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speed. To mitigate this, large xenon short-arc lamps are normally shipped in protective shields, which will contain the envelope fragments should breakage occur. Normally, the shield is removed once the lamp is installed in the lamp housing. When the lamp reaches the end of its useful life, the protective shield is put back on the lamp, and the spent lamp is then removed from the equipment and discarded. As lamps age, the risk of failure increases, so bulbs being replaced are at the greatest risk of explosion. Lamp manufacturers recommend the use of eye protection when handling xenon short-arc lamps. Some lamps, especially those used in IMAX projectors, require the use of full-body protective clothing.
272:
contribution to this achievement was its thorough research of xenon discharge physics, which directed its developments towards very short arcs for DC operation with a particular electrode and bulb geometry. The cathode is kept small to reach high temperatures for thermionic emission, the anode being larger to dissipate the heat generated as incoming electrons are decelerated. Most light is generated immediately in front of the cathode tip, where arc temperatures reach 10,000 °C. The plasma is accelerated towards the anode and stabilised by the electrode shapes plus intrinsic magnetic compression generated by the current flow, and convection effects controlled by the bulb shape.
759:, literally "lamp xenon DKST" were characterized by high wattages ranging from 2 kW to 100 kW. The lamps operated in a peculiar discharge regime where the plasma was thermalized, that is, the electrons were not significantly hotter than the gas itself. Under these conditions a positive current-voltage curve was demonstrated. This allowed the larger common sizes such as 5 and 10 kW to operate directly from mains AC at 110 and 220 volts respectively without a ballast – only a series igniter was necessary to start the arc.
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Xenon short-arc lamps also are manufactured with a ceramic body and an integral reflector. They are available in many output power ratings with either UV-transmitting or blocking windows. The reflector options are parabolic (for collimated light) or elliptical (for focused light). They are used in a
563:
In a pure xenon lamp, the majority of the light is generated within a tiny, pinpoint-sized cloud of plasma situated where the electron stream leaves the face of the cathode. The light generation volume is cone-shaped, and the luminous intensity falls off exponentially moving from cathode to anode.
593:
As in a pure xenon lamp, the majority of the light produced radiates from a pinpoint-sized cloud of plasma near the face of the cathode. However, the plasma cloud in a xenon-mercury lamp is often smaller than that of a pure xenon lamp of equivalent size, due to the electron stream losing its energy
534:
To achieve maximum efficiency, the xenon gas inside short-arc lamps is maintained at an extremely high pressure — up to 30 atmospheres (440 psi / 3040 kPa) — which poses safety concerns. If a lamp is dropped or ruptures while in service, pieces of the lamp envelope can be thrown at high
518:
seals the tube, so that the naked electrodes do not contact the water. In low power applications the electrodes are too cold for efficient electron emission and are not cooled. In high power applications an additional water cooling circuit for each electrode is necessary. To reduce cost, the water
263:
Interest in the xenon discharge was first aroused by P. Schulz in 1944, following his discovery of its near-continuous spectrum and high colour rendering white light. Owing to wartime limitations on the availability of this noble gas, significant progress was not made until John
Aldington of the
762:
The lamps produced around 30 lumens/watt, which is about double the efficiency of the tungsten incandescent lamp, but less than more modern sources such as metal halide. They had the advantage of no mercury content, convective air cooling, no high pressure rupture risk, and nearly perfect color
573:
close to 100. However, even in a high pressure lamp there are some very strong emission lines in the near infrared, roughly in the region from 850 to 900 nm. This spectral region can contain about 10% of the total emitted light. Light intensity ranges from 20,000 to 500,000 cd/cm. An
242:
and then re-filled with xenon gas. For xenon flashtubes, a third "trigger" electrode usually surrounds the exterior of the arc tube. The lifetime of a xenon arc lamp varies according to its design and power consumption, with a major manufacturer quoting average lifetimes ranging from 500 hours
271:
company to further develop the technology as a replacement for carbon arcs in cinema projection. The xenon lamp promised tremendous advantages of a more stable arc with less flicker, and its non-consumable electrodes allowed longer films to be shown without interruptions. Osram's primary
763:
rendition. Due to low efficiency and competition from more common lamp types, few installations remain today, but where they do, they can be recognized by a characteristic rectangular/elliptical reflector, and crisp blue-white light from a relatively long tubular source.
752:
Though not commonly known outside of Russia and the former Soviet satellite countries, long arc xenon lamps were used for general illumination of large areas such as rail stations, sports arenas, mining operations, and nuclear power plant high bay spaces. These lamps,
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in a xenon short-arc lamp either has to be much larger than the cathode or be water-cooled, to dissipate the heat. The output of a pure xenon short-arc lamp offers fairly continuous spectral power distribution with a color temperature of about 6200K and
137:
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UV blocking coating on the envelope and are sold as "ozone free" lamps. These "ozone free" lamps are used commonly in indoor applications, where proper ventilation is not easily accessible. Some lamps have envelopes made out of ultra-pure synthetic
139:
332:
The very small size of the arc makes it possible to focus the light from the lamp with moderate precision. For this reason, xenon arc lamps of smaller sizes, down to 10 watts, are used in optics and in precision illumination for
136:
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which can produce a truly diffraction-limited spot. Larger lamps are employed in searchlights where narrow beams of light are generated, or in film production lighting where daylight simulation is required.
514:
Because of the very high power levels involved, large lamps are water-cooled. In those used in IMAX projectors, the electrode bodies are made from solid Invar and tipped with thoriated tungsten. An
622:
A Cermax 2 kW xenon lamp from a video projector. A pair of heatsinks are clamped on the two metal bands around the perimeter, which also double to supply power to the lamp's electrodes.
663:. Because of these characteristics, xenon short-arc lamps require a proper power supply that operates without flickering in the flame, which could ultimately damage the electrodes.
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with a high voltage pulse of 20 to 50kV. As an example, a 450 W lamp operates normally at 18 V and 25 A once started. They are also inherently unstable, prone to phenomena such as
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135:
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Xenon short-arc lamps come in two distinct varieties: pure xenon, which contains only xenon gas; and xenon-mercury, which contains xenon gas and a small amount of
737:
These are structurally similar to short-arc lamps except that the distance between the electrodes in glass tube is greatly elongated. When mounted within an
275:
Following these developments, the first successful public projection using xenon light was performed on 30 October 1950, when excerpts from a colour film (
1112:
837:
Die Neuen Xenon-Hochdrucklampen, K. Ittig, K. Larché, F. Michalk, Technisch-wissenschaftliche
Abhandlungen der Osram-Gesellschaft, Vol.6 (1953) pp33-38.
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wide variety of applications, such as video projectors, fiber optic illuminators, endoscope and headlamp lighting, dental lighting, and search lights.
487:
electrodes. Fused quartz is the only economically feasible material currently available that can withstand the high pressure (25 atmospheres for an
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of input power. Today, almost all movie projectors in theaters employ these lamps, with power ratings ranging from 900 watts up to 12 kW.
281:) were shown during the 216th session of the German Cinematographic Society in Berlin. The technology was commercially introduced by German
342:
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373:, ozone. Equipment that uses short-arc lamps as the light source must contain UV radiation shielding and prevent ozone build-up.
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is starting to establish a market presence and has been predicted to supersede the xenon arc lamp for this application.
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reflector, these lamps are frequently used to simulate sunlight in brief flashes, often for photography. Typical uses include
325:(Imax Dome) projection systems use single xenon lamps with ratings as high as 15 kW. As of 2016, laser illumination for
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353:. Xenon has strong spectral lines in the UV bands, and these readily pass through the fused quartz lamp envelope unlike the
61:
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more rapidly to the heavier mercury atoms. Xenon-mercury short-arc lamps have a bluish-white spectrum and extremely high
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The white continuous light generated by the xenon arc is spectrally similar to daylight, but the lamp has a rather low
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molecules in the air surrounding the lamp, causing them to ionize. Some of the ionized molecules then recombine as O
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Gas Arcs, J.N. Aldington, Transactions of the
Illuminating Engineering Society of London, Vol.14 (1949) pp19-51.
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to make it electrically non-conductive, which lets the quartz or some laser media dissolve into the water.
385:(such as "Suprasidh"), which roughly doubles the cost, but which allows them to emit useful light into the
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High-speed, slow-motion video of a xenon flashtube recorded at a speed of 44,025 frames per second.
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For some applications, such as endoscopy and dental technology, light guide systems are included.
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Electrons passing through the plasma cloud strike the anode, causing it to heat. As a result, the
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bulb) and high temperature present in an operating lamp, while still being optically clear. The
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for age testing of materials, rapid thermal processing, material inspection and sintering.
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example is the "XBO lamp", which is an OSRAM trade name for a pure xenon short-arc lamp.
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used in standard lamps; fused quartz readily passes UV radiation unless it is specially
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182:, and for specialized uses in industry and research. For example, Xenon arc lamps and
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Perspective view of 3 kW lamp showing plastic safety shield used during shipping.
361:. The UV radiation released by a short-arc lamp can cause a secondary problem of
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like other gas discharge lamps. They are operated at low-voltage, high-current,
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and other instruments, although in modern times they are being displaced by
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885:"Example of article discussing laser illumination replacing the xenon arc"
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alloy, which are then melted into the quartz to form the envelope seal.
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389:. These lamps are normally operated in a pure nitrogen atmosphere.
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gas at high pressure. It produces a bright white light to simulate
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All modern xenon short-arc lamps use a fused quartz envelope with
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Technik der
Spezial-Entladungslampen, publ. Osram GmbH 1989, p24.
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Edelgasbögen, P.Schulz, Reichsbericht f.Physik, Vol.1 (1944) p147
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An end-view of a 15 kW IMAX lamp showing the liquid-cooling ports
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A 1 kW xenon short-arc lamp power supply with the cover removed.
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characteristics. Because tungsten and quartz have different
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British
Siemens lamp company published his research in 1949.
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circuits are often not separated and the water needs to be
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503:, the tungsten electrodes are welded to strips of pure
871:"Christie announces installation of laser projectors"
255:
An early short arc xenon lamp from around 1954, the
16:
Gas discharge lamp that produces intense white light
159:that produces light by passing electricity through
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1963:
495:dopant in the electrodes greatly enhances their
413:100 W xenon/mercury short-arc lamp in reflector
349:All xenon short-arc lamps generate substantial
267:This triggered intensive efforts at the German
205:can be roughly divided into three categories:
598:output. These lamps are used primarily for UV
937:
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538:
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745:testing (with the use of optical filters),
705:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
451:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
212:continuous-output xenon long-arc lamps, and
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218:(which are usually considered separately).
725:Learn how and when to remove this message
471:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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209:continuous-output xenon short-arc lamps,
132:
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1964:
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293:(XBO1001) these lamps saw wide use in
238:at each end. The glass tube is first
186:are the two most common lamps used in
925:
365:generation. The UV radiation strikes
857:"Osram-Stud Short Arc Xenon XBO1001"
703:adding citations to reliable sources
670:
449:adding citations to reliable sources
416:
392:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
891:
589:A xenon arc lamp (Osram XBO 4000W).
547:Output profile of a xenon arc lamp.
125:15 kW xenon short-arc lamp used in
13:
243:(7 kW) to 1,500 (1 kW).
14:
1988:
501:coefficients of thermal expansion
343:white light supercontinuum lasers
285:in 1952. First produced in the 2
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645:negative temperature coefficient
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151:is a highly specialized type of
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1461:Parabolic aluminized reflector
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34:needs additional citations for
1406:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
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643:Xenon short-arc lamps have a
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317:of visible light output per
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1651:Automotive light bulb types
1501:Intelligent street lighting
816:"Dr. John Norman Aldington"
793:"Ushio - product data page"
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10:
1993:
1414:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide
539:Light generation mechanism
327:digital theater projectors
289:size (XBO2001), and the 1
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1914:Battlefield illumination
1671:high-intensity discharge
1103:Electrochemiluminescence
606:objects, and generating
339:single mode laser diodes
226:or other heat resistant
196:
191:fluorescence microscopes
1774:Electroluminescent wire
170:, with applications in
1456:Multifaceted reflector
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1846:ellipsoidal reflector
1451:Ellipsoidal reflector
1135:Fluorescent induction
1113:field-induced polymer
773:List of light sources
756:Лампа ксеноновая ДКСТ
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571:color rendering index
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351:ultraviolet radiation
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1683:Rear position lights
1656:Daytime running lamp
1584:Mechanically powered
1471:Aviation obstruction
902:"OSRAM SYVLANIA XBO"
699:improve this section
667:Xenon long-arc-lamps
445:improve this section
43:improve this article
1972:Gas discharge lamps
1091:Electron-stimulated
614:Ceramic xenon lamps
222:Each consists of a
1934:Luminous gemstones
1108:Electroluminescent
1086:Cathodoluminescent
657:plasma oscillation
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624:
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485:thoriated tungsten
415:
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376:Many lamps have a
355:borosilicate glass
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153:gas discharge lamp
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1959:
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1476:Balanced-arm lamp
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1316:Yablochkov candle
1184:Acetylene/Carbide
1154:Radioluminescence
1026:Luminous efficacy
972:Color temperature
735:
734:
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497:electron emission
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393:Lamp construction
230:arc tube, with a
216:xenon flash lamps
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1759:Christmas lights
1693:Safety reflector
1688:Reversing lights
1623:Navigation light
1574:Bicycle lighting
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1142:Photoluminescent
1125:Fluorescent lamp
1098:Chemiluminescent
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1014:Bi-pin lamp base
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387:vacuum UV region
299:carbon arc lamps
295:movie projection
278:Schwarzwaldmädel
172:movie projectors
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58:"Xenon arc lamp"
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914:on 2013-07-18.
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391:
370:
306:
303:
259:-STUD XBO 1001
248:
245:
220:
219:
213:
210:
198:
195:
157:electric light
149:xenon arc lamp
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1989:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
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1950:
1947:
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1937:
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1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:Infrared lamp
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1854:
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1618:Laser pointer
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1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1521:Pendant light
1519:
1517:
1516:Neon lighting
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
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1422:
1418:
1412:
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1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1391:Mercury-vapor
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
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1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:Deuterium arc
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1326:Gas discharge
1323:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
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1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1031:Task lighting
1029:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
993:
990:
988:
987:Light fixture
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
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968:
965:
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958:
954:
947:
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910:
903:
897:
895:
887:. 2014-02-22.
886:
880:
872:
866:
858:
852:
843:
834:
825:
817:
811:
802:
795:. 2017-04-18.
794:
788:
784:
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771:
770:
764:
760:
750:
748:
744:
740:
729:
726:
718:
708:
704:
700:
694:
693:
689:
684:This section
682:
678:
673:
672:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
637:
628:
620:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
587:
581:Xenon-mercury
578:
575:
572:
567:
556:
554:
545:
536:
528:
524:
522:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
475:
472:
464:
461:February 2024
454:
450:
446:
440:
439:
435:
430:This section
428:
424:
419:
418:
412:
407:
399:
390:
388:
384:
379:
374:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
344:
340:
336:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:
273:
270:
265:
258:
253:
244:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
206:
204:
194:
192:
189:
185:
184:mercury lamps
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
162:
158:
154:
150:
128:
123:
113:
110:
102:
99:February 2012
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1794:Strobe light
1789:Plasma globe
1764:Crackle tube
1754:Bubble light
1715:trafficators
1710:Turn signals
1536:Street light
1491:Gas lighting
1424:Sodium vapor
1396:Metal-halide
1362:
1298:Electric arc
1050:Incandescent
1019:Edison screw
909:the original
879:
865:
851:
842:
833:
824:
810:
801:
787:
761:
751:
736:
721:
715:January 2020
712:
697:Please help
685:
642:
625:
592:
576:
562:
550:
533:
513:
482:
467:
458:
443:Please help
431:
383:fused silica
375:
348:
331:
313:in terms of
308:
305:Modern usage
276:
274:
266:
262:
224:fused quartz
221:
200:
180:searchlights
148:
146:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1939:Signal lamp
1893:Stroboscope
1769:DJ lighting
1705:Stop lights
1676:sealed beam
1628:Searchlight
1368:Xenon flash
1311:Klieg light
1159:Solid-state
1120:Fluorescent
1078:Luminescent
604:sterilizing
335:microscopes
1966:Categories
1883:Grow light
1878:Germicidal
1868:Scientific
1865:Industrial
1821:Floodlight
1807:Theatrical
1749:Blacklight
1744:Aroma lamp
1733:Decorative
1643:Automotive
1633:Solar lamp
1596:Glow stick
1579:Flashlight
1511:Nightlight
1506:Light tube
1481:Chandelier
1438:Stationary
1380:discharge
1306:Carbon arc
1176:Combustion
1042:generation
1040:Methods of
779:References
743:solar cell
739:elliptical
559:Pure xenon
505:molybdenum
188:wide-field
129:projectors
69:newspapers
1949:Reflected
1929:Light art
1841:Spotlight
1826:Footlight
1811:Cinematic
1779:Lava lamp
1541:in the US
1446:Reflector
1363:Xenon arc
1344:Neon lamp
1273:Rushlight
1253:Limelight
1002:Hong Kong
686:does not
521:deionized
507:metal or
432:does not
378:shortwave
240:evacuated
236:electrode
203:arc lamps
1661:Headlamp
1601:Headlamp
1589:Tactical
1567:Portable
1548:Torchère
1229:Petromax
1224:Kerosene
1194:Campfire
1164:LED lamp
960:Concepts
953:Lighting
767:See also
311:efficacy
232:tungsten
176:theaters
168:sunlight
1944:Sources
1898:Tanning
1784:Marquee
1729:Display
1613:Lantern
1606:outdoor
1558:Troffer
1401:ceramic
1258:Luchina
1236:Lantern
1129:compact
1127: (
1063:Halogen
1058:Regular
707:removed
692:sources
555:metal.
553:mercury
493:thorium
453:removed
438:sources
323:Omnimax
247:History
161:ionized
83:scholar
1666:hidden
1531:Sconce
1356:Sulfur
1351:Plasma
1283:Tilley
1278:Safety
1241:Fanous
1204:Carcel
1199:Candle
1189:Argand
1068:Nernst
997:Hawaii
600:curing
516:O-ring
367:oxygen
315:lumens
234:metal
201:Xenon
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1977:Xenon
1924:Laser
1836:Scoop
1463:(PAR)
1416:(HQI)
1408:(HMI)
1382:(HID)
1288:Torch
1246:Paper
1214:Flare
982:Glare
912:(PDF)
905:(PDF)
608:ozone
566:anode
509:Invar
411:Osram
363:ozone
359:doped
283:Osram
269:Osram
257:Osram
228:glass
197:Types
178:, in
164:xenon
155:, an
90:JSTOR
76:books
1831:Gobo
1339:Neon
1209:Diya
690:any
688:cite
659:and
489:IMAX
436:any
434:cite
341:and
319:watt
127:IMAX
62:news
1268:Oil
1219:Gas
701:by
447:by
409:An
174:in
45:by
1968::
893:^
649:DC
610:.
596:UV
301:.
291:kW
287:kW
193:.
147:A
1131:)
945:e
938:t
931:v
873:.
859:.
818:.
728:)
722:(
717:)
713:(
709:.
695:.
474:)
468:(
463:)
459:(
455:.
441:.
371:3
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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