3535:
3074:
the Zohar, and the
Kabbalah of Names or Prophetic Kabbalah whose main representative is Rabbi Abraham Abulafia of Saragossa. Rabbi Abulafia wrote many wisdom books and prophetic books where the name is used for meditation purposes from 1271 onwards. Abulafia put a lot of attention on Exodus 15 and the Songs of Moses. In this song it says "Yehovah is a Man of War, Yehovah is his name". For Abulafia the goal of prophecy was for a man to come to the level of prophecy and be called "Yehovah a man of war". Abulafia also used the tetragrammaton in a spiritual war against his spiritual enemies. For example, he prophesied in his book "The Sign", "Therefore, thus said YHWH, the God of Israel: Have no fear of the enemy" (See Hylton, A The Prophetic Jew Abraham Abulafia, 2015).
2519:
2226:, the oldest Septuagint manuscript in which it appears, as an indication of what was in the original text, others see this manuscript as "an archaizing and hebraizing revision of the earlier translation κύριος". Of this papyrus, De Troyer asks: "Is it a recension or not?" In this regard she says that Emanuel Tov notes that in this manuscript a second scribe inserted the four-letter Tetragrammaton where the first scribe left spaces large enough for the six-letter word Κύριος, and that Pietersma and Hanhart say the papyrus "already contains some pre-
1136:
2508:
3219:
59:
1071:
2071:
8736:
3355:
8724:
2180:(p. 158). He holds that the earliest stages of the LXX's translation were marked by diversity (p. 262), with the choice of certain divine names depending on the context in which they appear (cf. Gen 4:26; Exod 3:15; 8:22; 28:32; 32:5; and 33:19). He treats of the related blank spaces in some Septuagint manuscripts and the setting of spaces around the divine name in 4Q120 and
5542:
2184:(p. 265), and repeats that "there was no one 'original' form but different translators had different feelings, theological beliefs, motivations, and practices when it came to their handling of the name" (p. 271). His view has won the support of Anthony R. Meyer, Bob Becking, and (commenting on Shaw's 2011 dissertation on the subject) D.T. Runia.
3609:, the name of God represented by the Tetragrammaton. As examples of such vocalisation it mentioned "Yahweh" and "Yehovah". The early Christians, it said, followed the example of the Septuagint in replacing the name of God with "the Lord", a practice with important theological implications for their use of "the Lord" in reference to Jesus, as in
520:
3487:, whose liturgies and doctrinal declarations are largely a cento of texts from the Septuagint, which they consider to be inspired at least as much as the Masoretic Text. Within the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Greek text remains the norm for texts in all languages, with particular reference to the wording used in prayers.
1178:, not the language of the Hebrew Tetragrammaton (YHWH) and, unlike the Tetragrammaton, are of three letters, not four. However, because they were written by Jews, they are assumed to refer to the same deity and to be either an abbreviated form of the Tetragrammaton or the original name from which the name YHWH developed.
3969:
written in Paleo-Hebrew script, they are: 1QpMic (1Q14) 12 3; 1QMyst (1Q27) II 11; 1QHa I (Suk. = Puech IX) 26; II (X) 34; VII (XV) 5; XV (VII) 25; 1QH}} (1Q35) 1 5; 3QUnclassified fragments (3Q14) 18 2; 4QpPs}} (4Q173) 5 4; 4QAges of
Creation A (4Q180) 1 1; 4QMidrEschate?(4Q183) 2 1; 3 1; fr. 1 kol.
3690:
replaces the tetragrammaton with "Lord" when it re-articulates passages in the Hebrew Bible that contain the tetragrammaton. Thus, the Qur'an appears to also avoid the vocalization of the tetragrammaton no differently than the Jewish communities with whom it was in conversation during Late
Antiquity.
3163:
Luzzatto summarises, "In sum, all that exists is founded on the mystery of this Name and upon the mystery of these letters of which it consists. This means that all the different orders and laws are all drawn after and come under the order of these four letters. This is not one particular pathway but
3366:
inherited from Jews the practice of reading "Lord" where the
Tetragrammaton appears in the Hebrew text (and where a few Greek manuscripts use it in the midst of their Greek translation). Gentile Christians, primarily non-Hebrew speaking and using Greek Scripture texts, may have read Κύριος ("Lord"),
2218:
of the
Septuagint, "a revision of the Old Greek text to bring it closer to the Hebrew text of the Bible as it existed in ca. 2nd-1st century BCE" (and thus not necessarily the original text), Kristin De Troyer remarks: "The problem with a recension is that one does not know what is the original form
1674:
The members of the Qumran community were aware of the existence of the
Tetragrammaton, but this was not tantamount to granting consent for its existing use and speaking. This is evidenced not only by special treatment of the Tetragrammaton in the text, but by the recommendation recorded in the 'Rule
3672:
that have been translated with the conviction that
Hebraic forms for the Tetragrammaton and other divine names should be preserved in translating both Hebrew and Greek Scriptures. They have done this by transliteration or the use of Hebrew letters in the text. Some even use Paleo-Hebrew letters to
2268:
2.2) said that in the most accurate manuscripts the name was written in an older form of the Hebrew characters, the paleo-Hebrew letters, not the square: "In the more accurate exemplars the (divine) name is written in Hebrew characters; not, however, in the current script, but in the most ancient."
2187:
Mogens Müller says that, while no clearly Jewish manuscript of the
Septuagint has been found with Κύριος representing the Tetragrammaton, other Jewish writings of the time show that Jews did use the term Κύριος for God, and it was because Christians found it in the Septuagint that they were able to
3698:
Since the 16th century, artists have been using the tetragrammaton as a symbol for God, or for divine illumination. Protestant artists avoided to allegorize God in human form, but rather wrote the Hebrew name of God. This was done in book illustrations since 1530, then on coins and medals as well.
3073:
tradition holds that the correct pronunciation is known to a select few people in each generation, it is not generally known what this pronunciation is. There are two main schools of
Kabbalah arising in 13th century Spain. These are called Theosophic Kabbalah represented by Rabbi Moshe De Leon and
2179:
assumptions. Accordingly, he declares: "The matter of any (especially single) 'original' form of the divine name in the LXX is too complex, the evidence is too scattered and indefinite, and the various approaches offered for the issue are too simplistic" to account for the actual scribal practices
8076:
Shorter forms of Yahweh: The name Yahweh also appears in a shortened form, transliterated Jah (pronounced Yah) in the
Revised Version and the American Standard Version, either in the text or footnote: "my song is Jah" (Ex 15:2); "by Jah, his name" (Ps 68:4); "I shall not see Jah in Jah's land (Is
2908:
suggests that use of the name Yahweh was unacceptable in rabbinical Judaism. "He who pronounces the Name with its own letters has no part in the world to come!" Such is the prohibition of pronouncing the Name as written that it is sometimes called the "Ineffable", "Unutterable", or "Distinctive
2230:
corrections towards a Hebrew text (which would have had the Tetragrammaton). She also mentions Septuagint manuscripts that have Θεός and one that has παντοκράτωρ where the Hebrew text has the Tetragrammaton. She concludes: "It suffices to say that in old Hebrew and Greek witnesses, God has many
3689:
does not explicitly mention the tetragrammaton, it appears to be well-aware of the name reflecting knowledge of its meaning, paralleling interpretations from early rabbinic traditions. The absence of the tetragrammaton may point to the Qur’an’s oral transmission, especially since it sometimes
8048:…pronouncing the God of Israel's proper name," known as the holy or divine tetragrammaton, written with four consonants, YHWH, in the Hebrew alphabet. In order to vocalize it, it is necessary to introduce vowels that alter the written and spoken forms of the name (i.e. "Yahweh" or "Jehovah").
3047:
or buried in Jewish cemeteries in order to retire them from use. Similarly, writing the Tetragrammaton (or these other names) unnecessarily is prohibited, so as to avoid having them treated disrespectfully, an action that is forbidden. To guard the sanctity of the Name, sometimes a letter is
1054:
says: "It must be emphasized that the Amorite verbal form is of interest only in attempting to reconstruct the proto-Hebrew or South Canaanite verbal form used in the name Yahweh. We should argue vigorously against attempts to take Amorite yahwi and yahu as divine epithets." Egyptologist
2490:, transmitting among other translations the text of the Septuagint, Aquila, Symmachus and Theodotion, and in three other unidentified Greek translations (Quinta, Sextus and Septima). This codex, copied from a much earlier original, comes from the late 9th century, and is stored in the
1509:
This is the first occurrence of the Tetragrammaton in the Hebrew Bible and shows the most common set of vowels used in the Masoretic Text. It is the same as the form used in Exodus 3:14 below, but with the dot (holam) on the first he left out, because it is a little redundant.
3337:
533:
Like all letters in the Hebrew script, the letters in YHWH originally indicated consonants. In unpointed Biblical Hebrew, most vowels are not written, but some are indicated ambiguously, as certain letters came to have a secondary function indicating vowels (similar to the
1662:
defining him says that he is called Iao in the Chaldean mysteries" (De Mensibus IV 53). Van Cooten mentions that Iao is one of the "specifically Jewish designations for God" and "the Aramaic papyri from the Jews at Elephantine show that 'Iao' is an original Jewish term".
2170:
Frank Shaw argues that the Tetragrammaton continued to be articulated until the second or third century CE and that the use of Ιαω was by no means limited to magical or mystical formulas, but was still normal in more elevated contexts such as that exemplified by Papyrus
1195:
According to De Troyer, the short names, instead of being ineffable like "Yahweh", seem to have been in spoken use not only as elements of personal names but also in reference to God: "The Samaritans thus seem to have pronounced the Name of God as Jaho or Ja." She cites
7913:
See Deut. 12:2–4: "You must destroy all the sites at which the nations you are to dispossess worshiped their gods...tear down their altars...and cut down the images of their gods, obliterating their name from that site. Do not do the same thing to Hashem (YHWH) your
1188:: "In both collections one can read the name of God as Yaho (or Yahu) and Ya". The name YH (Yah/Jah), the first syllable of "Yahweh", appears 50 times in the Old Testament, 26 times alone (Exodus 15:2; 17:16; and 24 times in the Psalms), 24 times in the expression "
2281:
The great majority of extant manuscripts of the Old Testament in Greek, complete or fragmentary, dated to the ninth century CE or earlier, employ Κύριος to represent the Tetragrammaton of the Hebrew text. The following do not. They include the oldest now extant.
1650:, showing that they were treated specially. Most of God's names were pronounced until about the 2nd century BCE. Then, as a tradition of non-pronunciation of the names developed, alternatives for the Tetragrammaton appeared, such as Adonai, Kurios and Theos. The
7534:
St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute, 1988. Quote Page 17: "The Peshitta Old Testament was translated directly from the original Hebrew text, and most Biblical scholars believe that the Peshitta New Testament directly from the original Greek. The so-called
8254:"Dixítque íterum Deus ad Móysen: «Hæc dices fíliis Israel: Iahveh (Qui est), Deus patrum vestrórum, Deus Abraham, Deus Isaac et Deus Iacob misit me ad vos; hoc nomen mihi est in ætérnum, et hoc memoriále meum in generatiónem et generatiónem." (Exodus 3:15).
1437:
Other short forms are found as a component of theophoric Hebrew names in the Bible: jô- or jehô- (29 names) and -jāhû or -jāh (127 jnames). A form of jāhû/jehô appears in the name Elioenai (Elj(eh)oenai) in 1Ch 3:23–24; 4:36; 7:8; Ezr 22:22, 27; Neh 12:41.
2166:
Scholars differ on whether in the original Septuagint translations the Tetragrammaton was represented by Κύριος, by ΙΑΩ, by the Tetragrammaton in either normal or Paleo-Hebrew form, or whether different translators used different forms in different books.
7509:
3970:
II 3; 4QS}} (4Q258) IX 8; 4QD}} (4Q267) fr. 9 kol. i 2; kol. iv 4; kol. v 4; 4QD}} (4Q268) 1 9; 4QComposition Concerning Divine Providence (4Q413) fr. 1–2 2, 4; 6QD (6Q15) 3 5; 6QpapHymn (6Q18) 6 5; 8 5; 10 3. W 4QShirShabbg (4Q406) 1 2; 3 2 występuje
3622:
welcomed this instruction, adding that it "provides also an opportunity to offer catechesis for the faithful as an encouragement to show reverence for the Name of God in daily life, emphasizing the power of language as an act of devotion and worship".
3617:
YHWH is neither to be used or pronounced"; and that translations of Biblical texts for liturgical use are to follow the practice of the Greek Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate, replacing the divine name with "the Lord" or, in some contexts, "God". The
3010:
taken as singular), the word to use when the text was read. While "HaShem" is the most common way to reference "the Name", the terms "HaMaqom" (lit. "The Place", i.e. "The Omnipresent") and "Raḥmana" (Aramaic, "Merciful") are used in the mishna and
8281:"Exodus 3:15: Dixítque íterum Deus ad Móysen: «Hæc dices fíliis Israel: Dominus, Deus patrum vestrórum, Deus Abraham, Deus Isaac et Deus Iacob misit me ad vos; hoc nomen mihi est in ætérnum, et hoc memoriále meum in generatiónem et generatiónem."
2784:
The Vulgate translation, though made not from the Septuagint but from the Hebrew text, did not depart from the practice used in the Septuagint. Thus, for most of its history, Christianity's translations of the Scriptures have used equivalents of
983: was the correct and original pointing". Edward Robinson's translation of a work by Gesenius, gives Gesenius' personal view as: "My own view coincides with that of those who regard this name as anciently pronounced like the Samaritans."
928:(1624–1699). The opponents of "Jehovah" said that the Tetragrammaton should be pronounced as "Adonai" and in general do not speculate on what may have been the original pronunciation, although mention is made of the fact that some held that
3080:, says that the tree of the Tetragrammaton "unfolds" in accordance with the intrinsic nature of its letters, "in the same order in which they appear in the Name, in the mystery of ten and the mystery of four." Namely, the upper cusp of the
1666:
The preserved manuscripts from Qumran show the inconsistent practice of writing the Tetragrammaton, mainly in biblical quotations: in some manuscripts is written in paleo-Hebrew script, square scripts or replaced with four dots or dashes
3238:. A Hebrew tetractys in a similar way has the letters of the Tetragrammaton (the four lettered name of God in Hebrew scripture) inscribed on the ten positions of the tetractys, from right to left. It has been argued that the Kabbalistic
8002:, Catherine Hezser – 2002 " In fact, there is no proof in any other rabbinic writing that Samaritans used to pronounce the Divine Name when they took an oath. The only evidence for Sarmaritans uttering the Tetragrammaton at that ..."
2301:(848) – fragments of Deuteronomy, chapters 10 to 33. The Tetragrammaton appears in square Hebrew/Aramaic script. According to a disputed view, the first copyist left a blank space marked with a dot, and another inscribed the letters.
2158:
Other extant ancient fragments of Septuagint or Old Greek manuscripts provide no evidence on the use of the Tetragrammaton, Κύριος, or ΙΑΩ in correspondence with the Hebrew-text Tetragrammaton. They include the oldest known example,
1248:
magical amulets became very popular. Representations of the Tetragrammaton name or combinations inspired by it in languages such as Greek and Coptic, giving some indication of its pronunciation, occur as names of powerful agents in
3643:
in "small capital letters to represent the tetragrammaton YHWH, the personal name of the deity". However, the Psalter of the 1979 Book of Common Prayer used by the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States of America uses
7769:: "The text clearly testifies that the pronunciation of the Ineffable Name was one of the climaxes of the Sacred Service: it was entrusted exclusively to the High Priest once a year on the Day of Atonement in the Holy of Holies."
3525:
considers the Septuagint text, which uses Κύριος (Lord), to be the authoritative text of the Old Testament, and in its liturgical books and prayers it uses Κύριος in place of the Tetragrammaton in texts derived from the Bible.
3052:), or the letters are separated by one or more hyphens, a practice applied also to the English name "God", which some Jews write as "G-d". Most Jewish authorities say that this practice is not obligatory for the English name.
7070:
856:
refers to a god creating and sustaining the life of a newborn child rather than the universe. This conception of God was more popular among ancient Near Easterners but eventually, the Israelites removed the association of
8077:
38:11). It is common also in such often untranslated compounds as hallelujah 'praise Jah' (Ps 135:3; 146:10, 148:14), and in proper names like Elijah, 'my God is Jah,' Adonijah, 'my Lord is Jah,' Isaiah, 'Jah has saved.'
7973:
7505:
1548:
When the Tetragrammaton is preceded by Adonai, it receives the vowels from the name Elohim instead. The hataf segol does not revert to a shewa because doing so could lead to confusion with the vowels in Adonai.
7097:
2728:
and, in spite of the view of one modern writer who in 1936 said it is "now believed to be genuine and to be dated before CE 392" is still generally attributed to the 9th century and to be non-authentic.
2957:) in Exodus 34:6–7; the latter names too are regarded as holy names, and are only to be pronounced in prayer. Thus when someone wants to refer in third person to either the written or spoken Name, the term
3324:, which suggests that Mana thought some Samaritans used the name in making oaths. (Their priests have preserved a liturgical pronunciation "Yahwe" or "Yahwa" to the present day.) As with Jews, the use of
7854:, as it is written. This is what is referred to as the 'explicit name' in all sources. In the country , it is read , א-ד-נ-י ('Adonai'), for only in the Temple is this name recited as it is written." –
5164:
Archaeology and Fertility Cult in the Ancient Mediterranean: Papers Presented at the First International Conference on Archaeology of the Ancient Mediterranean, University of Malta, 2-5 September 1985
2845:, and says that it is lawful only for those “whose ears and tongues are purified by wisdom to hear and utter it in a holy place”, that is, the priests in the Temple. In another passage, commenting on
2231:
names. Most if not all were pronounced till about the second century BCE. As slowly onwards there developed a tradition of non-pronunciation, alternatives for the Tetragrammaton appeared. The reading
5702:
1211:) as that the shorter names of God were pronounced by the Samaritans as "Iabe" and by the Jews as "Ia". She adds that the Bible also indicates that the short form "Yah" was spoken, as in the phrase "
134:. The name may be derived from a verb that means "to be", "to exist", "to cause to become", or "to come to pass". While there is no consensus about the structure and etymology of the name, the form
3699:
Since the 17th century, both Protestant and Catholic artists have used the tetragrammaton in church decoration, on top of altars, or in center of frescos, often in rays of light or in a triangle.
1678:
The table below presents all the manuscripts in which the Tetragrammaton is written in paleo-Hebrew script, in square scripts, and all the manuscripts in which the copyists have used tetrapuncta.
3043:
The written Tetragrammaton, as well as six other names of God, must be treated with special sanctity. They cannot be disposed of regularly, lest they be desecrated, but are usually put in
554:("mothers of reading"). Therefore, it can be difficult to deduce how a word is pronounced from its spelling, and each of the four letters in the Tetragrammaton can individually serve as a
7334:, where a footnote says that the last part of the name of Jeremiah refers to what the Samaritans expressed as Ἰαβαί, Eusebius as Ἰευώ, Theodoretus as Ἀϊά and the ancient Greeks as Ἰαώ.
2825:
By at least the 3rd century BCE, the name was not pronounced in normal speech, but only in certain ritual contexts. The Talmud relays this change occurred after the death of
2207:
says: "No definitive conclusion has been reached thus far." And Sean McDonough denounces as implausible the idea that Κύριος did not appear in the Septuagint before the Christian era.
7927:(Yoreh Deah 276:9) it is prohibited to erase or obliterate the seven Hebrew names for God found in the Torah (in addition to the above, there is E-l, E-loha, Tzeva-ot, Sha-dai,...).
6229:
Bible studies: Contributions chiefly from papyri and inscriptions to the history of the language, the literature, and the religion of Hellenistic Judaism and primitive Christianity
8137:
3467:
Use of the Septuagint by Christians in polemics with Jews led to its abandonment by the latter, making it a specifically Christian text. From it Christians made translations into
4823:
Decas exercitationum philologicarum de vera pronuntiatione nominis Jehova, quarum quinque priores lectionem Jehova impugnant, posteriores tuentur. Cum praefatione Adriani Relandi
1441:
The following graph shows the absolute number of occurrences of the Tetragrammaton (6828 in all) in the books in the Masoretic Text, without relation to the length of the books.
892:
of "Jehovah" in place of the traditional "Lord" in some new translations, vernacular or Latin, of the biblical Tetragrammaton stirred up dispute about its correctness. In 1711,
2219:
and what the recension. Hence, is the paleo-Hebrew Tetragrammaton secondary – a part of the recension – or proof of the Old Greek text? This debate has not yet been solved."
3841:
1310:; there is a common Hebrew prefix form, Yeho or "Yhō-", and a common suffix form, "Yahū" or "-Yhū". These provide some corroborating evidence of how YHWH was pronounced.
7970:
2192:
of the Septuagint, written originally in Greek (e.g., Wisdom, 2 and 3 Maccabees), do speak of God as Κύριος and thus show that "the use of κύριος as a representation of
1529:
This is a set of vowels used rarely in the Masoretic Text, and are essentially the vowels from Adonai (with the hataf patakh reverting to its natural state as a shewa).
1409:-wise in the initial or last letters of four consecutive words, as indicated in Est 7:5 by writing the four letters in red in at least three ancient Hebrew manuscripts.
1034:
suggested that the Amenhotep III inscription may indicate that worship of Yahweh originated in an area to the southeast of Israel. A later inscription from the time of
7327:
788:, a collaborative work of noted scholars of the time, declared: "Whatever, therefore, be the true pronunciation of the word, there can be little doubt that it is not
750:
that what was pronounced was "Adonai" (Lord); non-Jews later combined the vowels of Adonai with the consonants of the Tetragrammaton and invented the name "Jehovah".
7969:
In קל"ח פתחי חכמה by Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzato, Opening #31; English translation in book "138 Openings of Wisdom" by Rabbi Avraham Greenbaum, 2008, also viewable at
7092:
2380:– fragments of the Book of Genesis, chapter 19. One space is left blank. Emanuel Tov thinks it indicated the end of a paragraph. It has been dated to 3rd century CE.
896:
published a book containing the text of 17th-century writings, five attacking and five defending it. As critical of the use of "Jehovah" it incorporated writings by
1654:, a Greek fragment of Leviticus (26:2–16) discovered in the Dead Sea scrolls (Qumran) has ιαω ("Iao"), the Greek form of the Hebrew trigrammaton YHW. The historian
6584:
3490:
The Septuagint, with its use of Κύριος to represent the Tetragrammaton, was the basis also for Christian translations associated with the West, in particular the
7945:
7094:
Recently Discovered Greek Papyri and Parchment of the Psalter from the Oxford Oxyrhynchus Manuscripts: Implications for Scribal Practice and Textual Transmission
1446:
7287:
7274:
3120:. It unfolds in this aforementioned order and "in the mystery of the four expansions" that are constituted by the following various spellings of the letters:
3917:
3897:
7900:
For example, two common prayer books are titled "Tehillat Hashem" and "Avodat Hashem". Or, a person may tell a friend, "Hashem helped me to perform a great
7439:
5693:
2269:
While Pietersma interprets this statement as referring to the Septuagint, Wilkinson says one might assume that Origen refers specifically to the version of
2849:, Philo writes, "If any one… should even dare to utter his name unseasonably, let him expect the penalty of death." Some time after the destruction of the
838:
DN. The latter refers to one existing which, in the context of deities, can also refer to one's eternal existence, which aligns with Bible verses such as
4611:
Revealing the Name: An Investigation of the Divine Character through a Conversation Analysis of the Dialogues between God and Moses in the Book of Exodus
3939:
2789:
to represent the Tetragrammaton. Only at about the beginning of the 16th century did Christian translations of the Bible appear combining the vowels of
5838:
3312:
shared the taboo of the Jews about the utterance of the name, and there is no evidence that its pronunciation was common Samaritan practice. However
2470:– a Hexapla manuscript with Tetragrammaton in Greek letters ΠΙΠΙ. It has Hebrew text transliterated into Greek, Aquila, Symmachus and the Septuagint.
1228:
15 he says that Samaritans pronounced the name Ἰαβέ and Jews the name Άϊά. (The Greek term Άϊά is a transcription of the Exodus 3:14 phrase אֶהְיֶה (
2295:– fragments of the Book of Leviticus, chapters 1 to 5. In two verses: 3:12; 4:27 the Tetragrammaton of the Hebrew Bible is represented by Greek ΙΑΩ.
1424:
is included": 43 times in the Psalms, once in Exodus 15:2; 17:16; Isaiah 12:2; 26:4, and twice in Isaiah 38:11. It also appears in the Greek phrase
8801:
5775:
3879:: notes to the Masoretic Text, written in the margins of the left, right and between the columns and the comments on the top and bottom margins to
8664:
8039:
7456:
3613:
and other New Testament texts. It therefore directed that, "in liturgical celebrations, in songs and prayers the name of God in the form of the
7608:
Adam Kamesar. Jerome, Greek Scholarship, and the Hebrew Bible: A Study of the Quaestiones Hebraicae in Genesim. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993.
2853:, the spoken use of God's name as it was written ceased altogether, though knowledge of the pronunciation was perpetuated in rabbinic schools.
1681:
Copyists used the 'tetrapuncta' apparently to warn against pronouncing the name of God. In the manuscript number 4Q248 is in the form of bars.
8316:
5812:
5573:
2818:, and ancient Hebrew and Greek texts, biblical scholars widely hold that the Tetragrammaton and other names of God were spoken by the ancient
1466:
of 1008–1010, as shown below. The close transcriptions do not indicate that the Masoretes intended the name to be pronounced in that way (see
7665:
206:; instead they replace it with a different term, whether in addressing or referring to the God of Israel. Common substitutions in Hebrew are
8043:
4281:
3737:
3619:
2319:
2251:
2211:
2144:
2079:
6706:
6552:
4586:
3242:, with its ten spheres of emanation, is in some way connected to the tetractys, but its form is not that of a triangle. The occult writer
2449:
variations, each identified as from Aquila, Symmachus or Theodotion. Marginal notes on some of the prophets contain πιπι to indicate that
2415:, this manuscript of the Aquila version is dated after the middle of the 5th century, but not later than the beginning of the 6th century.
7170:
6930:
6802:
6742:
6644:
6439:
5497:
5001:
4879:
4453:
4375:
4095:
3650:
in two places, Psalms 68:4 and Psalms 83:18. Also the Hymnal 1982 as used by the Episcopal Church uses the hymn, "Guide me, O thou great
8176:
8133:
7829:
6984:
6891:
6850:
6682:
6400:
5873:
5677:
5040:
4654:
4531:
4492:
4414:
3534:
7797:
7405:
7131:
6518:
5526:
4962:
4021:
1568:
Just as above, this uses the vowels from Elohim, but like the second version, the dot (holam) on the first he is omitted as redundant.
441:), thereby affording translations as "he who causes to exist", "he who is", etc.; although this would elicit the form Y-H-Y-H (יהיה),
7971:
http://www.breslev.co.il/articles/spirituality_and_faith/kabbalah_and_mysticism/the_name_of_havayah.aspx?id=10847&language=english
6763:
979:(1772–1849), the latter of whom Johann Heinrich Kurtz described as the last of those "who have maintained with great pertinacity that
5458:
3742:
8089:
1128:
that mention Yahweh. Also a wall inscription, dated to the late 6th century BCE, with mention of Yahweh had been found in a tomb at
538:
use of I and V to indicate either the consonants /j, w/ or the vowels /i, u/). Hebrew letters used to indicate vowels are known as
7891:
Stanley S. Seidner, "HaShem: Uses through the Ages", Unpublished paper, Rabbinical Society Seminar, Los Angeles, California, 1987.
2112:
However, five of the oldest manuscripts now extant (in fragmentary form) render the Tetragrammaton into Greek in a different way.
1120:
also mentions Yahweh. Dated slightly later (7th century BCE) there are an ostracon from the collections of Shlomo Moussaieff, and
5737:
3015:, still used in the phrases "HaMaqom y'naḥem ethḥem" ("may The Omnipresent console you"), the traditional phrase used in sitting
8489:
Cosgrove, Denis (1999). "Global Illumination and Enlightenment in the Geographies of Vincenzo Coronelli and Athansius Kircher".
8341:
9315:
8768:
8654:
Pietersma, Albert (1984), "Kyrios or Tetragram: A Renewed Quest for the Original LXX", in Albert Pietersma; Claude Cox (eds.),
4081:
4264:
by Frances Brown, with the cooperation of S. R. Driver and Charles Briggs (1907), p. 217ff (entry יהוה listed under root הוה).
8693:
8382:
8239:
8212:
8111:
8069:
8023:
7823:
7791:
7489:
7224:
6978:
6924:
6638:
6618:
6433:
6276:
6226:(2006), pp 114, 115, 126–136. It is worth mentioning a fundamental, though aged, source about the subject: Adolf Deissmann's
6159:
6133:
6081:
5867:
5552:
5491:
4929:
4798:
4408:
4369:
4342:
4208:
4168:
3543:
2892:
in 70 CE, the Tetragrammaton has no longer been pronounced in the liturgy. However the pronunciation was still known in
8699:
8621:
8598:
7710:
7388:"the word Nethinim means in Hebrew 'gift of Iao', that is of the God who is" (Theodoret, "Quaest. in I Paral.", cap. ix, in
7211:
6282:
5956:
5256:
5217:
5178:
4900:
4856:
4827:
4174:
2514:'s early 12th-century Tetragrammaton-Trinity diagram, rendering the name as "IEVE", which in contemporary letters is "IEUE".
848:
can mean "I am the Existing One". It also explains the ease of Israelites applying the Olam (or 'everlasting') epithet from
8170:
6885:
6844:
6796:
5602:
3328:(שמא "the Name") remains the everyday usage of the name among Samaritans, akin to Hebrew "the Name" (Hebrew השם "HaShem").
2888:, the name was pronounced in a low tone so that the sounds were lost in the chant of the priests. Since the destruction of
8740:
7644:
in 1530 A.D., in Tyndale's translation of the Pentateuch (Exodus 6.3), from which it passed into other Protestant Bibles."
7633:
6878:
YHWH at Patmos: Rev. 1:4 in Its Hellenistic and Early Jewish Setting, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament
6107:
5918:
3565:
when rendering the Tetragrammaton in the overwhelming majority of places where it appears; however, it also used the form
746:
agrees that, when in the late first millennium Jewish scholars inserted indications of vowels into the Hebrew Bible, they
3983:
For example, in the common utterance and praise, "Barukh Hashem" (Blessed is Hashem), or "Hashem yishmor" (God protect )
3032:
6577:
6033:
5111:
2175:. Shaw considers all theories that posit in the Septuagint a single original form of the divine name as merely based on
7704:
7018:
6736:
6330:
5319:
4562:
2933:) then it is only to be pronounced "Adonai" and if preceded by "Adonai" then it is only to be pronounced as "Our God" (
1174:
of about 500 BCE. One ostracon with YH is thought to have lost the final letter of an original YHW. These texts are in
7937:
7640:, "The early translators generally substituted 'Lord' for . The Reformers preferred Jehovah, which first appeared as
5989:(Great Dictionary of the Hebrew-Aramaic-Polish and Polish Old Testament), Warszawa 2008, vol 1, p. 327, code No. 3514.
8568:
8523:
8473:
7613:
7164:
7125:
7064:
6394:
5950:
5250:
5211:
5034:
4995:
4956:
4712:
4685:
4648:
4525:
4486:
4447:
4312:
4089:
3822:
2401:
6349:
A Concordance to the Septuagint: And the Other Greek Versions of the Old Testament (Including the Apocryphal Books)
4151:
3929:
These are Est 1:20; 5:4, 13 and 7:7. The same acrostic has been seen in Exodus 3:14 and in the first four words of
5558:
2518:
2105:
has the Tetragrammaton in Hebrew. This corresponds with the Jewish practice of replacing the Tetragrammaton with "
8728:
5074:
2085:
Editions of the Septuagint Old Testament are based on the complete or almost complete fourth-century manuscripts
1056:
445:
Y-H-W-H. To rectify this, some scholars proposed that the Tetragrammaton represents a substitution of the medial
31:
3313:
1184:
says that YHW or YHH, and also YH, are attested in the fifth and fourth-century BCE papyri from Elephantine and
8592:
8498:
6371:
5408:
5172:
1340:
6970:
Tetragrammaton: Western Christians and the Hebrew Name of God - From the Beginnings to the Seventeenth Century
6207:
The Brooklyn Museum Aramaic Papyri: New Documents of the 5th century BCE from the Jewish Colony at Elephantine
9330:
9217:
4615:
7227:. pp. 94–95 (commentary on p. 94, image of a page from the manuscript on p. 95), cited also on p. 35 fn. 66.
3935:
140:
is now accepted almost universally among Biblical and Semitic linguistics scholars, though the vocalization
8806:
7312:ἀτὰρ καὶ τὸ τετράγραμμον ὄνομα τὸ μυστικόν, ὃ περιέκειντο οἷς μόνοις τὸ ἄδυτον βάσιμον ἦν· λέγεται δὲ Ἰαοὺ
5435:"The Names of God. Their Pronunciation and Their Translation: A Digital Tour of Some of the Main Witnesses"
5132:
3900:
lists the 134 places where this practice is observed, and likewise in 8 places where the received text has
3346:
2944:
2445:), the manuscript contains marginal notes from a hand "not much later than the original scribe" indicating
2374:– fragments of the Book of Genesis, chapters 14 to 27. Has Κύριος where the first copyist left blank spaces
1097:
6000:
3909:
2856:
Rabbinic sources suggest that the name of God was pronounced only once a year, by the high priest, on the
2203:
to represent the Tetragrammaton has been called "a distinguishing mark for any Christian LXX manuscript",
2043:
1995:
1983:
1964:
1947:
1941:
1933:
1927:
1907:
1893:
1887:
1870:
1830:
1816:
1810:
1796:
9065:
8514:
Rodov, Ilia (2017). "Capturing the Ineffable: the Tetragrammaton in Synagogue Art of Romanian Moldavia".
8272:"Aedificavitque Moyses altare et vocavit nomen eius Iahveh Nissi (Dominus vexillum meum)" (Exodus 17:15).
5119:
4259:
2007:
1977:
1921:
1901:
1358:
784:
502:
8299:"Exodus 17:15: Aedificavitque Moyses altare et vocavit nomen eius Dominus Nissi (Dominus vexillum meum)"
7260:"Among the Jews Moses referred his laws to the god who is invoked as Iao (Gr. Ιαώ)." (Diodorus Siculus,
5779:
4236:
2106:
1352:, an earlier text had the Tetragrammaton. which would add up to 142 additional occurrences. Even in the
609:
245:
211:
8761:
8655:
7117:
Ad Fontes: Original Manuscripts and Their Significance for Studying Early Christianity: Selected Essays
4156:
4142:
3598:, in keeping with the long-standing Catholic tradition of avoiding direct usage of the Ineffable Name.
2889:
2453:
in the text corresponds to the Tetragrammaton. Two marginal notes at Ezekiel 1:2 and 11:1 use the form
1431:
976:
46:
2055:
2019:
1958:
1913:
1881:
1864:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1836:
1824:
1804:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1771:
1765:
1757:
1751:
1725:
1719:
1705:
1699:
8516:
The Paths of Daniel. Studies in Judaism and Jewish Culture in Honor of Rabbi Professor Daniel Sperber
8428:
7452:
5077:(2007). "The First Documented Occurrence of the God Yahweh? (Book of the Dead Princeton "Roll 5")".
4122:
2973:
marks to the manuscripts to indicate vowel usage and for use in ritual chanting of readings from the
2273:, which follows the Hebrew text very closely, but he may perhaps refer to Greek versions in general.
897:
50:
6483:"The Reading and Translation of the Divine Name in the Masoretic Tradition and the Greek Pentateuch"
3410:
or Yah is an abbreviation of Jahweh/Yahweh, and often sees usage by Christians in the interjection "
1587:
Here, the dot (holam) on the first he is present, but the hataf segol does get reverted to a shewa.
774: (according to ancient witnesses)", and they add: "Note 1: In our translations, we have used
8309:
5581:
4121:
3476:
2714:
2647:(pronounced at that time /ja'vε/) and explains Ἰάβε as meaning He who was and is and always exists.
2579:(d. c. 215) reports: "the mystic name of four letters which was affixed to those alone to whom the
2361:
2350:
2309:
2152:
2148:
1332:
1295:
839:
8397:
Unseth, Peter. 2019. "Sacred Name Bibles" p. 721, in Noss, Philip A., and Charles S. Houser, eds.
7654:
7430:, id est, ineffabile opinatur." ("Breviarium in Psalmos. Psalm. viii.", in P.L., XXVI, col. 838 A)
5802:
9310:
9202:
9145:
8811:
6836:
3539:
3522:
3484:
3239:
2467:
2371:
1643:
812:, says that the "vocalisation of the Tetragrammaton must originally have been YeHūàH or YaHūàH".
463:), "to be, constitute", with the final form eliciting similar translations as those derived from
6756:
4780:
4277:
1606:
Here, the dot (holam) on the first he is omitted, and the hataf segol gets reverted to a shewa.
1278:), another vocalization of the tetragrammaton YHWH. There is a single instance of the heptagram
639:/"God"). Writing the vowel diacritics of these two words on the consonants YHVH produces
7923:"Based on the Talmud (Shavuot 35a-b), Maimonides (Hilkhot Yesodei HaTorah, Chapter 6), and the
7536:
7348:
6703:
6541:
5024:
4580:
3835:
2834:
2616:
2388:
2189:
1659:
1271:
occurs frequently, "apparently the Samaritan enunciation of the tetragrammaton YHWH (Yahweh)".
972:
889:
524:
7305:
7154:
7054:
6914:
6780:
6726:
6628:
6423:
5481:
4985:
4885:
4701:
Stone, Robert E. II (2000). "I Am Who I Am". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.).
4437:
4359:
4332:
4146:
4075:
2312:– contains parts of two verses of chapter 42 of the Book of Job and has the Tetragrammaton in
1468:
594:
8816:
8754:
8645:
8160:
8013:
7813:
7479:
6968:
6873:
6828:
6704:
ThLZ – 2016 Nr. 11 / Shaw, Frank / The Earliest Non-Mystical Jewish Use of IAO. / Bob Becking
6674:
6384:
5857:
5312:
The Meaning of the Bible: What the Jewish Scriptures and Christian Old Testament Can Teach Us
4638:
4515:
4476:
4398:
2830:
2635:(died 404), who was born in Palestine and spent a considerable part of his life there, gives
2632:
2576:
2531:
2491:
2313:
2140:
2075:
1647:
1250:
659:
510:
67:
7781:
7402:
7115:
5520:
4946:
4702:
4017:
459:; others proposed that the Tetragrammaton derived instead from the triconsonantal root הוה (
9320:
9123:
8410:
Unseth, Peter. 2010. Sacred Name Bible Translations in English: A Fast-Growing Phenomenon.
7531:
6482:
5026:
The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts
3077:
2523:
2478:
2377:
1675:
of Association' (VI, 27): "Who will remember the most glorious name, which is above all ".
1245:
1121:
585:
in the margin as a note showing what was to be read. In such a case the vowel marks of the
17:
9238:
8310:"Letter of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments (PDF)"
5434:
8:
8093:
7389:
6228:
5807:
3372:
3007:
2970:
2160:
1324:
624:
226:
63:
7368:
4334:
The Origin and Character of God: Ancient Israelite Religion through the Lens of Divinity
1405:
In the Book of Esther the Tetragrammaton does not appear, but it has been distinguished
1298:
list of magical names of Jesus, purporting to have been taught by him to his disciples.
9231:
7591:
7583:
6510:
5667:
4761:
3480:
3065:
2507:
2438:
2094:
1171:
428:
8493:. Chicago, Illinois and London, England: University of Chicago Press. pp. 53–54.
8375:
Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship: Lutheran Liturgy in Its Ecumenical Context
7401:
Theodoret, "Ex. quaest.", xv, in P. G., LXXX, col. 244 and "Haeret. Fab.", V, iii, in
5728:
4782:
Understanding YHWH: The Name of God in Biblical, Rabbinic, and Medieval Jewish Thought
3358:
The Tetragrammaton as represented in stained glass in an 1868 Episcopal Church in Iowa
8689:
8588:
8578:
8564:
8519:
8494:
8469:
8446:
8378:
8348:
8235:
8208:
8166:
8065:
8019:
7819:
7787:
7732:
7700:
7690:
7609:
7595:
7575:
7485:
7220:
7160:
7121:
7120:. Texts and Editions for New Testament Study. Vol. 3. Leiden: Brill. p. 3.
7060:
6974:
6920:
6881:
6840:
6792:
6732:
6634:
6614:
6514:
6502:
6429:
6390:
6367:
6366:, C. Brown (gen. ed.), Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 1986, Vol. 2, p. 512,
6326:
6272:
5946:
5863:
5662:
5548:
5487:
5450:
5442:
5404:
5315:
5246:
5242:
Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah
5207:
5168:
5136:
5030:
4991:
4952:
4925:
4794:
4708:
4681:
4644:
4558:
4555:
A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew (Subsidia Biblica) - Part One: Orthography and Phonetics
4521:
4482:
4443:
4404:
4365:
4338:
4308:
4262:-Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon With an Appendix Containing the Biblical Aramaic
4204:
4164:
4130:
4085:
3669:
3363:
2873:
2298:
2223:
2181:
2116:
1220:
1181:
1051:
832:
796: as "Yahweh" would be valid even if the scholarly consensus were not correct.
755:
734:
The scholarly consensus is that the original pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton was
506:
8657:
De Septuaginta: Studies in Honour of John William Wevers on his sixty-fifth birthday
4924:. Cambridge; New York; Melbourne; New Delhi; Singapore: Cambridge University Press.
967:. He explicitly cited the 17th-century writers mentioned by Reland as supporters of
935:
Almost two centuries after the 17th-century works reprinted by Reland, 19th-century
8793:
8436:
8198:
7567:
6824:
6494:
5128:
5086:
4786:
4753:
4160:
4138:
4056:
3769:
3383:("Lord") represented the Tetragrammaton in the Latin text. At the Reformation, the
3264:
3252:
2910:
2538:
2392:
2270:
2204:
2090:
1639:
1353:
1307:
1175:
1129:
1060:
1031:
1027:
936:
909:
792:." Mark P. Arnold remarks that certain conclusions drawn from the pronunciation of
713:
601:
455:
453:, an occasionally attested practice in Biblical Hebrew as both letters function as
8639:
8441:
8107:
7999:
6268:
Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts Found in the Judean Desert
6155:
6129:
6077:
5107:
4060:
3391:("Lord") in the German text of the Old Testament to represent the Tetragrammaton.
9325:
9175:
8996:
8932:
8683:
8615:
8582:
8229:
8202:
7977:
7694:
7637:
7409:
7331:
7324:
7215:
7208:
7101:
6767:
6710:
6266:
5940:
5922:
5596:
5240:
5201:
5162:
4906:
4902:
A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament: Including the Biblical Chaldee
4850:
4821:
4126:
3712:
3551:
3513:(or in all caps), so as to distinguish it from other words translated as "Lord".
3472:
3468:
3435:
3258:
3171:
Another parallel is drawn between the four letters of the Tetragrammaton and the
3016:
2826:
2742:
2511:
2255:
2215:
2124:
2086:
1655:
1463:
1387:
1147:
1140:
1101:
917:
869:
to refer to a god. But he argues that it mirrors other theophoric names and that
670:
561:
Several centuries later, between the 5th through 10th centuries CE, the original
550:
496:
388:
355:
335:
330:
310:
290:
258:
181:
93:
83:
71:
8342:"United States Conference of Catholic Bishops Committee on Divine Worship (PDF)"
6055:
4852:
Thesaurus Philologicus Criticus Linguae Hebraeae et Chaldaeae veteris testamenti
4790:
4044:
2773:
2653:(died 420) speaks of certain Greek writers who misunderstood the Hebrew letters
1454:
Six presentations of the Tetragrammaton with some or all of the vowel points of
1135:
797:
9185:
9135:
9081:
9055:
8986:
8821:
7924:
7630:
7352:
I, ix, in P.G., XXI, col. 72 A; and also ibid. X, ix, in P.G., XXI, col. 808 B.
6103:
5915:
5841:
The Massorah. Translated into English with a critical and exegetical commentary
5834:
5730:
Recipes for Love: A Semiotic Analysis of the Tools in the Erotic Magical Papyri
5090:
4201:
Theological Cartographies: Mapping the Encounter with God, Humanity, and Christ
3722:
3341:
3270:
3049:
2353:– contains fragments of the Book of Psalms. It has YHWH in Paleo-Hebrew script.
2102:
1395:
1367:
1117:
925:
921:
901:
893:
844:
759:
747:
655:
576:
570:
519:
406:
401:
158:
42:
7052:
4223:
2846:
2815:
2771:(Latin translation) made from the Hebrew in the 4th century CE, uses the word
1711:
865:). Hillel Ben-Sasson states there is insufficient evidence for Amorites using
470:
As such, the consensus among modern scholars considers that YHWH represents a
9304:
8971:
8450:
7856:
7579:
6544:
Bulletin of the International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies
6506:
6498:
6029:
5681:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 311–314.
5672:
5454:
5446:
5144:
5140:
4817:
3368:
3321:
3320:, "for example those Kutim who take an oath" would also have no share in the
3317:
3296:
is analogous to the geometrical correlations in tetractys, shown above under
2978:
2850:
2425:
manuscript of the Aquila version dated late 5th century or early 6th century.
2247:." In the Book of Exodus alone, Θεός represents the Tetragrammaton 41 times.
2030:
1745:
1399:
1155:
1063:
papyrus dating to the late 18th or early 19th dynasty which he translated as
1011:
360:
239:, literally "gods" but treated as singular when meaning "God") in prayer, or
177:
7056:
Sources and Interpretation in Ancient Judaism: Studies for Tal Ilan at Sixty
7014:
6347:
3727:
751:
593:. For a few frequent words, the marginal note was omitted: these are called
9248:
9226:
9072:
9003:
8777:
6609:
Skehan, Patrick W. (1957). "The Qumran Manuscripts and Textual Criticism".
5388:. Berkeley – Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 105–106.
5294:(2nd ed.). Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 110, 111.
3732:
3585:
3556:
3499:
3495:
3384:
3243:
3218:
2961:"the Name" is used; and this handle itself can also be used in prayer. The
2842:
2276:
2131:
uses the Greek transcription of the name, ΙΑΩ. Three later manuscripts use
1734:
1391:
1328:
1185:
1125:
1113:
1039:
913:
905:
664:
600:
One of the frequent cases was the Tetragrammaton, which according to later
410:
324:
162:
154:
126:
109:
4643:. Translated by Geuss, Raymond. Harvard University Press. pp. 32–33.
4614:(PhD thesis). Gloucestershire: University of Gloucestershire. p. 28.
3605:
reacted to the then still recent practice of pronouncing, within Catholic
1348:
indicate that in another 134 places, where the received text has the word
575:) differed from that indicated by the consonants of the written text (the
9253:
9103:
9098:
9086:
9060:
8851:
8841:
8788:
6262:
4305:
From the Stone Age to Christianity: Monotheism and the Historical Process
3663:
3491:
3286:
3172:
3085:
3070:
3036:
2807:
1087:
1075:
1035:
349:
304:
120:
112:. The four letters, written and read from right to left (in Hebrew), are
58:
6182:
Archives from Elephantine: The life of an ancient Jewish military colony
5386:
Archives from Elephantine, The Life of an Ancient Jewish Military Colony
9043:
9028:
7860:
6218:
Sufficient examination of the subject is available at Sean McDonough's
4765:
4741:
4134:
3936:"Bible Gateway passage: 96:11 תהילים – The Westminster Leningrad Codex"
3510:
3423:
3411:
3309:
3192:
3109:
2904:
The vehemence with which the utterance of the name is denounced in the
2861:
2857:
2819:
2680:
2564:
2422:
1421:
1356:
practice varied with regard to use of the Tetragrammaton. According to
1212:
1189:
1078:
bears the earliest known reference (840 BCE) to the Israelite god
1047:
1004:
849:
805:
743:
648:
8559:
Barton, John (17 May 2022). "Tetragrammaton". In Louth, Andrew (ed.).
7587:
6578:"Larry Perkins, "ΚΥΡΙΟΣ – Proper Name or Title in Greek Exodus", p. 6"
4252:
It thus probably means "he causes to be, to become, etc." It has הוה (
3863:
is also dominant in Christianity, but is not used in Islam or Judaism.
3610:
3164:
rather the general path, which includes everything that exists in the
3019:
and "Raḥmana l'tzlan" ("may the Merciful save us" i.e. "God forbid").
2880:, though, a substitute (probably "Adonai") was used. According to the
1070:
9180:
9130:
8903:
7875:
71a states, "I am not referred to as is written. My name is written
7540:
6916:
The Text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Biblia Hebraica
5987:
Wielki słownik hebrajsko-polski i aramejsko-polski Starego Testamentu
5439:
Lectio Difficilior: European Electronic Journal for Feminist Exegesis
3235:
3231:
3117:
3101:
3093:
2982:
2962:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2670:
2418:
2364:– contains Genesis 2 and 3. The divine name is written with a double
2337:
2331:
1642:
and other Hebrew and Aramaic texts the Tetragrammaton and some other
1197:
1000:
566:
7998:
The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman culture: Volume 3 – Page 152
7424:: quod proprie Dei vocabulum sonat: et legi potest JAHO, et Hebraei
5859:
Pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton: A Historico-Linguistic Approach
4757:
3906:
Introduction to the Massoretico-Critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible
3300:, and unveils the relevance of the Tree of Life with the tetractys.
2745:
translation), probably in the second century, uses the word "Lord" (
2070:
1829:
4Q163 (4Qpap pIsa) I 19; II 6; 15–16 1; 21 9; III 3, 9; 25 7 (link:
196: nor do they read aloud proposed transcription forms such as
9263:
9258:
9243:
9197:
9140:
9093:
8937:
8893:
8888:
7763:
Davies, William David; Finkelstein, Louis; Katz, Steven T. (2006).
7571:
7363:
7343:
7156:
The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Manuscripts and Christian Origins
3930:
3636:
3632:
3602:
3431:
3354:
3293:
3279:
3223:
3202:
3182:
3168:
in all their details and which brings everything under its order."
3130:
3061:
2738:
2620:
2550:
2412:
2325:
1406:
1151:
959:
as the original pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton, as opposed to
824:
8401:
Maitland, FL: Xulon Press; and Swindon, UK: United Bible Societies
5335:
Naveh, Joseph (1963). "Old Hebrew Inscriptions in a Burial Cave".
4609:
3222:
A tetractys of the letters of the Tetragrammaton adds up to 72 by
800:
holds that "the original pronunciation of Yhwh was 'Yahô' or 'Yahû
9275:
9207:
9160:
9118:
9077:
9023:
8991:
8976:
8957:
8913:
8908:
8898:
8883:
8878:
8735:
7901:
7750:
7053:
Meron Piotrkowski; Geoffrey Herman; Saskia Doenitz, eds. (2018).
6542:""ΚΥΡΙΟΣ – Articulation and Non-articulation in Greek Exodus" in
3652:
3606:
3427:
3402:
3394:
In Christianity, when the Tetragrammaton is vocalized, the forms
3376:
3165:
3044:
3028:
2916:
2905:
2865:
2811:
2768:
2560:
2486:
2446:
2227:
1167:
1109:
1105:
1008:
778:, a form widely accepted by scholars, instead of the traditional
729:
627:
taken as singular), or, if the previous or next word already was
202:
142:
86:
7765:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period
7310:(in Greek). Vol. III. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 27.
6243:
Rękopisy znad Morza Martwego. Qumran – Wadi Murabba‘at – Masada,
6232:(1909), at chapter "Greek transcriptions of the Tetragrammaton".
3961:
In some manuscripts the Tetragrammaton was replaced by the word
3505:
Christian translations of the Bible into English commonly use "L
1224:
texts of Theodoret differ slightly from what De Troyer says. In
861:
to any human ancestor and combined it with other elements (e.g.
417:), "to be, become, come to pass", with a third person masculine
9287:
9033:
9008:
8947:
8942:
8746:
8723:
8263:"Dominus quasi vir pugnator; Iahveh nomen eius!" (Exodus 15:3).
8015:
The Annotated Luther, Volume 6: The Interpretation of Scripture
7209:
Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Palaeography
6422:
Hiebert, Robert J.V.; Cox, Claude E.; Gentry, Peter J. (2001).
6386:
Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Palaeography
3646:
3396:
3292:
The relationship between geometrical shapes and the first four
3212:
3012:
2966:
2881:
2869:
2725:
2650:
2604:
2580:
2482:
2322:– in three fragments whose contents were published separately.
2261:
1741:
1730:
1092:
1079:
852:
to Yahweh. But J. Philip Hyatt believes it is more likely that
725:
696:
690:
diacritic point plays no useful role in distinguishing between
632:
628:
523:
Transcription of the divine name as ΙΑΩ in the 1st-century BCE
514:
235:
189:
136:
38:
8638:
8290:"Exodus 15:3: Dominus quasi vir pugnator; Dominus nomen eius!"
6945:
5666:
1444:
257:
The letters, properly written and read from right to left (in
49:. For the episode of the drama series Person of Interest, see
9190:
9170:
9113:
9038:
9018:
8964:
8923:
8858:
8846:
7425:
3708:
3686:
3656:", Hymn 690 The Christian Life. Aside from those instances, L
2974:
2838:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2674:
2658:
2642:
2636:
2624:
2608:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2568:
2554:
2542:
2454:
2292:
2172:
2128:
1795:
4Q176 (4QTanḥ) 1–2 i 6, 7, 9; 1–2 ii 3; 8–10 6, 8, 10 (link:
1651:
1618:
1425:
1279:
1263:
1254:
1015:
997:
562:
535:
527:
150:
8399:
A Guide to Bible Translation: People, Languages, and Topics.
7041:
Three Rolls of the Early Septuagint: Genesis and Deuteronomy
6425:
The Old Greek Psalter: Studies in Honour of Albert Pietersma
5981:, Stuttgart 1958, p. 1612. Basic information about the form
5905:. Merrill Frederick Unger, William White. 1980. p. 229.
3509:" in place of the Tetragrammaton in most passages, often in
3336:
3129: : יו"ד ה"י וי"ו ה"י, so called "`AV" according to its
2481:– the latest Greek manuscript containing the name of God is
1940:
4Q171 (4QpPs) II 4, 12, 24; III 14, 15; IV 7, 10, 19 (link:
569:
to assist reading. In places where the word to be read (the
37:"YHWH" redirects here. For the historic Iron Age deity, see
9212:
9165:
9155:
9150:
9108:
9013:
8952:
8918:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8836:
8064:(Revised ed.). William Carey Publishing. p. 182.
7739:(2nd ed.), Palo Alto, California: Mayfield, p. 21
6199:
Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World
3805:
3787:
3778:
2943:), or, in rare cases, as a repetition of Adonai, e.g., the
2793:
with the four (consonantal) letters of the Tetragrammaton.
2695:(both pronounced at that time /ja'vε/), while the Jews say
2441:– In addition to the Septuagint text of the prophets (with
2365:
2222:
While some interpret the presence of the Tetragrammaton in
2098:
1973:
1627:
478:
representing the third masculine verbal prefix of the verb
471:
431:, equivalent to English "he", in place of the first person
284:
185:
114:
7627:
Introduction to the Old Testament of the New English Bible
6781:"The First Bible of the Church: A Plea for the Septuagint"
6459:
6457:
6364:
the New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology
3811:
3660:
is typically used in the Liturgy of the Episcopal Church.
3414:", meaning "Praise Jah", which is used to give God glory.
3344:: "The Name of God", YHWH in triangle, detail from fresco
1331:, the Tetragrammaton occurs 6828 times, as can be seen in
654:
The oldest complete or nearly complete manuscripts of the
9280:
9050:
7560:
The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
7230:
6714:
Theologische Literaturzeitung, 241 (2016), pp. 1203–1205.
6352:. Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 630–648.
5898:. Vol. 56. United Bible Societies. 2005. p. 71.
4884:. Translated by Edersheim, A. p. 214. Archived from
3799:
3793:
3716:
3407:
1417:
565:
of the Hebrew Bible was provided with vowel marks by the
170:
105:
7558:
Bloch, Joshua (1919). "The Authorship of the Peshitta".
7379:
Jerome, "Ep. xxv ad Marcell.", in P. L., XXII, col. 429.
6759:
Philo of Alexandria: An Annotated Bibliography 1997–2006
6728:
Philo of Alexandria: An Annotated Bibliography 1997-2006
4358:
Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer, eds. (1979).
4155:. Vol. 5. Translated by Geoffrey William Bromiley.
4074:
Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer, eds. (1986).
3569:
for rendering the Tetragrammaton in three known places:
2553:(d. c. 202) reports that the Gnostics formed a compound
2277:
Manuscripts of the Septuagint and later Greek renderings
1892:
4Q391 (4Qpap Pseudo-Ezechiel) 36, 52, 55, 58, 65 (link:
409:
3:14. This would frame Y-H-W-H as a derivation from the
8981:
7196:. Vol. XI. Leipzig: H. Hassel-Verlag. p. 171.
6454:
5945:. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
3590:, published in 1986, these few occurrences of the form
1327:
it occurs 5,410 times in the Hebrew scriptures. In the
651:
that would spell "Yehovah" and "Yehovih" respectively.
6913:
Wurthwein, Ernst; Fischer, Alexander Achilles (2014).
6323:
A Greek-Hebrew/Aramaic Two-way Index to the Septuagint
5055:
3664:
Translations preserving Hebraic form of Tetragrammaton
3033:
Names of God in Judaism § Erasing the name of God
1050:, spoken of in some texts as where Yahweh comes from.
831:), commonly denoted as the semantic equivalent of the
8518:. Ramat Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press. p. 202.
7989:
The Mystical Qabalah, Dion Fortune, Chapter XVIII, 25
7762:
7655:"Clifford Hubert Durousseau, "Yah: A Name of God" in
6184:, 1968, University of California Press, pp. 105, 106.
5701:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 335.
4361:
Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, Volume 3
3823:
3814:
3772:
3494:, which survives in some parts of the liturgy of the
1386:
The first appearance of the Tetragrammaton is in the
943:
on the main reasoning of those who argued either for
8587:. London: Harvard University Press. pp. 61–63.
7420:"nomen Domini apud Hebraeos quatuor litterarum est,
7303:
6633:. Cambrdige: Harvard University Press. p. 221.
4272:
4270:
3808:
3796:
3784:
3781:
3775:
2994:
2952:
2938:
2928:
2286:
Manuscripts of the Septuagint or recensions thereof
1090:, dated to 840 BCE, mentions the Israelite god
610:
436:
422:
379:
212:
5903:
Nelson's expository dictionary of the Old Testament
5356:
Ancient Hebrew inscriptions: Corpus and Concordance
5271:
4905:. Crocker and Brewster. p. 389. Archived from
4721:
3802:
3790:
3048:substituted by a different letter in writing (e.g.
1982:4Q377 (4QApocryphal Pentateuch B) 2 ii 3, 5 (link:
1059:argued for the existence of a theophoric name in a
6919:. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 264.
6156:"Ezekiel 24:24 in the Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex"
5112:""House of David" Restored in Moabite Inscription"
4945:Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (2003).
4357:
4073:
2864:, claim that the name was pronounced daily in the
2657: (read right-to-left) as the Greek letters
2589:" (Iaoú); manuscript variants also have the forms
2404:. Has the Tetragrammaton in archaic Hebrew script.
1096:. Roughly contemporary pottery sherds and plaster
916:(1618–1679). Defending "Jehovah" were writings by
8649:. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
8429:"Qur'anic Understandings of the Divine Name Yhwh"
8231:The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity
8108:"HTC: An Orthodox Critique of Bible Translations"
7779:
7242:
6871:
6829:"The Old Testament in Eastern Orthodox Tradition"
6130:"1 Kings 2:26 in the Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex"
6104:"Genesis 15:2 in the Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex"
6078:"Judges 16:28 in the Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex"
6056:"Genesis 3:14 in the Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex"
5938:
4267:
1646:(such as El or Elohim) were sometimes written in
674:, both of the 10th or 11th century, mostly write
9302:
8543:. Michigan: University of Michigan. p. 149.
7938:"Why do some Jews write "G-d" instead of "God"?"
7737:Understanding the Bible: A Reader's Introduction
6912:
6421:
6030:"Genesis 2:4 in the Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex"
6005:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 21.
5029:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 201.
4990:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 107.
4337:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 214.
2796:
2759:(Western pronunciation) for the Tetragrammaton.
1835:4Q248 (history of the kings of Greece) 5 (link:
166:
8682:Pietersma, Albert; Wright, Benjamin G. (2007).
8681:
8617:[The Name Jahu ] ; (The Name Jahu)
8204:The Old Testament in Eastern Orthodox Tradition
7844:
7815:Jewish Identity and Society in the 17th century
6951:
6325:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 56, 72.
5486:. Amsterdam: Foreign Media Group. p. 463.
4785:. Chamden: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 25–65.
4439:The Hebrew Bible: A Translation with Commentary
4248:
4246:
3588:Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio, editio typica altera
2717:which the Jews counted among the names of God.)
1420:(a digrammaton) "occurs 50 times if the phrase
1158:(3rd or the beginning of the 2nd century BCE).
604:practices should not be pronounced but read as
41:. For the modern Jewish conception of God, see
7863:, Laws of Prayer and Priestly Blessings, 14:10
7780:Weiss, Saul; Soloveitchik, Joseph Dov (2005).
7219:. Oxford University Press; 17 September 1981.
6627:Cross, Frank Moore; Ṭalmōn, Šěmaryahū (1975).
6222:(1999), pp 116 to 122 and George van Kooten's
5985:, see L. Koehler, W. Baumgartner, J.J. Stamm,
5855:
5441:(2). Theological Facility of Bern University.
5398:
5305:
5303:
5301:
4194:
4192:
3912:). These places are listed in: C.D. Ginsburg,
3626:
2923: "yodh he waw he", if not preceded by (
2876:of worshippers, after the daily sacrifice; in
1390:2:4. The only books it does not appear in are
1161:
700:and so is redundant, or it could point to the
70:(10th century BCE to 135 CE), and square
8762:
8561:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
7965:
7963:
6962:
6960:
6675:"The Earliest Non-Mystical Jewish Use of Ιαω"
5479:
5310:Knight, Douglas A.; Levine, Amy-Jill (2011).
5199:
4557:. Rome: Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblio.
4400:Jewish Philosophy: An Historical Introduction
4080:. Vol. 5. Translated by Green, David E.
2919:prescribes that although the Name is written
2884:, in the last generations before the fall of
8044:United States Conference of Catholic Bishops
6345:
5624:
5544:Paganism to Christianity in the Roman Empire
5371:La religion des judéo-araméens d'Éléphantine
5309:
5289:
4944:
4552:
4243:
3738:Names and titles of God in the New Testament
3620:United States Conference of Catholic Bishops
3554:, the first edition of the official Vatican
3455:
2746:
2724:. This work was traditionally attributed to
2663:(read left-to-right), thus changing YHWH to
2320:Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever
2252:Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever
2212:Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever
2145:Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever
2080:Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever
1067:, meaning "My lord is the shepherd of Yah".
1018:whom it calls "the Shasu of Yhw³" (read as:
991:
374:The Hebrew Bible explains it by the formula
8685:A New English Translation of the Septuagint
8541:Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte (vol. 67)
8538:
8372:
8207:. Oxford University Press USA. p. 77.
8165:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 34.
7887:
7885:
7683:
7543:" were all translated from Greek, with ..."
7159:. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. p. 214.
6833:Septuagint Manuscripts and Printed Editions
6630:Qumran and the History of the Biblical Text
6626:
6309:Discoveries of the Judaean Desert of Jordan
6195:Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism
5598:Patrologiae cursus completus, series graeca
5522:Patrologiae cursus completus, series graeca
5401:Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament
5298:
5200:Keel, Othmar; Uehlinger, Christoph (1998).
4707:. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. p. 624.
4203:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 16.
4189:
4077:Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament
3449:
3439:
3000:
2777:("Lord"), a translation of the Hebrew word
2720:(Pseudo-)Jerome (4th/5th or 9th century),:
2115:Two of these are of the first century BCE:
1855:4Q306 (4QMen of People Who Err) 3 5 (link:
617:
482:"to be", as indicated in the Hebrew Bible.
219:
27:Four-letter name of God in the Hebrew Bible
8769:
8755:
8468:. Chicago and London: Imhof. p. 155.
7960:
7194:Studien zur Palaeographie und Papyruskunde
6957:
6785:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
6487:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
5979:Konkordanz zum hebräischen Alten Testament
5916:The Name of Jehovah in the Book of Esther.
5833:
5726:
5547:. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock. p. 80.
5102:
5100:
4812:
4810:
4778:
4003:The word "tetragrammaton" originates from
3561:, published in 1979, used the traditional
3285:(The first three-dimensional solid is the
2522:Tetragrammaton at the Fifth Chapel of the
2387:Manuscripts of Greek translations made by
2196: must be pre-Christian in origin".
1815:4Q196 (4QpapToba ar) 17 i 5; 18 15 (link:
1383:) 305 times in the Masoretic Text.
8653:
8539:Brieger, Theodore; Bess, Bernard (1955).
8440:
7553:
7551:
7549:
6966:
6463:
6002:Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament
5778:. Members.fortunecity.com. Archived from
5736:. Durham: Durham University. p. 26.
5657:
5655:
5480:Becchio, Bruno; Schadé, Johannes (2006).
5432:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5079:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions
5073:
4396:
3846: ' four letters'. Also known as the
3743:List of Tetragrammatons in art in Austria
3417:
3375:. This practice continued into the Latin
3278:(The first two-dimensional figure is the
2258:and thus not strictly a Septuagint text.
490:
8613:
8488:
8426:
8227:
8158:
7882:
7783:Insights of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik
7477:
7277:", II, xxxv, 3, in P. G., VII, col. 840.
7236:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6346:Hatch, Edwin; Redpath, Henry A. (1975).
6224:The Revelation of the Name YHWH to Moses
6019:, Hendrickson Publishers 1997, page 685.
6017:Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament
5653:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5626:La prononciation 'Jehova' du tétragramme
4987:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
4898:
4848:
4742:"Was Yahweh Originally a Creator Deity?"
4553:Joüon, Paul; Muraoka, Takamitsu (1996).
4326:
4324:
4302:
4198:
3559:Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio, editio typica
3533:
3353:
3335:
3217:
2517:
2506:
2069:
1906:4Q215a (4QTime of Righteousness) (link:
1875:4Q382 (4QparaKings et al.) 9+11 5; 78 2
1306:Also relevant is the use of the name in
1134:
1116:and his Asherah". A tomb inscription at
1069:
518:
405:), the name of God revealed to Moses in
334:, or placeholder for "O"/"U" vowel (see
57:
8563:(4 ed.). Oxford University Press.
8197:
8062:The Bible in Cross Cultural Perspective
8011:
7786:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 9.
7699:. London: Westminster John Knox Press.
7619:
7191:
7152:
6823:
6382:
6320:
5765:, Leipzig-Berlin, I, 1928 and II, 1931.
5695:The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation
5368:
5238:
5160:
5106:
5097:
4919:
4816:
4807:
3914:The Massorah. Compiled from manuscripts
3894:The Massorah. Compiled from manuscripts
3234:and its mysteries influenced the early
3022:
2896:in the latter part of the 4th century.
2806:Especially due to the existence of the
14:
9303:
8558:
8463:
8422:
8420:
8162:Eastern Orthodoxy through Western Eyes
8090:"BibliaHebraica.org, "The Septuagint""
8059:
7731:
7689:
7671:from the original on 12 September 2014
7546:
7021:from the original on 26 September 2014
7008:
7006:
7004:
7002:
6778:
6668:
6666:
6664:
6662:
6608:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6251:
6162:from the original on 14 September 2014
6136:from the original on 14 September 2014
6110:from the original on 14 September 2014
6084:from the original on 14 September 2014
6036:from the original on 14 September 2014
5998:
5708:from the original on 20 September 2020
5417:
5403:. Vol. 5. Eerdmans. p. 504.
5383:
4983:
4675:
4607:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4082:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
2899:
1301:
1274:The most commonly invoked god is Ιαω (
971:, as well as implicitly citing
8750:
8577:
8513:
8466:Barocke Sakristeien in Süddeutschland
8179:from the original on 25 February 2021
7850:"They recite name – i.e., the name
7832:from the original on 26 February 2022
7811:
7659:, Vol. 42, No. 1, January–March 2014"
7557:
7512:from the original on 27 November 2020
7484:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 49.
7459:from the original on 26 February 2022
7173:from the original on 26 February 2022
7134:from the original on 26 February 2022
7113:
7073:from the original on 26 February 2022
6853:from the original on 26 February 2022
6805:from the original on 26 February 2022
6745:from the original on 26 February 2022
6724:
6590:from the original on 29 November 2020
6521:from the original on 27 December 2020
6480:
6469:
6403:from the original on 26 February 2022
5876:from the original on 26 February 2022
5815:from the original on 16 February 2021
5661:
5632:
5594:
5518:
5358:. Vol. 2. Cambridge. p. 18.
5353:
5334:
5314:(1st ed.). New York: HarperOne.
5277:
5061:
5043:from the original on 26 February 2022
5022:
5004:from the original on 26 February 2022
4877:
4739:
4727:
4700:
4636:
4589:from the original on 24 November 2021
4578:
4546:
4534:from the original on 25 February 2021
4495:from the original on 25 February 2021
4456:from the original on 24 November 2021
4435:
4417:from the original on 26 February 2022
4378:from the original on 24 February 2021
4330:
4321:
4284:from the original on 14 November 2011
3942:from the original on 20 February 2015
3544:Basilica of St. Louis, King of France
2502:
2459:with reference to the Tetragrammaton.
2432:Manuscripts with Hexaplaric elements
1344:. In addition, the marginal notes or
986:
387:
354:
329:
309:
289:
8636:
8433:Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations
7948:from the original on 9 December 2018
7800:from the original on 26 January 2021
7481:The Psalms in the Early Irish Church
7290:", I, iv, 1, in P.G., VII, col. 481.
7248:
7012:
6894:from the original on 26 January 2021
6685:from the original on 2 December 2018
5942:Yahweh: The Divine Name in the Bible
5801:Toy, Crawford Howell; Blau, Ludwig.
5743:from the original on 3 December 2020
5691:
5572:Toy, Crawford Howell; Blau, Ludwig.
5540:
5500:from the original on 25 January 2021
5181:from the original on 18 January 2022
4830:from the original on 26 January 2021
4618:from the original on 30 January 2020
4513:
4474:
4307:. New York: Doubleday. p. 259.
4098:from the original on 23 January 2021
4042:
4024:from the original on 12 October 2007
3516:
3456:
3230:There are some who believe that the
2747:
2243:, the Name of God was rendered with
2127:in the midst of its Greek text, and
1014:(1402–1363 BCE) mentions a group of
74:(3rd century BCE to present) scripts
66:(12th century BCE to 150 BCE),
8702:from the original on 9 October 2021
8688:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8601:from the original on 19 August 2020
8417:
8114:from the original on 7 October 2014
6999:
6987:from the original on 9 October 2021
6933:from the original on 9 October 2021
6659:
6647:from the original on 11 August 2020
6613:(supp. 4). Leiden: Brill: 148–160.
6539:
6442:from the original on 9 October 2021
6428:. London: Bloomsbury. p. 125.
6305:The Psalms Scroll of Qumran Cave 11
6285:from the original on 16 August 2021
6261:
6248:
5959:from the original on 8 January 2022
5800:
5601:. Vol. 83. pp. col. 460.
5571:
5529:from the original on 13 August 2020
5525:. Vol. 80. pp. col. 244.
4965:from the original on 12 August 2020
4859:from the original on 2 January 2022
4657:from the original on 12 August 2020
4110:
3269:consequently the three-dimensional
2701:(Aia). (The latter is probably not
2199:Similarly, while consistent use of
1952:XḤev/SeEschat Hymn (XḤev/Se 6) 2 7
1912:4Q462 (4QNarrative C) 7; 12 (link:
1633:
1150:(587 BCE) and the slightly earlier
392:
192:Jewish traditions do not pronounce
24:
8427:Galadari, Abdulla (4 March 2024).
8377:. Augsburg Fortress. p. 384.
8322:from the original on 8 August 2016
8018:. Fortress Press. pp. 62–63.
7304:Karl Wilhelm Dindorf, ed. (1869).
6558:from the original on 2 August 2020
5727:Evans, Luke; Aaron, Ralph (2015).
5605:from the original on 17 April 2015
5292:Ancient Aramaic and Hebrew Letters
5259:from the original on 21 April 2020
5203:Gods, Goddesses, And Images of God
4733:
4680:. Netherlands: Brill. p. 74.
4303:Albright, William Foxwell (1957).
4177:from the original on 6 August 2020
3668:Since 1950, there are a number of
3438:translation) use the word "Lord" (
3151:: יו"ד ה"א וא"ו ה"א, gematria 45.
3142:: יו"ד ה"י וא"ו ה"י, gematria 63.
2989: they added the vowels for
2559:(Iaoth) with the last syllable of
2328:has the Tetragrammaton in 1 place.
2250:Robert J. Wilkinson says that the
1781:2Q3 (2QExod) 2 2; 7 1; 8 3 (link:
1484:Close transcription of the display
1462: (Elohim) are found in the
1449:
249:, "The Name") in everyday speech.
25:
9342:
8716:
7532:The Bible in the Syriac Tradition
7104:. Australian Catholic University.
6203:Aramaic Papyri of the 5th century
5461:from the original on 11 July 2020
5220:from the original on 15 June 2021
4855:. Vol. 2. pp. 575–577.
3160:: יו"ד ה"ה ו"ו ה"ה, gematria 52.
2402:Papyrus Vindobonensis Greek 39777
2235:was one of them. Finally, before
2188:apply it to Christ. In fact, the
1375:) occurs 6,518 times, and
1318:
1239:
1236:5.3, he uses the spelling Ἰαβαί.
1234:Haereticarum Fabularum Compendium
1042:associates the Shasu nomads with
996:Current overviews begin with the
682:), with no pointing on the first
8776:
8734:
8722:
8643:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
8624:from the original on 11 May 2021
8532:
8507:
8482:
8457:
8404:
8391:
8366:
8334:
8302:
8293:
8284:
8275:
8266:
8257:
8248:
8221:
8191:
8152:
8140:from the original on 16 May 2013
8126:
8100:
8082:
8053:
8040:"The Name of God in the Liturgy"
8032:
8005:
7992:
7983:
7930:
7917:
7907:
7894:
7866:
7772:
7756:
7743:
7725:
7647:
7602:
7524:
7498:
7471:
7445:
7433:
7414:
7395:
7382:
7373:
7355:
7337:
7317:
7293:
7280:
7267:
7254:
7200:
7185:
7146:
7107:
7085:
7046:
7033:
6906:
6865:
6817:
6672:
5845:. Vol. IV. p. 28,§115.
4948:Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
4704:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
4152:The Encyclopedia of Christianity
3977:
3768:
2679:(Iao); he also reports that the
2109:" when reading the Hebrew word.
1756:4Q53 (4QSam) 13 III 7, 7 (link:
1658:(6th century) wrote: "The Roman
1626:is the pronounced form of plain
1146:Yahweh is mentioned also in the
924:(1574–1654) and three essays by
888:The adoption at the time of the
8670:from the original on 7 May 2021
8614:Eerdmans, Bernardus D. (1948).
8373:Pfatteicher, Philip H. (1990).
8228:McGuckin, John Anthony (2010).
8134:"orthodoxresearchinstitute.org"
7879:and it is pronounced 'Adonai'."
7713:from the original on 1 May 2016
6772:
6718:
6697:
6602:
6570:
6533:
6415:
6383:Metzger, Bruce Manning (1981).
6376:
6356:
6339:
6314:
6297:
6235:
6212:
6187:
6174:
6148:
6122:
6096:
6070:
6048:
6022:
6009:
5992:
5971:
5932:
5909:
5888:
5849:
5827:
5794:
5768:
5755:
5720:
5692:Betz, Hans Dieter, ed. (1986).
5685:
5617:
5588:
5565:
5512:
5483:Encyclopedia of World Religions
5473:
5399:D. N. Freedman (1974). "YHWH".
5392:
5377:
5362:
5347:
5328:
5290:Lindenberger, James M. (2003).
5283:
5232:
5193:
5154:
5067:
5016:
4977:
4938:
4913:
4892:
4878:Kurtz, Johann Heinrich (1859).
4871:
4842:
4772:
4694:
4669:
4630:
4601:
4572:
4507:
4468:
4429:
4390:
4351:
4296:
3955:
3923:
3886:
3866:
3693:
3331:
2334:in 24 places, in whole or part.
1994:4Q382 (4Qpap paraKings) (link:
1957:11Q2 (11QLev) 2 2, 6, 7 (link:
1313:
900:(1550–1616), known as Drusius;
485:
252:
32:Tetragrammaton (disambiguation)
8584:Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic
7696:The Religion of Ancient Israel
7017:. Orthodox England (journal).
5541:Hyde, Walter Woodburn (2008).
4984:Coogan, Michael David (2001).
4746:Journal of Biblical Literature
4442:. W. W. Norton & Company.
4364:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
4228:
4217:
4067:
4049:Journal of Biblical Literature
4036:
3997:
3853:
3760:
3529:
1932:4Q524 (4QT)) 6–13 4, 5 (link:
1900:4Q161 (4QpIsa) 8–10 13 (link:
1718:1Q14 (1QpMic) 1–5 1, 2 (link:
1341:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
1122:two tiny silver amulet scrolls
770:, whilst the Ktiv is probably
146:continues to have wide usage.
13:
1:
9316:Kabbalistic words and phrases
8442:10.1080/09596410.2024.2321044
7818:. J. C. B. Mohr. p. 67.
7442:(W. de Gruyter, 1936. p. 266)
7323:Origen, "In Joh.", II, 1, in
6967:Wilkinson, Robert J. (2015).
6874:"2: The Use of the Name YHWH"
6303:A complete list: A. Sanders,
6241:Translated by: P. Muchowski,
6197:(1974–84) 1:172; Schafer P.,
5373:(in French). Paris: Geuthner.
4585:. Vol. 2. p. 1239.
4403:. A&C Black. p. 42.
4061:10.15699/jbl.1381.2019.508716
4018:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
3748:
3583:In the second edition of the
3430:(Latin translation), and the
3303:
2797:Usage in religious traditions
2065:
1843:4Q26b (4QLev) linia 8 (link:
1744:VI 14; X 7, 14; XI 10 (link:
1201:
1170:YHW and YHH are found in the
1154:ostraca, and on a stone from
7478:McNamara, Martin J. (2000).
6880:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 60.
5999:George, Abbot-Smith (1922).
5595:Migne, Jacques-Paul (1864).
5519:Migne, Jacques-Paul (1860).
5133:Biblical Archaeology Society
3990:
3479:and other languages used in
3367:as in the Greek text of the
3347:Adoration of the Name of God
2945:Thirteen Attributes of Mercy
2909:Name", or "Explicit Name" ("
2833:or his great-great-grandson
2239:became a standard rendering
1849:4QpNah (4Q169) II 10 (link:
885:, which means "he will be".
389:[ʔehˈjeʔaˈʃerʔehˈje]
369:
7:
8637:Maas, Anthony John (1910).
8491:Geography and Enlightenment
7307:Clementis Alexandrini Opera
6952:Pietersma & Wright 2007
6791:(206). A&C Black: 118.
6731:. Brill. pp. 229–230.
6389:. Oxford University Press.
6321:Muraoka, Takamitsu (2010).
5433:De Troyer, Kristin (2005).
5120:Biblical Archaeology Review
4920:Fleming, Daniel E. (2020).
4881:History of the Old Covenant
4791:10.1007/978-3-030-32312-7_2
4779:Ben-Sasson, Hillel (2019).
4678:The Mysterious Name of YHWH
4397:Samuelson, Norbert (2006).
4331:Lewis, Theodore J. (2020).
4199:Valentin, Benjamin (2015).
3702:
3673:write these names, such as
3627:Lutheranism and Anglicanism
3371:and in their copies of the
3273:naturally falls to Chesed.
3055:
2995:
2953:
2939:
2929:
2732:
2563:. He also reports that the
2534:(1910) and B. D. Eerdmans:
1823:4Q20 (4QExod) 1–2 3 (link:
1764:1Q15 (1QpZeph) 3, 4 (link:
1162:Texts with similar theonyms
810:The Mysterious Name of YHWH
611:
503:Biblical Hebrew orthography
437:
423:
380:
213:
10:
9347:
8551:
7426:
7153:Hurtado, Larry W. (2006).
6872:Sean M. McDonough (1999).
6546:, volume 41 (2008), p. 23"
6362:H. Bietenhard, "Lord", in
5939:G.H. Parke-Taylor (2006).
5337:Israel Exploration Journal
5091:10.1163/156921207783876422
4899:Gesenius, Wilhelm (1844).
4849:Gesenius, Wilhelm (1839).
4280:. JewishEncyclopedia.com.
4157:Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
3840:
3538:The Tetragrammaton on the
3059:
3026:
2890:Second Temple of Jerusalem
2801:
2781:, for the Tetragrammaton.
2762:
2713:= "I am " or "I will be",
2697:
2691:
2685:
2675:
2659:
2643:
2637:
2625:
2609:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2583:was accessible, is called
2569:
2555:
2543:
2455:
2097:and consistently use Κς, "
2074:Tetragrammaton written in
2054:11Q11 (11QapocrPs) (link:
1920:4Q165 (4QpIsa) 6 4 (link:
1886:4Q177 (4QCatena A) (link:
1863:4Q38a (4QDeut) 5 6 (link:
1430:(Alleluia, Hallelujah) in
1426:
1280:
1264:
1255:
977:Johann Friedrich von Meyer
723:
686:. It could be because the
500:
494:
411:Hebrew triconsonantal root
47:God in Abrahamic religions
36:
29:
8832:
8784:
8234:. John Wiley & Sons.
8159:Fairbarn, Donald (2002).
8060:Loewen, Jacob A. (2020).
7114:Kraus, Thomas J. (2007).
6761:(BRILL 2012), pp. 229–230
6015:E. Jenni, C. Westermann,
5161:Bonanno, Anthony (1986).
4740:Hyatt, J. Philip (1967).
4237:"Genesis Chapter 1 (KJV)"
4123:Geoffrey William Bromiley
4043:Kitz, Anne Marie (2019).
3440:
3426:(Greek translation), the
3362:It is assumed that early
2990:
2986:
2948:
2934:
2924:
2920:
2706:
2702:
2654:
2619:(d. c. 305) according to
2541:(1st century BCE) writes
2193:
2136:
2132:
2120:
1869:4Q173 (4QpPs) 4 2 (link:
1733:XXXIII 7, XXXV 15 (link:
1698:1Q11 (1QPs) 2–5 3 (link:
1595:
1576:
1557:
1537:
1518:
1498:
1459:
1455:
1413:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1363:
992:Texts with Tetragrammaton
980:
968:
960:
952:
944:
932:was that pronunciation.
898:Johannes van den Driesche
793:
771:
763:
739:
719:
705:
675:
644:
640:
636:
605:
540:
432:
418:
375:
343:
318:
298:
278:
240:
230:
207:
193:
171:
89:
51:YHWH (Person of Interest)
8464:Keller, Bettina (2009).
7980:, accessed 12 March 2012
7625:In the 7th paragraph of
7537:"deuterocanonical" books
7403:P. G., LXXXIII, col. 460
6499:10.1177/0309089207080558
5862:. Lulu.com. p. 60.
5629:, O.T.S. V (1948) 43–62.
4608:Arnold, Mark P. (2015).
3753:
3680:
3316:includes the comment of
2362:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007
2351:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 5101
2310:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 3522
2153:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 5101
2149:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 3522
1432:Revelation 19:1, 3, 4, 6
877:, derives from the root
785:Smith's Bible Dictionary
8663:, Mississauga: Benben,
7631:Sir Godfry Driver wrote
7506:"Manuscrits de Cîteaux"
7390:P. G., LXXX, col. 805 C
7091:Michael P. Theophilos.
6837:Oxford University Press
6779:Müller, Mogens (1996).
6205:(1923); Kraeling E.G.,
6201:(1997) 232; Cowley A.,
5856:Steven Ortlepp (2010).
5678:Encyclopædia Britannica
5206:. Bloomsbury Academic.
5023:Smith, Mark S. (2001).
4951:. Eerdmans. p. 3.
4582:Dictionary of the Bible
4579:Smith, William (1872).
3898:vol I, p. 25, 26, § 115
3523:Eastern Orthodox Church
3485:Eastern Orthodox Church
2468:Taylor-Schechter 12.182
2372:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 656
1946:4Q225 (4QPsJub) (link:
1803:3Q3 (3QLam) 1 2 (link:
1644:names of God in Judaism
376:אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה
8739:Quotations related to
8012:Cameron, Euan (2019).
7657:Jewish Bible Quarterly
7349:Praeparatio evangelica
7192:Wessely, Carl (1911).
7059:. BRILL. p. 149.
6481:Rösel, Martin (2007).
5763:Papyri Graecae Magicae
5625:
4637:Römer, Thomas (2015).
4436:Alter, Robert (2018).
4234:Translation notes for
3547:
3542:of the Roman Catholic
3450:
3418:Christian translations
3359:
3351:
3276:
3255:is assigned to Kether;
3227:
2822:and their neighbours.
2772:
2527:
2515:
2190:deuterocanonical books
2123: in the normal
2082:
1481:Masoretic Text display
1244:Among the Jews in the
1143:
1083:
973:Johann David Michaelis
941:Thesaurus Philologicus
890:Protestant Reformation
647: respectively,
530:
491:YHWH and Hebrew script
363:at the end of a word)
229:taken as singular) or
75:
62:The Tetragrammaton in
8646:Catholic Encyclopedia
7812:Rozen, Minna (1992).
7262:Bibliotheca Historica
7043:, Bonn 1980, s. 5, 6.
6839:USA. pp. 77–78.
6725:Runia, D. T. (2011).
5539:English translation:
5239:Becking, Bob (2001).
4256:) as a variant form,
3601:On 29 June 2008, the
3537:
3357:
3339:
3248:
3221:
3088:and the main body of
2577:Clement of Alexandria
2532:Catholic Encyclopedia
2521:
2510:
2492:Biblioteca Ambrosiana
2073:
1926:4Q222 (4QJub) (link:
1776:4Q175 (4QTest) 1, 19
1750:4Q37 (4QDeut) (link:
1251:Jewish magical papyri
1226:Quaestiones in Exodum
1138:
1073:
873:, or more accurately
827:personal names (e.g.
660:Tiberian vocalisation
525:Septuagint manuscript
522:
511:Tiberian vocalization
188:and those who follow
61:
9331:Sacred Name Movement
9124:Sanghyang Adi Buddha
8731:at Wikimedia Commons
8412:The Bible Translator
6245:Kraków 1996, pp. 31.
5896:The Bible translator
5584:on 26 February 2020.
5369:Vincent, A. (1937).
4922:Yahweh before Israel
4909:on 26 February 2022.
4888:on 19 November 2020.
4640:The Invention of God
4514:Reno, R. R. (2010).
4475:Reno, R. R. (2010).
4163:. pp. 823–824.
3639:psalters, the word L
3263:the two-dimensional
3078:Moshe Chaim Luzzatto
3023:Written prohibitions
2965:added vowel points (
2860:. Others, including
2565:Valentinian heretics
2524:Palace of Versailles
2479:Ambrosiano O 39 sup.
2378:Papyrus Berlin 17213
2314:paleo-Hebrew letters
2266:Commentary on Psalms
2042:11Q20 (11QT) (link:
2018:11Q7 (11QPs) (link:
2006:11Q6 (11QPs) (link:
1963:4Q365 (4QRP) (link:
1880:4Q57 (4QIsa) (link:
1809:4Q158 (4QRP) (link:
1770:4Q78 (4QXII) (link:
1724:4Q27 (4QNum) (link:
1704:2Q13 (2QJer) (link:
1458: (Adonai) or
1246:Second Temple Period
589:were written on the
153:and the rest of the
30:For other uses, see
9066:God the Holy Spirit
8354:on 25 November 2014
7530:Sebastian P. Brock
7369:P.G., XLI, col. 685
7325:P.G., XIV, col. 105
7039:Z. Aly, L. Koenen,
5808:Jewish Encyclopedia
5578:Jewish Encyclopedia
5384:Porten, B. (1968).
4826:. Johannis Coster.
4676:Reisel, M. (2018).
4260:Brown–Driver–Briggs
3594:were replaced with
3373:Greek Old Testament
3181:is associated with
3133:value ע"ב=70+2=72.
3008:Pluralis majestatis
2900:Spoken prohibitions
2814:tradition found in
2673:(d. c. 457) writes
2347:1st to 2nd century
2161:Papyrus Rylands 458
2141:Paleo-Hebrew script
1710:1QS VIII 14 (link:
1648:paleo-Hebrew script
1359:Brown–Driver–Briggs
1325:Jewish Encyclopedia
1302:Vernacular evidence
1296:Ethiopian Christian
1139:YHWH in one of the
1104:mention "Yahweh of
1038:(1279–1213 BCE) in
1007:inscription of the
625:Pluralis majestatis
227:pluralis majestatis
167:a possible instance
82:is the four-letter
8579:Cross, Frank Moore
7976:2011-11-06 at the
7733:Harris, Stephen L.
7691:Miller, Patrick D.
7636:2006-04-26 at the
7408:2021-12-11 at the
7330:2017-01-16 at the
7214:2020-08-12 at the
7206:Bruce M. Metzger.
7100:2019-03-14 at the
7013:Phillips, Andrew.
6766:2018-07-19 at the
6709:2018-12-02 at the
5921:2016-03-03 at the
5782:on 2 December 2011
5663:Moore, George Foot
5561:on 13 August 2020.
5354:Davis, G. (2004).
5167:. John Benjamins.
4768:– via JSTOR.
4045:"The Verb *yahway"
3892:C. D. Ginsburg in
3670:Sacred Name Bibles
3611:Philippians 2:9–11
3548:
3481:Oriental Orthodoxy
3360:
3352:
3340:Tetragrammaton by
3298:Pythagorean Symbol
3228:
3066:Hasidic philosophy
2528:
2516:
2503:Patristic writings
2439:Codex Marchalianus
2299:Papyrus Fouad 266b
2182:Papyrus Fouad 266b
2135:, the name
2095:Codex Alexandrinus
2083:
1789:4Q96 (4QPs (link:
1172:Elephantine papyri
1144:
1084:
987:Non-biblical texts
581:), they wrote the
531:
176:in verse 8:6) the
76:
9298:
9297:
9239:Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto
8794:In Zoroastrianism
8727:Media related to
8695:978-0-19-972394-2
8620:. Leiden: Brill.
8384:978-0-8006-0392-2
8241:978-1-4443-9254-8
8214:978-0-19-533123-3
8199:Pentiuc, Eugen J.
8071:978-1-64508-304-7
8025:978-1-5064-6043-7
7942:ReformJudaism.org
7825:978-3-16-145770-8
7793:978-0-7425-4469-7
7778:For example, see
7491:978-0-567-54034-8
7453:"British Library"
7367:, I, iii, 40, in
7225:978-0-19-536532-0
6980:978-90-04-28817-1
6973:. Leiden: Brill.
6926:978-0-8028-6680-6
6825:Pentiuc, Eugen J.
6679:www.jhsonline.org
6640:978-0-674-74362-5
6620:978-90-04-02327-7
6611:Vetus Testamentum
6435:978-0-567-37628-2
6278:978-90-474-1434-6
6271:. Leiden: Brill.
5869:978-1-4452-7220-7
5776:"AnsonLetter.htm"
5554:978-1-60608-349-9
5493:978-1-60136-000-7
5245:. A&C Black.
5150:on 31 March 2012.
5075:Schneider, Thomas
5064:, pp. 61–63.
4931:978-1-108-83507-7
4800:978-3-030-32312-7
4410:978-0-8264-9244-9
4371:978-0-8028-2327-4
4344:978-0-19-007254-4
4210:978-1-61164-553-8
4170:978-90-04-14596-2
4131:Jan Milic Lochman
3904:(C. D. Ginsburg,
3877:masora marginalis
3517:Eastern Orthodoxy
3387:used capitalized
3364:Jewish Christians
3045:long-term storage
3039:
3001:lit. transl.
2949:שְׁלוֹשׁ־עֶשְׂרֵה
2874:priestly blessing
2530:According to the
2395:(2nd century CE)
2224:Papyrus Fouad 266
2117:Papyrus Fouad 266
2063:
2062:
1610:
1609:
1478:Chapter and verse
1323:According to the
1221:Patrologia Graeca
1182:Kristin De Troyer
1112:" and "Yahweh of
1052:Frank Moore Cross
1046:, interpreted as
756:Takamitsu Muraoka
618:lit. transl.
541:אִמּוֹת קְרִיאָה
507:Hebrew diacritics
381:’ehye ’ăšer ’ehye
367:
366:
223: "My Lords"
220:lit. transl.
149:The books of the
16:(Redirected from
9338:
8771:
8764:
8757:
8748:
8747:
8738:
8726:
8711:
8709:
8707:
8678:
8677:
8675:
8669:
8662:
8650:
8642:
8633:
8631:
8629:
8610:
8608:
8606:
8574:
8545:
8544:
8536:
8530:
8529:
8511:
8505:
8504:
8486:
8480:
8479:
8461:
8455:
8454:
8444:
8424:
8415:
8408:
8402:
8395:
8389:
8388:
8370:
8364:
8363:
8361:
8359:
8353:
8347:. Archived from
8346:
8338:
8332:
8331:
8329:
8327:
8321:
8314:
8306:
8300:
8297:
8291:
8288:
8282:
8279:
8273:
8270:
8264:
8261:
8255:
8252:
8246:
8245:
8225:
8219:
8218:
8195:
8189:
8188:
8186:
8184:
8172:978-0-66422497-4
8156:
8150:
8149:
8147:
8145:
8130:
8124:
8123:
8121:
8119:
8104:
8098:
8097:
8092:. Archived from
8086:
8080:
8079:
8057:
8051:
8050:
8036:
8030:
8029:
8009:
8003:
7996:
7990:
7987:
7981:
7967:
7958:
7957:
7955:
7953:
7934:
7928:
7921:
7915:
7911:
7905:
7898:
7892:
7889:
7880:
7870:
7864:
7848:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7837:
7809:
7807:
7805:
7776:
7770:
7768:
7760:
7754:
7747:
7741:
7740:
7729:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7718:
7687:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7676:
7670:
7663:
7651:
7645:
7623:
7617:
7606:
7600:
7599:
7555:
7544:
7528:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7517:
7502:
7496:
7495:
7475:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7464:
7449:
7443:
7437:
7431:
7429:
7428:
7422:jod, he, vau, he
7418:
7412:
7399:
7393:
7386:
7380:
7377:
7371:
7359:
7353:
7341:
7335:
7321:
7315:
7314:
7297:
7291:
7288:Against Heresies
7284:
7278:
7275:Against Heresies
7271:
7265:
7258:
7252:
7246:
7240:
7239:, pp. 1–29.
7234:
7228:
7204:
7198:
7197:
7189:
7183:
7182:
7180:
7178:
7150:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7139:
7111:
7105:
7089:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7078:
7050:
7044:
7037:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7026:
7015:"The Septuagint"
7010:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6992:
6964:
6955:
6949:
6943:
6942:
6940:
6938:
6910:
6904:
6903:
6901:
6899:
6887:978-31-6147055-4
6869:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6846:978-0-19533123-3
6821:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6810:
6798:978-1-85075571-5
6776:
6770:
6757:David T. Runia,
6754:
6752:
6750:
6722:
6716:
6701:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6670:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6652:
6624:
6606:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6595:
6589:
6582:
6574:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6563:
6557:
6550:
6540:Perkins, Larry.
6537:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6478:
6467:
6461:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6447:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6380:
6374:
6360:
6354:
6353:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6318:
6312:
6307:(11QPsa), serie
6301:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6259:
6246:
6239:
6233:
6216:
6210:
6191:
6185:
6180:Bezalel Porten,
6178:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6152:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6126:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6089:
6074:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6026:
6020:
6013:
6007:
6006:
5996:
5990:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5936:
5930:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5899:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5803:"Tetragrammaton"
5798:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5772:
5766:
5761:K. Preisendanz,
5759:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5742:
5735:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5707:
5700:
5689:
5683:
5682:
5670:
5659:
5630:
5628:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5580:. Archived from
5574:"Tetragrammaton"
5569:
5563:
5562:
5557:. Archived from
5538:
5536:
5534:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5430:
5415:
5414:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5332:
5326:
5325:
5307:
5296:
5295:
5287:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5143:. Archived from
5129:Washington, D.C.
5116:
5104:
5095:
5094:
5071:
5065:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5009:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4814:
4805:
4804:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4520:. Brazos Press.
4511:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4481:. Brazos Press.
4472:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4328:
4319:
4318:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4274:
4265:
4250:
4241:
4240:
4232:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4196:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4139:Jaroslav Pelikan
4119:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4007:"four" + γράμμα
4001:
3984:
3981:
3975:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3927:
3921:
3916:, vol I, p. 26,
3890:
3884:
3870:
3864:
3857:
3851:
3844:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3764:
3659:
3642:
3508:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3443:
3442:
3299:
3038:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2988:
2956:
2950:
2942:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2911:Shem HaMephorash
2858:Day of Atonement
2750:
2749:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2628:
2627:
2612:
2611:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2572:
2571:
2558:
2557:
2546:
2545:
2539:Diodorus Siculus
2458:
2457:
2452:
2444:
2393:Aquila of Sinope
2289:1st century BCE
2271:Aquila of Sinope
2210:Speaking of the
2205:Eugen J. Pentiuc
2195:
2138:
2134:
2122:
2091:Codex Sinaiticus
1684:
1683:
1640:Dead Sea Scrolls
1634:Dead Sea Scrolls
1597:
1578:
1559:
1539:
1520:
1500:
1475:
1474:
1461:
1457:
1429:
1428:
1415:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1354:Dead Sea Scrolls
1308:theophoric names
1283:
1282:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1253:found in Egypt.
1210:
1206:
1203:
1130:Khirbet Beit Lei
1061:Book of the Dead
1057:Thomas Schneider
1032:John W. Rogerson
1028:James D. G. Dunn
982:
975:(1717–1791) and
970:
962:
954:
946:
939:reported in his
937:Wilhelm Gesenius
920:(1557–1626) and
910:Johannes Buxtorf
845:ehye ’ăšer ’ehye
803:
795:
773:
765:
741:
716:for "the Name".
707:
677:
646:
642:
638:
622:
619:
614:
607:
602:Rabbinite Jewish
563:consonantal text
551:matres lectionis
542:
456:matres lectionis
440:
434:
426:
420:
404:
397:
394:
391:
386:
383:
377:
358:
345:
333:
320:
313:
300:
293:
280:
264:
263:
242:
232:
224:
221:
216:
209:
195:
184:name. Observant
173:
91:
21:
9346:
9345:
9341:
9340:
9339:
9337:
9336:
9335:
9301:
9300:
9299:
9294:
9176:Nzambi a Mpungu
8997:Svayam Bhagavan
8828:
8807:In Christianity
8780:
8775:
8719:
8714:
8705:
8703:
8696:
8673:
8671:
8667:
8660:
8640:"Jehovah"
8627:
8625:
8604:
8602:
8595:
8571:
8554:
8549:
8548:
8537:
8533:
8526:
8512:
8508:
8501:
8487:
8483:
8476:
8462:
8458:
8425:
8418:
8409:
8405:
8396:
8392:
8385:
8371:
8367:
8357:
8355:
8351:
8344:
8340:
8339:
8335:
8325:
8323:
8319:
8312:
8308:
8307:
8303:
8298:
8294:
8289:
8285:
8280:
8276:
8271:
8267:
8262:
8258:
8253:
8249:
8242:
8226:
8222:
8215:
8196:
8192:
8182:
8180:
8173:
8157:
8153:
8143:
8141:
8132:
8131:
8127:
8117:
8115:
8106:
8105:
8101:
8088:
8087:
8083:
8072:
8058:
8054:
8038:
8037:
8033:
8026:
8010:
8006:
7997:
7993:
7988:
7984:
7978:Wayback Machine
7968:
7961:
7951:
7949:
7936:
7935:
7931:
7922:
7918:
7912:
7908:
7899:
7895:
7890:
7883:
7877:yod-hei-vav-hei
7871:
7867:
7852:yod-hei-vav-hei
7849:
7845:
7835:
7833:
7826:
7803:
7801:
7794:
7777:
7773:
7761:
7757:
7748:
7744:
7730:
7726:
7716:
7714:
7707:
7688:
7684:
7674:
7672:
7668:
7661:
7653:
7652:
7648:
7638:Wayback Machine
7624:
7620:
7607:
7603:
7556:
7547:
7529:
7525:
7515:
7513:
7504:
7503:
7499:
7492:
7476:
7472:
7462:
7460:
7451:
7450:
7446:
7438:
7434:
7419:
7415:
7410:Wayback Machine
7400:
7396:
7387:
7383:
7378:
7374:
7360:
7356:
7342:
7338:
7332:Wayback Machine
7322:
7318:
7298:
7294:
7285:
7281:
7272:
7268:
7259:
7255:
7247:
7243:
7235:
7231:
7216:Wayback Machine
7205:
7201:
7190:
7186:
7176:
7174:
7167:
7151:
7147:
7137:
7135:
7128:
7112:
7108:
7102:Wayback Machine
7090:
7086:
7076:
7074:
7067:
7051:
7047:
7038:
7034:
7024:
7022:
7011:
7000:
6990:
6988:
6981:
6965:
6958:
6950:
6946:
6936:
6934:
6927:
6911:
6907:
6897:
6895:
6888:
6870:
6866:
6856:
6854:
6847:
6822:
6818:
6808:
6806:
6799:
6777:
6773:
6768:Wayback Machine
6748:
6746:
6739:
6723:
6719:
6711:Wayback Machine
6702:
6698:
6688:
6686:
6671:
6660:
6650:
6648:
6641:
6625:, reprinted in
6621:
6607:
6603:
6593:
6591:
6587:
6580:
6576:
6575:
6571:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6548:
6538:
6534:
6524:
6522:
6479:
6470:
6462:
6455:
6445:
6443:
6436:
6420:
6416:
6406:
6404:
6397:
6381:
6377:
6361:
6357:
6344:
6340:
6333:
6319:
6315:
6302:
6298:
6288:
6286:
6279:
6260:
6249:
6240:
6236:
6217:
6213:
6192:
6188:
6179:
6175:
6165:
6163:
6154:
6153:
6149:
6139:
6137:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6113:
6111:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6087:
6085:
6076:
6075:
6071:
6061:
6059:
6054:
6053:
6049:
6039:
6037:
6028:
6027:
6023:
6014:
6010:
5997:
5993:
5976:
5972:
5962:
5960:
5953:
5937:
5933:
5927:Companion Bible
5925:, appendix 60,
5923:Wayback Machine
5914:
5910:
5901:
5894:
5893:
5889:
5879:
5877:
5870:
5854:
5850:
5832:
5828:
5818:
5816:
5799:
5795:
5785:
5783:
5774:
5773:
5769:
5760:
5756:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5733:
5725:
5721:
5711:
5709:
5705:
5698:
5690:
5686:
5668:"Jehovah"
5660:
5633:
5622:
5618:
5608:
5606:
5593:
5589:
5570:
5566:
5555:
5532:
5530:
5517:
5513:
5503:
5501:
5494:
5478:
5474:
5464:
5462:
5431:
5418:
5411:
5397:
5393:
5382:
5378:
5367:
5363:
5352:
5348:
5333:
5329:
5322:
5308:
5299:
5288:
5284:
5276:
5272:
5262:
5260:
5253:
5237:
5233:
5223:
5221:
5214:
5198:
5194:
5184:
5182:
5175:
5159:
5155:
5147:
5114:
5105:
5098:
5072:
5068:
5060:
5056:
5046:
5044:
5037:
5021:
5017:
5007:
5005:
4998:
4982:
4978:
4968:
4966:
4959:
4943:
4939:
4932:
4918:
4914:
4897:
4893:
4876:
4872:
4862:
4860:
4847:
4843:
4833:
4831:
4818:Reeland, Adrian
4815:
4808:
4801:
4777:
4773:
4758:10.2307/3262791
4738:
4734:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4699:
4695:
4688:
4674:
4670:
4660:
4658:
4651:
4635:
4631:
4621:
4619:
4606:
4602:
4592:
4590:
4577:
4573:
4565:
4551:
4547:
4537:
4535:
4528:
4512:
4508:
4498:
4496:
4489:
4473:
4469:
4459:
4457:
4450:
4434:
4430:
4420:
4418:
4411:
4395:
4391:
4381:
4379:
4372:
4356:
4352:
4345:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4301:
4297:
4287:
4285:
4276:
4275:
4268:
4251:
4244:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4197:
4190:
4180:
4178:
4171:
4145:, eds. (2008).
4127:Erwin Fahlbusch
4120:
4111:
4101:
4099:
4092:
4084:. p. 500.
4072:
4068:
4041:
4037:
4027:
4025:
4016:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3960:
3956:
3945:
3943:
3934:
3928:
3924:
3908:, London 1897,
3896:, London 1880,
3891:
3887:
3871:
3867:
3858:
3854:
3828:
3824:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3705:
3696:
3683:
3666:
3657:
3640:
3629:
3552:Catholic Church
3532:
3519:
3506:
3464:respectively).
3420:
3334:
3306:
3297:
3275:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3209:
3199:
3189:
3179:
3112:and the second
3068:
3058:
3041:
3027:Main articles:
3025:
3004: My Lords
3003:
2902:
2841:calls the name
2827:Simeon the Just
2804:
2799:
2765:
2735:
2512:Petrus Alphonsi
2505:
2475:9th century CE
2464:7th century CE
2450:
2442:
2435:6th century CE
2409:5th century CE
2398:3rd century CE
2358:3rd century CE
2338:8HevXII b (LXX)
2332:8HevXII a (LXX)
2306:1st century CE
2279:
2256:kaige recension
2216:kaige recension
2125:Hebrew alphabet
2087:Codex Vaticanus
2068:
1976:(11QPs) (link:
1656:John the Lydian
1636:
1464:Leningrad Codex
1452:
1450:Leningrad Codex
1447:
1445:
1412:The short form
1388:Book of Genesis
1335:Biblia Hebraica
1321:
1316:
1304:
1294:is found in an
1242:
1232:), "I am".) In
1208:
1204:
1164:
1148:Lachish letters
1141:Lachish letters
1102:Kuntillet Ajrud
1065:‘adōnī-rō‘ē-yāh
994:
989:
918:Nicholas Fuller
842:and views that
801:
732:
722:
671:Leningrad Codex
621: My Lords
620:
556:mater lectionis
517:
499:
497:Mater lectionis
493:
488:
399:
398: – transl.
395:
384:
372:
336:mater lectionis
259:Biblical Hebrew
255:
222:
104:), the name of
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9344:
9334:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9311:Tetragrammaton
9296:
9295:
9293:
9292:
9291:
9290:
9285:
9284:
9283:
9268:
9267:
9266:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9235:
9234:
9224:
9223:
9222:
9221:
9220:
9210:
9200:
9195:
9194:
9193:
9188:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9136:I Am that I Am
9133:
9128:
9127:
9126:
9121:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9090:
9089:
9084:
9082:Gitche Manitou
9070:
9069:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9056:God the Father
9048:
9047:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9001:
9000:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8968:
8967:
8962:
8961:
8960:
8955:
8945:
8935:
8930:
8929:
8928:
8927:
8926:
8921:
8911:
8906:
8896:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8855:
8854:
8849:
8839:
8833:
8830:
8829:
8827:
8826:
8825:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8796:
8791:
8785:
8782:
8781:
8774:
8773:
8766:
8759:
8751:
8745:
8744:
8741:Tetragrammaton
8732:
8729:Tetragrammaton
8718:
8717:External links
8715:
8713:
8712:
8694:
8679:
8651:
8634:
8611:
8593:
8575:
8569:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8547:
8546:
8531:
8524:
8506:
8499:
8481:
8474:
8456:
8416:
8403:
8390:
8383:
8365:
8333:
8301:
8292:
8283:
8274:
8265:
8256:
8247:
8240:
8220:
8213:
8190:
8171:
8151:
8125:
8099:
8096:on 4 May 2010.
8081:
8070:
8052:
8031:
8024:
8004:
7991:
7982:
7959:
7929:
7925:Shulchan Arukh
7916:
7906:
7893:
7881:
7865:
7843:
7824:
7792:
7771:
7767:. p. 779.
7755:
7742:
7724:
7706:978-0664221454
7705:
7682:
7646:
7618:
7601:
7572:10.1086/369885
7566:(4): 215–222.
7545:
7523:
7497:
7490:
7470:
7444:
7432:
7413:
7394:
7381:
7372:
7354:
7336:
7316:
7292:
7279:
7266:
7253:
7241:
7229:
7199:
7184:
7165:
7145:
7126:
7106:
7084:
7065:
7045:
7032:
6998:
6979:
6956:
6944:
6925:
6905:
6886:
6864:
6845:
6816:
6797:
6771:
6738:978-9004210806
6737:
6717:
6696:
6658:
6639:
6619:
6601:
6569:
6532:
6468:
6464:Pietersma 1984
6453:
6434:
6414:
6395:
6375:
6355:
6338:
6332:978-9042923560
6331:
6313:
6296:
6277:
6247:
6234:
6220:YHWH at Patmos
6211:
6186:
6173:
6147:
6121:
6095:
6069:
6047:
6021:
6008:
5991:
5970:
5951:
5931:
5908:
5887:
5868:
5848:
5835:C. D. Ginsburg
5826:
5793:
5767:
5754:
5719:
5684:
5673:Chisholm, Hugh
5631:
5616:
5587:
5564:
5553:
5511:
5492:
5472:
5416:
5409:
5391:
5376:
5361:
5346:
5327:
5321:978-0062098597
5320:
5297:
5282:
5270:
5251:
5231:
5212:
5192:
5173:
5153:
5108:Lemaire, André
5096:
5085:(2): 113–120.
5066:
5054:
5035:
5015:
4996:
4976:
4957:
4937:
4930:
4912:
4891:
4870:
4841:
4806:
4799:
4771:
4752:(4): 369–377.
4732:
4720:
4713:
4693:
4686:
4668:
4649:
4629:
4600:
4571:
4564:978-8876535956
4563:
4545:
4526:
4506:
4487:
4467:
4448:
4428:
4409:
4389:
4370:
4350:
4343:
4320:
4313:
4295:
4278:"Names Of God"
4266:
4242:
4227:
4216:
4209:
4188:
4169:
4109:
4090:
4066:
4035:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3976:
3954:
3922:
3885:
3865:
3852:
3842:τετραγράμματον
3758:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3723:I Am that I Am
3720:
3704:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3682:
3679:
3665:
3662:
3628:
3625:
3615:Tetragrammaton
3581:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3531:
3528:
3518:
3515:
3511:small capitals
3419:
3416:
3342:Francisco Goya
3333:
3330:
3314:Sanhedrin 10:1
3305:
3302:
3249:
3207:
3197:
3187:
3177:
3057:
3054:
3024:
3021:
2954:Shelosh-'Esreh
2913:" in Hebrew).
2901:
2898:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2764:
2761:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2718:
2668:
2648:
2630:
2614:
2602:
2574:
2548:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2416:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2326:Se2grXII (LXX)
2317:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2278:
2275:
2103:Masoretic Text
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1738:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1635:
1632:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1469:qere perpetuum
1451:
1448:
1443:
1396:Book of Esther
1379: (qere
1320:
1319:Masoretic Text
1317:
1315:
1312:
1303:
1300:
1241:
1240:Magical papyri
1238:
1163:
1160:
1118:Khirbet el-Qom
993:
990:
988:
985:
926:Johann Leusden
922:Thomas Gataker
902:Sixtinus Amama
894:Adriaan Reland
863:Yahweh ṣəḇāʾōṯ
823:) is found in
721:
718:
662:, such as the
656:Masoretic Text
595:qere perpetuum
495:Main article:
492:
489:
487:
484:
402:I Am that I Am
371:
368:
365:
364:
352:
347:
340:
339:
327:
322:
315:
314:
307:
302:
295:
294:
287:
282:
275:
274:
273:Pronunciation
271:
268:
254:
251:
94:transliterated
80:Tetragrammaton
43:God in Judaism
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9343:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9308:
9306:
9289:
9286:
9282:
9279:
9278:
9277:
9274:
9273:
9272:
9269:
9265:
9262:
9261:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9233:
9230:
9229:
9228:
9225:
9219:
9216:
9215:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9205:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9183:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9116:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9079:
9076:
9075:
9074:
9071:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9053:
9052:
9049:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9031:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8972:Hiranyagarbha
8970:
8966:
8963:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8950:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8940:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8916:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8901:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8891:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8844:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8834:
8831:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8799:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8786:
8783:
8779:
8772:
8767:
8765:
8760:
8758:
8753:
8752:
8749:
8742:
8737:
8733:
8730:
8725:
8721:
8720:
8701:
8697:
8691:
8687:
8686:
8680:
8666:
8659:
8658:
8652:
8648:
8647:
8641:
8635:
8623:
8619:
8618:
8612:
8600:
8596:
8590:
8586:
8585:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8570:9780199642465
8566:
8562:
8557:
8556:
8542:
8535:
8527:
8525:9789652264015
8521:
8517:
8510:
8502:
8496:
8492:
8485:
8477:
8475:9783865683304
8471:
8467:
8460:
8452:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8423:
8421:
8413:
8407:
8400:
8394:
8386:
8380:
8376:
8369:
8350:
8343:
8337:
8318:
8311:
8305:
8296:
8287:
8278:
8269:
8260:
8251:
8243:
8237:
8233:
8232:
8224:
8216:
8210:
8206:
8205:
8200:
8194:
8178:
8174:
8168:
8164:
8163:
8155:
8139:
8135:
8129:
8113:
8109:
8103:
8095:
8091:
8085:
8078:
8073:
8067:
8063:
8056:
8049:
8045:
8041:
8035:
8027:
8021:
8017:
8016:
8008:
8001:
8000:Peter Schäfer
7995:
7986:
7979:
7975:
7972:
7966:
7964:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7933:
7926:
7920:
7910:
7903:
7897:
7888:
7886:
7878:
7874:
7869:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7857:Mishneh Torah
7853:
7847:
7831:
7827:
7821:
7817:
7816:
7799:
7795:
7789:
7785:
7784:
7775:
7766:
7759:
7752:
7746:
7738:
7734:
7728:
7712:
7708:
7702:
7698:
7697:
7692:
7686:
7667:
7660:
7658:
7650:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7632:
7628:
7622:
7615:
7614:9780198147275
7611:
7605:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7554:
7552:
7550:
7542:
7538:
7533:
7527:
7511:
7507:
7501:
7493:
7487:
7483:
7482:
7474:
7458:
7454:
7448:
7441:
7436:
7423:
7417:
7411:
7407:
7404:
7398:
7391:
7385:
7376:
7370:
7366:
7365:
7358:
7351:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7333:
7329:
7326:
7320:
7313:
7309:
7308:
7301:
7296:
7289:
7283:
7276:
7270:
7263:
7257:
7250:
7245:
7238:
7237:Eerdmans 1948
7233:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7217:
7213:
7210:
7203:
7195:
7188:
7172:
7168:
7166:9780802828958
7162:
7158:
7157:
7149:
7133:
7129:
7127:9789004161825
7123:
7119:
7118:
7110:
7103:
7099:
7096:
7095:
7088:
7072:
7068:
7066:9789004366985
7062:
7058:
7057:
7049:
7042:
7036:
7020:
7016:
7009:
7007:
7005:
7003:
6986:
6982:
6976:
6972:
6971:
6963:
6961:
6954:, p. 46.
6953:
6948:
6932:
6928:
6922:
6918:
6917:
6909:
6893:
6889:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6868:
6852:
6848:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6820:
6804:
6800:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6775:
6769:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6744:
6740:
6734:
6730:
6729:
6721:
6715:
6712:
6708:
6705:
6700:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6669:
6667:
6665:
6663:
6646:
6642:
6636:
6632:
6631:
6622:
6616:
6612:
6605:
6586:
6579:
6573:
6554:
6547:
6545:
6536:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6466:, p. 90.
6465:
6460:
6458:
6441:
6437:
6431:
6427:
6426:
6418:
6402:
6398:
6396:9780195365320
6392:
6388:
6387:
6379:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6359:
6351:
6350:
6342:
6334:
6328:
6324:
6317:
6310:
6306:
6300:
6284:
6280:
6274:
6270:
6269:
6264:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6244:
6238:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6221:
6215:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6190:
6183:
6177:
6161:
6158:. Tanach.us.
6157:
6151:
6135:
6132:. Tanach.us.
6131:
6125:
6109:
6106:. Tanach.us.
6105:
6099:
6083:
6080:. Tanach.us.
6079:
6073:
6057:
6051:
6035:
6032:. Tanach.us.
6031:
6025:
6018:
6012:
6004:
6003:
5995:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5977:G. Lisowsky,
5974:
5958:
5954:
5952:9780889206526
5948:
5944:
5943:
5935:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5912:
5904:
5897:
5891:
5875:
5871:
5865:
5861:
5860:
5852:
5844:
5843:
5840:
5836:
5830:
5814:
5810:
5809:
5804:
5797:
5781:
5777:
5771:
5764:
5758:
5739:
5732:
5731:
5723:
5704:
5697:
5696:
5688:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5627:
5620:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5591:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5568:
5560:
5556:
5550:
5546:
5545:
5528:
5524:
5523:
5515:
5499:
5495:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5476:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5412:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5387:
5380:
5372:
5365:
5357:
5350:
5342:
5338:
5331:
5323:
5317:
5313:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5293:
5286:
5280:, p. 61.
5279:
5274:
5258:
5254:
5252:9781841271996
5248:
5244:
5243:
5235:
5219:
5215:
5213:9780567085917
5209:
5205:
5204:
5196:
5180:
5176:
5170:
5166:
5165:
5157:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5121:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5101:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5063:
5058:
5042:
5038:
5036:9780199881178
5032:
5028:
5027:
5019:
5003:
4999:
4997:9780195139372
4993:
4989:
4988:
4980:
4964:
4960:
4958:9780802837110
4954:
4950:
4949:
4941:
4933:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4895:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4874:
4858:
4854:
4853:
4845:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4813:
4811:
4802:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4775:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4730:, p. 19.
4729:
4724:
4716:
4714:9789053565032
4710:
4706:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4687:9789004354876
4683:
4679:
4672:
4656:
4652:
4650:9780674504974
4646:
4642:
4641:
4633:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4604:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4575:
4566:
4560:
4556:
4549:
4533:
4529:
4527:9781587430916
4523:
4519:
4518:
4510:
4494:
4490:
4488:9781587430916
4484:
4480:
4479:
4471:
4455:
4451:
4449:9780393292503
4445:
4441:
4440:
4432:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4393:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4354:
4346:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4327:
4325:
4316:
4314:9781592443390
4310:
4306:
4299:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4271:
4263:
4261:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4238:
4231:
4225:
4220:
4212:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4193:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4143:Lukas Vischer
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4097:
4093:
4091:0-8028-2329-7
4087:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3996:
3980:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3862:
3856:
3849:
3845:
3843:
3837:
3836:Ancient Greek
3833:
3832:
3819:
3763:
3759:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3700:
3691:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3671:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3638:
3634:
3624:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3527:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3463:
3452:
3447:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3369:New Testament
3365:
3356:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3322:world to come
3319:
3318:Rabbi Mana II
3315:
3311:
3301:
3295:
3290:
3288:
3283:
3281:
3274:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3030:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3009:
2997:
2984:
2980:
2979:Jewish prayer
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2946:
2941:
2931:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2851:Second Temple
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2751:, pronounced
2744:
2740:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2682:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2652:
2649:
2634:
2631:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2607:(d. c. 254),
2606:
2603:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2549:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2525:
2520:
2513:
2509:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2448:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2214:, which is a
2213:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2101:", where the
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1592:Ezekiel 24:24
1591:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1400:Song of Songs
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1371:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1311:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1156:Mount Gerizim
1153:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:Amenhotep III
1010:
1006:
1002:
999:
984:
978:
974:
966:
958:
950:
942:
938:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
912:(1564–1629);
911:
908:(1585–1658);
907:
904:(1593–1629);
903:
899:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
851:
847:
846:
841:
837:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
799:
791:
787:
786:
781:
777:
769:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
737:
731:
727:
717:
715:
711:
703:
699:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
673:
672:
667:
666:
661:
657:
652:
650:
634:
630:
626:
615:
613:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:
574:
573:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
552:
547:
544:
537:
529:
526:
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
498:
483:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
457:
452:
448:
444:
439:
430:
425:
416:
412:
408:
403:
390:
382:
362:
361:silent letter
357:
353:
351:
348:
342:
341:
337:
332:
328:
326:
323:
317:
316:
312:
308:
306:
303:
297:
296:
292:
288:
286:
283:
277:
276:
272:
269:
266:
265:
262:
260:
250:
248:
247:
238:
237:
228:
217:
215:
205:
204:
199:
191:
187:
183:
180:contain this
179:
178:Song of Songs
175:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
145:
144:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
122:
117:
116:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
88:
85:
81:
73:
69:
65:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
9270:
9249:Umvelinqangi
9227:Sol Invictus
9073:Great Spirit
8822:In Mandaeism
8778:Names of God
8743:at Wikiquote
8704:. Retrieved
8684:
8672:, retrieved
8656:
8644:
8626:. Retrieved
8616:
8603:. Retrieved
8583:
8560:
8540:
8534:
8515:
8509:
8490:
8484:
8465:
8459:
8432:
8414:6.3: 185-194
8411:
8406:
8398:
8393:
8374:
8368:
8356:. Retrieved
8349:the original
8336:
8324:. Retrieved
8304:
8295:
8286:
8277:
8268:
8259:
8250:
8230:
8223:
8203:
8193:
8181:. Retrieved
8161:
8154:
8144:15 September
8142:. Retrieved
8128:
8118:15 September
8116:. Retrieved
8102:
8094:the original
8084:
8075:
8061:
8055:
8047:
8034:
8014:
8007:
7994:
7985:
7950:. Retrieved
7941:
7932:
7919:
7909:
7896:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7855:
7851:
7846:
7834:. Retrieved
7814:
7802:. Retrieved
7782:
7774:
7764:
7758:
7745:
7736:
7727:
7715:. Retrieved
7695:
7685:
7675:13 September
7673:. Retrieved
7656:
7649:
7641:
7626:
7621:
7604:
7563:
7559:
7526:
7516:23 September
7514:. Retrieved
7500:
7480:
7473:
7463:23 September
7461:. Retrieved
7447:
7435:
7421:
7416:
7397:
7384:
7375:
7362:
7361:Epiphanius,
7357:
7347:
7339:
7319:
7311:
7306:
7302:v,6,34; see
7299:
7295:
7282:
7269:
7261:
7256:
7244:
7232:
7207:
7202:
7193:
7187:
7175:. Retrieved
7155:
7148:
7136:. Retrieved
7116:
7109:
7093:
7087:
7075:. Retrieved
7055:
7048:
7040:
7035:
7025:13 September
7023:. Retrieved
6989:. Retrieved
6969:
6947:
6935:. Retrieved
6915:
6908:
6896:. Retrieved
6877:
6867:
6855:. Retrieved
6832:
6819:
6807:. Retrieved
6788:
6784:
6774:
6758:
6747:. Retrieved
6727:
6720:
6713:
6699:
6687:. Retrieved
6678:
6649:. Retrieved
6629:
6610:
6604:
6592:. Retrieved
6572:
6560:. Retrieved
6543:
6535:
6523:. Retrieved
6490:
6486:
6444:. Retrieved
6424:
6417:
6405:. Retrieved
6385:
6378:
6363:
6358:
6348:
6341:
6322:
6316:
6308:
6304:
6299:
6287:. Retrieved
6267:
6263:Tov, Emanuel
6242:
6237:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6214:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6189:
6181:
6176:
6164:. Retrieved
6150:
6138:. Retrieved
6124:
6112:. Retrieved
6098:
6086:. Retrieved
6072:
6060:. Retrieved
6050:
6038:. Retrieved
6024:
6016:
6011:
6001:
5994:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5973:
5961:. Retrieved
5941:
5934:
5926:
5911:
5902:
5895:
5890:
5878:. Retrieved
5858:
5851:
5842:
5839:
5829:
5817:. Retrieved
5806:
5796:
5784:. Retrieved
5780:the original
5770:
5762:
5757:
5745:. Retrieved
5729:
5722:
5710:. Retrieved
5694:
5687:
5676:
5623:B. Alfrink,
5619:
5607:. Retrieved
5597:
5590:
5582:the original
5577:
5567:
5559:the original
5543:
5531:. Retrieved
5521:
5514:
5502:. Retrieved
5482:
5475:
5463:. Retrieved
5438:
5400:
5394:
5385:
5379:
5370:
5364:
5355:
5349:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5311:
5291:
5285:
5273:
5261:. Retrieved
5241:
5234:
5222:. Retrieved
5202:
5195:
5183:. Retrieved
5163:
5156:
5145:the original
5124:
5118:
5082:
5078:
5069:
5057:
5045:. Retrieved
5025:
5018:
5006:. Retrieved
4986:
4979:
4967:. Retrieved
4947:
4940:
4921:
4915:
4907:the original
4901:
4894:
4886:the original
4880:
4873:
4861:. Retrieved
4851:
4844:
4832:. Retrieved
4822:
4781:
4774:
4749:
4745:
4735:
4723:
4703:
4696:
4677:
4671:
4659:. Retrieved
4639:
4632:
4620:. Retrieved
4610:
4603:
4591:. Retrieved
4581:
4574:
4554:
4548:
4536:. Retrieved
4516:
4509:
4497:. Retrieved
4477:
4470:
4458:. Retrieved
4438:
4431:
4419:. Retrieved
4399:
4392:
4380:. Retrieved
4360:
4353:
4333:
4304:
4298:
4286:. Retrieved
4257:
4253:
4230:
4219:
4200:
4179:. Retrieved
4150:
4100:. Retrieved
4076:
4069:
4055:(1): 39–62.
4052:
4048:
4038:
4026:. Retrieved
4012:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3979:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3944:. Retrieved
3925:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3893:
3888:
3881:masora magna
3880:
3876:
3873:masora parva
3872:
3868:
3860:
3855:
3847:
3839:
3762:
3733:Names of God
3711:(the common
3697:
3694:Usage in art
3684:
3674:
3667:
3651:
3645:
3630:
3614:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3586:Nova Vulgata
3584:
3582:
3579:Exodus 17:15
3566:
3562:
3557:Nova Vulgata
3555:
3549:
3520:
3504:
3500:Gothic Bible
3496:Latin Church
3489:
3466:
3461:
3445:
3421:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3385:Luther Bible
3380:
3361:
3345:
3332:Christianity
3325:
3307:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3250:
3244:Dion Fortune
3240:Tree of Life
3229:
3206:
3205:, and final
3196:
3186:
3185:, the first
3176:
3170:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3113:
3105:
3097:
3096:; the first
3089:
3081:
3076:
3069:
3042:
2971:cantillation
2958:
2915:
2903:
2855:
2824:
2805:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2766:
2756:
2752:
2736:
2721:
2710:
2705: but
2664:
2623:(died 339),
2595:(Iaoúe) and
2529:
2485:
2340:in 4 places.
2280:
2265:
2260:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2221:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2186:
2176:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2114:
2111:
2084:
2076:paleo-Hebrew
1693:TETRAPUNCTA
1687:PALEO-HEBREW
1680:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1665:
1637:
1623:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1573:1 Kings 2:26
1554:Genesis 15:2
1534:Judges 16:28
1515:Genesis 3:14
1490:Explanation
1467:
1453:
1440:
1436:
1422:hallellu-Yah
1411:
1404:
1392:Ecclesiastes
1385:
1368:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1334:
1329:Hebrew Bible
1322:
1314:Hebrew Bible
1305:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1259:
1243:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1194:
1186:Wadi Daliyeh
1180:
1165:
1145:
1126:Ketef Hinnom
1098:inscriptions
1091:
1085:
1064:
1043:
1023:
1019:
1005:hieroglyphic
995:
964:
956:
948:
940:
934:
929:
914:Jacob Alting
906:Louis Cappel
887:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
843:
835:
828:
820:
816:
815:The element
814:
809:
798:Thomas Römer
789:
783:
779:
775:
767:
758:state: "The
735:
733:
712:), which is
709:
701:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
669:
665:Aleppo Codex
663:
653:
643: and
599:
590:
586:
582:
577:
571:
560:
555:
549:
546:(imot kri'a)
545:
539:
532:
486:Vocalisation
479:
475:
469:
464:
460:
454:
450:
446:
442:
414:
373:
359:(or often a
256:
253:Four letters
244:
234:
201:
197:
165:, and (with
163:Ecclesiastes
155:Hebrew Bible
148:
141:
135:
131:
125:
119:
113:
110:Hebrew Bible
101:
97:
79:
77:
68:Paleo-Hebrew
55:
9321:Magic words
9254:Unkulunkulu
9104:Holy Spirit
9099:Hayyi Rabbi
9087:Wakan Tanka
9061:God the Son
8852:Parvardigar
8842:Ahura Mazda
8789:In Hinduism
7286:Irenaeus, "
7273:Irenaeus, "
6166:18 November
6140:18 November
6114:18 November
6088:18 November
6058:. Tanach.us
6040:18 November
5880:29 November
5786:18 November
5343:(2): 74–92.
4863:17 November
4834:10 November
4288:18 November
4224:Exodus 3:14
4181:24 February
4028:23 December
4015:) "letter"
3946:25 February
3910:s. 368, 369
3875:(small) or
3834:; from
3766:Pronounced
3675:The Besorah
3576:Exodus 15:3
3573:Exodus 3:15
3546:in Missouri
3530:Catholicism
3492:Vetus Itala
3287:tetrahedron
3261:to Chokmah;
3173:Four Worlds
3110:Ze`ir Anpin
3086:Arich Anpin
3071:Kabbalistic
2808:Mesha Stele
2293:4QpapLXXLev
2139: in
1669:tetrapuncta
1495:Genesis 2:4
1088:Mesha Stele
1076:Mesha Stele
1036:Ramesses II
840:Exodus 3:15
829:yahwi-dagan
782:" In 1869,
649:ghost-words
474:, with the
472:verbal form
356:[h]
331:[w]
311:[h]
291:[j]
270:Letter name
9305:Categories
9232:Elagabalus
9044:El Shaddai
8812:In Judaism
8802:In Chinese
8798:Abrahamic
8594:0674091760
8500:0226487210
7952:9 December
7861:Maimonides
7616:. page 97.
6689:2 December
6493:(4): 425.
6372:0310256208
6311:IV, pp. 9.
6193:Stern M.,
5819:2 February
5747:11 October
5712:11 October
5465:9 December
5410:0802823297
5278:Cross 1997
5174:9060322886
5062:Cross 1997
4728:Cross 1997
4622:8 February
4421:29 October
4382:29 October
4135:John Mbiti
3749:References
3728:Muqattaʿat
3685:While the
3498:, and the
3424:Septuagint
3412:Hallelujah
3406:are used.
3310:Samaritans
3304:Samaritans
3236:kabbalists
3060:See also:
3037:G’tt
2983:synagogues
2935:אֱלֹהֵינוּ
2878:synagogues
2862:Maimonides
2847:Lev. 24:15
2820:Israelites
2816:Exod. 3:15
2715:Exod. 3:14
2681:Samaritans
2633:Epiphanius
2447:Hexaplaric
2423:palimpsest
2254:is also a
2228:hexaplaric
2078:script on
2066:Septuagint
1213:Halleluyah
1209: 460
1207: – c.
1205: 393
1190:Hallelujah
1048:Mount Seir
1040:West Amara
806:Max Reisel
752:Paul Joüon
744:R. R. Reno
742:).
724:See also:
501:See also:
385:pronounced
64:Phoenician
9181:Olodumare
9146:Jehovah 1
9131:Hypsistos
8904:Saraswati
8451:0959-6410
7873:Kiddushin
7753:Sotah, 13
7596:170883669
7580:1062-0516
7541:Apocrypha
7249:Maas 1910
6673:Shaw, F.
6525:25 August
6515:170886081
6507:0309-0892
5455:174649029
5447:1661-3317
5141:0098-9444
4013:grammatos
3991:Citations
3859:The form
3848:Tetragram
3715:word for
3267:to Binah;
3232:tetractys
2993: (
2963:Masoretes
2951:,
2937:,
2927:,
2894:Babylonia
2886:Jerusalem
2843:ineffable
2671:Theodoret
2641:(Ia) and
2526:, France.
2419:AqBurkitt
2389:Symmachus
1427:Ἁλληλουϊά
1366: (
1333:Kittel's
1198:Theodoret
1124:found at
1100:found at
1001:epigraphy
748:signalled
708: (
678: (
608: (
567:Masoretes
435: (
421: (
396: he
378: (
370:Etymology
243: (
233: (
210: (
92: (
9264:Ik Onkar
9259:Waheguru
9198:Osanobua
9141:Jahbulon
9094:Haneunim
9039:El Elyon
8987:Tad Ekam
8938:Trimurti
8894:Mahadevi
8889:Bhagavan
8817:In Islam
8706:6 August
8700:Archived
8674:6 August
8665:archived
8622:Archived
8599:Archived
8581:(1997).
8435:: 1–32.
8317:Archived
8201:(2014).
8177:Archived
8138:Archived
8112:Archived
8046:. 2008.
7974:Archived
7946:Archived
7944:. 2014.
7830:Archived
7798:Archived
7735:(1985),
7711:Archived
7693:(2000).
7666:Archived
7634:Archived
7510:Archived
7457:Archived
7406:Archived
7364:Panarion
7344:Eusebius
7328:Archived
7300:Stromata
7264:I, 94:2)
7212:Archived
7171:Archived
7132:Archived
7098:Archived
7071:Archived
7019:Archived
6991:6 August
6985:Archived
6937:6 August
6931:Archived
6892:Archived
6851:Archived
6827:(2014).
6803:Archived
6764:Archived
6743:Archived
6707:Archived
6683:Archived
6651:6 August
6645:Archived
6594:6 August
6585:Archived
6562:6 August
6553:Archived
6519:Archived
6446:6 August
6440:Archived
6401:Archived
6289:6 August
6283:Archived
6265:(2018).
6160:Archived
6134:Archived
6108:Archived
6082:Archived
6062:30 March
6034:Archived
5957:Archived
5919:Archived
5874:Archived
5813:Archived
5738:Archived
5703:Archived
5665:(1911).
5603:Archived
5527:Archived
5498:Archived
5459:Archived
5257:Archived
5218:Archived
5179:Archived
5110:(1994).
5041:Archived
5002:Archived
4963:Archived
4857:Archived
4828:Archived
4820:(1707).
4655:Archived
4616:Archived
4587:Archived
4532:Archived
4493:Archived
4454:Archived
4415:Archived
4376:Archived
4282:Archived
4258:The New
4175:Archived
4159: ;
4147:"Yahweh"
4096:Archived
4022:Archived
3940:Archived
3931:Psalm 96
3883:(large).
3703:See also
3637:Anglican
3633:Lutheran
3603:Holy See
3540:Tympanum
3483:and the
3477:Slavonic
3432:Peshitta
3294:Sephirot
3280:triangle
3224:gematria
3203:Yetzirah
3183:Atziluth
3131:gematria
3062:Kabbalah
3056:Kabbalah
2940:Eloheinu
2835:Simon II
2829:(either
2739:Peshitta
2733:Peshitta
2709:
2621:Eusebius
2617:Porphyry
2551:Irenaeus
2483:Origen's
2413:AqTaylor
2177:a priori
2133:𐤉𐤄𐤅𐤄
1460:אֱלֹהִים
1416:/
1407:acrostic
1381:אֱלֹהִים
1338:and the
1168:theonyms
1152:Tel Arad
1108:and his
998:Egyptian
963:/
955:/
947:/
833:Akkadian
780:Jehovah.
768:the Lord
766:
668:and the
637:אֱלֹהִים
346:
321:
301:
281:
261:), are:
231:אֱלֹהִים
190:Talmudic
9276:Jehovah
9244:The One
9218:Tianzhu
9208:Shangdi
9161:Mulungu
9119:Acintya
9078:Manitou
9024:Ein Sof
9004:Cao Đài
8992:Purusha
8977:Ishvara
8958:Krishna
8914:Parvati
8909:Lakshmi
8899:Tridevi
8884:Brahman
8879:Bathala
8552:Sources
7904:today."
7902:mitzvah
7751:Tosefta
7717:3 March
7642:Iehouah
7427:ἄῤῥητον
6898:3 March
6857:3 March
6809:3 March
5675:(ed.).
5609:3 March
5533:28 July
5504:29 July
4969:27 July
4766:3262791
4661:27 July
4517:Genesis
4478:Genesis
3972:’Elohim
3967:’Elohim
3653:Jehovah
3631:In the
3607:liturgy
3596:Dominus
3563:Dominus
3550:In the
3451:dominus
3428:Vulgate
3403:Jehovah
3381:Dominus
3377:Vulgate
3193:Beri'ah
3166:Sefirot
3092:is and
3029:Genizah
2991:אֲדֹנָי
2925:אֲדֹנָי
2917:Halakha
2906:Mishnah
2872:in the
2868:of the
2866:liturgy
2831:Simon I
2812:Jahwist
2802:Judaism
2774:Dominus
2769:Vulgate
2763:Vulgate
2629:(Ieuo);
2561:Sabaoth
2487:Hexapla
1638:In the
1598:
1582:Yǝhōwih
1579:
1577:יְהֹוִה
1560:
1543:Yĕhōwih
1540:
1538:יֱהֹוִה
1524:Yǝhōwāh
1521:
1519:יְהֹוָה
1501:
1456:אֲדֹנָי
1377:יֱהֹוִה
1373:אֲדֹנָי
1364:יְהֹוָה
1346:masorah
1286:iaōouēe
1281:ιαωουηε
1176:Aramaic
1110:Asherah
1106:Samaria
1024:ja-h-wa
1020:ja-h-wi
1009:Pharaoh
981:יְהֹוָה
969:יְהֹוָה
965:Yehovah
961:יְהֹוָה
953:יַהְוֶה
945:יַהְוֹה
836:ibašši-
825:Amorite
790:Jehovah
772:יַהְוֶה
764:יְהֹוָה
740:יַהְוֶה
730:Jehovah
714:Aramaic
645:יֱהֹוִה
641:יְהֹוָה
606:אֲדֹנָי
543:
400:
393:transl.
241:הַשֵּׁם
208:אֲדֹנָי
203:Yehovah
174:
157:except
143:Jehovah
108:in the
87:theonym
9326:Yahweh
9288:Yahweh
9186:Ọlọrun
9034:Elohim
9009:Chukwu
8948:Vishnu
8943:Brahma
8837:Adonai
8692:
8628:11 May
8605:19 May
8591:
8567:
8522:
8497:
8472:
8449:
8381:
8358:15 May
8326:17 May
8238:
8211:
8183:19 May
8169:
8068:
8022:
7836:19 May
7822:
7804:19 May
7790:
7749:Yoma;
7703:
7612:
7594:
7588:528619
7586:
7578:
7539:, or "
7488:
7223:
7177:19 May
7163:
7138:19 May
7124:
7077:19 May
7063:
6977:
6923:
6884:
6843:
6795:
6749:19 May
6735:
6637:
6617:
6513:
6505:
6432:
6407:19 May
6393:
6370:
6329:
6275:
6209:(1953)
5963:19 May
5949:
5866:
5551:
5490:
5453:
5445:
5407:
5318:
5263:19 May
5249:
5224:19 May
5210:
5185:19 May
5171:
5139:
5047:19 May
5033:
5008:19 May
4994:
4955:
4928:
4797:
4764:
4711:
4684:
4647:
4593:4 July
4561:
4538:19 May
4524:
4499:19 May
4485:
4460:19 May
4446:
4407:
4368:
4341:
4311:
4207:
4167:
4102:19 May
4088:
4011:(gen.
4009:gramma
3902:Elohim
3861:Yahweh
3831:-ə-ton
3713:Arabic
3687:Qur’an
3647:Yahweh
3592:Iahveh
3567:Iahveh
3473:Arabic
3469:Coptic
3457:ܡܳܪܝܳܐ
3454:, and
3446:kyrios
3441:κύριος
3436:Syriac
3397:Yahweh
3379:where
3350:, 1772
3246:says:
3213:Assiah
3195:, the
3175:: the
3118:Nukvah
3104:; the
3035:, and
3013:gemara
2996:Adonai
2969:) and
2967:niqqud
2959:HaShem
2930:Adonai
2882:Talmud
2870:Temple
2810:, the
2791:Adonai
2787:Adonai
2779:Adonai
2748:ܡܳܪܝܳܐ
2743:Syriac
2726:Jerome
2651:Jerome
2613:(Iao);
2605:Origen
2598:ἰὰ οὐὲ
2581:adytum
2573:(Iao);
2547:(Iao);
2262:Origen
2241:Adonai
2237:Kurios
2233:Adonai
2201:Κύριος
2143:: the
2107:Adonai
2033:(11QT)
1742:1QpHab
1690:SQUARE
1617:hataf
1601:Yǝhwih
1596:יְהוִה
1563:Yĕhwih
1558:יֱהוִה
1504:Yǝhwāh
1499:יְהוָה
1398:, and
1394:, the
1350:Adonai
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