460:
Opposition to desegregation exploded in some areas, particularly the largely Irish
Catholic enclaves of Charlestown and South Boston, and spilled over into racial violence. Garrity became the target of death threats and at least two attempts on his life. He remained under guard 24 hours a day from
434:
state legislature a few years earlier, requiring any school with a student enrollment that was more than 50% nonwhite to be balanced according to race. The Boston School
Committee consistently disobeyed orders from the state Board of Education. Garrity's ruling, upheld on appeal by conservative
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As a remedy, he used a busing plan developed by the
Massachusetts State Board of Education to implement the state's Racial Imbalance Law that had been passed by the
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of 1974-88. By the final
Garrity-decided court case in 1988, Garrity had assumed more control over a school system than any judge in American history.
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1974-78. He was scorned and snubbed by many; his name appeared in profane city graffiti; he was hanged in effigy, and demonstrators came to his home.
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Digitized materials from the W. Arthur
Garrity, Jr. chambers papers on the Boston Schools Desegregation case
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from the 1970s to the 1980s. He found a recurring pattern of racial discrimination in the operation of the
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for the
District of Massachusetts from 1948 to 1950, lecturing in federal jurisdiction and procedure at
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of the United States
District Court for the District of Massachusetts from 1946 to 1947.
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on
December 1, 1985. His service terminated on September 16, 1999, due to his death of
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from 1950 to 1951. He was in private practice in Boston from 1951 to 1961. He was the
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in a 1974 ruling. His ruling found the schools were unconstitutionally segregated.
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W. Arthur
Garrity, Jr. papers on the Boston Schools Desegregation Case, 1972-1997
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Portrait of Hon. W. Arthur
Garrity Jr. in 1994. Painted by Andrew S. Conklin.
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Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
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As a federal judge, Garrity was at the center of a contentious battle over
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on June 24, 1966, and received his commission on June 24, 1966. He assumed
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697:, University Archives and Special Collections, Joseph P. Healey Library,
688:, University Archives and Special Collections, Joseph P. Healey Library,
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which mandated that Boston schools be desegregated by means of busing.
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Desegregation busing in the United States § Boston, Massachusetts
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Garrity's brother was John T. Garrity, former Managing Director of
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United States district court judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson
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United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
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United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
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United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
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United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
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United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
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United States Attorneys for the District of Massachusetts
474:, and his nephew is technology analyst David Garrity.
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for the District of Massachusetts from 1961 to 1966.
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United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
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73:December 1, 1985 – September 16, 1999
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806:United States Army personnel of World War II
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532:"Judge W. Arthur Garrity Jr. Is Dead at 79"
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352:and Worcester from 1947 to 1948. He was an
283:(June 20, 1920 – September 16, 1999) was a
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557:
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92:June 24, 1966 – December 1, 1985
668:Biographical Directory of Federal Judges
626:"John T. Garrity, 72, Management Expert"
564:"Next steps expected on imbalance front"
511:Biographical Directory of Federal Judges
321:in 1941, and was then a Sergeant in the
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291:notable for issuing the 1974 order in
766:Military personnel from Massachusetts
761:Lawyers from Worcester, Massachusetts
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348:Garrity entered private practice in
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372:Garrity was nominated by President
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699:University of Massachusetts Boston
690:University of Massachusetts Boston
600:. New York: Basic Books. pp.
406:Boston desegregation busing crisis
25:
822:
811:Assistant United States Attorneys
679:
771:College of the Holy Cross alumni
439:and by the Supreme Court led by
354:Assistant United States Attorney
714:Seat established by 75 Stat. 80
115:Seat established by 75 Stat. 80
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418:desegregation busing in Boston
329:, from 1943-45. He received a
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1:
562:Worsham, James (1974-06-24).
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801:20th-century American judges
285:United States district judge
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663:Wendell Arthur Garrity Jr.
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506:Wendell Arthur Garrity Jr.
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281:Wendell Arthur Garrity Jr.
204:Wendell Arthur Garrity Jr.
27:American judge (1920–1999)
18:Wendell Arthur Garrity Jr.
776:Harvard Law School alumni
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717:
711:
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596:How We Got Here: The '70s
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400:Boston school busing case
358:Boston College Law School
337:in 1946, and served as a
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376:on May 23, 1966, to the
368:Federal judicial service
673:Federal Judicial Center
671:, a publication of the
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514:, a publication of the
781:Boston College faculty
472:McKinsey & Company
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362:United States Attorney
313:, Garrity received an
134:United States Attorney
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34:W. Arthur Garrity Jr.
445:Boston busing crisis
382:United States Senate
301:Education and career
733:Douglas P. Woodlock
540:. 18 September 1999
450:An obituary in the
315:Artium Baccalaureus
127:Douglas P. Woodlock
631:The New York Times
537:The New York Times
411:Morgan v. Hennigan
335:Harvard Law School
323:United States Army
294:Morgan v. Hennigan
264:Harvard University
231:September 16, 1999
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730:Succeeded by
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374:Lyndon B. Johnson
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173:Elliot Richardson
103:Lyndon B. Johnson
16:(Redirected from
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634:. 1996-08-29.
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343:Francis Ford
327:World War II
317:degree from
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233:(1999-09-16)
180:Succeeded by
156:Appointed by
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122:Succeeded by
114:
98:Appointed by
87:
68:
57:Senior Judge
756:1999 deaths
751:1920 births
590:Frum, David
456:noted that
168:Preceded by
110:Preceded by
745:Categories
727:1966–1985
645:2017-02-21
575:2018-11-01
490:References
210:1920-06-20
640:0362-4331
544:4 January
394:Wellesley
339:law clerk
307:Worcester
249:Education
238:Wellesley
217:Worcester
150:1961–1966
146:In office
88:In office
69:In office
592:(2000).
478:See also
305:Born in
136:for the
665:at the
657:Sources
508:at the
325:during
287:of the
59:of the
638:
608:
602:252–64
466:Family
422:Boston
390:cancer
350:Boston
244:, U.S.
223:, U.S.
333:from
636:ISSN
606:ISBN
546:2018
408:and
228:Died
200:Born
392:in
341:to
268:LLB
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258:BA
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
