Whig Party (United States)

5305:. Many Whigs would argue that the Bible was the best of Western civilization. Whigs linked moral progress and material progress—each needed the other. They supported Protestant religiosity and missions while being fearful of Catholics. Whigs believed that a higher stage of morality would be achieved when America brought wealth and opportunity to everyone. Whigs would then promote voluntary associations like churches, temperance societies, schools, among others. With participation in these kinds of societies, the Whigs thought that people would become more virtuous. The Whigs thought that with a focus on voluntary associations that the rapid business expansion was good, not the moral danger Democrats warned about. This optimism for the future (when compared with the Democrat's pessimism, seeing the rising middle class as an affront to the traditional working class man) is what the historian Joseph W. Pearson notes as the starting difference between both the Whigs and the Democrat's economic views. 5104:, as voters provided support to a wide array of new parties opposed to the Democratic Party. Though several successful congressional candidates had campaigned only as Whigs, most congressional candidates who were not affiliated with the Democratic Party had campaigned either independently of the Whig Party or in collusion with another party. As cooperation between Northern and Southern Whigs increasingly appeared to be impossible, leaders from both sections continued to abandon the party. Though he did not share the nativist views of the Know-Nothings, in 1855 Fillmore became a member of the Know-Nothing movement and encouraged his Whig followers to join as well. In September 1855, Seward led his faction of Whigs into the Republican Party, effectively marking the end of the Whig Party as an independent and significant political force. Thus, the 5453: 12153: 5350:, which promoted rapid economic and industrial growth in the United States through support for a national bank, high tariffs, a distribution policy, and federal funding for infrastructure projects. After the Second Bank of the United States lost its federal charter in 1836, the Whigs favored the restoration of a national bank that could provide a uniform currency, ensure a consistent supply of credit, and attract private investors. Through high tariffs, Clay and other Whigs hoped to generate revenue and encourage the establishment of domestic manufacturing, thereby freeing the United States from dependence on foreign imports. 5652: 365: 4633: 5332: 4806: 5195:, many former Whigs tried to regroup in the South, calling themselves "conservatives" and hoping to reconnect with ex-Whigs in the North. Thus in Virginia and elsewhere moderate, nationalist, and economically innovative ex-Whigs used the party name “Conservative” in order to avoid identification with the Democratic Party. The Conservative Party ultimately merged into the Democratic Party in the South, but ex-Whigs continued to promote modernization policies such as large-scale railroad construction and the founding of public schools. 5274:" desire to perfect human nature by subordinating animal impulses to reason and self-control. Historian John Burt expands on Howe's argument, noting that Whigs "saw unmediated expressions of popular will in roughly the same way as they saw unmediated compulsions of appetite...s a person driven by appetites is not free but the slave of the body, so a polity driven by popular will is not free but the slave of whatever urgencies drive King Numbers". The Whigs opposed President Jackson because they saw him as a 5464:

Massachusetts in the Senate and served as Secretary of State under three Whig presidents. Clay and Webster each repeatedly sought the Whig presidential nomination, but, excepting Clay's nomination in 1844, the Whigs consistently nominated individuals who had served as generals, specifically William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, and Winfield Scott. Harrison, Taylor, John Tyler, and Millard Fillmore all served as president, though Tyler was expelled from the Whig Party shortly after taking office in 1841.

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sought to portray Harrison as a man of the people. The Whigs also assailed Van Buren's handling of the economy and argued that traditional Whig policies such as the restoration of a national bank and the implementation of protective tariff rates would help to restore the economy. With the economy still in a downturn, Harrison decisively defeated Van Buren, taking a wide majority of the electoral vote and just under 53 percent of the popular vote.

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ideological: "At the heart of Democratic ideology was a militant egalitarianism , which contrasted sharply with the Whigs' support for equality of opportunity to produce a meritocratic society." Democrats glorified individualism while Whigs said it was a dangerous impulse that must be subordinated to the greater good of an organic society; they called for individuals to restrain themselves and focus on doing their duty.

4518: 4426: 4734: 5160:. The party nominated a ticket consisting of John Bell, a long-time Whig senator, and Edward Everett, who had succeeded Daniel Webster as Fillmore's Secretary of State. With the nomination of two former Whigs, many regarded the Constitutional Union Party as a continuation of the Whig Party; one Southern newspaper called the new party the "ghost of the old Whig Party". 5097:" and the Know-Nothings focused on the supposed danger of mass immigration and a Catholic conspiracy. While the Republican Party almost exclusively appealed to Northerners, the Know-Nothings gathered many adherents in both the North and South; some individuals joined both groups even while they remained part of the Whig Party or the Democratic Party. 4767:

determined to pursue annexation because he believed that the British conspired to abolish slavery in Texas and because he saw the issue as a means to reelection, either through the Democratic Party or through a new party. In April 1844, Secretary of State John C. Calhoun reached a treaty with Texas providing for the annexation of that country.

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tariff rates. Harrison died just one month into his term, thereby elevating Vice President Tyler to the presidency. Tyler had never accepted much of the Whig economic program and he soon clashed with Clay and other congressional Whigs. In August 1841, Tyler vetoed Clay's national bank bill, holding that the bill was unconstitutional.

4821: 4881:, which provided for the cession of Alta California and New Mexico. Despite Whig objections to the acquisition of Mexican territory, the treaty was ratified with the support of a majority of the Democratic and Whig senators; Whigs voted for the treaty largely because ratification brought the war to an immediate end. 5605:

than their Whig counterparts. Northern Whigs divided into two major factions concerning slavery: the anti-slavery Conscience Whigs and the pro-South Cotton Whigs. While the "Consciences" were noted for their moral opposition to slavery–many, like John Quincy Adams, brought over their crusading fervor

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The Whigs suffered greatly from factionalism throughout their existence as well as weak party loyalty that stood in contrast to the strong party discipline that was the hallmark of a tight Democratic Party organization. Forged out of opposition to Jackson's perceived executive tyranny, the early Whig

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of Connecticut, who Holt describes as "the Whigs' closest equivalent to a modern national party chairman" for his efforts to raise money, deliver the Whig message, and build up the party nationwide. In New York, William Seward and Thurlow Weed established an influential organization and competed with

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Although the Whigs and the rival Democratic Party established party structures that were unprecedented in terms of mass membership and continued functionality, both parties were still essentially coalitions of state party organizations and lacked strong cohesion at the national level. The Whigs built

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Whigs drew strength from the economic elites in both Northern cities and Southern plantation regions, but they also attracted support from other classes in most cities. In many states, local rivalries pushed groups into one party or the other, though areas that favored internal improvements tended to

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Despite their differences, both parties sought to portray themselves as the true protectors of an American political tradition of equality and self-government. Though their Democratic rivals cast them as a continuation of the Federalists, the Whig Party's ideology was rooted in the agenda proposed by

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In the final weeks of Tyler's presidency, a small group of Southern Whigs joined with congressional Democrats to pass a joint resolution providing for the annexation of Texas, and Texas subsequently became a state in 1845. Following the annexation of Texas, Polk began preparations for a potential war

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With the election of the first Whig presidential administration in the party's history, Clay and his allies prepared to pass ambitious domestic policies such as the restoration of the national bank, the distribution of federal land sales revenue to the states, a national bankruptcy law, and increased

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Political scientist A. James Reichley writes that the Democrats and Whigs were "political institutions of a kind that had never existed before in history" because they commanded mass membership among voters and continued to function between elections. Both parties drew support from voters of various

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won the election with a majority of the electoral vote and 45 percent of the popular vote; Frémont won most of the remaining electoral votes and took 33 percent of the popular vote, while Fillmore won 22 percent of the popular vote and just eight electoral votes. Fillmore largely retained Taylor and

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The Whig campaign in the North received a boost when Taylor released a public letter in which he stated that he favored Whig principles and would defer to Congress after taking office, thereby reassuring some wavering Whigs. During the campaign, Northern Whig leaders touted traditional Whig policies

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Henry Clay of Kentucky was the congressional leader of the party from the time of its formation in 1833 until his resignation from the Senate in 1842, and he remained an important Whig leader until his death in 1852. His frequent rival for leadership of the party was Daniel Webster, who represented

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the right to purchase land before it came to auction and transfer ownership of western lands to the states. Instead, Whigs favored a "distribution" policy that would distribute revenues from federal land sales to the states; states could then invest that money in education, infrastructure projects,

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of Ohio, and Webster, whose support for the Compromise had outraged his Massachusetts constituents. With the support of Fillmore and an impressing bipartisan and bi-sectional coalition, a Senate bill providing for a final settlement of Texas's borders won passage shortly after Fillmore took office.

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Taylor died in July 1850 and was succeeded by Vice President Fillmore. In contrast to John Tyler, Fillmore's legitimacy and authority as president were widely accepted by members of Congress and the public. Fillmore accepted the resignation of Taylor's entire Cabinet and appointed Whig leaders like

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issued a report calling for an increase in tariff rates, but not to the levels seen under the Tariff of 1842. Even Meredith's moderate policies were not adopted, and, partly due to the strong economic growth of the late 1840s and late 1850s, traditional Whig economic stances would increasingly lose

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Congress passed a second bill based on an earlier proposal made by Treasury Secretary Ewing that was tailored to address Tyler's constitutional concerns, but Tyler vetoed that bill as well. In response, every Cabinet member but Webster resigned, and the Whig congressional caucus expelled Tyler from

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Despite Jackson's decisive victory in the 1828 election, National Republicans initially believed that Jackson's party would collapse once Jackson took office. Vice President Calhoun split from the administration in 1831, but differences over the tariff prevented Calhoun's followers from joining the

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writes that Democrats sought to balance the rising power of industrialization in the United States by following "Thomas Jefferson's vision of establishing agriculture in the new territories", while Whigs were content to develop the country within its present borders and feared that expansion would

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In the mid-1840s, a group of Whigs unsuccessfully pushed a bill that would have implemented new paperwork requirements for naturalization and monitored the movements of immigrants in the United States more closely. The unwillingness of Whig leaders to push for more far-reaching changes, such as an

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Despite their decisive loss in the 1852 elections, most Whig leaders believed the party could recover during the Pierce presidency in much the same way that it had recovered under President Polk. However, the strong economy still prevented the Whig economic program from regaining salience, and the

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As the Whig and Democratic national conventions had approved similar platforms, the 1852 election focused largely on the personalities of Scott and Pierce. The 1852 elections proved to be disastrous for the Whig Party, as Scott was defeated by a wide margin and the Whigs lost several congressional

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of Kentucky began to look to General Taylor as a presidential candidate in the hopes that the party could run on Taylor's personal popularity rather than economic issues. Taylor's candidacy faced significant resistance in the Whig Party due to his lack of public commitment to Whig policies and his

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For vice president, the Whigs nominated John Tyler, a former states' rights Democrat selected for the Whig ticket primarily because other Southern supporters of Clay refused to serve as Harrison's running mate. Log cabins and hard cider became the dominant symbols of the Whig campaign as the party

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In doing so, the Whigs were able to shed the elitist image that had persistently hindered the National Republicans. Throughout 1834 and 1835, the Whigs successfully incorporated National Republican and Anti-Masonic state-level organizations and established new state party organizations in Southern

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By early 1838, Clay had emerged as the front-runner due to his support in the South and his spirited opposition to Van Buren's Independent Treasury. A recovering economy convinced other Whigs to support Harrison, who was generally seen as the Whig candidate best able to win over Democrats and new

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argues the Whigs were modernizers, "who attached a great deal of importance to protecting property, maintaining social order, and preserving a distinct cultural heritage, three characteristic conservative concerns". The Whigs themselves adopted the word "conservative", which they associated with

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to the Rio Grande, but only a minority of Whigs voted against the declaration of war as they feared that opposing the war would be politically unpopular. Polk received the declaration of war against Mexico and also pushed through the restoration of the Independent Treasury System and a bill that

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However, Southern voters responded to Polk's calls for annexation, while in the North, Democrats benefited from the growing animosity towards the Whig Party among Catholic and foreign-born voters. Ultimately, Polk won the election, taking 49.5% of the popular vote and a majority of the electoral

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Appealing to voters with a mix of economic and social policies, the Whigs established capable party organizations in Northeastern states like New York and Pennsylvania. Unlike the Federalists and the National Republicans, the Whigs were competitive in the South, building strong state parties in

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Unlike their Democratic rivals, many Whigs held an aversion to party organization that was rooted in a traditional American wariness of political parties. Whig opposition to parties waned after the 1830s, but many leading Whigs, including Webster and John Quincy Adams, never fully gave up their

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his key priority. The annexation of Texas was widely viewed as a pro-slavery initiative as it would add another slave state to the union, and most leaders of both parties opposed opening the question of annexation in 1843 due to the fear of stoking the debate over slavery. Tyler was nonetheless

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in 1826. The Anti-Masonic movement, strongest in the Northeast, gave rise to or expanded the use of many innovations which became accepted practice among other parties, including nominating conventions and party newspapers. Clay rejected overtures from the Anti-Masonic Party, and his attempt to

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The Whig Party faced persistent sectional divisions regarding slavery. Northern Whigs tended to be more anti-slavery than Northern Democrats, but during the 1830s Southern Whigs tended to more pro-slavery than their Democratic counterparts. By the late 1840s, Southern Democrats had become more

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The Whig party had "conservative" and "liberal" principles. Whigs portrayed themselves as being the party of order and stability. They sought to protect property, uphold the status quo, and maintain America's culture. These conservative elements were offset by a progressive streak in Whiggish

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Democrats, by contrast, argued that government action would inevitably favor the privileged few; thus, Democrats held that government should intervene in the economy as little as possible, especially at the federal level. Gregory Bowen notes that the two parties were polar opposite and highly

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Historian John Ashworth writes that the two parties were polarized on important questions of economic development, describing their competition as a "clash of democracy with capitalism". Whigs held that the government had a duty to promote economic prosperity for the people, especially during

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Historian Frank Towers writes that "Democrats stood for the 'sovereignty of the people' as expressed in popular demonstrations, constitutional conventions, and majority rule as a general principle of governing, whereas Whigs advocated the rule of law, written and unchanging constitutions, and

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Early successes in various states made many Whigs optimistic about victory in 1836, but an improving economy bolstered Van Buren's standing ahead of the election. The Whigs also faced the difficulty of uniting former National Republicans, Anti-Masons, and states' rights Southerners around one

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Though Fillmore's enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act made him unpopular among many in the North, he retained considerable support in the South. Meanwhile, Secretary Webster had long coveted the presidency and, though in poor health, planned a final attempt to gain the White House. A third

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To sidestep the issue of the Wilmot Proviso, the Taylor administration proposed that the lands of the Mexican Cession be admitted as states without first organizing territorial governments; thus, slavery in the area would be left to the discretion of state governments rather than the federal

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south of Kentucky and Maryland. Clay's defeat discredited the National Republican Party, encouraging those opposed to Jackson to seek to create a more effective opposition party. Jackson by 1832 was determined to destroy the bank (the Second Bank of the United States), which Whigs supported.

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economic downturns. The Whigs further believed that individual regions of the country lacked the capital necessary for economic growth, and thus the federal government should subsidize large infrastructure projects and promote policies to facilitate the operations of banks and corporations.

4591:. While Jackson's opponents could not agree on a single presidential candidate, they coordinated in the Senate to oppose Jackson's initiatives. Historian Michael Holt writes that the "birth of the Whig Party" can be dated to Clay and his allies taking control of the Senate in December 1833. 4683:

and some other Democrats who favored a more activist government defected to the Whig Party, while Calhoun and his followers joined the Democratic Party. Whig leaders agreed to hold the party's first national convention in December 1839 in order to select the Whig presidential nominee.

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Nonetheless, clear divisions remained between the two parties on territorial acquisitions, as most Democrats joined Polk in seeking to acquire vast tracts of land from Mexico, but most Whigs opposed territorial growth. In February 1848, Mexican and U.S. negotiators reached the

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states like North Carolina and Georgia. The Anti-Masonic heritage to the Whigs included a distrust of behind-the-scenes political maneuvering by party bosses, instead of encouraging direct appeals to the people through gigantic rallies, parades, and rhetorical rabble-rousing.

4547:. The Nullification Crisis briefly scrambled the partisan divisions that had emerged after 1824, as many within the Jacksonian coalition opposed President Jackson's threats of force against South Carolina, while some opposition leaders like Daniel Webster supported them. 4927:

like support for infrastructure spending and increased tariff rates, but Southern Whigs largely eschewed economic policy, instead emphasizing that Taylor's status as a slaveholder meant that he could be trusted on the issue of slavery more so than Democratic candidate

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Across the Northern states, opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act gave rise to anti-Nebraska coalitions consisting of Democrats focused on this opposition along with Free Soilers and Whigs. In Michigan and Wisconsin, these two coalitions labeled themselves as the

5716:. Critchlow points out that the application of the term by Republicans in the Republican Party of 1974 may have been a misnomer—the old Whig party enjoyed more political support before its demise than the Republican Party in the aftermath of Nixon's resignation. 4873:, which would ban slavery in any newly acquired lands. The Wilmot Proviso passed the House with the support of both Northern Whigs and Northern Democrats, breaking the normal pattern of partisan division in congressional votes, but it was defeated in the Senate. 5127:

and other events that stoked sectional tensions, bolstered Republicans throughout the North. During his campaign, Fillmore minimized the issue of nativism, instead of attempting to use his campaign as a platform for unionism and a revival of the Whig Party.

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of Michigan. Ultimately, Taylor won the election with a majority of the electoral vote and a plurality of the popular vote. Taylor improved on Clay's 1844 performance in the South and benefited from the defection of many Democrats to Van Buren in the North.

5768:, a revived Whig Party is one of the two main parties of the rump United States, being the right-wing party whose platform reflects an acceptance of the United States' humbled status following its defeat in the War of Southern Independence. Conversely, in 5585:

Party was divided between former National Republicans who favored federal measures to promote economic development and Southern states' rights advocates who wished to keep federal intervention in the economy to a minimum. By the 1840s, Southern Whigs like

4915:. For vice president, the Whigs nominated Millard Fillmore of New York, a pro-Clay Northerner. Anti-slavery Northern Whigs disaffected with Taylor joined with Democratic supporters of Martin Van Buren and some members of the Liberty Party to found the new 5085:, but similar groups in other states initially took on different names. Like their Free Soil predecessors, Republican leaders generally did not call for the abolition of slavery but instead sought to prevent the extension of slavery into the territories. 4753:

Beginning in mid-1842, Tyler increasingly began to court Democrats, appointing them to his Cabinet and other positions. At the same time, many Whig state organizations repudiated the Tyler administration and endorsed Clay as the party's candidate in the

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Though he had not previously been affiliated with the National Republicans, Harrison indicated that he shared the party's concerns over Jackson's executive power and favored federal investments in infrastructure. Southern Whigs coalesced around Senator

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movement, which eventually organized itself into the American Party. Both the Republican Party and the Know-Nothings portrayed themselves as the natural Whig heirs in the battle against Democratic executive tyranny, but the Republicans focused on the

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Jackson's decision to remove government deposits from the national bank ended any possibility of a Webster-Jackson alliance and helped to solidify partisan lines. The removal of the deposits drew opposition from both pro-bank National Republicans and

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to request an extension of the national bank's charter, but their strategy backfired when Jackson successfully portrayed his veto of the recharter as a victory for the people against an elitist institution. Jackson won another decisive victory in the

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in 1979. Rather than accepting the traditional understanding of the Whigs as Eastern elitists who sought to exploit the masses, Howe cast the Whigs as "sober, industrious, thrifty people" who sought to promote industrialization and national unity.

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U.S. presidential election results from 1828 to 1852. Darker shades of blue indicate states that generally voted for the Democratic Party, while darker shades of yellow/brown indicate states that generally voted for the Whig or National Republican

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With this high degree of focus on voluntary associations, the Whigs would place high degree of emphasis on public schooling. These public schools and Colleges would promote upward social mobility, discouraging immorality and dissipation. One Whig,

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The party campaigned on preserving the union and took an official non-stance on slavery. The Constitutional Union ticket won a plurality of the vote in three states, but Bell finished in fourth place in the national popular vote behind Republican

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In today's American political discourse, historians and pundits often cite the Whig Party as an example of a political party that lost its followers and reason for being, as in the expression "going the way of the Whigs", a term referred to by

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The Senate quickly moved onto the other major issues, passing bills that provided for the admission of California, the organization of New Mexico Territory, and the establishment of a new fugitive slave law. Passage of what became known as the

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in the 1824 election, but not a majority. The House of Representatives had to decide. Speaker Clay supported Adams, who was elected as president by the House, and Clay was appointed as Secretary of State. Jackson called it a "corrupt bargain".

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Clay and Van Buren, the two front-runners for major-party presidential nominations in the 1844 election, both announced their opposition to annexation, and the Senate blocked the annexation treaty. To the surprise of Clay and other Whigs, the

5034:, Fillmore received 133 of the necessary 147 votes, while Scott won 131 and Webster won 29. Fillmore and Webster's supporters were unable to broker a deal to unite behind either candidate, and Scott won the nomination on the 53rd ballot. The 5419:

overwhelmingly voted Democrat, while Protestants were split between the two parties. Recent Irish and German immigrants generally supported the Democrats, but recent immigrants from England, Scotland, and Wales tended to support the Whigs.

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and other priorities. The Whigs supported federally-financed internal improvements on the belief that only the federal government could construct the transportation system necessary for uniting the country commercially and culturally.

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became the central issue of his administration. The Whig Party became badly split between pro-Compromise Whigs like Fillmore and Webster and anti-Compromise Whigs like William Seward, who demanded the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Act.

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soon followed in the House of Representatives. Though the future of slavery in New Mexico, Utah, and other territories remained unclear, Fillmore himself described the Compromise of 1850 as a "final settlement" of sectional issues.

4660:, a long-time Jackson ally who opposed Van Buren's candidacy. Ultimately, Van Buren won a majority of the electoral and popular vote in the 1836 election, though the Whigs improved on Clay's 1832 performance in the South and West. 5686:

writes that "no major political movement ... has suffered more sheer dismissal, more impatient contempt at the hands of political historians than the American Whigs". Guelzo traces the start of this "dismissal" to the writings of

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association with the Mexican–American War. In late 1847, Clay emerged as Taylor's main opponent for the Whig nomination, appealing especially to Northern Whigs with his opposition to the war and the acquisition of new territory.

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candidate, and the party suffered an early blow when Calhoun announced that he would refuse to support any candidate opposed to the doctrine of nullification. Northern Whigs cast aside both Clay and Webster in favor of General

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In August 1846, Polk asked Congress to appropriate $ 2 million (~$ 60.7 million in 2023) in hopes of using that money as a down payment for the purchase of California in a treaty with Mexico. Democratic Congressman

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is "somewhat for those who associate a small role for government rather than a pro-business orientation with conservatism". Others, like the Historian Joseph W. Pearson, note that the Whigs were "essentially middle class."

4247:, but died one month into his term. Harrison's successor, John Tyler, a former Democrat, broke with the Whigs in 1841 after clashing with Clay and other party leaders over economic policies such as the re-establishment of a 4445:

joined to oppose the Adams administration's nationalist agenda, becoming informally known as "Jacksonians". Due in part to the superior organization (by Martin Van Buren) of the Jacksonians, Jackson defeated Adams in the

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and win elections in a state like Ohio and Indiana. The Whigs were generally not as competitive in Democratic strongholds like New Hampshire, Maine, Illinois, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Missouri, and Texas.

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the party on September 13, 1841. The Whigs later began impeachment proceedings against Tyler, but they ultimately failed to impeach him because they believed that his likely acquittal would devastate the party.

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were Whigs before switching to the Republican Party, from which they were elected to office. In the long run, the United States adopted Whiggish economic policies coupled with a Democratic strong presidency.

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and state elections. Scott amassed more votes than Taylor had in most Northern states, but Democrats benefited from a surge of new voters in the North and the collapse of Whig strength in much of the South.

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of Ohio commanded a following in the party and was a perennial aspirant for the Whig presidential nomination, but he maintained his independence from the party and never ran for office as a Whig candidate.

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The Whig Party vanished after the 1850s, but Whiggism, as a modernizing policy orientation persisted for decades. It played a major role in shaping the modernizing policies of the state governments during

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Fillmore's American Party collapsed after the 1856 election, and many former Whigs who refused to join the Democratic Party or the Republican Party organized themselves into a loose coalition known as the

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of North Carolina, the latter of whom accused Jackson of flouting the Constitution. In late 1833, Clay began to hold a series of dinners with opposition leaders in order to settle on a candidate to oppose

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In the years following the 1824 election, former members of the Democratic-Republican Party split into hostile factions. Supporters of President Adams and Clay joined with many former Federalists such as

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their salience after 1848. When Taylor assumed office, the organization of state and territorial governments and the status of slavery in the Mexican Cession remained the major issue facing Congress.

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A plan to strengthen and unify the nation, the American System was advanced by the Whig Party and a number of leading politicians including Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams.

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Millard Fillmore's faction of the party. John M. Clayton of Delaware and John C. Crittenden of Kentucky were important border state Whigs who were influential in the Taylor administration.

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classes, occupations, religions, and ethnicities. Nonetheless, the Whig Party was based among middle-class conservatives. The central fault line between the parties concerned the emerging

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In the secession crisis that followed Lincoln's election, Southern Democrats generally led secession efforts, while Southern former Whigs generally opposed immediate secession. During the

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candidate emerged in the form of General Winfield Scott, who won the backing of many Northerners but whose association with Senator William Seward made him unacceptable to Southern Whigs.

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The other faction was tied to the cotton-based textile industry, which depended on Southern cotton. They de-emphasized the slavery issue. In Massachusetts, notable Consciences included

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and prevent the flow of currency and credit from the country. Whigs generally opposed Democratic efforts to reduce federal land prices, implement a "preemption" policy that would allow

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did not break down strictly on party lines, but Whigs tended to have less favorable views towards immigration, partly because most recent immigrants aligned with the Democratic Party.

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broke out on the northern side of the Rio Grande, Polk called on Congress to declare war against Mexico, arguing that Mexico had invaded American territory by crossing the Rio Grande.

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independence in favor of a party label. The Whigs were also deeply committed to preventing executive tyranny, which they saw as an existential threat to republican self-government.

4417:, while Clay and Adams favored high tariffs and the national bank; regionalism played a central role, with Jackson strongest in the West. Jackson won a plurality of the popular and 2114: 12038: 5278:

recklessly exploiting the will of the majority, and they supported a strong Congress as a means of restraining that will within the bounds of a stable, constitutional framework.

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convince Calhoun to serve as his running mate failed, leaving the opposition to Jackson split among different leaders when the National Republicans nominated Clay for president.

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The Whigs were an opposition party formed to challenge Jacksonian Democrats, thereby launching the 'second party system' in America, but they were far from a single-issue party.

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never became a purely partisan issue between Whigs and Democrats, but Whigs tended to be more favorable to state prohibition laws than were Democrats. Similarly, opinions on

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Whigs were less in favor of expansionism than their Democratic counterparts, and Whigs tended to oppose the Mexican–American War and the acquisition of new territories like

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of New York City. In South Carolina and other states, those opposed to Jackson began to form small "Whig" parties. The Whig label implicitly compared "King Andrew" to King

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Though Jackson had vetoed a re-charter bill, the bank still retained federal deposits at the start of his second term. The national bank's federal charter expired in 1836.

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Tennessee and Kentucky, and competitive parties in Louisiana, Georgia, and Virginia. By emphasizing their moral conservatism, the Whigs were also able to expand into the

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nominated Fillmore for president, but disagreements over the party platform's stance on slavery caused many Northern Know-Nothings to abandon the party. Meanwhile, the

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Jackson for the removal of the national bank deposits, thereby establishing opposition to Jackson's executive power as the organizing principle of the new party.

12220: 5695:, who labeled the period during which the Whigs were active as the "Age of Jackson". The Whigs' historical reputation began to recover with the publication of 4325:

were Whigs before switching to the Republican Party, from which they were elected to office. It is considered the primary predecessor party of the modern-day

4278:, which helped to defuse sectional tensions in the aftermath of the Mexican–American War for a time. Nonetheless, the Whigs suffered a decisive defeat in the 10964: 5742:

was named in direct emulation of the American Whig Party. The True Whig Party was founded in 1869 and it dominated politics in Liberia from 1878 until 1980.

4374:. After 1815, the Democratic-Republicans emerged as the sole major party at the national level but became increasingly polarized. A nationalist wing, led by 3805: 9255: 12200: 10715: 5500:

of Virginia joined the Whig Party over dissatisfaction with Van Buren's handling of the Independent Treasury, and he became a prominent conservative Whig.

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Guelzo, Allen C. (2001). "Review of The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War by Michael Holt".

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Sean Wilentz says, "Jackson's decision to destroy the Second Bank of the United States caught some of his own supporters by surprise." Sean Wilentz,

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all sought the presidency as members of the Democratic-Republican Party. Crawford favored state sovereignty and a strict constructionist view of the

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thought. Whigs wanted a dynamic cosmopolitan society, and they believed commercial expansion represented the denouement of the American Revolution.

12034: 11879: 5424:

on the strength of National Republicans and the Anti-Masonic Party to build up party organizations in Delaware, Maryland, and much of New England.

3931: 615: 449: 254: 4961:

Reflecting the Taylor administration's desire to find a middle ground between traditional Whig and Democratic policies, Secretary of the Treasury

6749: 4455: 4248: 4087: 2201: 12210: 11346: 6754: 324: 4787:

unopposed, Clay and other Whigs were initially confident that they would defeat the divided Democrats and their relatively obscure candidate.

11320: 5496:

of Ohio emerged in the 1840s as a leading opponent of the Mexican–American War, and he later served as Fillmore's Secretary of the Treasury.

4181:, the rule of law, protections against majority rule, and vigilance against executive tyranny. They favored an economic program known as the 2206: 12063: 11527: 10841: 3936: 11719: 7141:...The Democratic-Republican and Whig parties are considered the predecessors of today's Democratic and Republican parties, respectively. 7132: 6110: 4970:

government. In January 1850, Senator Clay introduced a separate proposal which included the admission of California as a free state, the

3272: 10665: 12230: 11804: 11729: 10761: 5339: 5176:. In the North, most former Whigs, including the vast majority of those who had voted for Fillmore in 1856, voted for Lincoln in 1860. 5157: 4298: 3795: 3368: 2667: 2339: 2225: 693: 344: 182: 17: 4227:, but the Whig Party was not a direct successor to that party and many Whig leaders, including Henry Clay, had aligned with the rival 2231: 11749: 4065: 4543:. Jackson strongly denied the right of South Carolina to nullify federal law, but the crisis was resolved after Congress passed the 11964: 11789: 11724: 11572: 11313: 10854: 10828: 10708: 6810: 6073: 6043: 6009: 5979: 5945: 5840: 5366: 5149: 5105: 4994: 4897: 4755: 4699: 4679:

system, essentially a series of vaults that would hold government deposits. As the debate over the Independent Treasury continued,

4588: 4480: 4447: 4394: 4279: 4267: 4255: 4244: 4232: 3941: 3664: 3594: 2244: 1637: 439: 12163: 11894: 11884: 11854: 11577: 11517: 11512: 11269: 11067: 5558:

became the leading Whig economist in the 1830s. Other prominent Whig-aligned intellectuals and public figures include journalist

5200: 5192: 4982:

territories, a ban on the importation of slaves into the District of Columbia for sale, and a more stringent fugitive slave law.

4497: 3759: 3447: 2533: 1582: 9959:

Heirs of the Founders: The Epic Rivalry of Henry Clay, John Calhoun and Daniel Webster, the Second Generation of American Giants

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Seeking to rally support from Whigs who had yet to join another party, Fillmore and his allies organized the sparsely-attended

4091: 3810: 2254: 502: 301: 4474:

Hoping to make the national bank a key issue of the 1832 election, the National Republicans convinced national bank president

12078: 11557: 9852: 9812: 9749: 9730: 9669: 9498: 9381: 7116: 394: 5452: 11869: 11649: 10766: 3485: 3407: 2548: 2312: 2191: 1900: 968: 512: 35: 30:

This article is about the political party in the United States (1833–1856). For the 1678–1859 British political party, see

6834:, who served for the remainder of the term. Tyler had been elected as vice president on the Whig ticket, but he became an 4602:

of Pennsylvania also joined. Several prominent Democrats defected to the Whigs, including Mangum, former Attorney General

12190: 12101: 11809: 11794: 11462: 11442: 11417: 11220: 10701: 10089:

Formisano, Ronald P. (June 1974). "Deferential-Participant Politics: The Early Republic's Political Culture, 1789–1840".

10000:

Burnham, Walter Dean. "Lessons for 2016 from the smashup of the Second Party System and the War of the Whig succession".

5116: 5035: 4772: 4143: 3304: 958: 828: 203: 10530: 11929: 11764: 11759: 11734: 11709: 11537: 11452: 10520: 10202: 10010:

Carpenter, Daniel, and Benjamin Schneer. "Party formation through petitions: The Whigs and the Bank War of 1832–1834".

9966: 9892: 9789: 9709: 9688: 9602: 9475: 9456: 9400: 9358: 9292: 9211: 9153: 9126: 8947: 8922: 8657: 8465: 5469: 5251: 3976: 3731: 3721: 3475: 2317: 1860: 1682: 610: 8038: 5778:

a Whig Party emerges as the dominant political party of an independent Confederacy, representing the interests of the

5724:

After the dissolution of the Whig Party, the term Whig remained part of the name of various newspapers, including the

4861:

reduced tariffs; opposition to the passage of these Democratic policies helped to reunify and reinvigorate the Whigs.

4441:

to form a group informally known as the "Adams party". Meanwhile, supporters of Jackson, Crawford, and Vice President

4390:, opposed these policies, instead favoring a strict interpretation of the Constitution and a weak federal government. 11959: 11859: 11819: 11784: 11401: 10783: 10749: 10578: 10496: 10422: 10398: 10362: 10316: 10179: 10139: 10050: 9871: 9831: 9646: 9623: 9521: 9433: 5804: 5633:. During the mid-1850s, several Conscience leaders played an important role in the founding of the Republican Party. 5255: 5112: 4532: 3490: 3287: 2518: 2424: 1517: 1467: 352: 12071: 11934: 11844: 11814: 11779: 11552: 11457: 11370: 11363: 11142: 11018: 10986: 10773: 10213:

Howe, Daniel Walker (March 1991). "The Evangelical Movement and Political Culture during the Second Party System".

6764: 6613: 6144: 5516: 5370: 5145: 5082: 4911:

With strong backing from slave state delegates, Taylor won the presidential nomination on the fourth ballot of the

4639:, a two-time presidential candidate who became the first Whig president in 1841 but died just one month into office 4594:

The National Republicans, including Clay and Webster, formed the core of the Whig Party, but many Anti-Masons like

4559: 4379: 4326: 4287: 4224: 3953: 3644: 3480: 3336: 2459: 2444: 2344: 2322: 2104: 2064: 178: 165: 12152: 9946:

Barkan, Elliott R. "The Emergence of a Whig Persuasion: Conservatism, Democratism, and the New York State Whigs."

4667:

struck the nation. Land prices plummeted, industries laid-off employees, and banks failed. According to historian

11283: 11185: 10793: 10788: 10739: 9259: 5347: 5326: 5287: 5207:, ex-Whigs dominated the Republican Party and enacted much of their American System. Presidents Abraham Lincoln, 4418: 4342: 4236: 4189: 4182: 3825: 3432: 3214: 2469: 529: 224: 31: 10249:

Kruman, Marc W. (Winter 1992). "The Second Party System and the Transformation of Revolutionary Republicanism".

4974:

by Texas of some of its northern and western territorial claims in return for debt relief, the establishment of

4671:, the economic crisis of the late 1830s and early 1840s was the most severe recession in U.S. history until the 11799: 11714: 11422: 11177: 11122: 10808: 10685: 9531:

Green, Don (Summer 2007). "Constitutional Unionists: The Party that Tried to Stop Lincoln and Save the Union".

5602: 4945: 4841:, which still regarded Texas as a part of its republic and contended that Texas's true southern border was the 4627: 3948: 3881: 3669: 3427: 3363: 2902: 2261: 648: 329: 5411:, as Whigs embraced the economic and social changes caused by the market economy and Democrats rejected them. 4270:, but Taylor died in 1850 and was succeeded by Millard Fillmore. Fillmore, Clay, Daniel Webster, and Democrat 2004: 12093: 12044: 11774: 11769: 11472: 10946: 10933: 10920: 10907: 10894: 6814: 5204: 5184: 5132: 5055: 5031: 4912: 4784: 4712: 4306: 4058: 3859: 3557: 2464: 2429: 2186: 1840: 319: 12225: 11889: 11562: 11289: 11009: 10617:

Williams, Max R. "The Foundations of the Whig Party in North Carolina: A Synthesis and a Modest Proposal."

5476:

affiliated with the Whig Party early in their career before joining the Court as members of another party.

5077:

by allowing slavery in territories north of the 36°30′ parallel, shook up traditional partisan alignments.

4941: 4611: 4508: 4205: 3776: 3346: 2764: 482: 211: 11989: 11969: 11949: 11629: 11396: 11381: 10974: 9326: 6644: 6552: 6503: 6454: 6410: 6361: 6317: 6268: 6224: 6175: 5655: 5646: 4878: 4825: 4800: 4467: 4367: 4228: 3869: 3840: 3599: 3589: 3574: 3562: 3412: 3331: 2736: 10654:, contains the text of the national platforms that were adopted by the national conventions (1844–1856). 10022: 5377:

extension of the five-year naturalization period, encouraged some Whigs to join nativist third parties.

11939: 11909: 11507: 10849: 10566: 6847:

President Taylor died July 9, 1850, about one year and four months into the term, and was succeeded by

5618: 5123:

as the party's presidential candidate. The defection of many Northern Know-Nothings, combined with the

5019: 4824:

The United States settled the Texas-Mexico border and acquired portions of seven current states in the

4414: 4162: 3852: 3659: 3547: 3395: 3309: 3129: 3045: 2841: 2628: 2543: 2439: 2307: 429: 379: 10803: 10060:

Formisano, Ronald P. (Winter 1969). "Political Character, Antipartyism, and the Second Party System".

5140:

Scott voters in the South, but most former Whigs in the North voted for Frémont rather than Fillmore.

12004: 11954: 11829: 11699: 11639: 11482: 11432: 10724: 10241:

Husch, Gail E. "George Caleb Bingham's The County Election: Whig Tribute to the Will of the People."

9722:

A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War, and the Conquest of the American Continent

7343: 5692: 4920: 4451: 4282:

partly due to sectional divisions within the party. The Whigs collapsed following the passage of the

4216: 3891: 3820: 3800: 3711: 2722: 2694: 2474: 2391: 2024: 1805: 918: 668: 658: 249: 146: 128: 4791:

vote; the swing of just over one percent of the vote in New York would have given Clay the victory.

11994: 11252: 10941: 10798: 10172:

Political Parties and American Political Development: From the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln

9393:

America's Great Debate: Henry Clay, Stephen A. Douglas, and the Compromise That Preserved the Union

6053: 5651: 5124: 4813: 4759: 4728: 4563: 4475: 4263: 4166: 4051: 3835: 3512: 3457: 3277: 3254: 3226: 3003: 2922: 2211: 2124: 1994: 1211: 573: 563: 434: 399: 11305: 8647: 7106: 11924: 11467: 11437: 11246: 10992: 10954: 9447:

Year of Meteors: Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, and the Election that Brought on the Civil War

7339: 6083: 5774: 5465: 5070: 4283: 3990: 3926: 3624: 3584: 3442: 3314: 2778: 2663: 2489: 2034: 1354: 683: 487: 467: 10679: 9615:

The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War

4309:, ex-Whigs dominated the Republican Party and enacted much of their American System. Presidents 11739: 11597: 11587: 11542: 11532: 11427: 10915: 10898: 10858: 9911:

Alexander, Thomas B. (August 1961). "Persistent Whiggery in the Confederate South, 1860–1877".

8914: 6835: 6827: 5989: 5951: 5845: 5302: 4691: 4645: 4636: 4201: 4197: 4099: 3815: 3527: 3495: 3191: 3184: 2701: 2495: 2449: 2354: 2196: 1527: 1462: 1374: 803: 678: 673: 600: 578: 553: 68: 9282: 9116: 4454:, which opposed President Jackson. By the early 1830s, the Jacksonians organized into the new 229: 12167: 11864: 11849: 11694: 11689: 11567: 11166: 11148: 11093: 10629:

Space, Time, and Freedom: The Quest for Nationality and the Irrepressible Conflict, 1815–1861

9143: 8455: 6708: 5673:, who began his career as a Whig officeholder, served on the Supreme Court from 1877 to 1911. 5564: 5547: 5504: 5069:

party failed to develop an effective platform on which to campaign. The debate over the 1854

3997: 3962: 3736: 3726: 3522: 3351: 3341: 3299: 2954: 2792: 2743: 2729: 2642: 2583: 2396: 2359: 2302: 2164: 2134: 2094: 2054: 1845: 730: 625: 409: 404: 9613: 8940:

Separate: The Story of Plessy v. Ferguson, and America's Journey from Slavery to Segregation

8906: 8585:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 213–215. 6987: 4632: 364: 12142: 11502: 11234: 11197: 11154: 10542:

Van Deusen, Glyndon G. "Some Aspects of Whig Thought and Theory in the Jacksonian Period".

9977:

Cotton Versus Conscience; Massachusetts Whig Politics and Southwestern Expansion, 1843–1848

8493: 6736: 5920: 5670: 5594: 5497: 5473: 5290:

leader Alexander Hamilton, but after the War of 1812 they were also supported by President

5173: 4975: 4680: 4676: 4649: 4579: 4540: 4483:, taking 55 percent of the national popular vote and 88 percent of the popular vote in the 4038: 3864: 3701: 3649: 3422: 3017: 2673: 2573: 2568: 2528: 2239: 2074: 2014: 1984: 1955: 1612: 1532: 1018: 848: 492: 472: 285: 244: 239: 234: 219: 10659: 10042:

Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War

4856:

Many Whigs argued that Polk had provoked war with Mexico by sending a force under General

8: 12127: 12117: 11984: 11704: 11684: 11602: 11592: 11582: 11547: 11447: 11105: 10980: 10778: 10642: 10529:

Smith, Craig R. "Daniel Webster's Epideictic Speaking: A Study in Emerging Whig Virtues"

9780:

The Birth of Modern Politics: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Election of 1828

6957: 6744: 5751: 5709: 5573: 5555: 5479:

During the time of the party's existence, numerous other Whig leaders emerged, including

5208: 5074: 4962: 4567: 4512: 4402: 4314: 4291: 4095: 4024: 3874: 3681: 3452: 3203: 3136: 3122: 2968: 2927: 2886: 2879: 2771: 2614: 2484: 2479: 2454: 2154: 2044: 1740: 1720: 1587: 1537: 1409: 1261: 863: 773: 541: 384: 10592: 10351: 12137: 12132: 12122: 12112: 11824: 11679: 11228: 11209: 11191: 11160: 11136: 10998: 10756: 10693: 10674: 10486: 10295: 10266: 10230: 10191: 10128: 10114: 10106: 10077: 9928: 9801: 9635: 9591: 9577: 9556: 9548: 9510: 9445: 9422: 9370: 8505:

Frank Towers, "Mobtown's Impact on the Study of Urban Politics in the Early Republic".

5731: 5700: 5691:, who dismissed the Whigs as bereft of ideas, and through to the writings of historian 5642: 5626: 5385: 5335: 5282:

Clay and other nationalist Democratic-Republican Party leaders in the aftermath of the

5246: 5180: 5169: 5153: 5063: 5011: 4904: 4668: 4463: 4363: 4338: 4302: 4275: 4271: 4220: 4177:, and preferred congressional dominance in lawmaking. Members advocated modernization, 4131: 3983: 3790: 3696: 3634: 3619: 3579: 3507: 3282: 3209: 3024: 3010: 2820: 2563: 2558: 2508: 2334: 1715: 1607: 1216: 1131: 878: 873: 818: 798: 735: 663: 568: 546: 519: 150: 132: 10456: 9487: 5782:

and dominating Confederate politics until the rise of the Freedom Party following the

5526:

One strength of the Whigs was a superb network of newspapers—their leading editor was

5365:

Aside from the Whig economic program, various other issues confronted the Whig Party.

5331: 5120: 4805: 4758:. After Webster resigned from the Cabinet in May 1843 following the conclusion of the 4208:, but Northern Whigs tended to be less supportive than their Democratic counterparts. 11999: 11522: 11487: 10867: 10832: 10612: 10574: 10516: 10492: 10418: 10412: 10394: 10312: 10198: 10175: 10135: 10118: 10046: 10040: 9962: 9888: 9867: 9848: 9827: 9808: 9785: 9778: 9764: 9745: 9726: 9705: 9684: 9665: 9658: 9642: 9619: 9598: 9560: 9544: 9517: 9494: 9471: 9452: 9429: 9396: 9377: 9354: 9288: 9207: 9149: 9122: 8943: 8918: 8907: 8653: 8461: 7112: 5870: 5764: 5726: 5216: 5212: 4657: 4595: 4575: 4551: 4406: 4383: 4351: 4322: 4318: 4135: 3654: 3614: 3552: 2872: 2848: 2813: 2374: 2219: 1915: 1830: 1760: 1487: 1404: 1384: 1369: 1309: 1166: 1161: 1136: 1071: 1056: 1023: 993: 978: 923: 903: 888: 703: 605: 534: 419: 10602: 10559: 10431:

Renda, Lex. "The Dysfunctional Party: Collapse of the New Jersey Whigs, 1849–1853",

1790: 11974: 11904: 11899: 11874: 11634: 11497: 10950: 10928: 10885: 10386: 10287: 10258: 10222: 10098: 10069: 9920: 9540: 8551:

Agrarians and Aristocrats: Party Political Ideology in the United States, 1837–1846

7331: 6848: 6545: 6217: 6078: 6022: 5769: 5543: 5532: 5354: 5301:

Whig thought was typically rooted in evangelical Christianity, as expressed in the

5088:

Another political coalition appeared in the form of the nativist and anti-Catholic

4954: 4829: 4763: 4695: 4672: 4599: 4584: 4371: 4359: 4240: 4154: 4111: 3886: 3847: 3639: 3383: 3220: 2982: 2975: 2834: 2806: 2785: 2708: 2687: 2635: 2513: 2434: 2386: 2369: 2281: 1945: 1925: 1910: 1870: 1785: 1647: 1497: 1452: 1334: 1319: 988: 948: 698: 585: 497: 192: 142: 12049: 11914: 11839: 11834: 11754: 11744: 11674: 11258: 11203: 11044: 10880: 10862: 10510: 10405: 10372: 10359:

The Whigs' America: Middle-Class Political Thought in the Age of Jackson and Clay

9882: 9842: 9720: 9201: 6722: 6686: 6594: 5900: 5850: 5783: 5739: 5683: 5630: 5586: 5569: 5559: 5520: 5512: 5188: 5165: 5039: 4916: 4850: 4828:. Portions of present-day Arizona and New Mexico were later acquired in the 1853 4711:

of New York, Harrison won the presidential nomination on the fifth ballot of the

4603: 4442: 4387: 4310: 4083: 3764: 3532: 3462: 3326: 3259: 3161: 2940: 2827: 2799: 2621: 2607: 2538: 2419: 2144: 1920: 1795: 1725: 1697: 1677: 1617: 1557: 1492: 1419: 1414: 1379: 1364: 1359: 1236: 1181: 1176: 1156: 1126: 1116: 1096: 1081: 933: 853: 823: 813: 788: 768: 713: 595: 507: 414: 154: 10476:

The Jacksonians Versus the Banks: Politics in the States after the Panic of 1837

10341:

vol 1: Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852; vol 2. A House Dividing, 1852–1857

5108:

became a three-sided contest between Democrats, Know-Nothings, and Republicans.

11979: 11240: 11099: 11087: 11056: 11050: 11038: 11032: 10937: 10924: 10876: 10651: 10506: 10482: 10330: 10029: 6496: 6048: 6015: 5895: 5622: 5610: 5601:

insistent regarding the expansion of slavery, and more open to the prospect of

5597:

of Virginia actively sought to shift the party away from economic nationalism.

5527: 5456: 5445: 5441: 5408: 5233: 5136: 5018:

Following the passage of the Compromise of 1850, Fillmore's enforcement of the

4990: 4979: 4971: 4893: 4889: 4870: 4857: 4809: 4780: 4544: 4536: 4521: 4438: 4410: 4212: 4170: 4127: 4119: 4107: 3686: 3604: 3517: 3467: 3087: 2989: 2947: 2578: 2381: 1965: 1935: 1865: 1855: 1820: 1800: 1572: 1562: 1522: 1477: 1472: 1394: 1339: 1329: 1286: 1281: 1266: 1256: 1151: 1076: 1028: 913: 883: 858: 838: 763: 477: 424: 72: 64: 9699: 9308: 6920: 4820: 12184: 11130: 11111: 10466:

Shade, William G. (1983). "The Second Party System". In Paul Kleppner (ed.).

9351:

Why Parties Matter: Political Competition and Democracy in the American South

7444:

The Politicians and the Egalitarians: The Hidden History of American Politics

6403: 5801:

List of United States National Republican and Whig Party presidential tickets

5659: 5593:

of Virginia endorsed interventionist measures, but other Southern Whigs like

5551: 5508: 5493: 5429: 5314: 5291: 5286:. Many of these nationalist ideas were influenced by the economic program of 5250:"'law and order', social caution, and moral restraint". Political scientists 5038:

nominated a dark horse candidate in the form of former New Hampshire senator

5002: 4776: 4664: 4259: 4186: 4174: 4139: 3969: 3166: 3143: 2996: 2961: 2865: 2855: 2656: 2649: 2553: 1895: 1885: 1875: 1850: 1780: 1775: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1642: 1602: 1437: 1399: 1246: 1221: 1186: 1121: 1013: 1008: 998: 973: 963: 953: 893: 808: 758: 558: 524: 444: 10278:

Marshall, Lynn. (January 1967). "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party".

8645: 4432:, a founder of the Whig Party in the 1830s and its 1844 presidential nominee 11919: 11669: 11277: 11081: 11075: 10836: 10744: 10130:

The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s

9939:

Atkins, Jonathan M.; "The Whig Party versus the "spoilsmen" of Tennessee",

9768: 6806: 5614: 5538: 5480: 5089: 4866: 4842: 4708: 4294: 4147: 4123: 3691: 3629: 3378: 3264: 3171: 3101: 3038: 2907: 2757: 2750: 2715: 2501: 1960: 1950: 1815: 1810: 1765: 1750: 1735: 1687: 1632: 1627: 1577: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1502: 1457: 1389: 1349: 1344: 1304: 1271: 1251: 1111: 1066: 983: 928: 908: 898: 868: 270: 174: 55: 5228: 4223:, and disaffected Democrats. The Whigs had some weak links to the defunct 11354: 8496:

who was the 20th Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama from 1865 to 1868.

8457:

The Virginia Conservatives, 1867–1879: A Study in Reconstruction Politics

6793: 5688: 5666: 5546:, also emerged as an important Whig paper. Influenced by the writings of 5488: 5448:, an anti-slavery "Conscience Whig" who later joined the Republican Party 5416: 5310: 5283: 5271: 5094: 4779:

and established a platform calling for the acquisition of both Texas and

4707:

voters. With the crucial support of Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania and

4531:

Shortly after Jackson's re-election, South Carolina passed a measure to "

4525: 4484: 4178: 3609: 3437: 3231: 3156: 3073: 3059: 2269: 1940: 1930: 1880: 1835: 1770: 1730: 1692: 1672: 1592: 1512: 1482: 1447: 1324: 1314: 1231: 1226: 1191: 1171: 1146: 1141: 1086: 1061: 1003: 943: 938: 843: 833: 793: 783: 778: 753: 718: 688: 653: 620: 590: 10622: 9951: 9581: 9552: 9414: 8632:

Mark Groen, "The Whig Party and the Rise of Common Schools, 1837–1854",

6716: 5245:

protections for minority interests against majority tyranny." Historian

4358:

During the 1790s, the first major U.S. parties arose in the form of the

4301:. The last vestiges of the Whig Party faded away after the start of the 12171: 11026: 10911: 10902: 10889: 10871: 10845: 10678: 10547: 10309:

The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era

10299: 10270: 10234: 10110: 10081: 9932: 9057: 6831: 6310: 5984: 5958: 5925: 5875: 5779: 5759: 5590: 4928: 4846: 4738: 4687: 4607: 4450:, taking 56 percent of the popular vote. Clay became the leader of the 4429: 4398: 4375: 4115: 4103: 3373: 2917: 2274: 1890: 1825: 1597: 1567: 1507: 1442: 1206: 1101: 1091: 1051: 708: 82: 60: 5730:. Several ephemeral small parties in the United States, including the 5397: 4286:

in 1854, with most Northern Whigs eventually joining the anti-slavery

11944: 9203:

The Conservative Ascendancy: How the GOP right made political history

9188:

The Conservative Ascendancy: How the GOP Right Made Political History

5758:

include a Whig Party having a major role in the postbellum world. In

5714:

The Conservative Ascendancy: How the GOP Right Made Political History

5275: 4884: 4663:

Shortly after Van Buren took office, an economic crisis known as the

4138:. The Whig base of support was amongst entrepreneurs, professionals, 3066: 2364: 1905: 1755: 1241: 1196: 1033: 725: 630: 389: 10291: 10262: 10226: 10102: 10073: 9924: 4985: 4150:. It had much less backing from poor farmers and unskilled workers. 11335: 5358: 5338:, an influential Whig leader who later established the short-lived 4950: 4923:

and campaigned against the spread of slavery into the territories.

4354:, the 6th president, became a Whig congressman later in his career. 4193: 3916: 3898: 3177: 3108: 3094: 3080: 3052: 2912: 1745: 1652: 1622: 1276: 1201: 1106: 10164:

Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War

9327:"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives, 1789 to Present" 8511:

The Baltimore Bank Riot: Political Upheaval in Antebellum Maryland

7244:

The New Hate: A History of Fear and Loathing on the Populist Right

6830:

died April 4, 1841, one month into his term, and was succeeded by

6813:, though they were also nominated by a rump group of Whigs at the 5523:

served a single term as a Whig congressman representing Illinois.

5313:, played a pivotal role in establishing a public school system in 10658: 8583:

Lincoln's Tragic Pragmatism: Lincoln, Douglas, and Moral Conflict

8509:

107 (Winter 2012) pp. 469–75, p. 472, citing Robert E, Shalhope,

5735: 4816:

and later won the 1848 presidential election as the Whig nominee.

4741:

clashed with congressional Whigs and was expelled from the party.

4517: 3782: 3197: 3115: 3031: 9824:

The Life of the Parties: A History of American Political Parties

9141: 8123: 4243:. Whig nominee William Henry Harrison unseated Van Buren in the 4192:, federal subsidies for the construction of infrastructure, and 9660:

What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848

8649:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Political and Legal History

8620:

The Whigs' America: Middle Class Politics in the Age of Jackson

8537:

The Whigs' America: Middle Class Politics in the Age of Jackson

5254:

and John D. Griffin note that the labeling of Whig ideology as

5135:, which nominated Fillmore for president. Ultimately, Democrat 5060:

History of the United States Republican Party § Beginnings

4838: 4794: 4550:

The name "Whig" was first suggested for Jackson's opponents by

3716: 9284:

Corruption and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: Selling the Peace?

9234: 8171: 8090: 5656:

Portrait depicting Abraham Lincoln as a young Whig congressman

4305:, but Whig ideas remained influential for decades. During the 9994:

Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party

4733: 4675:. Van Buren's economic response centered on establishing the 4239:, but the party failed to defeat Jackson's chosen successor, 4158: 3706: 8149: 8147: 5734:

and the "Modern Whig Party", have adopted the Whig name. In

5042:, a Northerner sympathetic to the Southern view on slavery. 4425: 4347: 9826:(Paperback ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 9409:

Bowen, Gregory L., "Antebellum Parties and Party Systems".

9280: 9052:

Lynn Marshall. "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party",

8696: 5381: 4094:

between the late 1830s and the early 1850s and part of the

277: 8801: 8799: 7354: 7352: 7226: 7224: 5294:, one of the founders of the Democratic-Republican Party. 4466:

formed following the disappearance and possible murder of

4211:

The Whigs emerged in the 1830s in opposition to President

12030:

State and local political parties (without national body)

9844:

The Presidencies of Zachary Taylor & Millard Fillmore

9803:

The Presidencies of William Henry Harrison and John Tyler

8708: 8675: 8159: 8144: 8102: 8078: 8019: 8007: 7625: 7623: 6906: 6904: 5389:

cause a divisive debate over slavery in the territories.

5183:, former Whigs formed the core of a "proto-party" in the 10723: 9742:

The Illustrated Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era

8622:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 1–8. 5270:

Howe characterizes the Whigs' anti-individualism as an "

4610:

of Virginia. The Whig Party's first major action was to

9847:. The American Presidency. University Press of Kansas. 9145:

Parties and Elections in America: The Electoral Process

8796: 8066: 7518: 7506: 7472: 7470: 7388: 7376: 7364: 7349: 7313: 7221: 7214: 7212: 7042: 7040: 6792:

In actuality, the government of British Prime Minister

4888:

A political cartoon satirizing the candidacy of either

4648:, a former senator who had led U.S. forces in the 1811 34:. For the British political party founded in 2014, see 10166:(1960), Pulitzer prize; the standard history. Pro-Bank 7914: 7620: 7133:"Major American Political Parties of the 19th Century" 6901: 5353:

High tariffs were also designed to prevent a negative

10449:

History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2000

8646:

Donald T. Critchlow and Philip R. VanderMeer (2012).

8539:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 2. 7151: 7149: 6796:

had little interest in pushing abolitionism in Texas.

5511:

competed for influence with their intra-party rival,

4919:; the party nominated a ticket of Van Buren and Whig 10350:, Crosby, Nichols & Company, Boston, 377 pages; 9864:

The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln

7467: 7209: 7061: 7054: 7052: 7037: 7030: 7028: 7026: 6838:

after the Whigs expelled him from the party in 1841.

6698: 9468:

American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice

7306: 7304: 10631:(1974) intellectual history of Whigs and Democrats 10537:Gale Researcher Guide for: The Second Party System 10512:A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837–1861 10190: 10127: 9800: 9777: 9657: 9634: 9590: 9509: 9486: 9444: 9421: 9369: 8636:Spring/Summer 2008, Vol. 35 Issue 1/2, pp. 251–260 8479: 8477: 8453: 7146: 7090:Gale Researcher Guide for: The Second Party System 6894: 6892: 4869:of Pennsylvania offered an amendment known as the 12206:Defunct conservative parties in the United States 10573:. Chelsea House Publications. pp. 1:331–63. 10565:Van Deusen, Glyndon (1973). "The Whig Party". In 9118:Abolitionism and American Politics and Government 9114: 7167: 7049: 7023: 4935: 4169:. It disliked presidential power as exhibited by 12182: 10343:. highly detailed narrative of national politics 7301: 5100:Congressional Democrats suffered huge losses in 4783:. Having won the presidential nomination at the 4722: 10673: 10505: 10451:(various multivolume editions, latest is 2001). 8606:Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America 8474: 6889: 6750:American election campaigns in the 19th century 6104: 5542:, under the leadership of Richard Haughton and 12221:Defunct political parties in the United States 11347:List of political parties in the United States 10157:The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856 9348: 8942:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 34–35. 8909:The Taney Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy 8233: 8231: 6979: 6755:List of political parties in the United States 5621:while the Cottons were led by such figures as 5503:In Georgia, future Confederate Vice President 12079: 11321: 10709: 8844: 8764:Out of Many: A History of the American People 4059: 8402: 8384: 6882: 6880: 5156:and other unionist conservatives formed the 4795:Polk and the Mexican–American War, 1845–1849 4254:Clay clinched his party's nomination in the 12201:1856 disestablishments in the United States 10555:Horace Greeley, Nineteenth-Century Crusader 9985:Abraham Lincoln, 1809–1858, vol. 1, ch. 4–8 9637:The Political Culture of the American Whigs 9349:Aldrich, John H.; Griffin, John D. (2018). 9142:Louis Sandy Maisel; Mark D. Brewer (2008). 8974: 8652:. Oxford UP. pp. 280, 358–59, 381–83. 8492:The last elected politician as a Whig, was 8228: 7860: 7833: 7824: 7797: 7788: 7779: 6870: 6868: 6851:, who served for the remainder of the term. 6111:Party divisions of United States Congresses 5697:The Political Culture of the American Whigs 5472:, though later Supreme Court justices like 4702:, thereby becoming the first Whig president 3273:National Federation of Independent Business 12086: 12072: 11328: 11314: 10716: 10702: 10677:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). 10564: 10552: 9681:Henry Clay: The Man Who Would Be President 9588: 9570:Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 7295: 7016: 7014: 7012: 5346:The Whigs celebrated Clay's vision of the 4235:, four different Whig candidates received 4066: 4052: 3369:Federation for American Immigration Reform 10306: 10125: 10088: 10059: 10012:Studies in American Political Development 9982: 9910: 9739: 9199: 8937: 8460:. U of North Carolina Press. p. 13. 7193: 7191: 6877: 4993:, the unsuccessful Whig candidate in the 4215:, pulling together former members of the 12216:Political parties disestablished in 1856 12196:1834 establishments in the United States 10488:The American Political Nation, 1838–1893 10277: 9821: 9493:. The American Presidents. Times Books. 9411:Australasian Journal of American Studies 9367: 9148:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 38. 6865: 6811:1856 United States presidential election 5839: 5677: 5665: 5650: 5451: 5440: 5396: 5330: 5227: 5223: 5030:On the first presidential ballot of the 4984: 4949: 4883: 4819: 4804: 4732: 4686: 4631: 4516: 4424: 4346: 3665:Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal 10468:Evolution of American Electoral Systems 10002:USApp–American Politics and Policy Blog 9861: 9775: 9678: 9442: 9256:"Is it time for a new political party?" 8904: 8714: 8702: 8681: 8617: 8534: 7336:The Party Battles of the Jackson Period 7009: 5794: 5317:that would be emulated by most states. 4587:, the likely Democratic nominee in the 4498:History of the United States Whig Party 14: 12183: 11478:Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party 11338:political parties in the United States 10481: 10458:Life of Henry Clay: American Statesmen 10454: 10438: 10410: 10385: 10361:(University Press of Kentucky, 2020). 10248: 10150:Party Ideologies in America, 1828–1996 9956: 9880: 9567: 9465: 9331:United States House of Representatives 9281:Dominik Zaum; Christine Cheng (2011). 9193: 8530: 8528: 7524: 7188: 6760:Political history in the United States 5756:Confederacy won the American Civil War 4502: 4266:. Whig nominee Zachary Taylor won the 12211:Political parties established in 1834 12067: 11309: 10697: 10689:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. 10465: 10038: 9991: 9840: 9758: 9530: 9484: 9390: 9121:. Taylor & Francis. p. 120. 8177: 8165: 8153: 8129: 8108: 8096: 8084: 8072: 8031: 8025: 8013: 7920: 7100: 7098: 7075: 7073: 5745: 4462:National Republicans. Meanwhile, the 4262:, who subsequently presided over the 3408:American Center for Law & Justice 10794:Presidency of William Henry Harrison 10767:1860 Constitutional Union Convention 10212: 10188: 10169: 10027: 9961:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 9763:. Louisiana State University Press. 9655: 9632: 9611: 9419: 8634:American Educational History Journal 8580: 7512: 7394: 7382: 7370: 7358: 7319: 7230: 7173: 7104: 6985: 5789: 5754:works depicting histories where the 4290:and most Southern Whigs joining the 4204:and did not take a strong stance on 4114:), other prominent members included 4086:in the United States. Alongside the 3486:Parents Television and Media Council 2549:Project for the New American Century 2313:Conservative Party of New York State 36:Whig Party (British political party) 12102:Political eras of the United States 11463:Freedom Road Socialist Organization 10447:Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. ed. 10391:Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union 9593:The Presidency of John Quincy Adams 8525: 8522:Aldrich & Griffin (2018), p. 60 5117:1856 Republican National Convention 5036:1852 Democratic National Convention 4773:1844 Democratic National Convention 4196:. The party was active in both the 4098:. As well as four Whig presidents ( 3305:National Association for Gun Rights 24: 12035:Presidential nominating convention 9903: 9884:The Presidency of Martin Van Buren 8237:Holt (1999), pp. 804–805, 809–810. 7095: 7070: 6986:Bolt, William K. (March 7, 2016). 5470:Supreme Court of the United States 5468:was the lone Whig to serve on the 5392: 4903:During the war, Whig leaders like 4621: 3732:Society for American Civic Renewal 3722:Republican Main Street Partnership 3476:National Organization for Marriage 25: 12242: 12231:Conservatism in the United States 10750:1856 American National Convention 10636: 10609:Thurlow Weed, Wizard of the Lobby 10571:History of U.S. Political Parties 10245:(Routledge, 2018) pp. 77–92. 10091:American Political Science Review 9512:The Presidency of Franklin Pierce 9470:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 6805:Fillmore and Donelson ran on the 5805:List of Whig National Conventions 5073:, which effectively repealed the 3491:Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America 3288:United States Chamber of Commerce 2519:Intercollegiate Studies Institute 2425:Alexis de Tocqueville Institution 12151: 12095: 12025: 12024: 10619:North Carolina Historical Review 10435:116 (Spring/Summer, 1998), 3–57. 10369:The Whig Party in North Carolina 10346:Ormsby, Robert McKinley (1859). 10193:The American Whigs: An Anthology 10159:(Harvard University Press, 1987) 9545:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2007.00179.x 9424:The Presidency of Andrew Jackson 9319: 9301: 9274: 9248: 9227: 9180: 9171: 9162: 9135: 9108: 9099: 9090: 9081: 9072: 9063: 9046: 9037: 9028: 9019: 9010: 9001: 8992: 8983: 8965: 8956: 8931: 8898: 8889: 8880: 8871: 8862: 8853: 8835: 8826: 8817: 8808: 8787: 8778: 8769: 8756: 8747: 8738: 8729: 8720: 8687: 8666: 8639: 8626: 8611: 8598: 8589: 8574: 8565: 8556: 8543: 8516: 8499: 8486: 8447: 8438: 8429: 8420: 8411: 8393: 8375: 8366: 8357: 8348: 8339: 8330: 8321: 8312: 8303: 8294: 8285: 8276: 8267: 8258: 8249: 8240: 8219: 8210: 8201: 8192: 8183: 8135: 8114: 8057: 7998: 7989: 7980: 7971: 7962: 6841: 6820: 6799: 6765:Whig (British political faction) 6729: 6715: 6701: 5436: 5320: 5113:Know Nothing National Convention 4849:. After a skirmish known as the 4380:Second Bank of the United States 4032: 4018: 3645:National Association of Scholars 3481:National Right to Life Committee 3337:Council of Conservative Citizens 2460:Competitive Enterprise Institute 2445:Center for the National Interest 2105:The Closing of the American Mind 2065:The Conscience of a Conservative 363: 10789:Presidency of John Quincy Adams 10652:The American Presidency Project 10553:Van Deusen, Glyndon G. (1953). 10539:(Gale, Cengage Learning, 2018). 10327:The Whig Party in Pennsylvania, 10243:Critical Issues in American Art 9641:. University of Chicago Press. 9372:The Presidency of James K. Polk 9353:. University of Chicago Press. 9007:Holt (1999), pp. 67–68, 287–288 7953: 7944: 7935: 7926: 7905: 7896: 7887: 7878: 7869: 7851: 7842: 7815: 7806: 7770: 7761: 7752: 7743: 7734: 7725: 7716: 7707: 7695: 7686: 7677: 7665: 7656: 7644: 7632: 7611: 7602: 7593: 7584: 7575: 7566: 7557: 7548: 7539: 7530: 7497: 7488: 7479: 7458: 7449: 7436: 7427: 7418: 7409: 7400: 7325: 7289: 7276: 7267: 7258: 7249: 7236: 7200: 7179: 7158: 7125: 7092:(Gale, Cengage Learning, 2018). 7082: 6786: 6777: 5342:to contest the election of 1860 5327:American System (economic plan) 5239: 4775:rejected Van Buren in favor of 4378:, favored policies such as the 4343:Presidency of John Quincy Adams 3977:Don't immanentize the eschaton! 3922:Bibliography of US conservatism 2470:Ethics and Public Policy Center 32:Whigs (British political party) 10809:Presidency of Millard Fillmore 10686:New International Encyclopedia 10417:. W. W. Norton & Company. 10393:. W. W. Norton & Company. 10371:, Colonial Press, 223 pages; 10307:McCormick, Richard P. (1966). 9887:. University Press of Kansas. 9866:. W. W. Norton & Company. 9807:. University Press of Kansas. 9597:. University Press of Kansas. 9589:Hargreaves, Mary W.M. (1985). 9516:. University Press of Kansas. 9428:. University Press of Kansas. 9376:. University of Kansas Press. 9341: 8823:Reichley (2000), pp. 84–85, 93 8273:McPherson (1988), pp. 129–130. 7932:Holt (1999), pp. 333–334, 339. 7884:Holt (1999), pp. 246–247, 269. 6992:North Carolina History Project 6950: 6941: 6913: 5606:from their Anti-Masonic days. 5102:the mid-term elections of 1854 4946:Presidency of Millard Fillmore 4936:Taylor and Fillmore, 1849–1853 4628:Presidency of Martin Van Buren 3949:List of American conservatives 3670:Texas Public Policy Foundation 3428:Christian Coalition of America 3364:Center for Immigration Studies 2262:Intelligence and public policy 2197:"Disparate impact" controversy 13: 1: 12045:Politics of the United States 10589:The Jacksonian Era: 1828–1848 10491:. Stanford University Press. 10380:Henry Clay and the Whig Party 10251:Journal of the Early Republic 10126:Formisano, Ronald P. (1983). 10028:Cole, Arthur Charles (1913). 9983:Beveridge, Albert J. (1928). 9799:Peterson, Norma Lois (1989). 9798: 9391:Bordewich, Fergus M. (2012). 9200:Critchlow, Donald T. (2007). 7671: 7346:1922) (retrieved Jul.7, 2024) 6858: 6815:1856 Whig National Convention 6599: 6139: 6116: 5133:1856 Whig National Convention 5056:Presidency of Franklin Pierce 5032:1852 Whig National Convention 4913:1848 Whig National Convention 4785:1844 Whig National Convention 4723:Harrison and Tyler, 1841–1845 4713:1839 Whig National Convention 4332: 4258:but was defeated by Democrat 4157:, territorial expansion into 4153:The party was hostile toward 2465:David Horowitz Freedom Center 2430:American Enterprise Institute 320:Politics of the United States 11735:Democratic-Republican (1844) 11563:South Carolina Workers Party 10804:Presidency of Zachary Taylor 10461:. Houghton, Mifflin. vol. 2. 10189:Howe, Daniel Walker (1973). 9822:Reichley, A. James (2000) . 9656:Howe, Daniel Walker (2007). 9633:Howe, Daniel Walker (1979). 9206:. Harvard University Press. 8905:Huebner, Timothy S. (2003). 8886:Holt (1999), pp. 26–27, 146, 8877:Holt (1999), pp. 50, 213–215 8762:, John Mack Faragher et al. 8507:Maryland Historical Magazine 8120:McPherson (1998), pp. 75–76. 6964:. History. November 20, 2019 6105:Congressional representation 6087: 6072: 6057: 6042: 6027: 6008: 5993: 5978: 5963: 5944: 5929: 5904: 5879: 5854: 5719: 5172:, and pro-Southern Democrat 4942:Presidency of Zachary Taylor 4509:Presidency of Andrew Jackson 4401:, Secretary of the Treasury 4382:and the implementation of a 3777:Classical education movement 2765:The Imaginative Conservative 112:; 168 years ago 94:; 191 years ago 27:19th century political party 7: 10367:Pegg, Herbert Dale (1932). 10348:A History of the Whig Party 10215:Journal of American History 10134:. Oxford University Press. 10045:. Oxford University Press. 10031:The Whig Party in the South 9913:Journal of Southern History 9784:. Oxford University Press. 9744:. Oxford University Press. 9683:. Oxford University Press. 9664:. Oxford University Press. 9618:. Oxford University Press. 9443:Egerton, Doulas R. (2010). 9043:Wilentz (2005), pp. 488–491 8618:Pearson, Joseph W. (2019). 8535:Pearson, Joseph W. (2019). 8454:Jack P. Maddex Jr. (2018). 6694: 5647:American School (economics) 5579: 5459:, a pro-South "Cotton Whig" 5049: 4879:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 4826:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 4801:Presidency of James K. Polk 4368:Democratic-Republican Party 4229:Democratic-Republican Party 4194:support for a national bank 3600:Faith and Freedom Coalition 3590:Council for National Policy 3575:American Conservative Union 3563:Young Americans for Liberty 3413:American Family Association 3332:Concerned Women for America 2382:Rhode Island Suffrage Party 255:Traditionalist conservatism 10: 12247: 12191:Whig Party (United States) 11493:National Progressive Party 11418:African People's Socialist 10643:Whig Party in Virginia in 10567:Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. 10544:American Historical Review 10439:Riddle, Donald W. (1948). 10411:Remini, Robert V. (1997). 10280:American Historical Review 9740:McPherson, James (2003) . 9718: 9679:Klotter, James C. (2018). 9413:(1988) 7#2 pp. 33–40 9368:Bergeron, Paul H. (1986). 9287:. Routledge. p. 133. 9115:John R. McKivigan (1999). 9054:American Historical Review 8859:Reichley (2000), pp. 81–82 8850:Reichley (2000), pp. 79–80 8832:Holt (1999), pp. 34–35, 52 8775:Reichley (2000), pp. 84–85 8399:Egerton (2010), pp. 99–100 8132:, pp. 85–88, 103–104. 7866:Merry (2009), pp. 424–426. 7839:Merry (2009), pp. 286–289. 7830:Merry (2009), pp. 283–285. 7803:Merry (2009), pp. 244–245. 7794:Merry (2009), pp. 240–242. 7785:Merry (2009), pp. 188–189. 6133: 6128: 6123: 6108: 6090: 6060: 6030: 5996: 5966: 5932: 5907: 5882: 5857: 5798: 5640: 5340:Constitutional Union Party 5324: 5158:Constitutional Union Party 5150:1860 presidential election 5106:1856 presidential election 5053: 5020:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 4995:1852 presidential election 4939: 4898:1848 presidential election 4798: 4756:1844 presidential election 4726: 4700:1840 presidential election 4625: 4589:1836 presidential election 4506: 4495: 4491: 4481:1832 presidential election 4448:1828 presidential election 4395:1824 presidential election 4336: 4299:Constitutional Union Party 4280:1852 presidential election 4268:1848 presidential election 4256:1844 presidential election 4245:1840 presidential election 4233:1836 presidential election 3937:History of US conservatism 3755:Asian and Pacific Islander 3660:Republican Study Committee 3558:Young America's Foundation 3548:National Journalism Center 3396:Alliance Defending Freedom 3310:National Rifle Association 3130:The Washington Free Beacon 3046:Independent Journal Review 2629:New Hampshire Union Leader 2544:Pacific Research Institute 2440:Center for Security Policy 2340:Constitutional Union Party 2308:American Independent Party 183:Constitutional Union Party 29: 18:Whig party (United States) 12160: 12149: 12108: 12017: 11945:States Rights (Dixiecrat) 11662: 11622: 11615: 11410: 11389: 11380: 11353: 11344: 11268: 11219: 11176: 11121: 11066: 11017: 11008: 10963: 10817: 10735: 10441:Lincoln Runs for Congress 10170:Holt, Michael F. (1992). 10019:Origins of the Whig Party 9881:Wilson, Major L. (1984). 9841:Smith, Elbert B. (1988). 9776:Parsons, Lynn H. (2009). 9719:Merry, Robert W. (2009). 9612:Holt, Michael F. (1999). 9507: 9451:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 9056:, (1967) 72#2 pp. 445–68 8938:Luxenberg, Steve (2019). 8766:, (2nd ed. 1997) page 413 8408:Green (2007), pp. 237–238 8390:Green (2007), pp. 234–236 8381:Green (2007), pp. 232–233 8363:Holt (1999), pp. 978–980. 8354:Holt (1999), pp. 976–978. 8345:Gara (1991), pp. 175–176. 8336:Holt (1999), pp. 966–967. 8327:Gara (1991), pp. 168–174. 8318:Holt (1999), pp. 963–965. 8309:Holt (1999), pp. 961–962. 8300:Holt (1999), pp. 911–913. 8291:Holt (1999), pp. 907–910. 8282:Holt (1999), pp. 877–878. 8264:Holt (1999), pp. 843–846. 8255:McPherson (1988), p. 129. 8246:Holt (1999), pp. 841–842. 8225:Holt (1999), pp. 776–777. 8216:Holt (1999), pp. 763–764. 8207:Holt (1999), pp. 756–760. 8198:Holt (1999), pp. 754–755. 8189:Holt (1999), pp. 726–727. 8141:Holt (1999), pp. 552–553. 8063:Holt (1999), pp. 524–525. 8004:Holt (1999), pp. 437–438. 7995:Holt (1999), pp. 389–390. 7986:Holt (1999), pp. 685–686. 7977:Holt (1999), pp. 445–448. 7968:Holt (1999), pp. 368–370. 7959:Holt (1999), pp. 356–357. 7911:Holt (1999), pp. 323–326. 7902:Holt (1999), pp. 277–280. 7893:Holt (1999), pp. 258–260. 7875:Holt (1999), pp. 310–311. 7857:Holt (1999), pp. 252–253. 7821:Holt (1999), pp. 233–234. 7776:Holt (1999), pp. 220–221. 7767:Holt (1999), pp. 194–195. 7758:Holt (1999), pp. 200–203. 7740:Holt (1999), pp. 172–173. 7731:Holt (1999), pp. 171–172. 7722:Holt (1999), pp. 170–171. 7713:Holt (1999), pp. 169–170. 7701: 7650: 7629:Holt (1999), pp. 127–128. 7608:Holt (1999), pp. 112–113. 7599:Holt (1999), pp. 107–108. 7590:Holt (1999), pp. 105–107. 7572:Holt (1999), pp. 102–103. 7137:Norwich University Online 6910:Howe (1979), pp. 183, 210 6886:Holt (1999), pp. 947–949. 6402: 6309: 6216: 6135: 6131:House of Representatives 6130: 6125: 6120: 6117: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5693:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 5636: 4957:, the last Whig president 4921:Charles Francis Adams Sr. 4452:National Republican Party 4217:National Republican Party 3712:Pacific Justice Institute 3347:Independent Women's Forum 2723:Claremont Review of Books 2695:The American Conservative 2475:Family Research Institute 2392:National Republican Party 2025:The Managerial Revolution 315: 299: 283: 263: 210: 198: 188: 161: 147:National Republican Party 138: 129:National Republican Party 124: 106: 88: 78: 54: 45: 11538:Socialism and Liberation 10799:Presidency of John Tyler 10378:Poage, George Rawlings. 9725:. Simon & Schuster. 9697: 9485:Finkelman, Paul (2011). 9420:Cole, Donald B. (1993). 9395:. Simon & Schuster. 9235:"The Florida Whig Party" 9177:Guelzo (2001), pp. 74–75 9168:Guelzo (2001), pp. 71–73 9096:Holt (1999), pp. 463–464 9078:Holt (1999), pp. 286–288 9016:Holt (1999), pp. 286–287 8998:Holt (1999), pp. 265–266 8989:Holt (1999), pp. 261–262 8980:Holt (1999), pp. 407–410 8962:Holt (1999), pp. 236–237 8814:Holt (1999), pp. 117–118 8805:Holt (1999), pp. 115–116 8744:Holt (1999), pp. 228–229 8735:Holt (1999), pp. 691–692 8726:Holt (1999), pp. 689–690 8693:Holt (1999), pp. 135–136 8444:McPherson (1988), p. 691 8180:, pp. 237–239, 244. 8099:, pp. 314–316, 329. 7638: 6770: 6054:William Alexander Graham 5187:that was opposed to the 5125:caning of Charles Sumner 4760:Webster-Ashburton Treaty 4729:Presidency of John Tyler 4039:United States portal 3836:Parental rights movement 3513:Franklin News Foundation 3458:Foundation for Moral Law 3278:National Taxpayers Union 3255:Americans for Tax Reform 3227:Sinclair Broadcast Group 2923:One America News Network 2212:Griggs v. Duke Power Co. 2125:The Revolt of the Elites 1995:Democracy and Leadership 343:This article is part of 302:House of Representatives 11815:National States' Rights 11670:American (Know Nothing) 11518:Progressive Labor Party 10666:Encyclopædia Britannica 10607:Van Deusen, Glyndon G. 10597:Van Deusen, Glyndon G. 10587:Van Deusen, Glyndon G. 10337:The Ordeal of the Union 9105:Wilentz, (2016) p. 145. 8608:(1993) pp. 89, 106–107. 7563:Holt (1999), pp. 97–98. 7554:Holt (1999), pp. 93–94. 7545:Holt (1999), pp. 92–93. 7536:Holt (1999), pp. 67–68. 7494:Holt (1999), pp. 45–46. 7485:Holt (1999), pp. 42–43. 7476:Holt (1999), pp. 40–42. 7464:Holt (1999), pp. 38–39. 7455:Holt (1999), pp. 36–37. 7433:Holt (1999), pp. 34–35. 7108:Guide to U.S. Elections 7046:Holt (1999), pp. 27–28. 6874:Holt (1999), pp. 26–27. 6084:Andrew Jackson Donelson 5775:Southern Victory Series 5466:Benjamin Robbins Curtis 5191:administration. In the 4397:, Speaker of the House 4274:led the passage of the 4082:was a mid-19th century 4025:Conservatism portal 3927:Conservative talk radio 3816:Libertarian republicans 3625:John M. Olin Foundation 3585:The Conservative Caucus 3443:Family Research Council 3315:Second Amendment Caucus 2664:The Wall Street Journal 2490:The Heritage Foundation 2035:Ideas Have Consequences 684:America First Committee 468:American exceptionalism 11543:Serve America Movement 11533:Renew America Movement 11290:Alexander H. H. Stuart 10669:(11th ed.). 1911. 10621:47.2 (1970): 115–129. 10599:The life of Henry Clay 10546:63.2 (1958): 305–322. 9992:Brown, Thomas (1985). 9957:Brands, H. W. (2018). 9950:52.4 (1971): 367–395. 9862:Wilentz, Sean (2005). 9761:John Bell of Tennessee 9759:Parks, Joseph (1950). 9466:Farmer, Brian (2008). 9069:Holt (1999), pp. 28–29 9034:Wilentz (2005), p. 483 8895:Holt (1999), pp. , 325 8868:Reichley (2000), p. 74 8841:Reichley (2000), p. 87 8595:Holt (1999), pp. 30–31 7273:Holt (1999), pp. 18–19 7264:Holt (1999), pp. 17–18 7255:Holt (1999), pp. 15–16 7218:Holt (1999), pp. 10–11 7105:Kalb, Deborah (2015). 7079:Reichley (2000), p. 80 7020:Holt (1999), pp. 66–67 6828:William Henry Harrison 5990:Theodore Frelinghuysen 5952:William Henry Harrison 5846:William Henry Harrison 5674: 5663: 5533:New-York Daily Tribune 5487:Supreme Court Justice 5460: 5449: 5403: 5343: 5303:Second Great Awakening 5236: 5205:Lincoln Administration 4997: 4958: 4900: 4833: 4817: 4742: 4703: 4692:William Henry Harrison 4646:William Henry Harrison 4640: 4637:William Henry Harrison 4528: 4524:, a leading Whig from 4433: 4386:. A second group, the 4355: 4307:Lincoln Administration 4202:Southern United States 4198:Northern United States 4100:William Henry Harrison 3496:Thomas More Law Center 3192:The Political Cesspool 3185:Million Dollar Extreme 2702:The American Spectator 2496:Mandate for Leadership 2450:Charles Koch Institute 2360:Conservative Democrats 2349:historically, factions 679:Conservative coalition 674:Conservative Manifesto 579:Peace through strength 554:Judeo-Christian values 69:William Henry Harrison 12168:Political realignment 11950:Traditionalist Worker 11630:Democratic-Republican 11568:Social Democrats, USA 11558:Socialist Alternative 11284:Thomas M. T. McKennan 10645:Encyclopedia Virginia 10455:Schurz, Carl (1899). 10017:Carroll, E. Malcolm. 10014:29.2 (2015): 213–234. 9186:Donald T. Critchlow, 8039:"VP Millard Fillmore" 7848:McPherson, pp. 53–54. 6709:Modern history portal 5823:Presidential nominee 5799:Further information: 5678:Historical reputation 5669: 5654: 5641:Further information: 5619:Charles Francis Adams 5565:North American Review 5505:Alexander H. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 8604:Richard Carwardine, 8571:Bowen (1988), p. 34. 8494:Robert Miller Patton 8417:Green (2007), p. 251 8372:Parks (1950), p. 346 8043:United States Senate 7950:Holt (1999), p. 365. 7941:Holt (1999), p. 361. 7812:Holt (1999), p. 233. 7749:Holt (1999), p. 173. 7704:(2007), pp. 677–678. 7692:Holt (1999), p. 149. 7683:Holt (1999), p. 150. 7662:Holt (1999), p. 137. 7653:(2007), pp. 591–592. 7617:Holt (1999), p. 126. 7581:Holt (1999), p. 104. 7344:Houghton Mifflin Co. 7206:Holt (1999), pp. 8–9 7197:Holt (1999), pp. 7–8 7185:Holt (1999), pp. 6–7 7164:Holt (1999), pp. 5–6 7155:Holt (1999), pp. 2–3 7067:Farmer (2008), p.155 6737:United States portal 5921:Willie Person Mangum 5795:Presidential tickets 5671:John Marshall Harlan 5595:William Cabell Rives 5498:William Cabell Rives 5474:John Marshall Harlan 5174:John C. Breckinridge 4814:Mexican–American War 4681:William Cabell Rives 4677:Independent Treasury 4650:Battle of Tippecanoe 4580:Willie Person Mangum 4556:Courier and Enquirer 4541:Nullification Crisis 4264:Mexican–American War 4167:Mexican–American War 4090:, it was one of two 3870:Right-libertarianism 3865:Reactionary feminism 3650:Philadelphia Society 3542:Youth/student groups 3423:Chalcedon Foundation 3018:Front Porch Republic 2674:The Washington Times 2574:Sutherland Institute 2569:State Policy Network 2529:Leadership Institute 2075:A Choice Not an Echo 2015:Our Enemy, the State 1985:Democracy in America 493:Classical liberalism 473:American nationalism 356:in the United States 245:Economic nationalism 240:Classical liberalism 220:American nationalism 12226:Second Party System 12128:Fourth Party System 12118:Second Party System 12005:Youth International 11955:Unconditional Union 11860:Populist (People's) 11770:Independence (2007) 11765:Independence (1906) 11725:Constitution (1952) 11700:American Vegetarian 11640:National Republican 11483:Legal Marijuana Now 11433:American Solidarity 11106:William M. Meredith 10921:1848 (Philadelphia) 10779:Second Party System 10725:National Republican 10357:Pearson, Joseph W. 10325:Mueller, Henry R.; 10155:Gienap, William E. 9025:Holt (1999), p. 288 8971:Holt (1999), p. 506 8793:Howe (1984), p. 212 8784:Holt (1999), p. 115 8753:Holt (1999), p. 739 8705:, pp. 220–221. 8672:Holt (1999), p. 131 8581:Burt, John (2013). 8562:Bowen (1988), p. 34 8435:Holt (1999), p. 984 8426:Holt (1999), p. 980 8168:, pp. 244–247. 8156:, pp. 239–244. 8111:, pp. 188–189. 8087:, pp. 306–313. 8028:, pp. 157–158. 8016:, pp. 111–112. 7515:, pp. 504–505. 7503:Holt (1999), p. 61. 7424:Holt (1999), p. 30. 7415:Holt (1999), p. 26. 7406:Holt (1999), p. 24. 7397:, pp. 202–203. 7385:, pp. 209–211. 7373:, pp. 190–193. 7361:, pp. 211–213. 7322:, pp. 178–180. 7310:Holt (1999), p. 20. 7233:, pp. 139–141. 7058:Holt (1999), p. 952 7034:Holt (1999), p. 685 6947:Holt (1999), p. 739 6745:Second Party System 5752:alternative history 5574:William H. 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W.) 1057:Adams (John Quincy) 542:Gender essentialism 204:The American Review 12138:Sixth Party System 12133:Fifth Party System 12123:Third Party System 12113:First Party System 11885:Progressive (1948) 11880:Progressive (1924) 11875:Progressive (1912) 11810:National Socialist 11790:Liberal Republican 11760:Human Rights Party 11720:Communist Workers' 11573:Socialist Equality 11247:William B. Preston 11229:Samuel L. Southard 11210:John J. Crittenden 11192:John J. Crittenden 11161:George W. Crawford 10757:Anti-Masonic Party 10680:"Whig Party" 10660:"Whig Party" 10433:New Jersey History 10062:American Quarterly 9698:May, Gary (2008). 9087:Holt (1999), p. 44 7176:, pp. 203–204 6898:Holt (1999), p. 70 5818:Electoral results 5780:plantocratic elite 5746:In popular culture 5732:Florida Whig Party 5727:Quincy Herald-Whig 5701:Daniel Walker Howe 5675: 5664: 5643:Third Party System 5627:Robert C. Winthrop 5461: 5450: 5404: 5386:John Mack Faragher 5344: 5336:John J. Crittenden 5247:Daniel Walker Howe 5237: 5193:Reconstruction Era 5181:American Civil War 5170:Stephen A. Douglas 5154:John J. Crittenden 5064:Third Party System 5012:Compromise of 1850 4998: 4959: 4905:John J. Crittenden 4901: 4834: 4818: 4743: 4704: 4669:Daniel Walker Howe 4641: 4529: 4464:Anti-Masonic Party 4434: 4364:Alexander Hamilton 4356: 4339:First Party System 4303:American Civil War 4276:Compromise of 1850 4272:Stephen A. Douglas 4221:Anti-Masonic Party 4132:John J. Crittenden 3984:Republicans pounce 3791:Dark Enlightenment 3697:Federalist Society 3635:Liberty University 3620:John Birch Society 3580:Bradley Foundation 3508:Econ Journal Watch 3283:Tea Party Patriots 3210:Regnery Publishing 3011:FrontPage Magazine 2564:Rockford Institute 2559:R Street Institute 2509:Hoover Institution 2375:Southern Democrats 2335:Anti-Masonic Party 2318:Constitution Party 2005:I'll Take My Stand 1926:Schlafly (Phyllis) 736:Tea Party movement 694:Goldwater campaign 664:Southern Agrarians 616:Right to bear arms 569:Limited government 547:Complementarianism 235:Anti-Jacksonianism 151:Anti-Masonic Party 133:Anti-Masonic Party 12178: 12177: 12061: 12060: 12013: 12012: 11930:Social Democratic 11925:Silver Republican 11895:Radical Democracy 11890:Proletarian Party 11658: 11657: 11611: 11610: 11578:Socialist Workers 11468:Freedom Socialist 11438:Christian Liberty 11303: 11302: 11299: 11298: 11253:William A. Graham 11167:Charles M. 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Arthur 4146:), and the urban 4136:John Quincy Adams 4076: 4075: 3770:Reconstructionism 3655:Regent University 3615:Hillsdale College 3553:Turning Point USA 3321:Identity politics 2873:Southern Partisan 2849:The New Criterion 2668:(editorial board) 2220:Go woke, go broke 1921:Schlafly (Andrew) 1856:Mercer (daughter) 1826:LaHaye (Tim) 704:Southern strategy 503:Constitutionalism 338: 337: 325:Political parties 295:(1841–1843, peak) 230:Anti-expansionism 162:Succeeded by 16:(Redirected from 12238: 12155: 12100: 12099: 12098: 12088: 12081: 12074: 12065: 12064: 12028: 12027: 11940:Socialist (1901) 11660: 11659: 11620: 11619: 11598:Working Families 11553:Socialist Action 11548:Socialist (1973) 11498:Progressive Dane 11428:American Freedom 11387: 11386: 11330: 11323: 11316: 11307: 11306: 11235:George E. 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Bowers 7329: 7323: 7317: 7311: 7308: 7299: 7298:, pp. 20–21 7293: 7287: 7280: 7274: 7271: 7265: 7262: 7256: 7253: 7247: 7242:Arthur Goldwag, 7240: 7234: 7228: 7219: 7216: 7207: 7204: 7198: 7195: 7186: 7183: 7177: 7171: 7165: 7162: 7156: 7153: 7144: 7143: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7102: 7093: 7086: 7080: 7077: 7068: 7065: 7059: 7056: 7047: 7044: 7035: 7032: 7021: 7018: 7007: 7006: 7000: 6998: 6983: 6977: 6976: 6971: 6969: 6954: 6948: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6933: 6931: 6917: 6911: 6908: 6899: 6896: 6887: 6884: 6875: 6872: 6852: 6849:Millard Fillmore 6845: 6839: 6824: 6818: 6803: 6797: 6790: 6784: 6781: 6739: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6725: 6720: 6719: 6711: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6546:Millard Fillmore 6218:Martin Van Buren 6115: 6114: 6094: 6079:Millard Fillmore 6064: 6034: 6023:Millard Fillmore 6000: 5970: 5936: 5911: 5886: 5861: 5832:Electoral votes 5809: 5808: 5770:Harry Turtledove 5710:Donald Critchlow 5572:, and historian 5544:Richard Hildreth 5530:of the powerful 5355:balance of trade 5232:Whig journalist 5146:Opposition Party 5083:Republican Party 4955:Millard Fillmore 4845:rather than the 4830:Gadsden Purchase 4696:Martin Van Buren 4673:Great Depression 4600:Thaddeus Stevens 4598:of New York and 4585:Martin Van Buren 4554:, editor of the 4539:, beginning the 4456:Democratic Party 4372:Thomas Jefferson 4360:Federalist Party 4288:Republican Party 4241:Martin Van Buren 4225:Federalist Party 4155:manifest destiny 4112:Millard Fillmore 4088:Democratic Party 4068: 4061: 4054: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4021: 3887:Neo-Confederates 3848:Patriot movement 3821:Militia movement 3640:Moms for Liberty 3537: 3472: 3418:The American TFP 3384:Three Percenters 3269: 3221:The Rubin Report 2892: 2861: 2842:The New Atlantis 2835:The New American 2807:Public Discourse 2786:National Affairs 2709:American Thinker 2688:American Affairs 2636:The Jewish Voice 2514:Hudson Institute 2435:American Compass 2387:Federalist Party 2370:Reagan Democrats 2345:Democratic Party 2323:Republican Party 2282:Managerial state 2192:Multiculturalism 2170: 2160: 2150: 2140: 2130: 2120: 2110: 2100: 2090: 2080: 2070: 2060: 2050: 2040: 2030: 2020: 2010: 2000: 1990: 1077:Bush (George W.) 919:Kuehnelt-Leddihn 586:Moral absolutism 498:Communitarianism 367: 357: 340: 339: 309: 293: 276: 269: 193:Washington, D.C. 179:Opposition Party 166:Republican Party 143:Federalist Party 139:Preceded by 120: 118: 113: 102: 100: 95: 43: 42: 21: 12246: 12245: 12241: 12240: 12239: 12237: 12236: 12235: 12181: 12180: 12179: 12174: 12164:Cyclical theory 12156: 12147: 12104: 12096: 12094: 12092: 12062: 12057: 12054: 12050:Politics portal 12009: 11935:Socialist Labor 11915:Red Guard Party 11865:Personal Choice 11800:National (1917) 11695:American (1969) 11690:American (1924) 11675:Americans Elect 11654: 11616:Defunct parties 11607: 11406: 11376: 11349: 11340: 11334: 11304: 11295: 11264: 11259:John P. Kennedy 11215: 11204:Reverdy Johnson 11172: 11155:James M. Porter 11149:John C. Spencer 11137:Peter B. Porter 11117: 11094:John C. Spencer 11062: 11045:John M. Clayton 11004: 10966: 10959: 10820: 10813: 10740:American System 10731: 10722: 10657: 10639: 10634: 10581: 10535:Trainor, Sean. 10523: 10507:Silbey, Joel H. 10499: 10483:Silbey, Joel H. 10425: 10401: 10335:Nevins, Allan. 10319: 10311:. W.W. Norton. 10292:10.2307/1859236 10263:10.2307/3123876 10227:10.2307/2078260 10209:primary sources 10205: 10182: 10162:Hammond, Bray. 10148:Gerring, John. 10142: 10103:10.2307/1959497 10074:10.2307/2711603 10053: 9969: 9925:10.2307/2205211 9906: 9904:Further reading 9901: 9895: 9874: 9855: 9834: 9815: 9792: 9752: 9733: 9712: 9704:. 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Guelzo 5680: 5649: 5639: 5631:Abbott Lawrence 5589:of Georgia and 5587:John M. Berrien 5582: 5570:John P. Kennedy 5560:John G. Palfrey 5521:Abraham Lincoln 5513:John M. Berrien 5439: 5395: 5393:Base of support 5348:American System 5329: 5323: 5252:John H. Aldrich 5242: 5226: 5189:Jefferson Davis 5166:Abraham Lincoln 5121:John C. Frémont 5066: 5052: 5040:Franklin Pierce 4948: 4938: 4917:Free Soil Party 4851:Thornton Affair 4803: 4797: 4731: 4725: 4630: 4624: 4622:Rise, 1836–1841 4515: 4505: 4500: 4494: 4476:Nicholas Biddle 4443:John C. Calhoun 4388:Old Republicans 4345: 4335: 4311:Abraham Lincoln 4237:electoral votes 4183:American System 4084:political party 4072: 4033: 4031: 4030: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4009: 4008: 3958:Colloquialisms 3942:Modern timeline 3912: 3904: 3903: 3841:Fathers' rights 3765:Christian right 3750: 3742: 3741: 3727:The Right Stuff 3535: 3533:Project Veritas 3502:Watchdog groups 3470: 3463:Liberty Counsel 3433:Christian Voice 3327:ACT for America 3267: 3260:Club for Growth 3245: 3237: 3236: 3162:Encounter Books 2890: 2859: 2821:Taki's Magazine 2800:National Review 2622:The Epoch Times 2608:Chicago Tribune 2597: 2589: 2588: 2539:Mises Institute 2420:Acton Institute 2415: 2407: 2406: 2295: 2287: 2286: 2266:Legal theories 2232:Woke capitalism 2207:DEI controversy 2202:CRT controversy 2182: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2158: 2148: 2145:Hillbilly Elegy 2138: 2128: 2118: 2108: 2098: 2088: 2078: 2068: 2058: 2048: 2038: 2028: 2018: 2008: 1998: 1988: 1979: 1971: 1970: 1851:Mercer (father) 1711: 1703: 1702: 1433: 1425: 1424: 1300: 1292: 1291: 1047: 1039: 1038: 749: 741: 740: 714:Reagan Doctrine 644: 636: 635: 606:Property rights 596:Ordered liberty 508:Culture of life 463: 455: 454: 375: 355: 353: 334: 310: 307: 294: 291: 274: 273: 267: 259: 250:Parliamentarism 225:American System 181: 177: 173: 155:Nullifier Party 153: 149: 145: 131: 116: 114: 111: 98: 96: 93: 71: 67: 63: 50: 49: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12244: 12234: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12176: 12175: 12161: 12158: 12157: 12150: 12148: 12146: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12109: 12106: 12105: 12091: 12090: 12083: 12076: 12068: 12059: 12058: 12056: 12055: 12053: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12032: 12021: 12018: 12015: 12014: 12011: 12010: 12008: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11990:Young Patriots 11987: 11982: 11980:White Panthers 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11855:People's Party 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11795:Liberty (1840) 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11750:Gold Democrats 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11666: 11664: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11652: 11650:National Union 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11626: 11624: 11617: 11613: 11612: 11609: 11608: 11606: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11414: 11412: 11408: 11407: 11405: 11404: 11399: 11393: 11391: 11384: 11378: 11377: 11375: 11374: 11367: 11359: 11357: 11351: 11350: 11345: 11342: 11341: 11333: 11332: 11325: 11318: 11310: 11301: 11300: 11297: 11296: 11294: 11293: 11287: 11281: 11274: 11272: 11266: 11265: 11263: 11262: 11256: 11250: 11244: 11241:Abel P. Upshur 11238: 11232: 11225: 11223: 11217: 11216: 11214: 11213: 11207: 11201: 11195: 11189: 11182: 11180: 11174: 11173: 11171: 11170: 11164: 11158: 11152: 11146: 11140: 11134: 11127: 11125: 11119: 11118: 11116: 11115: 11109: 11103: 11100:George M. Bibb 11097: 11091: 11088:Walter Forward 11085: 11079: 11072: 11070: 11064: 11063: 11061: 11060: 11057:Edward Everett 11054: 11051:Daniel Webster 11048: 11042: 11039:Abel P. Upshur 11036: 11033:Daniel Webster 11030: 11023: 11021: 11012: 11006: 11005: 11003: 11002: 10996: 10990: 10984: 10978: 10971: 10969: 10961: 10960: 10958: 10957: 10944: 10931: 10918: 10905: 10892: 10883: 10874: 10865: 10852: 10839: 10825: 10823: 10815: 10814: 10812: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10770: 10769: 10759: 10754: 10753: 10752: 10745:American Party 10742: 10736: 10733: 10732: 10721: 10720: 10713: 10706: 10698: 10692: 10691: 10671: 10655: 10649: 10638: 10637:External links 10635: 10633: 10632: 10625: 10615: 10605: 10595: 10585: 10579: 10562: 10550: 10540: 10533: 10527: 10522:978-1118609293 10521: 10503: 10497: 10479: 10472: 10463: 10452: 10445: 10436: 10429: 10423: 10414:Daniel Webster 10408: 10399: 10383: 10376: 10365: 10355: 10344: 10333: 10323: 10317: 10304: 10275: 10246: 10239: 10221:(4): 1216–39. 10210: 10204:978-0471416708 10203: 10186: 10180: 10167: 10160: 10153: 10146: 10140: 10123: 10086: 10068:(4): 683–709. 10057: 10051: 10036: 10025: 10015: 10008: 9998: 9989: 9980: 9973: 9968:978-0385542548 9967: 9954: 9944: 9943:Vol. 57, 1994] 9941:The Historian, 9937: 9919:(3): 305–329. 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9899: 9894:978-0700602384 9893: 9878: 9872: 9859: 9853: 9838: 9832: 9819: 9813: 9796: 9791:978-0199754243 9790: 9773: 9756: 9750: 9737: 9731: 9716: 9711:978-0805082388 9710: 9695: 9690:978-0190498047 9689: 9676: 9670: 9653: 9647: 9630: 9624: 9609: 9604:978-0700602728 9603: 9586: 9565: 9539:(2): 231–253. 9528: 9522: 9505: 9499: 9482: 9477:978-1443802765 9476: 9463: 9458:978-1596916197 9457: 9440: 9434: 9417: 9407: 9402:978-1439124604 9401: 9388: 9382: 9365: 9360:978-0226495378 9359: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9337: 9336: 9318: 9300: 9294:978-1136635922 9293: 9273: 9247: 9226: 9213:978-0674026209 9212: 9192: 9190:(2007) p. 103. 9179: 9170: 9161: 9155:978-0742547643 9154: 9134: 9128:978-0815331070 9127: 9107: 9098: 9089: 9080: 9071: 9062: 9045: 9036: 9027: 9018: 9009: 9000: 8991: 8982: 8973: 8964: 8955: 8949:978-0393239379 8948: 8930: 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Wilentz, 7435: 7426: 7417: 7408: 7399: 7387: 7375: 7363: 7348: 7324: 7312: 7300: 7288: 7284:Andrew Jackson 7275: 7266: 7257: 7248: 7246:(2012) p. 172. 7235: 7220: 7208: 7199: 7187: 7178: 7166: 7157: 7145: 7124: 7117: 7094: 7088:Sean Trainor, 7081: 7069: 7060: 7048: 7036: 7022: 7008: 6978: 6949: 6940: 6912: 6900: 6888: 6876: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6840: 6819: 6809:ticket in the 6807:American Party 6798: 6785: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6726: 6712: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6641: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6549: 6548: 6543: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6529: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6512: 6509: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6497:Zachary Taylor 6494: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6463: 6460: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6439: 6436: 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5878: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5820: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5747: 5744: 5721: 5718: 5679: 5676: 5638: 5635: 5623:Edward Everett 5611:Charles Sumner 5581: 5578: 5548:Thomas Malthus 5528:Horace Greeley 5457:Edward Everett 5446:Charles Sumner 5438: 5435: 5409:market economy 5394: 5391: 5322: 5319: 5241: 5238: 5234:Horace Greeley 5225: 5222: 5201:Reconstruction 5137:James Buchanan 5051: 5048: 4991:Winfield Scott 4937: 4934: 4894:Winfield Scott 4890:Zachary Taylor 4871:Wilmot Proviso 4858:Zachary Taylor 4812:served in the 4810:Zachary Taylor 4796: 4793: 4781:Oregon Country 4724: 4721: 4623: 4620: 4576:states' rights 4545:Tariff of 1833 4537:Tariff of 1832 4522:Daniel Webster 4504: 4501: 4496:Main article: 4493: 4490: 4468:William Morgan 4439:Daniel Webster 4419:electoral vote 4411:Andrew Jackson 4409:, and General 4334: 4331: 4297:and later the 4295:American Party 4213:Andrew Jackson 4142:(particularly 4128:William Seward 4120:Daniel Webster 4108:Zachary Taylor 4074: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4043: 4042: 4028: 4011: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4004: 3994: 3987: 3980: 3973: 3966: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3879: 3878: 3877: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3856: 3855: 3845: 3844: 3843: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3787: 3786: 3774: 3773: 3772: 3762: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3687:ConservAmerica 3684: 3673: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3605:Freedom Caucus 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3539: 3538: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3518:Judicial Watch 3515: 3510: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468:Moral Majority 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3448:The Fellowship 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3404: 3403: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3291: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3262: 3257: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3200: 3195: 3188: 3181: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3148: 3147: 3140: 3133: 3126: 3119: 3112: 3105: 3098: 3091: 3084: 3077: 3070: 3063: 3056: 3049: 3042: 3035: 3028: 3025:Gateway Pundit 3021: 3014: 3007: 3004:The Federalist 3000: 2993: 2986: 2979: 2972: 2965: 2958: 2951: 2948:Breitbart News 2944: 2931: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2894: 2893: 2883: 2876: 2869: 2862: 2852: 2845: 2838: 2831: 2824: 2817: 2810: 2803: 2796: 2789: 2782: 2775: 2768: 2761: 2754: 2747: 2740: 2733: 2726: 2719: 2712: 2705: 2698: 2691: 2678: 2677: 2670: 2660: 2653: 2646: 2639: 2632: 2625: 2618: 2611: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2581: 2579:Tax Foundation 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2342: 2337: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2303:American Party 2296: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2264: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2242: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2228: 2216: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2194: 2189: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2161: 2151: 2141: 2131: 2121: 2115:The Bell Curve 2111: 2101: 2091: 2081: 2071: 2061: 2051: 2041: 2031: 2021: 2011: 2001: 1991: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1262:Taft (William) 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 750: 747: 746: 743: 742: 739: 738: 733: 728: 723: 722: 721: 716: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 645: 642: 641: 638: 637: 634: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 582: 581: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 550: 549: 539: 538: 537: 535:States' rights 527: 522: 517: 516: 515: 505: 500: 495: 490: 488:Civil religion 485: 480: 478:Anti-communism 475: 470: 464: 461: 460: 457: 456: 453: 452: 450:Traditionalist 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 376: 373: 372: 369: 368: 360: 359: 349: 348: 336: 335: 333: 332: 327: 322: 316: 313: 312: 306: 304: 297: 296: 290: 288: 281: 280: 265: 261: 260: 258: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 216: 214: 208: 207: 200: 196: 195: 190: 186: 185: 175:American Party 163: 159: 158: 140: 136: 135: 126: 125:Merger of 122: 121: 108: 104: 103: 90: 86: 85: 80: 76: 75: 73:Zachary Taylor 65:Daniel Webster 58: 52: 51: 47: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12243: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12188: 12186: 12173: 12169: 12165: 12159: 12154: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12110: 12107: 12103: 12089: 12084: 12082: 12077: 12075: 12070: 12069: 12066: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12040: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12023: 12022: 12020: 12019: 12016: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11985:White Patriot 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11850:Patriot Party 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11705:Black Panther 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11685:American Nazi 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11667: 11665: 11663:Third parties 11661: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11627: 11625: 11623:Major parties 11621: 11618: 11614: 11604: 11603:Workers World 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11593:Working Class 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11583:Transhumanist 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11473:Forward Party 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11458:Freedom Party 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11415: 11413: 11409: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11394: 11392: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11382:Third parties 11379: 11373: 11372: 11368: 11366: 11365: 11361: 11360: 11358: 11356: 11355:Major parties 11352: 11348: 11343: 11339: 11331: 11326: 11324: 11319: 11317: 11312: 11311: 11308: 11291: 11288: 11285: 11282: 11279: 11276: 11275: 11273: 11271: 11267: 11260: 11257: 11254: 11251: 11248: 11245: 11242: 11239: 11236: 11233: 11230: 11227: 11226: 11224: 11222: 11218: 11211: 11208: 11205: 11202: 11199: 11196: 11193: 11190: 11187: 11184: 11183: 11181: 11179: 11175: 11168: 11165: 11162: 11159: 11156: 11153: 11150: 11147: 11144: 11141: 11138: 11135: 11132: 11131:James Barbour 11129: 11128: 11126: 11124: 11120: 11113: 11112:Thomas Corwin 11110: 11107: 11104: 11101: 11098: 11095: 11092: 11089: 11086: 11083: 11080: 11077: 11074: 11073: 11071: 11069: 11065: 11058: 11055: 11052: 11049: 11046: 11043: 11040: 11037: 11034: 11031: 11028: 11025: 11024: 11022: 11020: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11007: 11000: 10997: 10994: 10991: 10988: 10985: 10982: 10979: 10976: 10973: 10972: 10970: 10968: 10962: 10956: 10952: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10916:Frelinghuysen 10913: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10900: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10860: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10827: 10826: 10824: 10822: 10816: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10768: 10765: 10764: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10751: 10748: 10747: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10737: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10719: 10714: 10712: 10707: 10705: 10700: 10699: 10696: 10688: 10687: 10681: 10676: 10675:Gilman, D. C. 10672: 10668: 10667: 10661: 10656: 10653: 10650: 10647: 10646: 10641: 10640: 10630: 10626: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10614: 10610: 10606: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10594: 10590: 10586: 10582: 10580:0-7910-5731-3 10576: 10572: 10568: 10563: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10549: 10545: 10541: 10538: 10534: 10532: 10528: 10524: 10518: 10514: 10513: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10498:0-8047-1878-4 10494: 10490: 10489: 10484: 10480: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10464: 10460: 10459: 10453: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10437: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10424:0-393-04552-8 10420: 10416: 10415: 10409: 10407: 10402: 10400:0-393-31088-4 10396: 10392: 10388: 10384: 10381: 10377: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10364: 10360: 10356: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10318:0-393-00680-8 10314: 10310: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10286:(2): 445–68. 10285: 10281: 10276: 10272: 10268: 10264: 10260: 10257:(4): 509–37. 10256: 10252: 10247: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10200: 10195: 10194: 10187: 10183: 10181:0-8071-2609-8 10177: 10174:. LSU Press. 10173: 10168: 10165: 10161: 10158: 10154: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10141:0-19-503124-5 10137: 10132: 10131: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10097:(2): 473–87. 10096: 10092: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10063: 10058: 10054: 10052:0-19-501352-2 10048: 10044: 10043: 10037: 10033: 10032: 10026: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10013: 10009: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9995: 9990: 9986: 9981: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9964: 9960: 9955: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9942: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9909: 9908: 9896: 9890: 9886: 9885: 9879: 9875: 9873:0-393-05820-4 9869: 9865: 9860: 9856: 9850: 9846: 9845: 9839: 9835: 9833:0-7425-0888-9 9829: 9825: 9820: 9816: 9810: 9805: 9804: 9797: 9793: 9787: 9782: 9781: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9757: 9753: 9747: 9743: 9738: 9734: 9728: 9724: 9723: 9717: 9713: 9707: 9703: 9702: 9696: 9692: 9686: 9682: 9677: 9673: 9667: 9662: 9661: 9654: 9650: 9648:0-226-35478-4 9644: 9639: 9638: 9631: 9627: 9625:0-19-505544-6 9621: 9617: 9616: 9610: 9606: 9600: 9595: 9594: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9533:The Historian 9529: 9525: 9523:0-7006-0494-4 9519: 9514: 9513: 9506: 9502: 9496: 9491: 9490: 9483: 9479: 9473: 9469: 9464: 9460: 9454: 9449: 9448: 9441: 9437: 9435:0-7006-0600-9 9431: 9426: 9425: 9418: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9398: 9394: 9389: 9385: 9379: 9374: 9373: 9366: 9362: 9356: 9352: 9347: 9346: 9332: 9328: 9322: 9314: 9310: 9304: 9296: 9290: 9286: 9285: 9277: 9266:September 22, 9261: 9257: 9251: 9240:September 22, 9236: 9230: 9215: 9209: 9205: 9204: 9196: 9189: 9183: 9174: 9165: 9157: 9151: 9147: 9146: 9138: 9130: 9124: 9120: 9119: 9111: 9102: 9093: 9084: 9075: 9066: 9059: 9055: 9049: 9040: 9031: 9022: 9013: 9004: 8995: 8986: 8977: 8968: 8959: 8951: 8945: 8941: 8934: 8926: 8920: 8916: 8911: 8910: 8901: 8892: 8883: 8874: 8865: 8856: 8847: 8838: 8829: 8820: 8811: 8802: 8800: 8790: 8781: 8772: 8765: 8759: 8750: 8741: 8732: 8723: 8716: 8711: 8704: 8699: 8690: 8683: 8678: 8669: 8661: 8655: 8651: 8650: 8642: 8635: 8629: 8621: 8614: 8607: 8601: 8592: 8584: 8577: 8568: 8559: 8552: 8546: 8538: 8531: 8529: 8519: 8512: 8508: 8502: 8495: 8489: 8480: 8478: 8469: 8463: 8459: 8458: 8450: 8441: 8432: 8423: 8414: 8405: 8396: 8387: 8378: 8369: 8360: 8351: 8342: 8333: 8324: 8315: 8306: 8297: 8288: 8279: 8270: 8261: 8252: 8243: 8234: 8232: 8222: 8213: 8204: 8195: 8186: 8179: 8174: 8167: 8162: 8155: 8150: 8148: 8138: 8131: 8126: 8117: 8110: 8105: 8098: 8093: 8086: 8081: 8074: 8069: 8060: 8044: 8040: 8034: 8027: 8022: 8015: 8010: 8001: 7992: 7983: 7974: 7965: 7956: 7947: 7938: 7929: 7922: 7917: 7908: 7899: 7890: 7881: 7872: 7863: 7854: 7845: 7836: 7827: 7818: 7809: 7800: 7791: 7782: 7773: 7764: 7755: 7746: 7737: 7728: 7719: 7710: 7703: 7698: 7689: 7680: 7673: 7668: 7659: 7652: 7647: 7640: 7635: 7626: 7624: 7614: 7605: 7596: 7587: 7578: 7569: 7560: 7551: 7542: 7533: 7526: 7521: 7514: 7509: 7500: 7491: 7482: 7473: 7471: 7461: 7452: 7446:(2017) p 141. 7445: 7439: 7430: 7421: 7412: 7403: 7396: 7391: 7384: 7379: 7372: 7367: 7360: 7355: 7353: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7328: 7321: 7316: 7307: 7305: 7297: 7292: 7285: 7279: 7270: 7261: 7252: 7245: 7239: 7232: 7227: 7225: 7215: 7213: 7203: 7194: 7192: 7182: 7175: 7170: 7161: 7152: 7150: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7128: 7120: 7114: 7110: 7109: 7101: 7099: 7091: 7085: 7076: 7074: 7064: 7055: 7053: 7043: 7041: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7017: 7015: 7013: 7005: 6993: 6989: 6982: 6975: 6963: 6959: 6953: 6944: 6937: 6926: 6922: 6916: 6907: 6905: 6895: 6893: 6883: 6881: 6871: 6869: 6864: 6850: 6844: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6823: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6802: 6795: 6789: 6780: 6776: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6738: 6727: 6724: 6718: 6713: 6710: 6699: 6688: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6609: 6606: 6603: 6600: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6527: 6524: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6498: 6495: 6492: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6405: 6404:James K. Polk 6399: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6312: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6219: 6213: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6112: 6097: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6013: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5954: 5953: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5914: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5829:Popular vote 5828: 5826:Running mate 5825: 5822: 5821: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5717: 5715: 5712:in his book, 5711: 5705: 5702: 5699:by historian 5698: 5694: 5690: 5685: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5660:Ned Bittinger 5657: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5607: 5604: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5552:David Ricardo 5549: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5509:Robert Toombs 5506: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5494:Thomas Corwin 5490: 5485: 5482: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5458: 5454: 5447: 5443: 5437:Party leaders 5434: 5431: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5415:favor Whigs. 5412: 5410: 5399: 5390: 5387: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5351: 5349: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5321:Whig policies 5318: 5316: 5315:Massachusetts 5312: 5306: 5304: 5299: 5295: 5293: 5292:James Madison 5289: 5285: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5235: 5230: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5203:. During the 5202: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5084: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5047: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5016: 5013: 5007: 5004: 5003:Thomas Corwin 4996: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4933: 4930: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4906: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4880: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4792: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4777:James K. Polk 4774: 4768: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4720: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4665:Panic of 1837 4661: 4659: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4619: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4499: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4260:James K. Polk 4257: 4252: 4250: 4249:national bank 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4092:major parties 4089: 4085: 4081: 4069: 4064: 4062: 4057: 4055: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4040: 4029: 4026: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3970:Cuckservative 3967: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3900: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3860:Radical right 3858: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3569:Miscellaneous 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3543: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3323: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3296: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3241: 3240: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3167:Evie Magazine 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3144:WorldNetDaily 3141: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3013: 3012: 3008: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2997:Drudge Report 2994: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2971: 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2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2086: 2085:Losing Ground 2082: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1846:Mellon Scaife 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 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For the 4976:New Mexico 4929:Lewis Cass 4847:Rio Grande 4739:John Tyler 4737:President 4608:John Tyler 4560:George III 4430:Henry Clay 4399:Henry Clay 4376:Henry Clay 4366:, and the 4333:Background 4187:protective 4165:, and the 4116:Henry Clay 4104:John Tyler 4080:Whig Party 4001:Republican 3999:South Park 3826:Monarchism 3374:NumbersUSA 3294:Gun rights 2990:Daily Wire 2918:Newsmax TV 2779:Modern Age 2744:Chronicles 2730:Commentary 2601:Newspapers 2402:Whig Party 2365:Dixiecrats 2275:Textualism 1978:Literature 1956:Washington 1726:Andreessen 1608:Mac Donald 1493:Derbyshire 1405:Sutherland 1202:Paul (Ron) 1019:Washington 709:Reagan era 601:Patriotism 574:Militarism 530:Federalism 462:Principles 445:Straussian 157:(minority) 83:Henry Clay 61:Henry Clay 48:Whig Party 11840:Nullifier 11835:New Union 11830:New Party 11755:Greenback 11745:Free Soil 11503:Marijuana 11448:Communist 11336:National 11143:John Bell 10975:J. Taylor 10925:Z. Taylor 10515:. Wiley. 10197:. Wiley. 10119:146879756 9561:144630622 8130:Finkelman 8097:Bordewich 8085:Bordewich 8073:Finkelman 7513:Howe 2007 7395:Cole 1993 7383:Cole 1993 7371:Cole 1993 7359:Cole 1993 7320:Cole 1993 7231:Cole 1993 7174:Howe 2007 6601:Congress 6145:Democrats 6118:Congress 6033:163 / 290 5999:105 / 275 5969:234 / 294 5812:Election 5720:Namesakes 5603:secession 5515:. Future 5430:Northwest 5417:Catholics 5359:squatters 5276:demagogue 4694:defeated 4370:, led by 4362:, led by 4231:. In the 4163:Southwest 3853:Christian 3749:Movements 3536:(defunct) 3471:(defunct) 3268:(defunct) 3249:Economics 3204:Red Scare 3172:The First 3067:LifeZette 2891:(defunct) 2860:(defunct) 2250:and crime 1831:Lindbergh 1806:Krikorian 1710:Activists 1668:Robertson 1648:Podhoretz 1618:Nekrasova 1573:Khachiyan 1498:DiLorenzo 1453:Breitbart 1385:Rehnquist 1360:Kavanaugh 1355:Harlan II 1340:Goldsmith 1287:Wolfowitz 1217:Roosevelt 1182:McConnell 1127:Goldwater 994:Schaeffer 989:Santayana 949:Mansfield 934:Lovecraft 859:Gottfried 839:Eberstadt 726:Redeemers 699:New Right 669:Old Right 649:Loyalists 631:Tradition 330:Elections 308:142 / 242 199:Newspaper 107:Dissolved 11870:Populist 11715:Citizens 11513:People's 11443:Citizens 11423:Alliance 11270:Interior 11068:Treasury 10993:Winthrop 10967:Speakers 10955:Donelson 10951:Fillmore 10929:Fillmore 10899:Harrison 10859:Harrison 10850:Sergeant 10509:(2014). 10485:(1991). 10389:(1991). 10004:(2016). 9582:20149018 9553:24453660 7672:Peterson 6997:July 29, 6968:March 3, 6930:March 3, 6695:See also 6063:42 / 296 5935:11 / 294 5910:14 / 294 5885:26 / 294 5860:73 / 294 5835:Ranking 5580:Factions 5050:Collapse 4292:nativist 4200:and the 4161:and the 3917:Agenda47 3899:Trumpism 3892:in Texas 3390:Religion 3358:Nativist 3178:Imprimis 3109:Townhall 3095:RedState 3081:PJ Media 3053:InfoWars 2934:Websites 2913:Fox News 2681:Journals 2187:Abortion 2181:Concerns 1946:Viguerie 1936:Starbuck 1801:Horowitz 1698:Wintrich 1678:Sullivan 1638:O'Reilly 1603:Limbaugh 1563:Ingraham 1523:Goldberg 1478:Chodorov 1468:Caldwell 1458:Buchanan 1420:Vermeule 1400:Sessions 1375:O'Connor 1267:Thurmond 1247:Santorum 1237:Rumsfeld 1212:Randolph 1177:McCarthy 1132:Hamilton 1122:Gingrich 1112:DeSantis 1097:Coolidge 1067:Buchanan 1014:Voegelin 854:Genovese 824:Conquest 819:Chambers 799:Boorstin 769:Bacevich 513:Pro-life 430:Populist 410:Movement 405:Moderate 345:a series 212:Ideology 170:de facto 11995:Workers 11775:Justice 11488:Liberal 11411:Smaller 10881:Granger 10877:Webster 10863:Granger 10821:tickets 10611:(1947) 10601:(1979) 10591:(1959) 10569:(ed.). 10363:excerpt 10339:(1947) 10329:(1922) 10300:1859236 10271:3123876 10235:2078260 10152:(1998). 10111:1959497 10082:2711603 10021:(1925) 9933:2205211 9769:1470349 6633:Others 6618:Others 6167:Others 6152:Others 6126:Senate 6093:8 / 296 5815:Ticket 5736:Liberia 5562:of the 4972:cession 4896:in the 4698:in the 4612:censure 4533:nullify 4492:History 4393:In the 4206:slavery 4171:Jackson 3911:Related 3783:Paideia 3198:PragerU 3116:Twitchy 3032:Hot Air 2737:Compact 2329:Defunct 2294:Parties 1961:Weyrich 1901:Roberts 1896:Regnery 1871:O'Keefe 1866:Murdoch 1841:McEntee 1816:Kristol 1786:Gabriel 1781:Feulner 1776:Falwell 1761:Dilling 1731:Atwater 1688:Whittle 1673:Shapiro 1658:Portnoy 1613:Neuhaus 1583:Knowles 1553:Herberg 1543:Hannity 1533:Griffin 1518:Fleming 1503:Douthat 1488:D'Souza 1483:Coulter 1473:Carlson 1463:Buckley 1448:Bongino 1390:Roberts 1365:Kennedy 1350:Graglia 1345:Gorsuch 1310:Barrett 1299:Jurists 1282:Wallace 1252:Sherman 1157:Lincoln 1137:Harding 1117:Dirksen 1082:Calhoun 1009:Viereck 1004:Strauss 954:Mencken 914:Kristol 894:Kimball 889:Kendall 879:Hurston 849:Francis 834:Eastman 814:Calhoun 809:Burnham 804:Buckley 764:Babbitt 643:History 395:Liberal 374:Schools 292:29 / 52 115: ( 97: ( 89:Founded 79:Founder 11920:Silver 11528:Reform 11508:Pirate 11390:Larger 11286:(1850) 11237:(1841) 11194:(1841) 11145:(1841) 11084:(1841) 10981:Hunter 10942:Graham 10886:Mangum 10623:online 10613:online 10603:online 10593:online 10577: 10560:online 10548:online 10531:online 10519: 10495: 10478:(1970) 10421: 10406:online 10397: 10382:(1936) 10352:e-book 10331:online 10315: 10298: 10269: 10233: 10201: 10178: 10138: 10117: 10109: 10080: 10049: 10023:online 10006:online 9965: 9952:online 9931: 9891: 9870: 9851: 9830: 9811: 9788: 9767: 9748: 9729: 9708: 9687: 9668: 9645: 9622: 9601: 9580: 9559: 9551: 9520: 9497: 9474: 9455: 9432: 9415:online 9399: 9380: 9357: 9291: 9219:May 9, 9210: 9152: 9125: 9058:online 8946: 8921: 8656: 8464: 7115: 6624:Total 6607:Total 6604:Years 6164:Whigs 6158:Total 6149:Whigs 6141:Total 6121:Years 6088:21.5% 6058:43.9% 6028:47.3% 5994:48.1% 5964:52.9% 5855:36.6% 5738:, the 5662:, 2004 5637:Legacy 5536:. The 5402:Party. 5215:, and 5119:chose 5062:, and 4839:Mexico 4606:, and 4562:, the 4535:" the 4321:, and 4219:, the 4190:tariff 4134:, and 3954:NatCon 3831:Mormon 3796:Female 3737:Ziklag 3717:Parler 2814:Tablet 2298:Active 2169:(2018) 2159:(2017) 2149:(2017) 2139:(2001) 2129:(1995) 2119:(1994) 2109:(1987) 2099:(1987) 2089:(1984) 2079:(1964) 2069:(1960) 2059:(1953) 2049:(1951) 2039:(1948) 2029:(1941) 2019:(1935) 2009:(1930) 1999:(1924) 1951:Thomas 1916:Rusher 1886:Prager 1861:Miller 1796:Graham 1791:Gaines 1771:Drudge 1766:Dobson 1741:Bozell 1736:Bannon 1663:Prager 1593:Lahren 1558:Hoover 1508:Dreher 1438:Ahmari 1415:Thomas 1395:Scalia 1380:Parker 1370:Luttig 1335:George 1330:Colson 1320:Burger 1227:Romney 1222:Reagan 1172:McCain 1152:Hoover 1142:Hawley 1102:Cotton 1087:Cheney 1062:Bolton 1024:Weaver 999:Sowell 979:Ransom 974:Nisbet 969:Murray 964:Molnar 944:Lukacs 909:Kreeft 869:Hazony 864:Hanson 829:Deneen 789:Berger 784:Bellow 440:Social 420:Paleo- 390:Fusion 385:Fiscal 286:Senate 275: 268: 264:Colors 56:Leader 11588:Unity 11397:Green 11019:State 10999:Banks 10987:White 10938:Scott 10903:Tyler 10890:Tyler 10872:Tyler 10868:White 10833:Adams 10296:JSTOR 10267:JSTOR 10231:JSTOR 10115:S2CID 10107:JSTOR 10078:JSTOR 9929:JSTOR 9578:JSTOR 9576:(2). 9557:S2CID 9549:JSTOR 7340:p.357 6771:Notes 5905:2.7% 5880:9.7% 4989:Gen. 4837:with 4159:Texas 3801:Green 3760:Black 3707:Gettr 3676:Other 3151:Other 2828:Telos 2596:Media 1941:Thiel 1931:Stone 1876:Owens 1751:Coors 1683:Walsh 1643:Owens 1633:Novak 1628:North 1598:Levin 1568:Jones 1528:Grant 1513:Elder 1305:Alito 1277:Vance 1272:Trump 1232:Rubio 1207:Pence 1192:Palin 1187:Nixon 1162:Lodge 1147:Helms 1034:Wolfe 984:Rieff 959:Meyer 939:Loury 924:Lasch 884:Jaffa 874:Hoppe 844:Eliot 794:Bloom 759:Anton 754:Adams 12039:List 11645:Whig 11221:Navy 10912:Clay 10846:Clay 10837:Rush 10727:and 10575:ISBN 10517:ISBN 10493:ISBN 10419:ISBN 10395:ISBN 10373:Book 10313:ISBN 10199:ISBN 10176:ISBN 10136:ISBN 10047:ISBN 9963:ISBN 9889:ISBN 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1578:Kirk 1548:Hart 1443:Beck 1410:Taft 1325:Carl 1315:Bork 1242:Ryan 1167:Luce 1107:Cruz 1092:Clay 1029:Weyl 929:Lind 899:Kirk 779:Bell 415:Neo- 278:Blue 271:Buff 117:1856 110:1856 99:1833 92:1833 11123:War 10288:doi 10259:doi 10223:doi 10099:doi 10070:doi 9921:doi 9541:doi 7639:May 6680:51 6676:100 6672:83 6660:21 6652:62 6585:71 6581:157 6568:22 6560:62 6539:21 6536:85 6532:127 6519:23 6511:62 6490:11 6483:113 6470:25 6462:62 6442:116 6426:21 6418:60 6394:79 6390:142 6377:22 6369:58 6350:72 6346:147 6328:23 6325:52 6300:142 6296:98 6279:22 6276:52 6253:125 6240:22 6232:52 6211:14 6204:128 6191:17 6183:52 5930:0% 5772:'s 5762:'s 5658:by 4892:or 3702:Gab 2928:VOZ 2903:CBN 2226:ESG 1836:Leo 1623:Ngo 12187:: 12170:· 12166:· 10949:: 10936:: 10923:: 10910:: 10897:: 10857:: 10844:: 10831:: 10683:. 10663:. 10294:. 10284:72 10282:. 10265:. 10255:12 10253:. 10229:. 10219:77 10217:. 10113:. 10105:. 10095:68 10093:. 10076:. 10066:21 10064:. 9927:. 9917:27 9915:. 9574:22 9572:. 9555:. 9547:. 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