209:
discouraged in 2011 when
Codeine was removed from WHO essential medicine list for children, causing greater discussion of its use in adults. Another article discusses the appropriateness of empirical dosing of different antibiotics on EMLs from multiple countries. Using the top 31 priority bacterial infections as a comparator, results showed how broadening the antibiotic list and dose, would not only increase adherence to treating the infections. It would also address the antibiotic resistance complication in most bacterial infections. This 2021 Cross-Sectional study, reviewed the antibiotics on the essential medicines list from 138 countries and assessed each countries national listing. The data showed that on average of the 44 essential antibiotic medications, 24 of them were accessible to the population, 5 of them considered on reserve, and 15 of them on WATCH using the AWaRe classification.
144:
medicines affordability and financing needs to be understood to enhance universal access to essential medicines. The intention of essential medicine lists is to provide appropriate use of treatment and not include medications that have been withdrawn from the market in other countries due to unfavorable benefit-to-harm balance. Despite many efforts from different countries, some individuals do not have their needs met and have to turn to an alternative plan called the judiciary in order to receive they medications required. The
Judiciary also known as the "Judicialization of access to medicines," this involves technical- scientific legal, and social aspects. Further research is needed to explore these aspects comprehensively.
92:. Many governments refer to WHO recommendations when making decisions on health spending. Countries are encouraged to prepare their own lists taking into consideration local priorities. Over 150 countries have published an official essential medicines list. Despite these efforts, an estimated 2 billion people still lack access to essential medicines as some of the major obstacles they are due to low supply such as shortages of inexpensive drugs. Following these shortages the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a report in fall of 2019 strategies to overcome and mitigate these drug shortages.
250:
separate medications based on therapeutic classes, leading to both lists having the same format, despite different medications listed. The addition of the WHO's 2009 children's EML inspired Brazil to consider their own RENAME pediatric list. But limitations have caused Brazil to wait for further pediatric drug evidence within the country before finalizing their own children-specific EML. Challenges such as high prices and poor availability have impacted how citizens are actually able to obtain their medications, despite healthcare being a constitutional right in the country.
213:
common formulary of combination therapy and specific types of drug classes improved patient adherence and cardiovascular outcomes within the region. The study compared South Africa and 15 different South
African Development Communities (SADC) essential medication lists of 2021 for cardiovascular medications. Having majority of SADC lists aligned with the WHO essential medicine lists of South Africa, supports how implementing this into the national EML would provide greater accessibility and availability of CVD medications consistently throughout the nation.
131:
studies that reported the availability of essential medicines in various regions in China from 2009 to 2019. Ranging from 28 to 29% of the overall availability of essential medicines across the provinces of China. The data supports the need to improve the access and distribution of medication across regions to ensure that the goal of universal health coverage is reached. Having essential medications be accessible to everyone, creates the foundation for health services to lead for better health without causing financial hardships for the general public.
175:
in each country's ELM. results are then analyzed by WHO regions, World Bank income groups, wealth inequality, and therapeutic groups. The group for essential medicines availability was higher (61.5%) than non-essential medicines (27.3%). But in the public sector the median availability was 40% for essential medicines, compared to 6.6% for non essential medicines. So overall, the availability of essential medicines in the public sector is still suboptimal, indicating challenges in achieving equitable access.
192:
Medicine List (EMLc), it was noted that the formulations depended on the dose adaptability, flexibility, and the child's ability to swallow of the medication. From analyzing the EMLc between 2011 and 2019, results showed how manipulating the medicine for children <6 years old that most enteral medications were not age-appropriate, leading to issues of safety and efficacy. As a result, this study calls for more information on selecting and improving appropriate essential enteral medicines for children.
226:
reimbursement process in order to help keep costs low. Additionally, EMLs should have recommended clinical practices, such as listing necessary items, in order to make implementation of the list easy to do. For example, in the case of injectable medications, the EML should indicate that in addition to the medication a patient would also need an injection device and safety box. Finally, there also needs to be clear legislation and monitoring to make sure there is compliance.
188:. While the EML is intended for the population as a whole, the EMLc (Essential Medicine List for Children) is intended for children up to 12 years old. The first edition contained 450 formulations of 200 different medications and the 2023 list contains 361 medications. The intention of creating an EML for children is to improve child survival and provide treatment options for mortality and morbidity causes.
258:
an open-house discussion is used to modify and finalize the NLEM. However, poor medical supplies and staff with low health investments in implementations have caused people to go to private hospitals and clinics for treatment. And with a large variety on rural and urban populations throughout the country, healthcare services and general access are favored more towards the urban population.
2067:
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reimbursement of medicines depending on the importance to public health, the efficacy, the safety, and the cost of the medicines. The goal of the
Essential Medicine concept is that medicines that have the highest relevance in public health, meaning medicines that are used the most often, should be available equally to everyone in a population either for free or at a very affordable cost.
222:
qualitative evidence synthesis. This study identified areas that need support in order to implement EML at a country level. The lack of effort to implement WHO Essential medicines lists undermines the potential health benefits, exacerbates inequities in access, increase health costs and infrastructure.
212:
Additionally, the use of therapeutic guidelines as a reference for the creation of the WHO Essential
Medicine List has been used to provide consistency and alignment of treatment across the nation. In the 2022 quantitative analysis study of cardiovascular medications, the data suggests how adopting a
204:
The first EML was published in 1977 and was created as a tool to improve the accessibility and availability of medications for everyone. Multiple editions of EMLs and studies since then have been released, comparing the necessity, efficacy, safety, and of certain medications on the list. In addition,
191:
WHO launched a "Make
Medicines Child Size" (MMCS) campaign in 2007 with the purpose of creating appropriate regimens and formulations for children based on their weight and age. In a 2021 study, evaluating the age-appropriateness of enteral formulations of children's medications on the WHO Essential
195:
Having separate lists between the population as a whole and children younger than 12 is great because it allows for health care providers to give the appropriate care for each group. However, as the cut off for the children's list is 12 years old, adolescents are not included and many of their needs
134:
The goal of universal health coverage was set in place in 2015, where multiple countries have taken steps towards ensuring treatment, palliation, rehabilitation, and preventative health measures for everyone. Understanding that accessibility to appropriate and applicable essential medications within
79:
presents essential medicines for priority diseases, for which specialized diagnostic or monitoring facilities are needed. In case of doubt, medicines may also be listed as complementary on the basis of higher costs or less attractive cost-effectiveness in a variety of settings. The list is important
257:
India first developed their
National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) back in 1996 with only a minimal amount of revisions. Evidence-based criteria is used to determine which medications to add or remove to the list. Clinicians, pharmacologists, pharmacists, etc. discuss and review the list where
174:
has been updated every two years since 1977. The 23rd version was published in July 2023. Over that period, the number of medications has more than doubled, from the original 208 in 1977, to more than 500 in 2023. Medicines are then categorized as essential or non-essential based on their inclusion
143:
Items are chosen as essential medicines based on how common the disease that is being treated, evidence of benefit, the degree of side effects and the cost compared to other options. In order to explore the human rights law and WHO's essential medicines policies into national legislation regarding
130:
In a 2023 study evaluating the availability, distribution, and progress of essential medicines in China, results showed that access to essential medicines is lower in comparison to the WHO's goal with little progress in expansion over the years. This systematic review and meta-analysis study pooled
158:
fundamental component of global health initiatives aimed at improving quality of life reducing health disparities, and fostering sustainable development. Proper access to essential medicine can lower the amount for really expensive treatments and hospitalizations by managing early and effectively.
60:
containing over 400 medicines. But there is now a new current list from 2021 of the essential medicine list for adults and children's by the WHO. But since the 2021 list came out there has been some changes that have been implemented including what the medication cost should not be the grounds for
241:
A number of organizations, which are global in scope, use the list to determine which medications they will supply. Rather than strictly following the list, many nations refer to the essential medicines list as a guide for developing their own laws and regulations based on their own requirements.
208:
The medication like
Codeine has a potential of drug abuse and was established as an essential medication, yet raised some ethical questions. With the lack of literature highlighting its safety, it was highly discouraged to place Codeine as an essential medication. Not to mention, it was further
126:
The use of essential medicines lists from prior experiences has resulted in better quality of care and improved management of health resources in the most cost-effective manner. The lists serve as a baseline for health insurance to use as a reference and for adjustments in terms of including or
221:
While the WHO Essential
Medicine Lists are a very valuable tool and integral to the country's medicine policy, there has not yet been enough effort to implement them. There are several factors that affect the adaptation and implementation of the WHO Essential Medicine Lists, as found by a 2022
166:
The WHO made the Model List of
Essential Medicines in 1977 based on the idea that certain medicines are required more often than others and are often inaccessible to many different populations. As of 2018, 146 countries are using the Essential Medicines concept, which is also used to guide the
253:
China first published their own EML in 1982, with the current EML containing over 2,000 herbal, chemical, and biological medicines. The Ministry of Health (MOH) consists of medical and economic experts that are divided into a consult and review group to develop their national medicines list.
249:
Brazil had published their first EML called RENAME 13 years prior to the WHO's first essential medicines list. RENAME included medicines that focused on safety, efficacy, and availability of medications, as well as Brazil's health priority of their population. The WHO EML encouraged Brazil to
157:
is the subject of debate between producers (pharmaceutical companies) and purchasers of drugs (national health services). It is estimated that access to essential medicines could save 10 million people a year. Access to essential medicine is a cornerstone of effective healthcare systems and a
70:
presents a list of minimum medicine needs for a basic health care system, listing the most efficacious, safe and cost-effective medicines for priority conditions. Priority conditions are selected on the basis of current and estimated future public health relevance, and potential for safe and
245:
Ecuador, Ghana, The Philippines, South Africa, and Ukraine all include some mention of essential medicines or other health infrastructure that helps guide their economic policies on medicine pricing and benefit selection. Especially in middle income countries where out-of-pocket spending on
225:
Implementation of the WHO EML can be done with national medication selection committees that are able to operate with consultive mandates. These committees also need very clear leadership, monitoring, and evaluations. Implementation of EMLs can be done efficiently if there is a form of a
127:
excluding the medication, and modifying the dose based on clinical study evidence. With the necessity of improving the accessibility of essential medicines for both children and adults, it is also just as necessary to ensure the rational use of medicine while also being cost-effective.
196:
may be overlooked. It would be a good idea to create a list for adolescents as well. This is important as it allows healthcare providers to offer tailored care for each group. This differentiation ensures that treatments are appropriate for children's unique physiological needs.
55:
needs of the population". Essential medicines are the medications that people should have access to at all times in sufficient amounts. These medications should be generally affordable. Since 1977, the WHO has published a model list of essential medicines, with the
183:
The first edition of the "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children", was published in 2007, while the 9th edition was published in 2023. It was created to make sure that the needs of children were systematically considered such as availability of proper
152:
Medications can be priced differently, due to the fact that each medication can have many qualities and uses. Because various medicines have different costs, individual uses, and distinct advantages, it prompts the theory of cost effectiveness.
61:
exclusion criteria if it meets other selection criteria and secondly, cost effectiveness differences should be within therapeutic areas. As the next year antiretroviral agents were included in the list of essential medicines. Since 2007, a
103:
The original WHO definition in 1977 was that they were medicines "of utmost importance, basic, indispensable, and necessary for the healthcare needs of the population". The concept was mentioned in one of the ten points of the 1978
65:
has been published. Both the WHO adult and children's lists contain a notation indicating that a particular medication is "complementary", thus essentially there are two lists, the "core list" and the "complementary list". The
1518:"Comparison of antibiotics included in national essential medicines lists of 138 countries using the WHO Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) classification: a cross-sectional study"
1572:"A quantitative comparison of essential cardiovascular medicines from countries in the Southern African Development Community to the WHO model essential medicines list"
819:"Universal access to essential medicines as part of the right to health: a cross-national comparison of national laws, medicines policies, and health system indicators"
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medications is common, health equity measures and economic policy helps evaluate the affordability of medications as well as the effects of public health legislation.
1840:"Essential Medicines in Universal Health Coverage: A Scoping Review of Public Health Law Interventions and How They Are Measured in Five Middle-Income Countries"
1786:"Essential Medicines in Universal Health Coverage: A Scoping Review of Public Health Law Interventions and How They Are Measured in Five Middle-Income Countries"
2092:
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The selection and use of essential medicines 2023. Executive Summary of the report of the 24th WHO Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines
1902:"A critical comparison between the World Health Organization list of essential medicines for children and the Brazilian list of essential medicines (Rename)"
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62:
37:
17:
277:
272:
305:
267:
338:
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Laing R, Waning B, Gray A, Ford N, 't Hoen E (May 2003). "25 years of the WHO essential medicines lists: progress and challenges".
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Provinces in China are able to form their own EML, but are not allowed to remove medicines already listed in the national EML.
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studies have been done comparing EMLs from multiple regions to ensure the appropriateness of dosing and safety of drug classes.
1032:
515:
394:"The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO Expert Committee on selection and use of Essential Medicine"
171:
57:
33:
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663:"Availability of essential medicines, progress and regional distribution in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
531:
393:
1632:"National adaptation and implementation of WHO Model List of Essential Medicines: A qualitative evidence synthesis"
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235:
926:
1683:"Could the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines Do More for the Safe and Appropriate Use of Injections?"
2057:
1941:"The reform of the essential medicines system in China: a comprehensive approach to universal coverage"
1784:
Perehudoff K, Demchenko I, Alexandrov NV, Brutsaert D, Ackon A, Durán CE, et al. (December 2020).
185:
1901:
1358:
Nsabagasani X, Ogwal-Okeng J, Mbonye A, Ssengooba F, Nantanda R, Muyinda H, et al. (2015-01-31).
1254:
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589:
346:
310:
48:
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Perehudoff K, Demchenko I, Alexandrov NV, Brutsaert D, Ackon A, Durán CE, et al. (2020-12-18).
1309:"Essential medicines for children: Should we focus on a priority list of medicines for the present?"
1735:
Wirtz VJ, Hogerzeil HV, Gray AL, Bigdeli M, de Joncheere CP, Ewen MA, et al. (January 2017).
2000:
1253:
Gray NJ, Chanoine JP, Farmer MY, Jarvis JD, Armstrong K, Barr RD, et al. (1 November 2019).
1048:
416:"Reforming the World Health Organization's Essential Medicines List: Essential but Unaffordable"
1022:
505:
316:
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Coelho HL, Rey LC, de Medeiros MS, Barbosa RA, da Cruz Fonseca SG, da Costa PQ (2013-03-01).
1411:"WHO essential medicines for children 2011-2019: age-appropriateness of enteral formulations"
81:
927:"Right to Health, essential medicines, and lawsuits for access to medicines-A scoping study"
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Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population.
1204:
879:
105:
1940:
1116:"Essential medicines availability is still suboptimal in many countries: a scoping review"
8:
1255:"NCDs and the WHO Essential Medicines Lists: children need universal health coverage too"
466:"World Health Organization model list of essential medicines for children: 7th list 2019"
350:
109:
85:
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1976:
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Mahmić-Kaknjo M, Jeličić-Kadić A, Utrobičić A, Chan K, Bero L, Marušić A (June 2018).
1079:
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the region, is the first step towards reaching equitable and universal healthcare.
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2020:
1981:
1963:
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511:
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942:
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2012:
1971:
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977:
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Charles O, Onakpoya I, Benipal S, Woods H, Bali A, Aronson JK, et al. (2019).
838:
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783:
746:
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630:
620:
561:
473:
427:
373:
89:
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Vargas-Pelaez CM, Rover MR, Leite SN, Buenaventura FR, Farias MR (November 2014).
834:
593:
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1648:
1217:
981:
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Serafini M, Cargnin S, Massarotti A, Pirali T, Genazzani AA (24 September 2020).
892:
1917:
868:"Withdrawn medicines included in the essential medicines lists of 136 countries"
549:
465:
365:
1588:
1516:
Adekoya I, Maraj D, Steiner L, Yaphe H, Moja L, Magrini N, et al. (2021).
679:
72:
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1193:"Essential Medicines Are More Available than Other Medicines around the Globe"
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Bazargani YT, Ewen M, De Boer A, Leufkens H, Teeuwisse A (February 12, 2014).
550:"Action programme on essential drugs: progress report by the Director-General"
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2001:"The selection of essential medicines in China: progress and the way forward"
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1925:
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1706:
1698:
1541:
1489:
1278:
989:
742:
439:
366:"World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019"
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1049:"Equitable access to essential medicines: a framework for collective action"
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431:
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1985:
1959:
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1007:
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2016:
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378:
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1837:
1783:
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Logez SM, Hutin YJ, Holloway K, Gray R, Hogerzeil HV (October 2004).
1357:
787:
924:
609:"Concept of essential medicines and rational use in public health"
1844:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1790:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1360:"The "child size medicines" concept: policy provisions in Uganda"
963:
1939:
Barber SL, Huang B, Santoso B, Laing R, Paris V, Wu C (2013).
1464:"Should Codeine Still be Considered a WHO Essential Medicine?"
1024:
The Politics of Global Health Governance: United by Contagion
100:
The definition of essential medicines has changed over time.
1190:
1899:
1630:
Peacocke EF, Myhre SL, Foss HS, Gopinathan U (March 2022).
1629:
865:
2042:"National List of Essential Medicines of India, NLEM 2011"
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Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal
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Hoppu K (June 2017). "Essential Medicines for Children".
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1938:
413:
339:"The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines (ss 4.2)"
1680:
966:"Essential Medicinal Chemistry of Essential Medicines"
510:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 358.
63:
separate list of medicines intended for child patients
2055:
1149:
283:
List of World Health Organization Essential Medicines
51:(WHO), are the medicines that "satisfy the priority
1737:"Essential medicines for universal health coverage"
1065:
414:Hwang TJ, Kesselheim AS, Vokinger KN (2022-11-08).
1313:Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics
503:
38:WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1468:Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences
606:
2079:
719:"Universal health coverage and universal access"
459:
457:
1109:
1107:
607:Kar SS, Pradhan HS, Mohanta GP (January 2010).
1614:
716:
234:Access to essential medicines are part of the
2093:World Health Organization essential medicines
1461:
1364:Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice
582:"Trade, foreign policy, diplomacy and health"
454:
357:
1104:
463:
363:
300:
298:
123:And this remains the definition as of 2019.
1020:
278:Department of Essential Drugs and Medicines
273:Universities Allied for Essential Medicines
1728:
816:
268:Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines
1998:
1975:
1906:Jornal de Pediatria (VersĂŁo em PortuguĂŞs)
1873:
1855:
1811:
1801:
1760:
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1597:
1587:
1479:
1385:
1375:
1334:
1324:
1306:
1226:
1216:
1175:
1087:
997:
901:
891:
842:
750:
723:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
688:
678:
634:
624:
565:
499:
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
477:
377:
295:
36:. For the current list for children, see
1259:The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health
717:Evans DB, Hsu J, Boerma T (2013-08-01).
349:(WHO). 2003. p. 132. Archived from
147:
84:in more than 155 countries, both in the
1569:
1248:
1246:
14:
2080:
776:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
532:"Essential Medicines: a balancing act"
504:Seyberth HW, Rane A, Schwab M (2011).
486:
331:
229:
95:
58:current (2019) list for adult patients
2036:
2034:
1895:
1893:
1833:
1831:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1408:
1170:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
773:
712:
710:
708:
660:
656:
654:
172:WHO Model List of Essential Medicines
34:WHO Model List of Essential Medicines
1687:The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
1243:
957:
613:Indian Journal of Community Medicine
560:. World Health Organization. 2019.
115:In 2002 definition was changed to:
24:
2031:
1890:
1828:
1556:
1504:
1448:
705:
651:
592:(WHO). Dec 6, 2010. Archived from
178:
25:
2104:
216:
2065:
1427:10.1136/archdischild-2021-321831
1415:Archives of Disease in Childhood
1123:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
1992:
1932:
1777:
1674:
1576:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
1522:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
1402:
1351:
1300:
1184:
1059:
1041:
1014:
943:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.08.042
918:
859:
810:
767:
600:
574:
507:Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology
345:. WHO Technical Report Series.
199:
18:WHO list of essential medicines
1999:Wang D, Zhang X (2011-04-10).
1135:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.02.006
970:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
817:Perehudoff K (December 2020).
542:
524:
407:
386:
80:because it forms the basis of
13:
1:
1753:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31599-9
1534:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30854-9
1462:Singu B, Verbeeck RK (2021).
1271:10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30294-9
1080:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13375-2
931:Social Science & Medicine
835:10.1080/16549716.2019.1699342
288:
236:Sustainable Development Goals
1649:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003944
1307:Gitanjali B (January 2011).
1218:10.1371/journal.pone.0087576
982:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00415
893:10.1371/journal.pone.0225429
138:
7:
1918:10.1016/j.jpedp.2012.08.012
1021:Zacher M, Keefe TJ (2008).
261:
10:
2109:
1589:10.1186/s40545-022-00494-0
680:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1149838
667:Frontiers in Public Health
661:Zhang M (April 25, 2023).
161:
32:For the current list, see
31:
1377:10.1186/s40545-015-0025-7
1164:World Health Organization
1053:World Health Organization
1027:. Springer. p. 107.
590:World Health Organization
470:World Health Organization
401:World Health Organization
370:World Health Organization
347:World Health Organization
311:World Health Organization
238:, specifically goal 3.8.
49:World Health Organization
1948:Journal of Global Health
1699:10.1177/0091270004268410
464:Organization WH (2019).
364:Organization WH (2019).
1326:10.4103/0976-500X.77073
626:10.4103/0970-0218.62546
432:10.1001/jama.2022.19459
1960:10.7189/jogh.03.010303
1857:10.3390/ijerph17249524
1803:10.3390/ijerph17249524
536:The Lancet Haematology
121:
735:10.2471/BLT.13.125450
554:World Health Assembly
306:"Essential medicines"
148:Cost-to-benefit ratio
117:
82:national drugs policy
823:Global Health Action
353:on February 1, 2014.
106:Alma Ata Declaration
47:, as defined by the
2017:10.5655/smr.v4i1.71
2005:Southern Med Review
1209:2014PLoSO...987576B
1074:(9370): 1723–1729.
976:(18): 10170–10187.
884:2019PLoSO..1425429C
586:Essential Medicines
230:Society and Culture
110:primary health care
96:Theory and practice
45:Essential medicines
1747:(10067): 403–476.
1570:Naicker I (2022).
1481:10.18433/jpps31639
596:on August 6, 2004.
319:on October 2, 2008
155:Cost effectiveness
77:complementary list
1693:(10): 1106–1113.
1528:(10): 1429–1440.
1034:978-0-230-61195-5
517:978-3-642-20195-0
426:(18): 1807–1808.
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27:WHO formulary
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2045:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1951:
1947:
1934:
1909:
1905:
1850:(24): 9524.
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1843:
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1718:. Retrieved
1690:
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1525:
1521:
1471:
1467:
1438:. Retrieved
1418:
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1404:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1262:
1258:
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1177:10665/371291
1167:
1126:
1122:
1071:
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317:the original
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1089:10144/28005
53:health care
2082:Categories
1319:(1): 1–2.
323:20 January
289:References
2025:1174-2704
1968:2047-2978
1926:2255-5536
1866:1660-4601
1707:0091-2700
1582:(1): 97.
1542:1474-4457
1490:1482-1826
1279:2352-4642
1129:: 41–52.
990:0022-2623
937:: 48–55.
743:0042-9686
440:1538-3598
139:Selection
86:developed
68:core list
2088:Pharmacy
2072:Medicine
1986:23826503
1884:33353250
1822:33353250
1771:27832874
1720:1 August
1715:15342611
1668:35275938
1608:36482421
1550:34332706
1498:34192509
1440:July 29,
1435:34479858
1396:25815197
1370:(1): 2.
1345:21701637
1287:31537467
1237:24533058
1197:PLOS ONE
1166:(2023).
1143:29452222
1098:12767751
1008:32352778
951:25306409
912:31791048
872:PLOS ONE
853:33131456
804:23873145
796:28182281
761:23940398
699:37181691
690:10167309
645:20606912
448:36279114
262:See also
2048:. 2024.
1977:3700034
1875:7765934
1813:7765934
1762:7159295
1659:8956172
1599:9733348
1387:4342089
1336:3117561
1292:30 July
1228:3922716
1205:Bibcode
1055:. 2004.
999:8007110
903:6887519
880:Bibcode
844:7605313
752:3738317
636:2888334
403:. 2021.
162:History
2058:Portal
2023:
1984:
1974:
1966:
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397:(PDF)
313:(WHO)
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1982:PMID
1964:ISSN
1922:ISSN
1880:PMID
1862:ISSN
1818:PMID
1767:PMID
1722:2024
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1703:ISSN
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1604:PMID
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1494:PMID
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1442:2024
1431:PMID
1392:PMID
1341:PMID
1294:2024
1283:PMID
1275:ISSN
1233:PMID
1139:PMID
1094:PMID
1029:ISBN
1004:PMID
986:ISSN
947:PMID
908:PMID
849:PMID
792:PMID
757:PMID
739:ISSN
695:PMID
641:PMID
512:ISBN
444:PMID
436:ISSN
420:JAMA
325:2017
170:The
88:and
2046:WHO
2013:doi
1972:PMC
1956:doi
1914:doi
1870:PMC
1852:doi
1808:PMC
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1321:doi
1267:doi
1223:PMC
1213:doi
1172:hdl
1131:doi
1084:hdl
1076:doi
1072:361
994:PMC
978:doi
939:doi
935:121
898:PMC
888:doi
839:PMC
831:doi
784:doi
780:101
747:PMC
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685:PMC
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621:doi
562:hdl
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428:doi
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