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655:, in 1985, with an extended range and capacity, using a combination of winglets and increased span to carry the additional load. The winglets increased the 747-400's range by 3.5% over the 747-300, which is otherwise aerodynamically identical but has no winglets. Winglets are preferred for Boeing derivative designs based on existing platforms, because they allow maximum re-use of existing components. Newer designs are favoring increased span, other wingtip devices or a combination of both, whenever possible.
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original application that was the focus of the NASA development. Yet, once the advantages of winglets were proven in competition, adoption was swift with gliders. The point difference between the winner and the runner-up in soaring competition is often less than one percent, so even a small improvement in efficiency is a significant competitive advantage. Many non-competition pilots fitted winglets for handling benefits such as increased
1100:
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originating at the leading edge of the wingtip and propagating backwards and inboard. This turbulence 'delaminates' the airflow over a small triangular section of the outboard wing, which destroys lift in that area. The fence/winglet drives the area where the vortex forms upward away from the wing surface, since the center of the resulting vortex is now at the tip of the winglet.
1142:
Glider winglets were originally retrofitted directly to planar wings, with only a small, nearly right-angle, transition area. Once the performance of the winglet itself was optimized, attention was turned to the transition between the wing and winglet. A common application was tapering the transition area from the wing tip
1032:. Others had attempted to apply Whitcomb's winglets to gliders before, and they did improve climb performance, but this did not offset the parasitic drag penalty in high-speed cruise. Masak was convinced it was possible to overcome this hurdle. By trial and error, they ultimately developed successful winglet designs for
1141:
Aircraft designers employed mostly planar wing designs with simple dihedral after World War II, prior to the introduction of winglets. With the wide acceptance of winglets in new sailplane designs of the 1990s, designers sought to further optimize the aerodynamic performance of their wingtip designs.
894:
being located farther aft than for simple extensions of the span of conventional main wings. At high load factors, this relative aft location of the center of pressure causes the raked wingtip to be twisted more leading-edge down, reducing the bending moment on the inboard wing. However, the relative
1146:
to the winglet chord and raking the transition area back, to place the winglet in the optimal position. If the tapered portion was canted upward, the winglet height could also be reduced. Eventually, designers employed multiple non-planar sections, each canting up at a greater angle, dispensing with
503:
convention. It employed the first winglets ever used on a production aircraft, either civilian or military. Learjet developed the winglet design without NASA assistance. Although the Model 28 was intended to be a prototype experimental aircraft, performance was such that it resulted in a production
1174:
Tamarack
Aerospace Group, a company founded in 2010 by aerospace structural engineer Nicholas Guida, has patented an Active Technology Load Alleviation System (ATLAS), a modified version of a wingtip device. The system uses Tamarack Active Camber Surfaces (TACS) to aerodynamically "switch off" the
202:
was a pioneer researcher in the field, having written a technical paper published in 1952 that called for drooped wingtips whose pointed rear tips focused the resulting wingtip vortex away from the upper wing surface. Drooped wingtips are often called "Hoerner tips" in his honor. Gliders and light
1386:
has claimed that their Isis fan, equipped with wingtip devices, has superior efficiency. However, for certain high-volume, low-speed designs, wingtip devices may not improve efficiency. Another application of the same principle was introduced to the keel of the "America's Cup"- winning
Australian
1071:
The Masak winglets were originally retrofitted to production sailplanes, but within 10 years of their introduction, most high-performance gliders were equipped from the factory with winglets or other wingtip devices. It took over a decade for winglets to first appear on a production airliner, the
349:
Winglets and wingtip fences also increase efficiency by reducing vortex interference with laminar airflow near the tips of the wing, by 'moving' the confluence of low-pressure (over wing) and high-pressure (under wing) air away from the surface of the wing. Wingtip vortices create turbulence,
110:
Wingtip devices help prevent the flow around the wingtip of higher pressure air under the wing flowing to the lower pressure surface on top at the wingtip, which results in a vortex caused by the forward motion of the aircraft. Winglets also reduce the lift-induced drag caused by
582:, the first aircraft to circumnavigate the world without refueling in 1986. The aircraft's wingtips were damaged, however, when they dragged along the runway during takeoff, removing about 1 foot (30 cm) from each wingtip, so the flight was made without benefit of winglets.
987:
uses a new type of wingtip device. Resembling a three-way hybrid of a winglet, wingtip fence, and raked wingtip, Boeing claims that this new design should deliver an additional 1.5% improvement in fuel economy over the 10-12% improvement already expected from the 737 MAX.
2608:
Aerodynamic improvements include a reduced diameter and decreased tip speeds. This results in quieter operation and reduced tip vortices. The 90° bend reduces the vortices that, on traditional blades, pick up debris that can contact the blades and cause nicks, gouges and
416:. With careful aeronautical design he showed that, for a given bending moment, a near-vertical winglet offers a greater drag reduction compared to a horizontal span extension. Whitcomb's designs were flight-tested in 1979–80 by a joint NASA/Air Force team, using a
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2129:
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The average commercial jet sees a 4-6 percent increase in fuel efficiency and as much as a 6% decrease in in-flight noise from the use of winglets. Actual fuel savings and the related carbon output can vary significantly by plane, route and flight conditions.
1187:
which is activated when the aircraft senses an oncoming stress event, essentially simulating an actuating wingtip. However, the wingtip itself is fixed and the TACS are the only moving part of the wingtip system. Tamarack first introduced ATLAS for the
85:
devices which function in different manners, their intended effect is always to reduce an aircraft's drag. Wingtip devices can also improve aircraft handling characteristics and enhance safety for following aircraft. Such devices increase the effective
553:
Winglets are also applied to other business aircraft, reducing take-off distance to operate from smaller airports, and allowing higher cruise altitudes. Along winglets on new designs, aftermarket vendors developed retrofits. Winglet
Technology, LLC of
599:
A wingtip fence refers to the winglets including surfaces extending both above and below the wingtip, as described in
Whitcomb's early research. Both surfaces are shorter than or equivalent to a winglet possessing similar aerodynamic benefits. The
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2507:
102:
and would require boosting the strength and weight of the wing. At some point, there is no net benefit from further increased span. There may also be operational considerations that limit the allowable wingspan (e.g., available width at
871:, decreasing lift-induced drag. In testing by Boeing and NASA, they reduce drag by as much as 5.5%, compared to 3.5% to 4.5% for conventional winglets. While an increase in span would be more effective than a same-length winglet, its
504:
commitment from
Learjet. Flight tests showed that the winglets increased range by about 6.5 percent and improved directional stability. Learjet's application of winglets to production aircraft continued with newer models including the
2180:
2137:
206:
The earliest-known implementation of a
Hoerner-style downward-angled "wingtip device" on a jet aircraft was during World War II. This was the so-called "Lippisch-Ohren" (Lippisch-ears), allegedly attributed to the
2657:
To counteract this, the EH101's 'winged-tip' rotor blades create what its pilots call the "donut effect" – a circular window of clear air inside the dust storm that allows them to see the ground as they come in to
1129:
model aircraft designs for decades. Non-planar wingtips provide the wake control benefit of winglets, with less parasitic drag penalty, if designed carefully. The non-planar wing tip is often swept back like a
2089:
546:
of 6,500 nmi (12,000 km) allows nonstop routes such as New York–Tokyo, it holds over 70 world and national flight records. The Rutan combined winglets-vertical stabilizer appeared on his
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334:. Those trail behind the plane and pose a hazard to other aircraft. Minimum spacing requirements between aircraft operations at airports are largely dictated by these factors. Aircraft are
875:
is greater. A 3 ft (91 cm) winglet gives the performance gain of a 2 ft (61 cm) span increase but has the bending force of a 1 ft (30 cm) span increase.
311:), as well as its size and shape are critical for correct performance and are unique in each application. The wingtip vortex, which rotates around from below the wing, strikes the
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blades to reduce drag, reduce diameter, reduce noise and/or improve efficiency. By reducing aircraft blade tip vortices interacting with the ground surface during
1258:
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There has been research into actuating wingtip devices, including a filed patent application, though no aircraft currently uses this feature as described. The
291:
The term "winglet" was previously used to describe an additional lifting surface on an aircraft, like a short section between wheels on fixed undercarriage.
2548:
1836:
1662:
327:. This small contribution can be worthwhile over the aircraft's lifetime, provided the benefit offsets the cost of installing and maintaining the winglets.
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2365:
2008:
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effects of the wingtip device when the aircraft is experiencing high-g events such as large gusts or severe pull-ups. TACS are movable panels, similar to
235:. This became a standard feature of the approximately 320 completed He 162A jet fighters built, with hundreds more He 162A airframes going unfinished by
1624:. Engineering Division, Air Materiel Command; Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio; United States Air Force archive. Technical Report No. 5752.
1048:, the trophy for the highest speed went to a winglet-equipped 15-meter class limited wingspan glider, exceeding the highest speed in the unlimited span
2636:
2155:
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for the result of his research on wingtip devices to reduce drag. The same month, he filed a U.S. patent for "wingtip airfoils", published in 1986.
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studies indicate that a given improvement in fuel efficiency correlates directly with the causal increase in the aircraft's lift-to-drag ratio.
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2259:
807:, many operators have retrofitted their fleets with these for the fuel savings. Aviation Partners Boeing also offers blended winglets for the
175:
Simple flat end-plates did not cause a reduction in drag, because the increase in profile drag was greater than the decrease in induced drag.
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2347:
2022:
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of the wingtip are subjected to less load, and they result in less induced loading on the outboard main wing. Additionally, the leading-edge
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444:
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2313:
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1052:, an exceptional result. Masak went on to win the 1993 U.S. 15 Meter Nationals gliding competition, using winglets on his prototype
1308:
1965:
1339:(formerly the EH101) have a distinctive tip shape; pilots have found that this rotor design alters the downwash field and reduces
1951:
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by 4% for long-range flights and increase range by 130 or 200 nmi (240 or 370 km) for the 737-800 or the derivative
758:
1798:
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from a reduced diameter propeller disk; the reduced propeller tip speed reduces noise, according to the manufacturer. Modern
1197:
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reduction of 700 tonnes per aircraft. The A320s fitted with
Sharklets were delivered beginning in 2012. They are used on the
168:
patented the first functional winglets in 1910. Somerville installed the devices on his early biplane and monoplane designs.
1990:
1183:, on the trailing edge of the wing extension. The system is controlled by the aircraft's electrical system and a high-speed
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891:
1709:
471:. Located on the 747's horizontal stabilizers, the devices increase the tailplane's effectiveness under the weight of the
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3401:
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1933:
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improvement from winglets increases with the mission length. Blended winglets allow a steeper angle of attack reducing
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2741:
2522:
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285:
2576:, Jan Irving & Robert Davies, "Wing tip device", published 2005-05-18, assigned to Airbus
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patented wing end-plates as a method for controlling wingtip vortices. In the United States, Scottish-born engineer
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46:
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were also used for testing, and the latter design was directly implemented by McDonnell
Douglas on the derivative
1843:
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A blended winglet is attached to the wing with a smooth curve instead of a sharp angle and is intended to reduce
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and several other fixed-wing aircraft types by bending the blade tips back at a 90-degree angle to get the same
3780:
3436:
3034:
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1080:. The benefits are notable, because sailplane winglets must be removable to allow the glider to be stored in a
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2211:
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Raked wingtips offer several weight-reduction advantages relative to simply extending the conventional main
3719:
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153:
815:. In 2006 Airbus tested two candidate blended winglets, designed by Winglet Technology and Airbus for the
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Non-planar wingtips are normally angled upwards in a polyhedral wing configuration, increasing the local
1041:
856:
773:
1737:
A design approach and selected wind-tunnel results at high subsonic speeds for wing-tip mounted winglets
1735:
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has introduced a similar design to the 737 MAX wingtip device known as the split scimitar winglet, with
3441:
3396:
3087:
2130:"Airbus launches "Sharklet" large wingtip devices for A320 Family with commitment from Air New Zealand"
2078:. Vol. 4, no. 10. Boeing. March 2006. Airbus to test new winglets for single-aisle jetliners.
1049:
2573:
1915:
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412:, further developed Hoerner's concept in response to the sharp increase in the cost of fuel after the
342:, and thus, the associated turbulence is greatest at low speed and high weight, which produced a high
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surface of the winglet, generating a force that angles inward and slightly forward, analogous to a
17:
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1520:
Concept to
Reality: Contributions of the Langley Research Center to US Civil Aircraft of the 1990s
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323:. The winglet converts some of the otherwise-wasted energy in the wingtip vortex to an apparent
3754:
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3092:
2505:, Guida, Nicholas R., "Active winglet", published 2011-03-08, issued 2010-09-24
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1189:
1151:
1028:, about designing winglets to improve performance on his 15-meter (49 ft) wingspan racing
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232:
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2181:"Airbus Selects Korean Air Aerospace to manufacture Sharklet wingtips for the A330neo Family"
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1091:, an early glider derivative design, incorporating winglets as factory standard equipment.
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characteristic present in the original He 162 design, related to its wings having a marked
208:
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at the wing/winglet junction. A sharp interior angle in this region can interact with the
604:
was the first airliner with wingtip fences in 1985. Other Airbus models followed with the
8:
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Assessment of
Wingtip Modifications to Increase the Fuel Efficiency of Air Force Aircraft
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401:
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Committee on Assessment of Aircraft Winglets for Large Aircraft Fuel Efficiency (2007).
1252:, these devices can reduce damage from dirt and small stones picked up in the vortices.
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on 8 May 2001. The Aviation Partners/Boeing 8 ft (2.4 m) extensions decrease
791:; the first shipset was installed on 14 February 2001 and entered revenue service with
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first used winglet with its modern meaning referring to near-vertical extension of the
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and reduce fuel burn by up to 4% over longer sectors. This corresponds to an annual CO
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2002:
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1764:, Halcrow Group Limited, December 2010, archived from the original on October 1, 2017
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864:
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received US Patent no: 1,774,474 for his "Airfoil Control Means" on August 26, 1930.
95:
58:
1698:
NASA Innovation in Aeronautics: Select Technologies That Have Shaped Modern Aviation
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D. Its wingspan was decreased by using blended winglets instead of raked wingtips.
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near the wing tip, with polyhedral wing designs themselves having been popular on
819:. In 2009 Airbus launched its "Sharklet" blended winglet, designed to enhance the
702:
flow causing a drag inducing vortex, negating some of the benefit of the winglet.
338:(e.g. "Light", "Heavy", etc.) because the vortex strength grows with the aircraft
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2736:. May 1, 1996. Winglets could bring operational benefits to the Boeing 747-200F.
1564:, Vincent J Burnelli, "Airfoil control means", published 26 Aug 1930
66:
behind a conventional wingtip (on the left) and a blended winglet (on the right)
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1667:. Leatherhead, Surrey UK: Profile Publications Ltd. p. 5. Archived from
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1045:
1040:, designed by Maughmer specifically for the winglet application. At the 1991
1007:
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820:
711:
579:
559:
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331:
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863:, takeoff and climb performance. Like winglets, they increase the effective
475:, though these were more for directional stability than for drag reduction.
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1550:. Illinois Aviation Hall Of Fame. William E. "Billie" Somerville 1869–1950.
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On February 18, 2000, blended winglets were announced as an option for the
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330:
Another potential benefit of winglets is that they reduce the intensity of
271:
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1212:'s wingtips were capable of drooping downward in flight, to facilitate
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27:
Aircraft component fixed to the end of the wings to improve performance
1694:
666:/200 was the first regional airliner to feature winglets in 1992. The
662:
was the first Russian and modern jet to feature winglets in 1988. The
215:, and first added to the M3 and M4 third and fourth prototypes of the
30:"Winglet" redirects here. For the personal transporter by Toyota, see
3704:
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explored winglets in the late 1970s and incorporated winglets in the
156:
prototype aircraft, fitted with vertical wing extensions, c.1935–1937
2090:"American Airlines takes delivery of its first A320 Family aircraft"
1608:
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3617:
3590:
3565:
3331:
3311:
3172:
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1966:"The impact of winglets on fuel consumption and aircraft emissions"
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for evaluation. This addition was done in order to counteract the
91:
82:
1644:"A German aerodynamicist, a California character, and a corkscrew"
1099:
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3024:
2949:
2329:"Boeing Says Radical New Winglets on 737 MAX Will Save More Fuel"
1603:
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1180:
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1084:, so they are usually installed only at the pilot's preference.
882:. At high load-factor structural design conditions, the smaller
558:
should have tested its elliptical winglets designed to increase
483:
3097:
3004:
2979:
2909:
2637:"Super Chopper : Life-Saving Features: No More Brown-Outs"
2133:
1870:
Understanding aerodynamics : arguing from the real physics
1359:
1343:
which limits visibility in dusty areas and leads to accidents.
1302:
Detail view of the wingtip device on a wind turbine rotor-blade
644:
361:
use winglets while other designs such as later versions of the
324:
2116:"Korean Air Aerospace to manufacture and distribute Sharklets"
1813:
906:
would have had a 170 ft (51.7 m) wingspan to fit in
160:
The initial concept dates back to 1897, when English engineer
3520:
3122:
2974:
1589:
2005 Performance and Flight Operations Engineering Conference
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1059:
464:
NASA's most notable application of wingtip devices is on the
433:
2523:"Tamarack Active Winglets Certified for Citation 525 Series"
2475:"ANALYSIS: ATLAS Citation separates winglet from 'blinglet'"
1421:
Robert Faye, Robert Laprete, Michael Winter (January 2002).
1138:. A winglet is also a special case of a non-planar wingtip.
921:-200LR/300ER/Freighter (February 24, 2003), the 737-derived
405:
296:
279:
260:
1405:
2794:"The benefits of winglets and performance enhancing kits"
2549:"EASA Approves Tamarack Fixes To Lift Atlas Emergency AD"
1952:"Dick Rutan, Jeana Yeager, and the Flight of the Voyager"
1370:
at the tips, resembling a raked tip on an aircraft wing.
1024:, an associate professor of aerospace engineering at the
123:
in powered aircraft and increases cross-country speed in
2786:
Performance and Flight Operations Engineering Conference
1695:
Bargsten, Clayton J.; Gibson, Malcolm T. (August 2011).
965:
was the first aircraft with split-tip winglets in 1990.
2572:
1997:. Airbus. Archived from the original on April 21, 2009.
203:
aircraft have made use of Hoerner tips for many years.
2687:"Winglets: Help or Hindrance to HVLS Fan Performance?"
2092:(Press release). Airbus. July 23, 2013. Archived from
632:
have blended winglets rather than wingtip fences. The
2596:"What is a Q-Tip propeller? What are its advantages?"
1635:
1076:
and roll authority and reduced tendency for wing tip
2314:"United is first to install Split Scimitar winglets"
1861:
1612:
1423:"Blended winglets for improved airplane performance"
2837:
2156:"First A320neo features composite Korean Sharklets"
1995:
Corporate information – Innovation & technology
1664:
The Heinkel He 162 (Aircraft in Profile number 203)
1192:aircraft, and it has been certified for use by the
895:aft-movement of the center of pressure accentuates
2779:"Wingtip Devices: What They Do and How They Do It"
2049:
1991:"From the A300 to the A380: Pioneering leadership"
1733:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1582:"Wingtip Devices: What They Do and How They Do It"
1560:
1510:
550:business aircraft design that first flew in 1986.
307:) of the winglet, its inward or outward angle (or
2770:Aircraft Technology Engineering & Maintenance
3772:
2722:International NurflĂĽgelmeeting des MFC OsnabrĂĽck
2620:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2606:. Archived from the original on March 18, 2001.
2426:
2364:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2316:(Press release). United Airlines. July 17, 2013.
2260:"787 Dreamliner: A New Airplane for a New World"
2209:
2051:"American Airlines Set To Debut 767 Winglet Mod"
2007:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1774:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
855:than the rest of the wing, are featured on some
674:followed with canted winglets in 1993/1994. The
2742:"New Boeing 777-300ER Bristles with Technology"
2715:
1683:
710:develops blended winglets as retrofits for the
686:(née CSeries), from 2016, has canted winglets.
2354:. Archived from the original on June 11, 2004.
1814:William Freitag, Terry Schulze (Summer 2009).
1354:developed their "Q-tip" propeller used on the
917:-400ER (first flight on October 9, 1999), the
843:. They are also offered as a retrofit option.
2823:
2803:. No. 109. December 2016 – January 2017.
2669:
2643:. National Geographic Channel. Archived from
2257:
2122:
1788:
1706:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
578:Conventional winglets were fitted to Rutan's
491:, the first commercial aircraft with winglets
1872:. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 422.
1661:Creek, J. Richard; Conway, William (1972) .
1573:
1442:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
851:Raked wingtips, where the tip has a greater
2776:
2703:
2672:"Isis ceiling fan claims higher efficiency"
2600:Product Support: Frequently Asked Questions
2345:
2326:
1895:"Bowie Youth Sweeps Science 'World Series'"
1660:
1203:
585:
2830:
2816:
2744:(Press release). Boeing. October 16, 2003.
2684:
2047:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1319:
1228:Wingtip devices are also used on rotating
1170:Tamarack Aerospace's active wingtip device
682:aircraft to feature winglets in 1994. The
445:International Science and Engineering Fair
73:are intended to improve the efficiency of
2520:
2472:
1762:London City Airport Wake Turbulence Study
1346:
1223:
90:of a wing without greatly increasing the
2748:
2678:
2546:
2203:
2153:
2023:"Next-Generation 737 Program Milestones"
1934:"Winglets Coming For Citation X Bizjets"
1641:
1463:. National Academies Press. p. 33.
1323:
1165:
1161:
1098:
1058:
995:
952:
482:
388:
266:
246:
182:
147:
57:
45:
2228:
1954:. U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission.
1497:
1382:have wingtip devices. Fan manufacturer
198:Following the end of World War II, Dr.
14:
3773:
2763:"Winglets: making their presence felt"
2634:
2118:(Press release). Airbus. May 31, 2010.
1892:
1867:
1816:"Blended Winglets Improve Performance"
1579:
501:National Business Aviation Association
439:In May 1983, a high school student at
81:. Although there are several types of
2811:
2590:
2588:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2378:
2149:
2147:
1373:
1198:European Union Aviation Safety Agency
1094:
2635:Harvey, Gareth (November 28, 2005).
2473:Gerzanics, Mike (October 23, 2019).
2057:Aviation Week & Space Technology
1650:from the original on March 22, 2016.
1631:from the original on March 16, 2013.
1615:"Aerodynamic Shape of the Wing Tips"
913:Raked wingtips are installed on the
616:. Other Airbus models including the
478:
384:
178:
2521:Bergqvist, Pia (February 6, 2018).
2231:"Blunt Leading-Edge Raked Wingtips"
2210:George C. Larson (September 2001).
2136:. November 15, 2009. Archived from
1837:"Winglets allow for steeper climbs"
689:
24:
2628:
2585:
2492:
2461:
2144:
1271:with distinctive blade tip profile
1131:
1103:A Falcon 50 with a spiroid winglet
803:as standard. Also offered for the
639:
370:
143:
25:
3807:
2697:
94:. Extending the span would lower
2229:Herrick, Larry (June 12, 1998).
2154:Gardiner, Ginger (May 1, 2014).
2048:Guy Norris (February 23, 2009).
1793:. Electrocution. pp. 2–11.
1708:. pp. 11–22. Archived from
1314:Ceiling fan with wingtip devices
1307:
1295:
1276:
1257:
1134:and may also be combined with a
846:
772:
757:
742:
727:
594:
495:Learjet exhibited the prototype
436:, which was rolled out in 1990.
138:
2709:"Winglet Design for Sailplanes"
2685:Eddie Boyd (February 4, 2014).
2663:
2566:
2540:
2514:
2447:
2420:
2406:
2381:"Winglet Design for Sailplanes"
2379:Masak, Peter (April–May 1992).
2372:
2352:Engineering Penn State magazine
2339:
2320:
2306:
2288:
2267:ACI-NA Commissioners Conference
2251:
2222:
2173:
2108:
2082:
2064:
2041:
2015:
1983:
1958:
1944:
1926:
1907:
1886:
1829:
1807:
1782:
1747:
1727:
1194:Federal Aviation Administration
647:announced a new version of the
573:
454:
3740:In-flight entertainment system
3437:Horizontal situation indicator
2670:Nino Machetti (May 10, 2010).
2547:Finfrock, Rob (July 8, 2019).
2416:. Mifflin Soaring Association.
2258:Rich Breuhaus (May 20, 2008).
1791:Jar Professional Pilot Studies
1654:
1554:
1540:
1450:
1110:developed and flight tested a
443:won a grand prize at the 34th
13:
1:
2749:Joe Yoon (November 2, 2003).
1893:Wynter, Leon (May 18, 1983).
1613:Hoerner, Dr. Sighard (1952).
1398:
1335:The main rotor blades of the
1026:Pennsylvania State University
908:ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code
441:Bowie High School in Maryland
422:Dryden Flight Research Center
3720:Environmental control system
2716:Martin Hepperle (May 1993).
1524:NASA Langley Research Center
1135:
948:
7:
2751:"Boeing 767 Raked Wingtips"
2553:Aviation International News
2455:"Types of blended winglets"
2346:Curtis Chan (Summer 2000).
2327:Matt Molnar (May 2, 2012).
2212:"How Things Work: Winglets"
1734:Richard T. Witcomb (1976),
1511:Joseph R. Chambers (2003).
1042:World Gliding Championships
945:wings has a raked wingtip.
933:(February 8, 2010) and the
857:Boeing Commercial Airplanes
566:departures to retrofit the
127:, in both cases increasing
10:
3812:
3796:NASA spin-off technologies
3397:Course deviation indicator
3088:Electro-hydraulic actuator
2718:"A close Look at Winglets"
991:
752:sharklet (blended winglet)
242:
36:
29:
3687:
3666:
3628:Conventional landing gear
3599:
3495:
3330:
3196:
3033:
2849:
1842:. FACC AG. Archived from
1158:use non-planar wingtips.
1036:, using a new PSU–90–125
1020:called on aerodynamicist
957:737 MAX split-tip winglet
929:(December 15, 2009), the
295:research in the 1970s at
3791:Aircraft wing components
3412:Flight management system
2348:"The tip of the iceberg"
2300:Aviation Partners Boeing
2269:. Boeing. Archived from
2216:Air & Space Magazine
2025:. Boeing. Archived from
1825:. Boeing. pp. 9–12.
1642:Sakrison, David (2004).
1204:Actuating wingtip device
1156:Schempp-Hirth Duo Discus
980:as the launch customer.
586:Airliner fuel efficiency
469:Shuttle Carrier Aircraft
37:Not to be confused with
3786:Aircraft configurations
3715:Emergency oxygen system
3477:Turn and slip indicator
3272:Leading-edge droop flap
3242:Drag-reducing aerospike
3217:Adaptive compliant wing
3212:Active Aeroelastic Wing
2503:US patent 7900877B1
2414:"Past Mifflin Contests"
1320:Rotorcraft applications
1147:the winglets entirely.
963:McDonnell Douglas MD-11
459:
449:Albuquerque, New Mexico
430:McDonnell Douglas DC-10
410:Langley Research Center
395:McDonnell Douglas MD-11
303:. The upward angle (or
259:showing airflow during
162:Frederick W. Lanchester
3755:Passenger service unit
3556:Self-sealing fuel tank
3452:Multi-function display
1789:Phil Croucher (2005).
1622:USAF Technical Reports
1432:. No. 17. Boeing.
1347:Propeller applications
1332:
1224:Use on rotating blades
1190:Cessna Citation family
1171:
1152:Schempp-Hirth Discus-2
1104:
1068:
1010:
1006:with factory winglets
1001:Schempp-Hirth Ventus-2
958:
492:
398:
288:
264:
195:
157:
67:
55:
3781:Aircraft aerodynamics
3735:Ice protection system
3653:Tricycle landing gear
3643:Landing gear extender
2860:Aft pressure bulkhead
1868:McLean, Doug (2013).
1715:on September 21, 2021
1580:McLean, Doug (2005).
1391:of 1982, designed by
1327:
1284:C-130J Super Hercules
1169:
1162:Active wingtip device
1114:Spiroid winglet on a
1102:
1062:
999:
972:, third-party vendor
956:
925:(25 April 2009), the
636:uses wingtip fences.
486:
473:Space Shuttle orbiter
392:
353:Aircraft such as the
286:transonic wind tunnel
270:
250:
186:
166:William E. Somerville
151:
98:, but would increase
61:
49:
3700:Auxiliary power unit
3108:Flight control modes
2777:Doug McLean (2005).
2734:Flight International
2641:Engineering Archives
2457:. Aviation Partners.
2140:on November 7, 2017.
1356:Piper PA-42 Cheyenne
1337:AgustaWestland AW101
1328:Wingtip device on a
1265:AgustaWestland AW101
1034:gliding competitions
618:Airbus A320 Enhanced
528:Gulfstream Aerospace
336:classified by weight
209:Messerschmitt Me 163
3679:Escape crew capsule
3586:War emergency power
3457:Pitot–static system
3302:Variable-sweep wing
3010:Vertical stabilizer
2191:on January 26, 2023
2096:on November 7, 2017
1849:on November 7, 2017
1591:. Boeing: Article 4
1364:scimitar propellers
1288:scimitar propellers
1089:Glaser-Dirks DG-303
1063:PSU-90-125 winglet
1015:mechanical engineer
970:737 Next Generation
923:Boeing P-8 Poseidon
801:Boeing Business Jet
767:with raked wingtips
548:Beechcraft Starship
542:. The Gulfstream V
418:KC-135 Stratotanker
402:Richard T. Whitcomb
253:KC-135 Stratotanker
75:fixed-wing aircraft
3387:Attitude indicator
3367:Airspeed indicator
3362:Aircraft periscope
2730:"Winglet benefits"
2604:Hartzell Propeller
1671:on August 19, 2013
1374:Other applications
1352:Hartzell Propeller
1333:
1172:
1105:
1095:Non-planar wingtip
1069:
1011:
959:
892:center of pressure
817:Airbus A320 family
664:Bombardier CRJ-100
493:
399:
293:Richard Whitcomb's
289:
265:
263:tests in 1979–1980
213:Alexander Lippisch
200:Sighard F. Hoerner
196:
158:
117:lift-to-drag ratio
68:
56:
3768:
3767:
3695:Aircraft lavatory
3432:Heading indicator
3377:Annunciator panel
3357:Air data computer
3267:Leading-edge cuff
2801:Aircraft Commerce
2772:. April–May 2004.
2029:on April 29, 2008
1940:. March 13, 2007.
1938:Aero news network
1800:978-0-9681928-2-5
1470:978-0-309-38382-0
1330:NHIndustries NH90
1108:Aviation Partners
974:Aviation Partners
865:wing aspect ratio
708:Aviation Partners
696:interference drag
479:Business aircraft
404:, an engineer at
385:Early development
179:Hoerner wing tips
119:. This increases
96:lift-induced drag
16:(Redirected from
3803:
3750:Navigation light
3730:Hydraulic system
3705:Bleed air system
3633:Drogue parachute
3307:Vortex generator
2925:Interplane strut
2832:
2825:
2818:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2789:
2783:
2773:
2767:
2758:
2755:Aerospaceweb.org
2745:
2737:
2725:
2712:
2691:
2690:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2674:. EarthTechling.
2667:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2647:on July 21, 2009
2632:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2611:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2470:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2440:Soaring Magazine
2436:
2432:"About Winglets"
2428:Mark D. Maughmer
2424:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2385:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2363:
2355:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2276:on March 7, 2017
2275:
2264:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2187:. Archived from
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2006:
1998:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1820:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1773:
1765:
1759:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1703:
1692:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1586:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1548:"2010 Inductees"
1544:
1538:
1537:
1517:
1508:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1474:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1433:
1427:
1418:
1311:
1299:
1280:
1261:
1234:helicopter rotor
1022:Mark D. Maughmer
943:C-390 Millennium
902:The short-range
869:wingtip vortices
797:fuel consumption
793:Hapag-Lloyd Flug
776:
765:Boeing 767-400ER
761:
746:
731:
690:Blended winglets
340:lift coefficient
170:Vincent Burnelli
113:wingtip vortices
64:wingtip vortices
62:Line drawing of
21:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3760:Ram air turbine
3725:Flight recorder
3683:
3662:
3595:
3576:Thrust reversal
3500:
3491:
3462:Radar altimeter
3427:Head-up display
3337:
3326:
3222:Anti-shock body
3204:
3192:
3053:Artificial feel
3035:Flight controls
3029:
2895:Fabric covering
2845:
2841:components and
2836:
2796:
2792:
2781:
2765:
2761:
2740:
2728:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2683:
2679:
2668:
2664:
2650:
2648:
2633:
2629:
2613:
2612:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2500:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2471:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2434:
2425:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2357:
2356:
2344:
2340:
2325:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2160:CompositesWorld
2152:
2145:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2072:"Industry Wrap"
2070:
2069:
2065:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1900:Washington Post
1891:
1887:
1880:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1787:
1783:
1767:
1766:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1701:
1693:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1659:
1655:
1646:. Met-Co-Aire.
1640:
1636:
1628:
1617:
1611:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1584:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1515:
1509:
1498:
1486:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1455:
1451:
1435:
1434:
1425:
1419:
1406:
1401:
1376:
1366:have increased
1349:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1303:
1300:
1291:
1290:with raked tips
1281:
1272:
1267:Merlin showing
1262:
1226:
1206:
1164:
1097:
1008:winch-launching
994:
978:United Airlines
951:
890:results in the
861:fuel efficiency
849:
830:
783:
780:Airbus A310-300
777:
768:
762:
753:
747:
738:
732:
692:
642:
640:Canted winglets
602:Airbus A310-300
597:
588:
576:
556:Wichita, Kansas
481:
462:
457:
426:Lockheed L-1011
414:1973 oil crisis
387:
344:angle of attack
245:
194:wingtip devices
188:Heinkel He 162A
181:
146:
144:Wing end-plates
141:
121:fuel efficiency
71:Wingtip devices
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3809:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3745:Landing lights
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3667:Escape systems
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3605:arresting gear
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3561:Splitter plate
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2880:Cruciform tail
2877:
2875:Crack arrestor
2872:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2847:
2846:
2835:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2790:
2774:
2759:
2746:
2738:
2726:
2713:
2699:
2698:External links
2696:
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2491:
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2238:Google Patents
2221:
2218:. Smithsonian.
2202:
2172:
2143:
2121:
2107:
2081:
2063:
2040:
2014:
1982:
1957:
1943:
1925:
1906:
1885:
1879:978-1119967514
1878:
1860:
1828:
1823:Aero quarterly
1806:
1799:
1781:
1746:
1726:
1682:
1653:
1634:
1602:
1572:
1553:
1539:
1532:
1526:. p. 35.
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1294:
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1275:
1273:
1263:
1256:
1225:
1222:
1210:XB-70 Valkyrie
1205:
1202:
1163:
1160:
1112:closed-surface
1096:
1093:
1054:Masak Scimitar
993:
990:
985:Boeing 737 MAX
950:
947:
937:. The Embraer
873:bending moment
848:
845:
828:
789:Boeing 737-800
785:
784:
778:
771:
769:
763:
756:
754:
748:
741:
739:
737:canted winglet
735:Boeing 747-400
733:
726:
700:boundary layer
691:
688:
678:was the first
676:Tupolev Tu-204
660:Ilyushin Il-96
641:
638:
634:Antonov An-148
596:
593:
587:
584:
575:
572:
532:Gulfstream III
480:
477:
461:
458:
456:
453:
386:
383:
371:raked wingtips
359:Boeing 747-400
274:model winglet
255:with attached
244:
241:
233:dihedral angle
217:Heinkel He 162
192:Lippisch-Ohren
180:
177:
145:
142:
140:
137:
133:U.S. Air Force
100:parasitic drag
54:wingtip device
32:Toyota Winglet
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3808:
3797:
3794:
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3698:
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3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:Other systems
3686:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3674:Ejection seat
3672:
3671:
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3659:
3656:
3654:
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3621:
3619:
3618:Arrestor hook
3616:
3614:
3613:Aircraft tire
3611:
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3417:Glass cockpit
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3352:Air data boom
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3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
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3133:Rudder pedals
3131:
3129:
3126:
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2990:Trailing edge
2988:
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2970:Stressed skin
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2480:
2479:Flight Global
2476:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2456:
2450:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2430:(June 2002).
2429:
2423:
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2139:
2135:
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2125:
2117:
2111:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2060:. p. 39.
2059:
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2044:
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2018:
2010:
2004:
1996:
1992:
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1971:
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1503:
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1492:
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1466:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1439:
1438:cite magazine
1431:
1430:Aero magazine
1424:
1417:
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1409:
1404:
1396:
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1260:
1255:
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1247:
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1239:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1216:flight using
1215:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1132:raked wingtip
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:Uvalde, Texas
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1009:
1005:
1002:
998:
989:
986:
981:
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
955:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
909:
905:
900:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
867:and diminish
866:
862:
858:
854:
847:Raked wingtip
844:
842:
838:
834:
826:
822:
821:payload-range
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
782:wingtip fence
781:
775:
770:
766:
760:
755:
751:
745:
740:
736:
730:
725:
724:
723:
721:
717:
713:
712:Gulfstream II
709:
705:
701:
697:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
595:Wingtip fence
592:
583:
581:
580:Rutan Voyager
571:
569:
565:
561:
560:payload-range
557:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:Gulfstream IV
533:
529:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
498:
490:
489:Learjet 28/29
485:
476:
474:
470:
467:
452:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
420:based at the
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
396:
391:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
332:wake vortices
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
287:
284:
281:
277:
273:
269:
262:
258:
254:
249:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:light fighter
222:
218:
214:
210:
204:
201:
193:
189:
185:
176:
173:
171:
167:
163:
155:
150:
139:Early history
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
108:
106:
105:airport gates
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
80:
76:
72:
65:
60:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3710:Deicing boot
3638:Landing gear
3581:Townend ring
3571:Thrust lever
3546:NACA cowling
3511:Autothrottle
3503:fuel systems
3501:devices and
3321:
3292:Stall strips
3262:Krueger flap
3232:Channel wing
3178:Wing warping
3168:Stick shaker
3163:Stick pusher
3083:Dual control
3068:Centre stick
2935:Leading edge
2905:Flying wires
2865:Cabane strut
2800:
2785:
2769:
2754:
2733:
2721:
2680:
2665:
2656:
2649:. Retrieved
2645:the original
2640:
2630:
2607:
2599:
2568:
2558:September 9,
2556:. Retrieved
2552:
2542:
2532:September 9,
2530:. Retrieved
2526:
2516:
2484:September 9,
2482:. Retrieved
2478:
2449:
2438:
2422:
2408:
2391:
2387:
2374:
2351:
2341:
2332:
2322:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2278:. Retrieved
2271:the original
2266:
2253:
2241:. Retrieved
2237:
2224:
2215:
2205:
2195:September 9,
2193:. Retrieved
2189:the original
2184:
2175:
2165:September 9,
2163:. Retrieved
2159:
2138:the original
2124:
2110:
2098:. Retrieved
2094:the original
2084:
2075:
2066:
2055:
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2027:the original
2017:
1994:
1985:
1973:. Retrieved
1969:
1960:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1909:
1898:
1888:
1869:
1863:
1851:. Retrieved
1844:the original
1831:
1822:
1809:
1790:
1784:
1761:
1749:
1736:
1729:
1717:. Retrieved
1710:the original
1697:
1673:. Retrieved
1669:the original
1663:
1656:
1637:
1621:
1593:. Retrieved
1588:
1575:
1556:
1542:
1519:
1459:
1452:
1429:
1389:Australia II
1384:Big Ass Fans
1380:ceiling fans
1377:
1350:
1334:
1238:wind turbine
1227:
1207:
1173:
1149:
1140:
1120:
1106:
1086:
1070:
1012:
982:
967:
960:
931:Boeing 747-8
912:
904:Boeing 787-3
901:
877:
850:
786:
693:
657:
643:
598:
589:
577:
574:Experimental
564:hot and high
552:
540:Gulfstream V
526:
499:at the 1977
494:
463:
455:Applications
438:
400:
375:fuel economy
367:Boeing 747-8
352:
348:
329:
321:close hauled
308:
304:
290:
272:Gulfstream V
220:
211:'s designer
205:
197:
191:
174:
159:
115:and improve
109:
88:aspect ratio
77:by reducing
70:
69:
43:
3658:Tundra tire
3541:Intake ramp
3472:Transponder
3257:Gurney flap
3198:Aerodynamic
3113:Fly-by-wire
2995:Triple tail
2705:Peter Masak
2689:. MacroAir.
2388:Free Flight
2333:NYCAviation
2296:"737-800-3"
2243:December 6,
2100:November 1,
2033:February 5,
1755:"Chapter 2"
1719:November 1,
1487:|work=
1127:free-flight
1018:Peter Masak
935:Boeing 777X
859:to improve
825:A320 family
805:737 Classic
750:Airbus A320
720:Falcon 2000
684:Airbus A220
393:Winglet of
355:Airbus A340
251:Winglet on
52:Airbus A350
3775:Categories
3648:Oleo strut
3536:Inlet cone
3531:Gascolator
3497:Propulsion
3487:Yaw string
3482:Variometer
3338:instrument
3317:Wing fence
3252:Gouge flap
3227:Blown flap
3183:Yaw damper
3158:Stabilator
3143:Side-stick
3078:Dive brake
2965:Stabilizer
2940:Lift strut
2930:Jury strut
2609:scratches.
2574:EP 1531126
2280:January 6,
1916:US 4595160
1853:January 6,
1562:US 1774474
1533:1493656783
1513:"Winglets"
1399:References
1393:Ben Lexcen
1269:BERP rotor
1218:waveriding
1050:Open Class
927:Boeing 787
919:Boeing 777
915:Boeing 767
853:wing sweep
716:Hawker 800
680:narrowbody
612:, and the
568:Citation X
522:Learjet 40
506:Learjet 55
497:Learjet 28
466:Boeing 747
381:distance.
363:Boeing 777
229:dutch roll
39:wing fence
3623:Autobrake
3551:NACA duct
3526:Fuel tank
3516:Drop tank
3499:controls,
3382:Astrodome
3372:Altimeter
3237:Dog-tooth
3202:high-lift
3153:Spoileron
3138:Servo tab
3118:Gust lock
3073:Deceleron
3058:Autopilot
3015:Wing root
3000:Twin tail
2985:Tailplane
2920:Hardpoint
2890:Empennage
2853:structure
2788:. Boeing.
2651:August 1,
2400:0827-2557
2076:Frontiers
1975:August 2,
1595:March 27,
1489:ignored (
1479:cite book
1368:sweepback
1230:propeller
1118:in 2010.
1116:Falcon 50
1074:roll rate
1030:sailplane
1013:In 1987,
949:Split-tip
813:767-300ER
301:wing tips
278:tests at
3591:Wet wing
3566:Throttle
3312:Vortilon
3173:Trim tab
3103:Flaperon
3093:Elevator
3048:Airbrake
3020:Wing tip
2945:Longeron
2915:Fuselage
2851:Airframe
2839:Aircraft
2707:(1991).
2616:cite web
2394:(2): 8.
2360:cite web
2003:cite web
1770:citation
1675:June 18,
1648:Archived
1626:Archived
1341:brownout
1286:showing
1181:ailerons
1123:dihedral
968:For the
939:E-jet E2
880:wingspan
839:and the
718:and the
606:A300-600
365:and the
357:and the
319:sailing
317:sailboat
313:cambered
92:wingspan
83:wing tip
18:Winglets
3601:Landing
3392:Compass
3340:systems
3332:Avionic
3322:Winglet
3205:devices
3148:Spoiler
3043:Aileron
3025:Wingbox
2950:Nacelle
2900:Fairing
2843:systems
1913:patent
1246:takeoff
1242:taxiing
1136:winglet
1082:trailer
1067:profile
1065:airfoil
1038:airfoil
992:Gliders
897:flutter
837:A330neo
833:A320neo
823:of its
706:-based
704:Seattle
653:747-400
630:A330neo
622:A320neo
610:A320ceo
379:takeoff
373:. The
283:Langley
276:flutter
243:Winglet
237:V-E Day
125:gliders
3336:flight
3297:Strake
3128:Rudder
3098:Elevon
3063:Canard
3005:V-tail
2980:T-tail
2910:Former
2870:Canopy
2580:
2527:Flying
2509:
2398:
2185:Airbus
2134:Airbus
1970:Cirium
1921:
1876:
1797:
1743:, NASA
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