pavel; Zuang, Hui (2008).
533:
25:
2161:
750:
728:
706:
684:
662:
640:
618:
1907:
470:
46:meaning amber) were a series of
709:"Yantar-4KS1 (Terilen, 11F694)"
76:dissolution of the Soviet Union
731:"Yantar-4KS1M (Neman, 17F117)"
490:
13:
1:
687:"Yantar-4K2 (Kobalt, 11F695)"
458:
178:
643:"Yantar-4K1 (Oktan, 11F693)"
621:"Yantar-2K (Feniks, 11F624)"
497:Johnson, Stephen B. (2006).
151:
7:
540:Zak, Anatoly (2012-09-28).
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29:
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1917:reconnaissance satellites
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56:reconnaissance satellites
42:
125:Yantar 2K and Resurs F1
601:. Novosti Kosmonavtiki
372:Terilen (Russian:
175:
126:
755:. Gunter's Space Page
733:. Gunter's Space Page
711:. Gunter's Space Page
689:. Gunter's Space Page
667:. Gunter's Space Page
645:. Gunter's Space Page
623:. Gunter's Space Page
338:Kobalt (Russian:
304:Siluet (Russian:
292:Kometa (Russian:
226:Feniks (Russian:
173:
124:
118:class of satellites.
94:carrier rocket until
597:Sorokin, Vladislav.
542:"Kobalt-M satellite"
479:on November 29, 2010
404:Neman (Russian:
260:Oktan (Russian:
30:For other uses, see
544:. Russian Space Web
199:Other designations
2140:Yantar (satellite)
444:24 September 2004
176:
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72:Russian Federation
66:, a Yantar-4K2 or
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789:978-0-87724-068-6
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391:21 December 1990
388:28 December 1982
357:25 February 2002
323:2 September 2005
320:18 February 1981
279:30 November 1983
16:(Redirected from
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792:. Archived from
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857:Kometa/Siluet
854:
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826:
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815:
799:on 2016-03-03
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522:on 2013-10-22
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420:10 July 1991
419:
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401:Yantar-4KS1M
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245:28 June 1983
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207:First launch
206:
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1934:Photographic
1813:Yantar-4KS1M
1780:
1773:
1622:
1505:
1493:
1246:
1070:
988:
949:
843:
801:. Retrieved
794:the original
775:
768:
757:. Retrieved
746:
735:. Retrieved
724:
713:. Retrieved
702:
691:. Retrieved
680:
669:. Retrieved
658:
647:. Retrieved
636:
625:. Retrieved
614:
603:. Retrieved
576:
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546:. Retrieved
535:
524:. Retrieved
520:the original
510:
492:
481:. Retrieved
477:the original
471:Wade, Mark.
466:
447:5 June 2015
289:Yantar-1KFT
242:23 May 1974
210:Last launch
188:
161:
141:
133:
111:
67:
62:spacecraft.
50:(previously
37:
36:
2003:Radar IMINT
1865:Kosmos 2370
1860:Kosmos 2359
1855:Kosmos 2320
1850:Kosmos 2305
1845:Kosmos 2280
1840:Kosmos 2267
1835:Kosmos 2223
1830:Kosmos 2183
1825:Kosmos 2153
1803:Kosmos 2113
1798:Kosmos 2072
1793:Kosmos 2049
1788:Kosmos 2007
1769:Kosmos 1936
1764:Kosmos 1881
1759:Kosmos 1836
1754:Kosmos 1810
1749:Kosmos 1770
1744:Kosmos 1731
1739:Kosmos 1643
1734:Kosmos 1552
1729:Kosmos 1426
1717:Yantar-4KS1
1707:Kosmos 2480
1702:Kosmos 2472
1697:Kosmos 2462
1692:Kosmos 2450
1687:Kosmos 2445
1682:Kosmos 2427
1677:Kosmos 2420
1672:Kosmos 2410
1660:Yantar-4K2M
1650:Kosmos 2387
1645:Kosmos 2377
1640:Kosmos 2365
1635:Kosmos 2358
1630:Kosmos 2348
1618:Kosmos 2331
1613:Kosmos 2314
1608:Kosmos 2311
1603:Kosmos 2283
1598:Kosmos 2274
1593:Kosmos 2259
1588:Kosmos 2240
1583:Kosmos 2231
1578:Kosmos 2220
1573:Kosmos 2210
1568:Kosmos 2203
1563:Kosmos 2186
1558:Kosmos 2182
1553:Kosmos 2175
1548:Kosmos 2171
1543:Kosmos 2156
1538:Kosmos 2149
1533:Kosmos 2138
1528:Kosmos 2124
1523:Kosmos 2108
1518:Kosmos 2102
1513:Kosmos 2089
1501:Kosmos 2077
1489:Kosmos 2057
1484:Kosmos 2052
1479:Kosmos 2047
1474:Kosmos 2030
1469:Kosmos 2020
1464:Kosmos 2018
1459:Kosmos 2005
1454:Kosmos 1993
1449:Kosmos 1984
1444:Kosmos 1969
1439:Kosmos 1963
1434:Kosmos 1955
1429:Kosmos 1942
1424:Kosmos 1935
1419:Kosmos 1916
1414:Kosmos 1901
1409:Kosmos 1893
1404:Kosmos 1886
1399:Kosmos 1866
1394:Kosmos 1847
1389:Kosmos 1835
1384:Kosmos 1824
1379:Kosmos 1811
1374:Kosmos 1807
1369:Kosmos 1792
1364:Kosmos 1773
1359:Kosmos 1764
1354:Kosmos 1756
1349:Kosmos 1739
1344:Kosmos 1734
1339:Kosmos 1724
1334:Kosmos 1706
1329:Kosmos 1699
1324:Kosmos 1679
1319:Kosmos 1676
1314:Kosmos 1654
1309:Kosmos 1647
1304:Kosmos 1630
1299:Kosmos 1616
1294:Kosmos 1611
1289:Kosmos 1599
1284:Kosmos 1585
1279:Kosmos 1576
1274:Kosmos 1558
1269:Kosmos 1548
1264:Kosmos 1539
1259:Kosmos 1532
1254:Kosmos 1504
1242:Kosmos 1347
1237:Kosmos 1298
1215:Kosmos 1511
1210:Kosmos 1496
1205:Kosmos 1489
1200:Kosmos 1466
1195:Kosmos 1457
1190:Kosmos 1442
1185:Kosmos 1424
1180:Kosmos 1399
1175:Kosmos 1377
1170:Kosmos 1218
1165:Kosmos 1177
1160:Kosmos 1097
1138:Kosmos 1471
1133:Kosmos 1454
1128:Kosmos 1439
1123:Kosmos 1407
1118:Kosmos 1384
1113:Kosmos 1350
1108:Kosmos 1336
1103:Kosmos 1330
1098:Kosmos 1318
1093:Kosmos 1296
1088:Kosmos 1282
1083:Kosmos 1274
1078:Kosmos 1270
1066:Kosmos 1248
1061:Kosmos 1240
1056:Kosmos 1236
1051:Kosmos 1208
1046:Kosmos 1152
1041:Kosmos 1144
1036:Kosmos 1121
1031:Kosmos 1079
1026:Kosmos 1028
967:Kosmos 2415
962:Kosmos 2373
957:Kosmos 2349
945:Kosmos 2284
940:Kosmos 2243
935:Kosmos 2185
930:Kosmos 2174
925:Kosmos 2134
920:Kosmos 2078
915:Kosmos 2021
910:Kosmos 1986
905:Kosmos 1944
900:Kosmos 1896
895:Kosmos 1865
890:Kosmos 1784
885:Kosmos 1673
880:Kosmos 1608
875:Kosmos 1516
870:Kosmos 1370
865:Kosmos 1246
853:Yantar-1KFT
434:Yantar-4K2M
423:3 May 2000
368:Yantar-4KS1
164:KH-7 GAMBIT
108:Yantar-4K2M
96:Kosmos 2480
64:Kosmos 2175
2134:Categories
1225:Yantar-4K2
1148:Yantar-4K1
1021:Kosmos 949
1016:Kosmos 905
1011:Kosmos 844
1006:Kosmos 805
1001:Kosmos 758
996:Kosmos 697
846:satellites
803:2012-06-01
759:2012-06-01
737:2009-01-24
715:2009-01-24
693:2009-01-24
671:2009-01-24
649:2009-01-24
627:2009-01-24
605:2012-06-04
579:: 309–320.
548:2016-03-14
526:2012-06-01
483:2009-01-24
459:References
438:Kobalt-M
334:Yantar-4K2
312:silhouette
256:Yantar-4K1
203:GRAU index
185:Yantar-4K1
179:Yantar-4K1
104:Soyuz-2.1a
18:Yantar-4K2
2045:Tselina-2
977:Yantar-2K
222:Yantar-2K
158:Yantar-2K
152:Yantar-2K
2059:Pion-NKS
1987:Resurs-P
1664:Kobalt-M
473:"Yantar"
441:11F695M
410:meaning
380:terylene
378:meaning
344:meaning
310:meaning
298:meaning
266:meaning
232:meaning
216:Remarks
147:Variants
112:Kobalt-M
100:Plesetsk
2055:Lotos-S
2016:Neitron
1982:Persona
1914:Russian
1782:Unknown
1775:Unknown
1721:Terilen
1624:Unknown
1507:Unknown
1495:Unknown
1248:Unknown
504:. NASA.
417:17F117
385:11F694
375:Терилен
351:11F695
341:Кобальт
317:11F660
273:11F693
239:11F624
234:phoenix
196:Series
136:Zenit-2
130:History
116:Persona
92:Soyuz-U
88:Persona
48:Russian
2121:Kosmos
2099:US-KMO
2074:MASINT
2030:SIGINT
2011:Kondor
1994:Razdan
1991:Razbeg
1962:Kobalt
1957:Yantar
1952:Orlets
1229:Kobalt
1072:No.979
981:Feniks
844:Yantar
786:
346:cobalt
307:Силуэт
295:Комета
268:octane
229:Феникс
84:Resurs
80:Orlets
68:Kobalt
52:Soviet
43:Янтарь
38:Yantar
32:Yantar
2050:Liana
2038:ELINT
1947:Zenit
1942:Almaz
1925:IMINT
1817:Neman
1152:Oktan
951:No.18
797:(PDF)
780:(PDF)
502:(PDF)
412:Neman
407:Неман
300:comet
263:Октан
60:Zenit
2094:US-K
990:No.1
784:ISBN
86:and
2106:EKS
2089:Oko
450:10
414:)
394:15
382:)
360:82
348:)
326:21
314:)
282:12
270:)
248:30
236:)
110:or
2136::
585:^
577:51
575:.
557:^
426:9
302:)
82:,
54:)
1899:e
1892:t
1885:v
836:e
829:t
822:v
806:.
762:.
740:.
718:.
696:.
674:.
652:.
630:.
608:.
551:.
529:.
486:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
