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Shrinkage also occurs during this process. With the cellulose acetate polymer chains breaking into smaller pieces, and with their side groups splitting off, the plastic film begins to shrink. In advanced stages of deterioration, shrinkage can be as much as 10%. There have been some reports of film
137:
laboratories during the 1960s. Film degradation can only be delayed by storage in dry and cold conditions. It was initially thought that storage under recommended conditions might delay decay by 450 years, but some films are developing vinegar syndrome after just 70 years of cold dry storage.
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Company within a decade of its introduction in 1948. The first report came from the
Government of India, whose film materials were stored in hot, humid conditions. It was followed by further reports of degradation from collections stored in similar conditions. These observations resulted in
245:, cinema film, and microfilm. They provide a nondestructive method of determining the extent of vinegar syndrome in film collections." These tools can be used to determine the extent of damage to a film collection and which steps should be taken to prolong their usability.
241:, A-D, or "acid-detection" indicator strips change color from blue through shades of green to yellow with increasing exposure to acid. According to the test User's Guide, they were "created to aid in the preservation of collections of photographic film, including sheet and
165:. With exposure to moisture, heat, or acids, these acetyl groups break from their molecular bonds and acetic acid is released. While the acid is initially released inside the plastic, it gradually diffuses to the surface, causing a characteristic vinegary smell.
183:. This occurs in the advanced stages of deterioration, weakening the film and causing it to shatter with the slightest tension. These physical changes happen because cellulose acetate consists of long chains of repeating units, or
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dyes, which are normally colorless and incorporated into the gelatin layer. When acetic acid is formed during deterioration, the acidic environment causes the dyes to return to their original pink or blue
394:
220:, additives to the plastic base, becoming incompatible with the film base and oozing out on the surface. This discharge of plasticizers is a sign of advanced degradation.
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Acetic acid is released during the initial acetate base deterioration, leading to the characteristic vinegar odor. This signal marks the progression of deterioration.
402:
717:
40:
187:. When the acetic acid is released as these groups break off, the acidic environment helps to break the links between units, shortening the
123:
275:"The treatment of microbubble disease of 20th century cellulose acetate microfilm: application of ethyl cellulose and microrepair method"
340:"Are we overestimating the permanence of cellulose triacetate cinematographic films? A mathematical model for the vinegar syndrome"
82:, giving off a vinegar odor that gives the condition its name; as well, objects undergoing vinegar syndrome often shrink, become
650:
IPI Storage Guide for
Acetate Film: Instructions for Using the Wheel, Graphs, and Table: Basic Strategy for Film Preservation
696:
142:
110:. High temperatures and fluctuations in relative humidity have been observed to accelerate the process. The process is
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of the film does not shrink, because it is not undergoing deterioration. The emulsion and film base separate, causing
555:
317:
339:
338:
Ahmad, Ida R.; Deborah Cane; Joyce H. Townsend; Cristian Triana; Luca Mazzei; Katherine Curran (February 2020).
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500:"A more sustainable synthesis approach for cellulose acetate using the DBU/CO2 switchable solvent system"
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238:
572:
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Jia, Zhihui; Jing Li; Yuhu Li; Yunpeng Qi; Daodao Hu; Huiping Xing; Xiaolian Chao (October 2, 2020).
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Bonifacio, Alessandro; Lorenzo
Bonetti; Etienne Piantanida; Luigi de Nardo (October 10, 2023).
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Crystalline deposits or liquid-filled bubbles appear on the emulsion. These are evidence of
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395:"Historical films may be decaying much faster than we thought thanks to 'vinegar syndrome'"
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433:"Plasticizer design strategies enabling advanced applications of cellulose acetate"
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597:
Reilly, James M. (November 2007). "Basic
Strategy for Acetate Film Preservation".
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In some cases, pink or blue colors appear in some sheet films. This is caused by
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The first instance of cellulose triacetate degradation was reported to the
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as used in photography. It has also been observed to affect older
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are often severely channelled in the later stages of degradation.
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Cellulose acetate film § Decay and the "vinegar syndrome"
420:. Taylor & Francis. p. 245 – via Google Books.
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129:
86:, and form crystals on their surface due to the migration of
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272:
114:, and the damage done by vinegar syndrome is irreversible.
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is credited with coining the phrase "vinegar syndrome".
98:, where cellulose acetate is used as a base, as well as
653:. Rochester: Image Permanence Institute. p. 11.
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CO) groups are attached to long molecular chains of
106:units and everyday plastics such as containers and
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209:, referred to by archivists as 'channelling.'
510:(12). Royal Society of Chemistry: 4410–4420.
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19:For the home video distribution company, see
718:Preservation (library and archival science)
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537:
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498:Wolfs, Jonas; Michael A. R. Meier (2021).
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168:The decay process follows this pattern:
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418:The Routledge Guide to Music Technology
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309:Handbook of Odors in Plastic Materials
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550:. Taylor & Francis. p. 200.
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359:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109050
571:Jeavons, Clyde (December 12, 2008).
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697:American Institute for Conservation
679:. Image Permanence Institute. 2001.
285:. Springer Science+Business Media.
237:A testing product developed by the
195:35mm wide shrinking to almost 17mm.
44:Bubbling and warpage of a laptop's
16:Type of deterioration of film stock
13:
191:chains and leading to brittleness.
90:. Vinegar syndrome widely affects
14:
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347:Polymer Degradation and Stability
312:. Elsevier Science. p. 130.
198:As the acetate base shrinks, the
62:, is a condition created by the
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458:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112360
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393:Ahmad, Ida R. (May 19, 2020).
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149:The progression of degradation
78:. This deacetylation produces
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599:Microform and Imaging Review
443:. Elsevier Science: 112360.
353:. Elsevier Science: 109050.
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292:10.1186/s40494-020-00444-6
239:Image Permanence Institute
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133:continuing studies in the
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51:caused by vinegar syndrome
36:caused by vinegar syndrome
18:
647:Reilly, James M. (1993).
560:– via Google Books.
544:Shashoua, Yvonne (2012).
322:– via Google Books.
141:The film preservationist
32:Shrinking and warpage of
573:"Obituary: Harold Brown"
547:Conservation of Plastics
437:European Polymer Journal
306:Wypych, George (2023).
104:liquid-crystal display
92:cellulose acetate film
52:
37:
728:Materials degradation
666:Reilly (1993), p. 12.
611:10.1515/MFIR.2002.117
416:Holmes, Thom (2013).
122:Further information:
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31:
255:Sticky-shed syndrome
76:cellulose triacetate
60:acetic acid syndrome
449:2023EurPJ.19712360B
405:on January 7, 2023.
72:cellulose diacetate
517:10.1039/D1GC01508G
68:cellulose acetates
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699:'s AIC Wiki
211:Sheet films
80:acetic acid
707:Categories
605:(4): 117.
261:References
243:roll films
100:polarizers
34:16 mm film
713:Cellulose
627:161088393
619:0949-5770
526:236263672
485:260850562
477:0014-3057
375:214126667
367:0141-3910
177:film base
163:cellulose
108:tableware
70:(usually
49:polarizer
249:See also
207:buckling
203:emulsion
185:polymers
179:becomes
102:used in
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445:Bibcode
233:Testing
200:gelatin
189:polymer
181:brittle
118:History
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623:S2CID
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343:(PDF)
135:Kodak
615:ISSN
584:2023
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