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529:, that their presence would antagonize the official and peasant classes, and that their competition would destroy the livelihood of porters and ferrymen along the canals, leading them to banditry. Whereas canals assisted irrigation along their routes and could not be stolen, railways would inevitably occupy and pollute arable land and invite theft. Even supporters of railways insisted that it was essential to keep any lines Chinese-controlled and to oppose foreign ones.
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line's initial five freight cars were converted to passenger use in May 1876, twelve 5 ton–capacity replacements were delivered from
Britain shortly later. The foreign diplomats also made no secret of their intention to expand concessions regarding Shanghai into its adjoining territory. During his negotiations over the line, the British secretary Mayers openly claimed that "Woosung is really but a part of the port of Shanghai under the Treaty of Tientsin".
728:
798:. In its year of service, the Woosung Road carried 187,876 passengers, the majority of whom preferred the relatively expensive first- and second-class service. The company posted profits of £27 per mile per week, comparable with British routes. Local Shanghainese entrepreneurs even established a pony-drawn bus service – with both its bus and uniforms modeled on the railroad's – from the Little East Gate of the
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697:. After consultation, they agreed that the Chinese would permit construction to continue so long as the British ceased to employ the locomotive and that both would seek further instruction from their superiors. Upon being notified of the railway, Shen Baozhen ordered the circuit intendant to suspend all work: this failed, but workmen,
793:
Meanwhile, the company continued work on the line. On
December 1, 1876, the extension to Wusong was completed and opened, with six cars running six round trips daily. By February, demand was great enough to increase the number of cars to nine, necessitating the use of dual locomotives on each run. At
781:
285,000, payable in three installments over the course of the next year, at which point they would acquire complete ownership and management of the line. Jardine's agreed to sell in the interest of establishing a native rail network it could supply and help capitalize. At then-current exchange rates,
760:
On August 3, a local man was killed and
Chinese troops from the Wusong garrison were stationed along the railway. The train driver David Banks was charged with manslaughter, but tried in a Western tribunal and acquitted on the grounds that the train had sounded and the suspicion the victim had been a
818:
However, as the foreigners made clear among themselves and to the
Chinese, they intended to convert the railway to a freight line, competing with the China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company and forcing the issue of opening Wusong as a continuation of their concessions at Shanghai. Although the
822:
Moreover, the importance of the line to the foreigners had already allowed Li
Hongzheng to interfere with and even usurp Shen's authority within Jiangsu as a corollary to his authority over treaty negotiations. The line's purchases and operation increased property values, but divided farms and
1067:
assisting him and adding public land to the lot. The dibao received 2,950 and 1,200 lashes with a bamboo rod, respectively; Li received only 500 but the experience killed him. The
British consul protested returning the land for months, but was forced to yield owing to the fraud and the land's
710:
met with the circuit intendant of
Shanghai six times in mid-April concerning a Chinese purchase of the railway; both concurred in principle but differed on how long Jardine's would continue its management role. Mayers demanded eight years, Feng would only permit three. Adamant objection from
989:
by Peter Crush (柯睿思) and Baiyu Shang (尚白宇) (downloaded 03.02.2022). A series of research articles on the "researchgate.net" academic website about narrow gauge railways built in China during the Qing dynasty and the early 20th
Century. Full texts are available for download from the links.
810:
The profit of the line made the
British expectant of continued Chinese operation: in April, they engaged their foreign employees to another 18 months of service and, in September, ordered a fourth and larger locomotive. The railway's chief engineer, Morrison, even visited the officials at
518:
made strenuous cases for the adoption of western technology in 1865, cases that were picked up first by
Shanghainese merchants and then by the Imperial bureaucracy itself in a heated debate from 1866 to 1867, which ultimately decided to continue opposition to foreign-controlled rail.
703:, and landowners came under such pressure that the company considered the agreement vitiated and restored the locomotive on March 20. Wade ordered the British naval commander to Shanghai and provided for protection against any local interference against the workmen.
826:
The Chinese authorities took possession of the line in October, 1877, after which Shen had the railway disassembled. He answered the local pro-railroad petition with another which opposed it. At the same time, he also blocked French attempts to open a new road to
756:
and local businessmen, this section was opened to passenger traffic on July 3. Over the next month, receipts averaged $ 40–60 a day. Business was brisk enough to necessitate adding an extra round trip to the original six on July 22.
777:, into the negotiations in Shanghai and Nanjing. These lasted throughout October, but on the 24th, the Qing government signed with Wade "The Articles of Purchasing the Wusong Railway", which committed them to provide the railway's owners
522:
Objections raised then and subsequently included that lines would facilitate foreign interference with – and invasions of – the interior, that railways' straight lines promoted bad
575:
with a 200-share issue in 1865. Distributing shares to local businessmen did not succeed in winning official approval and land purchases were far more expensive than expected. The company stopped work in 1867.
845:
to help develop the coal mines there – failed to materialize on account of mishandling during shipment and lack of funds. Instead the equipment was dumped along the shore and left to rust.
601:
and the local Shanghainese – the ultimate intention would be conversion to rail. As the construction of a Chinese railway was a clear violation of Article VIII of the 1868
587:
605:, American interests in the enterprise were sold to Jardine's Woosung Road Company, which extended the Danish telegraph from Wusong south to Shanghai along its right-of-way on 12
1577:
1257:
597:
began purchasing and leasing a 15-yard (14 m) –wide strip of land within the American Concession, although it was common knowledge – both among the
375:'s backwardness and insularity, despite the road's admitted illegality and numerous legitimate objections voiced by the Chinese during its construction and operation.
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lines to Shanghai in 1870 and its eventual protection by local authorities against theft and disruption in the summer of 1872 suggested a course forward.
471:, which thought it might impact established shipping. A request of 20 July 1863 by 27 firms for a Shanghai-to-Suzhou line was similarly rejected by the
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to discuss construction of an extension for the line. A local petition was circulated among the Shanghainese requesting its continued operation.
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Shanghai : a handbook for travellers and residents to the chief objects of interest in and around the foreign settlements and native city
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noticed that public land at Wusong had been fraudulently sold to the "road" and demanded its repurchase and a ban on any road crossing the
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proximity to numerous official buildings including the Wusong battery and the Baoshan magistrate's office. (Confus, 664–665.)
841:'s obituary of Shen. The annoyance was compounded when the initial plan – to ship the rails and rolling stock to
1473:
564:
364:. Surreptitiously conceived and constructed, it ran for less than a year before it was purchased and dismantled by the Qing
378:
Its route – still primarily rural as late as the turn of the century – now forms part of the
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to enter Wusong proper. His subsequent discovery that its conversion to rail had been previously mooted and was known to
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on July 28, 1874, to raise capital for imported British rails and rolling stock, which arrived on December 18, 1875.
419:, European and American diplomats and merchants began to advocate for the development of railroads within China. The
349:
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On June 30, 1876, the line was completed as far as Jiangwan. After two days of complimentary and publicity runs for
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A local named Li K'un-yung had leased land belonging to his widowed sister-in-law to the company, with two local
424:
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Nonetheless, officials at Shanghai were repeatedly troubled about constructing a railway between the city and a
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this was equivalent to a £95,000 return on a £20,000 investment. Although Wade had originally only asked for
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port, as the mouth of the Suzhou Creek continued to silt up, obstructing deep-bottomed foreign vessels.
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1414:. Cornell University Library. Shanghai ; Hongkong : Kelly & Walsh. pp. 115, 132.
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was established separately to manage purchases and planning for the railway. A third company, the
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300,000 within 24 hours simply to take immediate possession of the line before another incident.
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371:. The line would not be rebuilt for twenty years. This fate was a commonly invoked symbol of the
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8:
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The Great Northern Telegraph Company: an Outline of the Company's History 1869–1969
963:
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444:
1494:
Lightning Wires: the Telegraph and China's Technological Modernization, 1860–1890
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Hart, Robert. Journal entry. 24 July 1865. Op. cit. Smith, Richard J. & al. (eds.)
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Stormogulen: C.F. Tietgen - en Finansmand, Hans Imperium og Hans tid 1829–1901
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The Dragon and the Iron Horse: the Economics of Railroads in China, 1876–1937
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ran its first trials on about a mile of track on February 14. Within a week, the
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in 1859 and again in 1864. These proposals were rejected even by the foreign-led
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and by March 1865 the company was recruiting thousands of workers directly from
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WOOSUNG ROAD -the story of China's First Railway, Peter Crush, Hong Kong 1999.
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August 1873. The revived company was led by Jardine's British Shanghai chief
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Robert Hart and China's Early Modernization: His Journals, 1863–1866
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The Thistle and the Jade: A Celebration of 175 Years of Jardine Matheson
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in particular started to champion rail connections from the interior to
1341:"Confucian Patriotism and the Destruction of the Woosung Railway, 1877"
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664:
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The opening of the Woosung Road, as depicted by the September 2, 1876,
489:, who composed an influential treatise, "The 7 No's", on the occasion.
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this point, the train had 130 seats and would sometimes carry 250 on
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However, in 1864, American Chinese began to be employed by the
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Remnant of the Tiantong'an Station on the Woosung railway in
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and British ones to extend Markham Road and Cemetery Road.
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suicide. Given the existing tensions, Thomas Wade used the
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Even before realizing a railway was intended, the regional
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of the Great Northern. Concurrently with this revival, the
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In the winter of 1872–1873, the American vice-consul
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and the concessions to foreign traders following the 1842
1530:
Hart, Robert. Letter. Op. cit. in Huenemann (1984), p. 2.
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obstructed existing streams and canals with low bridges.
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The Woosung railway's path now forms the stretch of the
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complained of the closure incessantly, including in the
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concerning the railway and a full-scale mock-up of the
508:
420:
1280:"Nameless Builders of the Transcontinental Railroad"
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hammered in the first spike on 20 January 1876. The
1515:
The Great Northern Telegraph Company Centenary Book
1433:, pp. 1–5. Harvard Univ. Asia Center, 1984.
1603:Handbook of World Exchange Rates, 1590–1914
1461:
1230:Privatized Infrastructure: the Role of Government
1026:, although that name more properly refers to the
1630:
134:
1497:, pp. 81 ff. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997.
769:to include advisors from the more conciliatory
749:set the line's record, reaching 25 mph.
693:had written a protest to the British consul
1462:Keswick, Maggie; Weatherall, Clara (2008).
1387:, p. 304. Harvard Univ. Asia Center, 1991.
1030:which ran principally along the same route.
1600:Schneider, Jurgen & Denzel, Markus A.
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886:includes original Chinese-language
443:, the engineer responsible for the
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1649:History of rail transport in China
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1233:, pp. 45 ff. Thos. Telford, 1999.
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959:History of rail transport in China
586:of a riverine line connecting the
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1664:2 ft 6 in gauge railways in China
906:The "Celestial Empire" locomotive
1517:. 1969. Op. cit. Glover, Bill. "
1468:. Frances Lincoln. p. 204.
1022:It is sometimes also called the
675:, only increased his annoyance.
647:Woosung Railway Company, Limited
588:Hong Kong–Wusong telegraph
584:Great Northern Telegraph Company
541:The opening of the Woosung road.
425:Jardine, Matheson, & Company
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1254:Shanghai Municipal Government
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688:circuit intendant of Shanghai
673:circuit intendant of Shanghai
484:circuit intendant of Shanghai
469:Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce
407:Following the success of the
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567:initially established the
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745:. On June 12, the 0-6-0
494:Central Pacific Railroad
329:2 ft 6 in
90:2 ft 6 in
1408:Darwent, C. E. (1900).
884:Shanghai Railway Museum
643:Woosung Tramway Company
552:Illustrated London News
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118: mi (14.9 km)
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340:passenger railway in
1345:Modern Asian Studies
1339:Pong, David (1973).
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569:Woosung Road Company
441:MacDonald Stephenson
1659:History of Shanghai
964:History of Shanghai
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680:Gabriel J. Morrison
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1227:Smith, Adrian J.
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1266:(in Chinese)
1260:. 第一章淞沪铁路: "
1228:
1192:
1169:
1160:
1137:
1130:Tiāncháo Hào
1128:
1105:
1096:
1073:
1059:
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1044:
1035:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1007:
1002:
985:
983:
941:
932:Flowery Land
931:
921:
911:
891:
880:Zhanghuabang
876:Baoshan Road
874:between its
870:'s elevated
865:
836:
825:
821:
817:
809:
792:
771:Li Hongzhang
759:
751:
746:
742:
734:
713:Wu Yuan-ping
705:
698:
683:
677:
661:Shen Baozhen
655:
646:
642:
623:Frank Forbes
611:F.B. Johnson
592:
578:
568:
558:
550:
533:Construction
524:
521:
491:
480:Li Hongzhang
406:
382:'s elevated
377:
373:Qing dynasty
369:Shen Baozhen
338:narrow-gauge
323:Wúsōng Tiělù
321:
287:
285:
18:Woosung Road
1558:(in Danish)
1098:Xiāndǎo Hào
1052:Chih-pu-k'o
1008:Wusong Road
843:Qing Taiwan
708:W.F. Mayers
516:Thomas Wade
505:Robert Hart
487:Ying Baoshi
415:ending the
334:762 mm
200:(Kiangwan)
95:762 mm
84:Track gauge
60:Predecessor
1633:Categories
1204:References
1194:Zǒngdū Hào
1162:Huáguó Hào
715:, the new
665:Wenzaobang
403:Background
251:Wenzaobang
1606:, p. 510.
1357:0026-749X
888:memorials
850:Memorials
796:festivals
723:Operation
631:E. Iveson
526:feng shui
498:Guangdong
449:Hong Kong
228:Wusongkou
128:Route map
78:Technical
68:Successor
1585:Archived
1046:Qī Bù Kě
953:See also
800:old town
512:minister
507:and the
473:governor
459:through
457:Calcutta
453:Shanghai
433:Shanghai
342:Shanghai
198:Jiangwan
176:Shanghai
45:Shanghai
36:Overview
942:Viceroy
912:Pioneer
892:Pioneer
829:Zikawei
806:Closure
743:Pioneer
684:Pioneer
658:viceroy
561:Yangtze
509:British
477:Jiangsu
465:Kunming
437:Tianjin
421:British
390:History
366:viceroy
113:⁄
47:, China
1619:
1582:July 3
1552:
1501:
1472:
1437:
1391:
1365:311679
1363:
1355:
1237:
872:Line 3
813:Suzhou
671:, the
651:London
607:
581:Danish
461:Hankou
435:, and
429:Canton
384:Line 3
358:Wusong
320::
318:pinyin
307::
294::
149:Legend
102:Length
41:Locale
1361:JSTOR
1283:(PDF)
1065:dibao
1006:Also
994:Notes
946:0-6-0
936:0-6-0
926:0-6-0
916:0-4-0
740:0-4-0
700:dibao
573:front
571:as a
423:firm
346:China
1617:ISBN
1550:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1435:ISBN
1389:ISBN
1353:ISSN
1262:吴淞铁路
1235:ISBN
878:and
788:Tls.
784:Tls.
779:Tls.
621:and
514:Sir
463:and
451:and
356:and
286:The
63:None
1580:. "
1264:".
1041:七不可
1010:or
633:of
625:of
617:of
475:of
455:to
360:in
1635::
1591:".
1576:.
1564:^
1556:.
1535:^
1484:^
1446:^
1420:^
1400:^
1359:.
1347:.
1343:.
1293:^
1256:.
1246:^
1212:^
1185:總督
1176:总督
1153:華國
1144:华国
1121:天朝
1112:天朝
1089:先導
1080:先导
894:.
802:.
431:,
386:.
344:,
336:)
316:;
313:鐵路
310:吳淞
303:;
300:铁路
297:吴淞
1505:.
1478:.
1441:.
1395:.
1367:.
1349:7
1285:.
1241:.
1188:號
1179:号
1156:號
1147:号
1124:號
1115:号
1092:號
1083:号
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924:(
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862:.
555:.
332:(
290:(
115:4
111:1
108:+
106:9
97:)
93:(
20:)
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