1028:
25:
255:(resonance of the wood of the instrument) should match the second-highest string, and the main cavity resonance (resonance of the air the instrument contains) should match the third-highest string. On a viola these strings are D and G, respectively. The standard viola is too small to achieve this matchup of string frequency to resonance frequency (unless it has been modified w/ a hole-in-the-heart design).
160:
234:, working during the 1960s, reasoned that a viola played vertically could be made larger, and that a larger viola might produce a better sound. Based on principles of instrument design she had observed in top-quality existing instruments, Hutchins designed a viola about 6 cm (
350:
Carleen
Hutchins, the American physicist and violin maker, has designed a viola whose principal body resonances are in the same relative positions as those of the violin, but even this instrument has a body length of 510 mm, rather long to hold on the
319:
Vertical viola. A variation on the viola designed by
Carleen Hutchins as part of the new violin family. The vertical viola is 2.5 inches longer than a standard viola and is held vertically to be played like a cello. Also called an alto
248: in) longer than the regular viola, intended to be played vertically like a cello. (Despite Hutchins's original intention, a few violists have played her viola horizontally.)
262:, of which the vertical viola has been the most successful. Since all of the instruments are designed based on the violin, Hutchins gave the name
415:
691:
451:
258:
The same design principle was used by
Hutchins to design a complete family of eight stringed instruments, commonly called the
343:
312:
89:
61:
410:
68:
616:
135:
108:
42:
230:
The standard viola is about as big as can conveniently be played under the chin. The physicist/instrument maker
75:
46:
1003:
930:
488:
935:
57:
444:
278:
666:
142:
35:
1032:
437:
726:
1008:
956:
592:
368:
269:
Hutchins's instrument has attracted admiration for its power and beauty of tone. The cellist
82:
859:
8:
768:
641:
363:
335:
Musical
Instruments: History, Technology, and Performance of Instruments of Western Music
493:
251:
The fundamental acoustic principle underlying the vertical viola is that the main body
169:
763:
339:
308:
976:
951:
905:
839:
701:
503:
274:
231:
420:
382:
As to the Bartok
Concerto, Ma's decision to use a vertical viola, or alto violin (
1054:
915:
844:
753:
564:
559:
498:
483:
333:
302:
966:
879:
854:
849:
834:
819:
809:
791:
671:
574:
1048:
864:
824:
676:
531:
460:
151:
1013:
993:
874:
869:
829:
536:
508:
390:: of the authorized cello version (recorded by Janos Starker on RCA, 3/92).
259:
224:
983:
925:
910:
814:
758:
709:
661:
629:
584:
554:
421:
Yo-Yo Ma's recording of Bartók Viola
Concerto on the vertical viola, the
411:
Yo-Yo Ma's recording of the Bartók Viola
Concerto (record company's site)
193:
895:
785:
714:
681:
656:
961:
780:
773:
720:
686:
252:
24:
971:
748:
736:
646:
634:
624:
602:
270:
900:
741:
731:
597:
569:
429:
416:
Yo-Yo Ma playing the Bartók Viola
Concerto on the vertical viola
920:
651:
475:
178:
988:
546:
518:
384:
a large viola fitted with a long endpin and held like a cello
273:
has employed a
Hutchins vertical viola to perform and record
220:
216:
188:
183:
159:
998:
332:
Campbell, Murray; Greated, Clive A.; Myers, Arnold (2004).
405:
331:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1046:
227:(after the treble, soprano, and mezzo violins).
386:) stems from his apparent dissatisfaction with
215:, is a stringed instrument with the range of a
445:
406:Web site of the New Violin Family Association
304:All Things Strings: An Illustrated Dictionary
296:
294:
219:that is played vertically in the manner of a
452:
438:
300:
291:
223:. It is the fourth-highest member of the
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
338:. Oxford University Press. p. 254.
158:
1047:
433:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
13:
14:
1066:
459:
399:
1027:
1026:
307:. Scarecrow Press. p. 116.
23:
34:needs additional citations for
356:
325:
266:to her vertical viola design.
1:
301:Nardolillo, Jo (2014-03-14).
284:
7:
10:
1071:
388:the registral displacement
1022:
944:
888:
800:
700:
615:
583:
545:
517:
474:
467:
175:
168:
157:
150:
134:
126:
788:(changing string tuning)
143:Bowed string instruments
163:
1009:Violin musical styles
957:History of the violin
593:Electric upright bass
162:
860:Double bass concerto
364:"The New York Album"
43:improve this article
889:Related instruments
803:and genres of music
769:Finger substitution
170:Related instruments
123:
494:Five-string violin
372:. No. 3. 1995
164:
121:
16:Musical Instrument
1042:
1041:
611:
610:
345:978-0-19-816504-0
314:978-0-8108-8444-1
201:
200:
119:
118:
111:
93:
1062:
1030:
1029:
952:Violin acoustics
906:Hardanger fiddle
840:String orchestra
504:Alexander violin
472:
471:
454:
447:
440:
431:
430:
393:
392:
379:
377:
360:
354:
353:
329:
323:
322:
298:
247:
246:
242:
239:
232:Carleen Hutchins
124:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
58:"Vertical viola"
51:
27:
19:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1018:
1004:Violin lutherie
940:
916:Lira da braccio
884:
845:Violin concerto
802:
796:
696:
607:
579:
565:Cello da spalla
560:Baritone violin
541:
513:
499:Violino piccolo
484:Electric violin
463:
458:
402:
397:
396:
375:
373:
362:
361:
357:
346:
330:
326:
315:
299:
292:
287:
244:
240:
237:
235:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1068:
1058:
1057:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
980:
979:
974:
969:
967:Bass amplifier
959:
954:
948:
946:
942:
941:
939:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
892:
890:
886:
885:
883:
882:
880:Carnatic music
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
855:Cello concerto
852:
850:Viola concerto
847:
842:
837:
835:String section
832:
827:
822:
820:String quintet
817:
812:
810:String quartet
806:
804:
798:
797:
795:
794:
789:
783:
778:
777:
776:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
745:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
717:
706:
704:
698:
697:
695:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
638:
637:
627:
621:
619:
613:
612:
609:
608:
606:
605:
600:
595:
589:
587:
581:
580:
578:
577:
575:Electric cello
572:
567:
562:
557:
551:
549:
543:
542:
540:
539:
534:
529:
527:Vertical viola
523:
521:
515:
514:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
480:
478:
469:
465:
464:
457:
456:
449:
442:
434:
428:
427:
425:, tracks 5-6-7
423:New York Album
418:
413:
408:
401:
400:External links
398:
395:
394:
355:
344:
324:
313:
289:
288:
286:
283:
279:Viola Concerto
205:vertical viola
199:
198:
197:
196:
191:
186:
181:
173:
172:
166:
165:
155:
154:
148:
147:
146:
145:
138:
136:Classification
132:
131:
128:
122:Vertical viola
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1067:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1035:
1034:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
964:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
947:
943:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
891:
887:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
865:Violin sonata
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
825:String sextet
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
807:
805:
799:
793:
790:
787:
784:
782:
779:
775:
772:
771:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
722:
718:
716:
713:
712:
711:
708:
707:
705:
703:
699:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
677:Shoulder rest
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
636:
633:
632:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
620:
618:
614:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
588:
586:
582:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
550:
548:
544:
538:
535:
533:
532:Viola pomposa
530:
528:
525:
524:
522:
520:
516:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
479:
477:
473:
470:
466:
462:
461:Violin family
455:
450:
448:
443:
441:
436:
435:
432:
426:
424:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
391:
389:
385:
371:
370:
365:
359:
352:
347:
341:
337:
336:
328:
321:
316:
310:
306:
305:
297:
295:
290:
282:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
256:
254:
249:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:upright viola
210:
206:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
174:
171:
167:
161:
156:
153:
152:Playing range
149:
144:
141:
140:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
113:
110:
102:
99:February 2024
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1031:
1014:Violin octet
994:Stradivarius
875:Cello sonata
870:Viola sonata
830:String octet
719:
537:Tenor violin
526:
509:Stroh violin
422:
387:
383:
381:
374:. Retrieved
367:
358:
349:
334:
327:
318:
303:
268:
263:
260:violin octet
257:
250:
229:
225:violin octet
212:
208:
204:
202:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
984:Jazz violin
926:Nyckelharpa
911:Hurdy-gurdy
815:String trio
759:Double stop
662:Fingerboard
585:Double bass
555:Bass violin
468:Instruments
376:23 February
275:Béla Bartók
264:alto violin
209:alto violin
194:Double bass
130:Alto Violin
127:Other names
896:Arpeggione
786:Scordatura
715:Bow stroke
702:Techniques
692:Tuning peg
682:Sound post
369:Gramophone
285:References
69:newspapers
977:Slap bass
962:Jazz bass
801:Ensembles
781:Pizzicato
774:Bariolage
764:Fingering
754:Harmonics
721:Col legno
687:Tailpiece
320:violin...
253:resonance
1049:Category
1033:Category
972:Big band
931:Pochette
749:Arpeggio
737:Spiccato
647:Chinrest
625:Bass bar
603:Octobass
489:Pochette
271:Yo-Yo Ma
936:Quinton
901:Baryton
792:Vibrato
742:Tremolo
732:Portato
727:Martelé
598:Violone
570:Cellone
243:⁄
83:scholar
1055:Violas
921:Lirone
710:Bowing
672:Scroll
657:F-hole
652:Endpin
642:Bridge
476:Violin
342:
311:
179:Violin
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
989:Rosin
945:Other
617:Parts
547:Cello
519:Viola
221:cello
217:viola
189:Cello
184:Viola
90:JSTOR
76:books
999:Viol
635:Frog
378:2024
351:arm.
340:ISBN
309:ISBN
203:The
62:news
667:Nut
630:Bow
277:'s
211:or
45:by
1051::
380:.
366:.
348:.
317:.
293:^
281:.
207:,
453:e
446:t
439:v
245:2
241:1
238:+
236:2
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
