3564:
the generation of the signal, energy is removed from the carrier term and redistributed into the sideband structure similar to that which occurs in analog frequency modulation. The signals feeding the phase modulator and the envelope modulator are further phase-shifted by 90° with respect to each other. This places the information terms in quadrature with each other; the
Hilbert transform of information to be transmitted is utilized to cause constructive addition of one sideband and cancellation of the opposite primary sideband. Since phase modulation is employed, higher-order terms are also generated. Several methods have been employed to reduce the impact (amplitude) of most of these higher-order terms. In one system, the phase-modulated term is actually the log of the value of the carrier level plus the phase-shifted audio/information term. This produces an ideal CSSB signal, where at low modulation levels only a first-order term on one side of the carrier is predominant. As the modulation level is increased, the carrier level is reduced while a second-order term increases substantially in amplitude. At the point of 100% envelope modulation, 6 dB of power is removed from the carrier term, and the second-order term is identical in amplitude to carrier term. The first-order sideband has increased in level until it is now at the same level as the formerly unmodulated carrier. At the point of 100% modulation, the spectrum appears identical to a normal double-sideband AM transmission, with the center term (now the primary audio term) at a 0 dB reference level, and both terms on either side of the primary sideband at −6 dB. The difference is that what appears to be the carrier has shifted by the audio-frequency term towards the "sideband in use". At levels below 100% modulation, the sideband structure appears quite asymmetric. When voice is conveyed by a CSSB source of this type, low-frequency components are dominant, while higher-frequency terms are lower by as much as 20 dB at 3 kHz. The result is that the signal occupies approximately 1/2 the normal bandwidth of a full-carrier, DSB signal. There is one catch: the audio term utilized to phase-modulate the carrier is generated based on a log function that is biased by the carrier level. At negative 100% modulation, the term is driven to zero (0), and the modulator becomes undefined. Strict modulation control must be employed to maintain stability of the system and avoid
3575:. The various Kahn systems removed the hard limit imposed by the use of the strict log function in the generation of the signal. Earlier Kahn systems utilized various methods to reduce the second-order term through the insertion of a predistortion component. One example of this method was also used to generate one of the Kahn independent-sideband (ISB) AM stereo signals. It was known as the STR-77 exciter method, having been introduced in 1977. Later, the system was further improved by use of an arcsine-based modulator that included a 1-0.52E term in the denominator of the arcsin generator equation. E represents the envelope term; roughly half the modulation term applied to the envelope modulator is utilized to reduce the second-order term of the arcsin "phase"-modulated path; thus reducing the second-order term in the undesired sideband. A multi-loop modulator/demodulator feedback approach was used to generate an accurate arcsin signal. This approach was introduced in 1984 and became known as the STR-84 method. It was sold by Kahn Research Laboratories; later, Kahn Communications, Inc. of NY. An additional audio processing device further improved the sideband structure by selectively applying pre-emphasis to the modulating signals. Since the envelope of all the signals described remains an exact copy of the information applied to the modulator, it can be demodulated without distortion by an envelope detector such as a simple diode. In a practical receiver, some distortion may be present, usually at a low level (in AM broadcast, always below 5%), due to sharp filtering and nonlinear group delay in the IF filters of the receiver, which act to truncate the compatibility sideband – those terms that are not the result of a linear process of simply envelope modulating the signal as would be the case in full-carrier DSB-AM – and rotation of phase of these compatibility terms such that they no longer cancel the quadrature distortion term caused by a first-order SSB term along with the carrier. The small amount of distortion caused by this effect is generally quite low and acceptable.
526:
for eliminating the carrier and one sideband from the transmitted signal. Producing this single sideband signal can be done at high level in the final amplifier stage as with AM but it is usually produced at a low power level and linearly amplified. The lower efficiency of linear amplification partially offsets the power advantage gained by eliminating the carrier and one sideband. Nevertheless, SSB transmissions use the available amplifier energy considerably more efficiently, providing longer-range transmission for the same power output. In addition, the occupied spectrum is less than half that of a full carrier AM signal.
4432:) achieves about 3.8 dB of peak reduction for speech transmission. This results in an effective average power increase of about 140%. Although the generation of the CESSB signal can be integrated into the SSB modulator, it is feasible to separate the generation of the CESSB signal (e.g. in form of an external speech preprocessor) from a standard SSB radio. This requires that the standard SSB radio's modulator be linear-phase and have a sufficient bandwidth to pass the CESSB signal. If a standard SSB modulator meets these requirements, then the envelope control by the CESSB process is preserved.
518:, with the audio signal to be broadcast. In AM transmitters this mixing usually takes place in the final RF amplifier (high level modulation). It is less common and much less efficient to do the mixing at low power and then amplify it in a linear amplifier. Either method produces a set of frequencies with a strong signal at the carrier frequency and with weaker signals at frequencies extending above and below the carrier frequency by the maximum frequency of the input signal. Thus the resulting signal has a
3163:
611:
156:
4251:
sideband of bandwidth W2 = 4.0 MHz is transmitted, but only W1 = 0.75 MHz of the lower sideband is transmitted, along with a carrier. The carrier frequency is 1.25 MHz above the lower edge of the 6 MHz wide channel. This effectively makes the system AM at low modulation frequencies and SSB at high modulation frequencies. The absence of the lower sideband components at high frequencies must be compensated for, and this is done in the
4411:) is a narrowband modulation method using a single sideband with a pilot tone, allowing an expander in the receiver to restore the amplitude that was severely compressed by the transmitter. It offers improved effective range over standard SSB modulation while simultaneously retaining backwards compatibility with standard SSB radios. ACSSB also offers reduced bandwidth and improved range for a given power level compared with narrow band FM modulation.
2292:
3472:
2790:
36:
4193:
133:
3305:
2514:, which is usually acceptable in voice communications (if the demodulation carrier frequency is not quite right, the phase will be drifting cyclically, which again is usually acceptable in voice communications if the frequency error is small enough, and amateur radio operators are sometimes tolerant of even larger frequency errors that cause unnatural-sounding pitch shifting effects).
1880:
3158:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}s_{\mathrm {a} }^{*}(t)\cdot e^{j2\pi f_{0}t}&=s_{\text{lsb}}(t)+j\cdot {\widehat {s}}_{\text{lsb}}(t)\\\Rightarrow s_{\text{lsb}}(t)&=\operatorname {Re} \left\{s_{\mathrm {a} }^{*}(t)\cdot e^{j2\pi f_{0}t}\right\}\\&=s(t)\cdot \cos \left(2\pi f_{0}t\right)+{\widehat {s}}(t)\cdot \sin \left(2\pi f_{0}t\right).\end{aligned}}}
4071:
the proper relationships. One reason for that is when the IF spectrum is the output of an inverting stage in the receiver. Another reason is when the SSB signal is actually a lower sideband, instead of an upper sideband. But if both reasons are true, then the IF spectrum is not inverted, and the non-inverting BFO (43000 Hz) should be used.
1809:
2287:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}s_{\text{ssb}}(t)&=\operatorname {Re} \left\{s_{\mathrm {a} }(t)\cdot e^{j2\pi f_{0}t}\right\}\\&=\operatorname {Re} \left\{\,\left\cdot \left\,\right\}\\&=s(t)\cdot \cos \left(2\pi f_{0}t\right)-{\widehat {s}}(t)\cdot \sin \left(2\pi f_{0}t\right).\end{aligned}}}
4070:
injection. With high-side injection, the spectral components that were distributed around 45000 Hz will be distributed around 2000 Hz in the reverse order, also known as an inverted spectrum. That is in fact desirable when the IF spectrum is also inverted, because the BFO inversion restores
3543:
However, in order for a receiver to reproduce the transmitted audio without distortion, it must be tuned to exactly the same frequency as the transmitter. Since this is difficult to achieve in practice, SSB transmissions can sound unnatural, and if the error in frequency is great enough, it can cause
3378:
to suppress the unwanted sideband. To generate an SSB signal with this method, two versions of the original signal are generated, mutually 90° out of phase for any single frequency within the operating bandwidth. Each one of these signals then modulates carrier waves (of one frequency) that are also
4250:
has a bandwidth of 6 MHz. To conserve bandwidth, SSB would be desirable, but the video signal has significant low-frequency content (average brightness) and has rectangular synchronising pulses. The engineering compromise is vestigial-sideband transmission. In vestigial sideband, the full upper
3353:
signal, no information is lost in the process. Since the final RF amplification is now concentrated in a single sideband, the effective power output is greater than in normal AM (the carrier and redundant sideband account for well over half of the power output of an AM transmitter). Though SSB uses
529:
SSB reception requires frequency stability and selectivity well beyond that of inexpensive AM receivers which is why broadcasters have seldom used it. In point-to-point communications where expensive receivers are in common use already they can successfully be adjusted to receive whichever sideband
3563:
A second, and perhaps more correct, definition of "compatible single sideband" (CSSB) refers to a form of amplitude and phase modulation in which the carrier is transmitted along with a series of sidebands that are predominantly above or below the carrier term. Since phase modulation is present in
525:
SSB takes advantage of the fact that the entire original signal is encoded in each of these "sidebands". It is not necessary to transmit both sidebands plus the carrier, as a suitable receiver can extract the entire original signal from either the upper or lower sideband. There are several methods
4263:
When single-sideband is used in amateur radio voice communications, it is common practice that for frequencies below 10 MHz, lower sideband (LSB) is used and for frequencies of 10 MHz and above, upper sideband (USB) is used. For example, on the 40 m band, voice communications often take
4423:
The generation of standard SSB modulation results in large envelope overshoots well above the average envelope level for a sinusoidal tone (even when the audio signal is peak-limited). The standard SSB envelope peaks are due to truncation of the spectrum and nonlinear phase distortion from the
3532:
Conventional amplitude-modulated signals can be considered wasteful of power and bandwidth because they contain a carrier signal and two identical sidebands. Therefore, SSB transmitters are generally designed to minimize the amplitude of the carrier signal. When the carrier is removed from the
3457:
with frequency in the middle of the voiceband, but implemented by a quadrature pair of sine and cosine modulators at that frequency (e.g. 2 kHz). This complex signal or pair of real signals is then lowpass filtered to remove the undesired sideband that is not centered at zero. Then, the
136:
Illustration of the spectrum of AM and SSB signals. The lower side band (LSB) spectrum is inverted compared to the baseband. As an example, a 2 kHz audio baseband signal modulated onto a 5 MHz carrier will produce a frequency of 5.002 MHz if upper side band (USB) is used or
4146:). This voice scrambling method was made by running the audio of one side band modulated audio sample through its opposite (e.g. running an LSB modulated audio sample through a radio running USB modulation). These effects were used, in conjunction with other filtering techniques, during
1076:
1344:
3560:. In typical AME systems, harmonic distortion can reach 25%, and intermodulation distortion can be much higher than normal, but minimizing distortion in receivers with envelope detectors is generally considered less important than allowing them to produce intelligible audio.
3544:
poor intelligibility. In order to correct this, a small amount of the original carrier signal can be transmitted so that receivers with the necessary circuitry to synchronize with the transmitted carrier can correctly demodulate the audio. This mode of transmission is called
3383:
with each other. By either adding or subtracting the resulting signals, a lower or upper sideband signal results. A benefit of this approach is to allow an analytical expression for SSB signals, which can be used to understand effects such as synchronous detection of SSB.
787:
3551:
In other cases, it may be desirable to maintain some degree of compatibility with simple AM receivers, while still reducing the signal's bandwidth. This can be accomplished by transmitting single-sideband with a normal or slightly reduced carrier. This mode is called
3634:(BFO). In other words, it is just another stage of heterodyning. For this to work, the BFO frequency must be exactly adjusted. If the BFO frequency is off, the output signal will be frequency-shifted (up or down), making speech sound strange and "
1617:
3387:
Shifting the baseband signal 90° out of phase cannot be done simply by delaying it, as it contains a large range of frequencies. In analog circuits, a wideband 90-degree phase-difference network is used. The method was popular in the days of
3287:
3582:
as the modulation method employed for early consumer telephone calls that could be placed from an aircraft to ground. This was quickly supplanted by digital modulation methods to achieve even greater spectral efficiency.
3641:
For audio communications, there is a common agreement about the BFO oscillator shift of 1.7 kHz. A voice signal is sensitive to about 50 Hz shift, with up to 100 Hz still bearable. Some receivers use a
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signal. Single-sideband modulation avoids this bandwidth increase, and the power wasted on a carrier, at the cost of increased device complexity and more difficult tuning at the receiver.
2594:
580:(FDM). FDM was pioneered by telephone companies in the 1930s. With this technology, many simultaneous voice channels could be transmitted on a single physical circuit, for example in
3646:
system, which attempts to automatically lock on to the exact IF frequency. The carrier recovery doesn't solve the frequency shift. It gives better S/N ratio on the detector output.
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1804:{\displaystyle s_{\text{ssb}}(t)+j\cdot {\widehat {s}}_{\text{ssb}}(t)={\mathcal {F}}^{-1}\{S_{\mathrm {a} }\left(f-f_{0}\right)\}=s_{\mathrm {a} }(t)\cdot e^{j2\pi f_{0}t},\,}
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approximation errors of the practical implementation of the required
Hilbert transform. It was recently shown that suitable overshoot compensation (so-called
3392:
radios, but later gained a bad reputation due to poorly adjusted commercial implementations. Modulation using this method is again gaining popularity in the
4267:
An exception to this rule applies to the five discrete amateur channels on the 60-meter band (near 5.3 MHz) where FCC rules specifically require USB.
602:
established SSB as the radio standard for its aircraft in 1957. It has become a de facto standard for long-distance voice radio transmissions since then.
4173:. In fact, the signals could be understood directly by trained operators. Largely to allow secure communications between Roosevelt and Churchill, the
3458:
single-sideband complex signal centered at zero is upconverted to a real signal, by another pair of quadrature mixers, to the desired center frequency.
4642:
4279:(SSB-SC) mode that exceeds the audio bandwidth of standard or traditional 2.9 kHz SSB J3E modes (ITU 2K90J3E) to support higher-quality sound.
4491:
438:
4425:
2447:. If the demodulating carrier is not in the correct phase (cosine phase here), then the demodulated signal will be some linear combination of
4678:
3341:), the sideband with the lower frequency. Most often, the carrier is reduced or removed entirely (suppressed), being referred to in full as
4910:
1071:{\displaystyle s(t)=\operatorname {Re} \left\{s_{\mathrm {a} }(t)\right\}=\operatorname {Re} \left\{s(t)+j\cdot {\widehat {s}}(t)\right\},}
4647: John Carson/AT&T: "Method and Means for Signaling with High Frequency Waves" filed on December 1, 1915; granted on March 27, 1923
3493:
1339:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}S_{\mathrm {a} }(f)={\begin{cases}S(f),&{\text{for}}\ f>0,\\0,&{\text{for}}\ f<0,\end{cases}}}
100:
53:
3708:
3912:
498:
more efficiently. Amplitude modulation produces an output signal the bandwidth of which is twice the maximum frequency of the original
402:
72:
4790:
3419:
In Weaver's method, the band of interest is first translated to be centered at zero, conceptually by modulating a complex exponential
4832:
5344:
4200:
Limitation of single-sideband modulation being used for voice signals and not available for video/TV signals leads to the usage of
3622:
To recover the original signal from the IF SSB signal, the single sideband must be frequency-shifted down to its original range of
2705:
79:
4903:
3976:
782:{\displaystyle s_{\text{ssb}}(t)=s(t)\cdot \cos \left(2\pi f_{0}t\right)-{\widehat {s}}(t)\cdot \sin \left(2\pi f_{0}t\right),\,}
3827:
3773:
3586:
While CSSB is seldom used today in the AM/MW broadcast bands worldwide, some amateur radio operators still experiment with it.
1573: Since it also has only positive-frequency components, its inverse Fourier transform is the analytic representation of
5374:
4441:
4807:
86:
1489:
550:
transatlantic public radiotelephone circuit between New York and London. The high power SSB transmitters were located at
4216:
that has been only partly cut off or suppressed. Television broadcasts (in analog video formats) use this method if the
614:
Frequency-domain depiction of the mathematical steps that convert a baseband function into a single-sideband radio signal
431:
347:
3568:. This system is of Russian origin and was described in the late 1950s. It is uncertain whether it was ever deployed.
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Sgrignoli, G., W. Bretl, R. and Citta. (1995). "VSB modulation used for terrestrial and cable broadcasts."
4759:"A Third Method of Generation and Detection of Single-Sideband Signals" D K Weaver Jr. Proc. IRE, Dec. 1956
4473:
2659:
5364:
4264:
place around 7.100 MHz using LSB mode. On the 20 m band at 14.200 MHz, USB mode would be used.
3615:
front end that produces a frequency-shifted version of the radio frequency (RF) signal within a standard
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3416:, uses only lowpass filters and quadrature mixers, and is a favored method in digital implementations.
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were intercepted and "decrypted" by the
Germans; they included some early conversations between
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5384:
5379:
5339:
5192:
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4860:
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3393:
3282:{\displaystyle s_{\text{usb}}(t)+s_{\text{lsb}}(t)=2s(t)\cdot \cos \left(2\pi f_{0}t\right),\,}
591:
397:
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230:
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4693:
4184:
techniques are easily decrypted using simple techniques and are no longer regarded as secure.
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The first U.S. patent application for SSB modulation was filed on
December 1, 1915, by
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and again the real part of this expression causes no loss of information. With
907:
875:
245:
4624:
4138:
SSB techniques can also be adapted to frequency-shift and frequency-invert baseband
588:
apart, while offering a speech bandwidth of nominally 300 Hz to 3,400 Hz.
5413:
5354:
5197:
5147:
4612:
4581:
4258:
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3404:
to phase shift the baseband audio, can be done at low cost with digital circuitry.
522:
whose bandwidth is twice the maximum frequency of the original input audio signal.
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2417: and lowpass to remove the "double-frequency" components around frequency
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1179: which means that it comprises only the positive-frequency components of
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substantially less bandwidth and power, it cannot be demodulated by a simple
619:
610:
3321:
One method of producing an SSB signal is to remove one of the sidebands via
942:
as the real part of a complex-valued function, with no loss of information:
155:
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waveforms is derived from the other, instead of being independent messages
5527:
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3349:). Assuming both sidebands are symmetric, which is the case for a normal
543:
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5389:
5324:
5137:
4585:
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4181:
4151:
3765:
3312:, an early Amateur Radio transceiver that featured SSB voice capability
480:
472:
147:
4723:
Tretter, Steven A. (1995). "Chapter 7, Eq 7.9". In Lucky, R.W. (ed.).
4601:"Single-sideband transmission by envelope elimination and restoration"
5563:
5548:
5481:
5476:
5451:
4523:
3677:= 45000 Hz. The baseband frequency it needs to be shifted to is
581:
542:. The U.S. Navy experimented with SSB over its radio circuits before
357:
4577:
Single sideband transmission by envelope elimination and restoration
4575:
3471:
35:
5314:
5182:
5032:
4847:
by David L. Hershberger, W9GR, QEX, issue Jan./Feb. 2016, pp. 9–12.
4822:
by David L. Hershberger, W9GR, QEX, issue Nov./Dec. 2014, pp. 3–13.
4554:
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144:
3756:{\displaystyle \cos \left(2\pi \cdot F_{\text{bfo}}\cdot t\right)}
546:. SSB first entered commercial service on January 7, 1927, on the
5087:
4174:
4102:
is off by a small amount, then the beat frequency is not exactly
3966:{\displaystyle \left|F_{\text{if}}-F_{\text{bfo}}\right|=F_{b}\,}
2550:
can also be recovered as the real part of the complex-conjugate,
4890:
4259:
Frequencies for LSB and USB in amateur radio voice communication
4242:
The broadcast or transport channel for TV in countries that use
3333:), the sideband with the higher frequency, or less commonly the
3304:
584:. With SSB, channels could be spaced (usually) only 4,000
5062:
4232:
used. It may also be used in digital transmission, such as the
4192:
3649:
As an example, consider an IF SSB signal centered at frequency
132:
4883:
J. Brittain, (1992). "Scanning the past: Ralph V.L. Hartley",
5228:
5092:
5082:
5077:
4833:"External Processing for Controlled Envelope Single Sideband"
4537:
4429:
4416:
4408:
4400:
4217:
4209:
4130:, which can lead to the speech distortion mentioned earlier.
2770:{\displaystyle s_{\mathrm {a} }^{*}(t)\cdot e^{j2\pi f_{0}t}}
585:
563:
452:
362:
3461:
5057:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4017:{\displaystyle \left(F_{\text{if}}+F_{\text{bfo}}\right)\,}
3571:
A second series of approaches was designed and patented by
1332:
3600:
The front end of an SSB receiver is similar to that of an
2777:
is another analytic signal, whose real part is the actual
5072:
4925:
4276:
4029:
3867:{\displaystyle \left|F_{\text{if}}-F_{\text{bfo}}\right|}
3813:{\displaystyle \left(F_{\text{if}}+F_{\text{bfo}}\right)}
4133:
4573:
4464:
full-carrier – the basic amplitude-modulation scheme
4108:
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4041:
3979:
3915:
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640:
4444:(ITU) designated the types of amplitude modulation:
1534:{\displaystyle S_{\mathrm {a} }\left(f-f_{0}\right)}
1486: Therefore, the frequency-translated function
4679:
IEEE, Early
History of Single-Sideband Transmission
2596:which represents the negative frequency portion of
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4270:
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3770:) the BFO waveform, it shifts the signal to
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3292:which is the classic model of suppressed-carrier
558:. The receivers were in very quiet locations in
5576:
4725:Communication System Design Using DSP Algorithms
4415:Controlled-envelope single-sideband modulation (
4399:Amplitude-companded single-sideband modulation (
4770:"BRATS – Advanced Amateur Radio Tuition Course"
4598:
4426:controlled-envelope single-sideband modulation
4028:; for which an output transducer or the human
3578:The Kahn CSSB method was also briefly used by
2410:{\displaystyle \cos \left(2\pi f_{0}t\right),}
5264:
4911:
4557:for more general information about a sideband
3366:An alternate method of generation known as a
618:Single-sideband has the mathematical form of
594:began serious experimentation with SSB after
465:single-sideband suppressed-carrier modulation
432:
3973:= 2000 Hz. (The unwanted components at
3299:
1738:
1697:
4551:for other examples of modulation techniques
4187:
4062:: 43000 Hz and 47000 Hz, called
3705:= 2000 Hz. The BFO output waveform is
3500:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
913:To understand this formula, we may express
622:(QAM) in the special case where one of the
605:
4918:
4904:
4878:IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics.
4180:Today, such simple inversion-based speech
4177:system of digital encryption was devised.
439:
425:
4712:. National Association for Amateur Radio.
4657:The History of Single Sideband Modulation
4119:
4091:
4013:
3962:
3694:
3666:
3520:Learn how and when to remove this message
3462:Full, reduced, and suppressed-carrier SSB
3278:
2702:has no negative frequencies, the product
2645:
2149:
2004:
1857:
1800:
1416:are the respective Fourier transforms of
895:
863:
824:
778:
514:(RF) signal of a specific frequency, the
475:used to transmit information, such as an
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
5345:Output power of an analog TV transmitter
4191:
3763:. When the signal is multiplied by (aka
3303:
3168:The sum of the two sideband signals is:
2589:{\displaystyle s_{\mathrm {a} }^{*}(t),}
609:
131:
4722:
14:
5577:
4540:, amplitude-companded single sideband
5375:Direct-broadcast satellite television
4899:
4808:"Controlled Envelope Single Sideband"
4791:"FCC Part 97 - Amateur Service rules"
4580:(Thesis). Naval Postgraduate School.
4442:International Telecommunication Union
4407:Amplitude-companded single sideband (
3558:amplitude modulation equivalent (AME)
3316:
2695:{\displaystyle S\left(f-f_{0}\right)}
4134:SSB as a speech-scrambling technique
3630:which mixes it with the output of a
3498:adding citations to reliable sources
3465:
3400:fields. This method, utilizing the
3361:
631:
510:Radio transmitters work by mixing a
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
5265:Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)
4707:"Amateur Radio and the Rise of SSB"
4435:
3407:
1861:{\displaystyle e^{j2\pi f_{0}t},\,}
1447:{\displaystyle s_{\mathrm {a} }(t)}
1380:{\displaystyle S_{\mathrm {a} }(f)}
1136:{\displaystyle s_{\mathrm {a} }(t)}
867:{\displaystyle {\widehat {s}}(t)\,}
24:
4880:v. 41, issue 3, p. 367 - 382.
4870:
4727:. New York: Springer. p. 80.
4492:Single-sideband suppressed-carrier
3343:single sideband suppressed carrier
2969:
2804:
2715:
2563:
1931:
1750:
1706:
1683:
1605:{\displaystyle s_{\text{ssb}}(t):}
1499:
1429:
1362:
1234:
1118:
984:
576:, as part of a technique known as
25:
5601:
3533:transmitted signal, it is called
2517:
2507:{\displaystyle {\widehat {s}}(t)}
2326:{\displaystyle s_{\text{ssb}}(t)}
4275:Extended single sideband is any
4095:{\displaystyle F_{\text{bfo}}\,}
3882:. The objective is to choose an
3554:compatible (or full-carrier) SSB
3470:
505:
154:
34:
5260:Quadrature amplitude modulation
4891:eSSB - Extended Single Sideband
4825:
4800:
4783:
4762:
4753:
4574:Michael Murray Elliott (1953).
4271:Extended single sideband (eSSB)
3670:{\displaystyle F_{\text{if}}\,}
3589:
3450:{\displaystyle \exp(j\omega t)}
2362:is the same as AM: multiply by
620:quadrature amplitude modulation
578:frequency-division multiplexing
45:needs additional citations for
5424:Television channel frequencies
4741:
4716:
4699:
4687:
4672:
4650:
4631:
4592:
4567:
4150:as a simple method for speech
4055:{\displaystyle F_{\text{bfo}}}
3902:{\displaystyle F_{\text{bfo}}}
3444:
3432:
3234:
3228:
3216:
3210:
3194:
3188:
3107:
3101:
3045:
3039:
2986:
2980:
2942:
2936:
2923:
2916:
2910:
2879:
2873:
2821:
2815:
2732:
2726:
2612:
2606:
2580:
2574:
2537:
2531:
2501:
2495:
2463:
2457:
2349:
2343:
2320:
2314:
2236:
2230:
2174:
2168:
2049:
2043:
2019:
2013:
1943:
1937:
1904:
1898:
1870:
1762:
1756:
1674:
1668:
1637:
1631:
1596:
1590:
1557:
1551:
1470:
1464:
1441:
1435:
1403:
1397:
1374:
1368:
1269:
1263:
1246:
1240:
1195:
1189:
1163:
1157:
1130:
1124:
1057:
1051:
1027:
1021:
996:
990:
961:
955:
929:
923:
860:
854:
835:is the message (real-valued),
821:
815:
795:
734:
728:
672:
666:
657:
651:
137:4.998 MHz if LSB is used.
13:
1:
5395:Digital television transition
5224:Multichannel television sound
4561:
4483:Single-sideband full-carrier
5467:Field strength in free space
5168:Horizontal blanking interval
4750:, listing numerous articles.
4599:Leonard R Kahn (July 1952).
69:"Single-sideband modulation"
7:
5365:Superheterodyne transmitter
4531:
4305:100 Hz ~ 3.10 kHz
3638:"-like, or unintelligible.
10:
5606:
5203:Vertical blanking interval
4853:
4838:. www.arrl.org. 2016-01-01
4813:. www.arrl.org. 2014-11-01
4694:History Of Undersea Cables
4617:10.1109/JRPROC.1952.273844
4389:50 Hz ~ 6.05 kHz
4375:50 Hz ~ 5.05 kHz
4361:50 Hz ~ 4.55 kHz
4347:50 Hz ~ 4.05 kHz
4333:50 Hz ~ 3.55 kHz
4319:50 Hz ~ 3.05 kHz
4035:There are two choices for
3608:receiver, consisting of a
3593:
3325:, leaving only either the
1541:contains only one side of
533:
457:single-sideband modulation
348:Capacity-approaching codes
5541:
5505:
5442:
5403:
5273:
5247:
5216:
5178:Nominal analogue blanking
5101:
5050:
4936:
3632:beat frequency oscillator
3300:Practical implementations
2297:Coherent demodulation of
4188:Vestigial sideband (VSB)
3874:, which is known as the
3626:frequencies, by using a
606:Mathematical formulation
5497:Television interference
5370:Television receive-only
4524:compressor and expander
4123:{\displaystyle F_{b}\,}
3698:{\displaystyle F_{b}\,}
3412:Another variation, the
2649:{\displaystyle f_{0}\,}
1145:analytic representation
899:{\displaystyle f_{0}\,}
592:Amateur radio operators
569:SSB was also used over
285:Hierarchical modulation
5585:Radio modulation modes
5419:Microwave transmission
5385:Terrestrial television
5380:Television transmitter
5340:Intermediate frequency
5133:Chrominance subcarrier
4861:Federal Standard 1037C
4605:Proceedings of the IRE
4197:
4124:
4096:
4056:
4018:
3967:
3909:that results in
3903:
3868:
3814:
3757:
3699:
3671:
3617:intermediate frequency
3451:
3313:
3283:
3159:
2771:
2696:
2650:
2622:
2590:
2544:
2508:
2470:
2441:
2440:{\displaystyle 2f_{0}}
2411:
2356:
2327:
2288:
1862:
1805:
1606:
1567:
1535:
1480:
1448:
1410:
1381:
1340:
1202:
1173:
1137:
1095:
1072:
936:
900:
868:
829:
828:{\displaystyle s(t)\,}
783:
615:
530:is being transmitted.
138:
5291:Broadcast transmitter
4887:, vol.80,p. 463.
4195:
4167:Franklin D. Roosevelt
4125:
4097:
4057:
4019:
3968:
3904:
3869:
3815:
3758:
3700:
3672:
3452:
3307:
3284:
3160:
2772:
2697:
2656:is large enough that
2651:
2623:
2621:{\displaystyle S(f).}
2591:
2545:
2509:
2471:
2442:
2412:
2357:
2328:
2289:
1863:
1806:
1607:
1568:
1566:{\displaystyle S(f).}
1536:
1481:
1479:{\displaystyle s(t).}
1449:
1411:
1382:
1341:
1203:
1174:
1172:{\displaystyle s(t),}
1138:
1096:
1073:
937:
901:
869:
830:
784:
613:
600:Strategic Air Command
552:Rocky Point, New York
135:
5533:Zero reference pulse
5518:Field strength meter
5255:Frequency modulation
5163:Horizontal scan rate
4544:Independent sideband
4502:Independent-sideband
4212:communication) is a
4106:
4078:
4039:
4024:can be removed by a
3977:
3913:
3886:
3828:
3774:
3709:
3681:
3653:
3494:improve this section
3423:
3175:
2791:
2706:
2660:
2632:
2600:
2554:
2543:{\displaystyle s(t)}
2525:
2480:
2469:{\displaystyle s(t)}
2451:
2421:
2366:
2355:{\displaystyle s(t)}
2337:
2301:
1881:
1822:
1618:
1577:
1545:
1490:
1458:
1420:
1409:{\displaystyle S(f)}
1391:
1353:
1215:
1201:{\displaystyle s(t)}
1183:
1151:
1109:
1085:
949:
935:{\displaystyle s(t)}
917:
882:
839:
809:
638:
485:amplitude modulation
54:improve this article
5472:Noise (electronics)
5335:Intercarrier method
5295:Transmitter station
4930:broadcasting topics
4228:, due to the large
4161:between the US and
2979:
2814:
2725:
2573:
540:John Renshaw Carson
483:. A refinement of
5360:Split sound system
5310:Differential phase
4662:2004-01-03 at the
4513:Vestigial-sideband
4291:Frequency response
4285:Extended SSB modes
4206:vestigial sideband
4202:vestigial sideband
4198:
4120:
4092:
4052:
4014:
3963:
3899:
3864:
3810:
3753:
3695:
3667:
3536:suppressed-carrier
3447:
3358:like standard AM.
3317:Bandpass filtering
3314:
3279:
3155:
3153:
2963:
2798:
2767:
2709:
2692:
2646:
2618:
2586:
2557:
2540:
2504:
2466:
2437:
2407:
2352:
2323:
2284:
2282:
1858:
1801:
1602:
1563:
1531:
1476:
1444:
1406:
1377:
1336:
1331:
1198:
1169:
1133:
1091:
1068:
932:
896:
864:
825:
779:
616:
207:Digital modulation
139:
27:Type of modulation
18:Vestigial sideband
5590:Electronic design
5572:
5571:
5487:Radiation pattern
5305:Differential gain
4927:Analog television
4529:
4528:
4396:
4395:
4234:ATSC standardized
4088:
4049:
4005:
3992:
3941:
3928:
3896:
3856:
3843:
3802:
3789:
3739:
3663:
3548:single-sideband.
3530:
3529:
3522:
3402:Hilbert transform
3368:Hartley modulator
3362:Hartley modulator
3356:envelope detector
3207:
3185:
3098:
2933:
2907:
2901:
2870:
2492:
2311:
2227:
2040:
1895:
1868: we obtain
1665:
1659:
1628:
1587:
1316:
1312:
1284:
1280:
1226:
1094:{\displaystyle j}
1048:
908:carrier frequency
876:Hilbert transform
851:
803:
802:
725:
648:
449:
448:
164:Analog modulation
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
5597:
5414:Frequency offset
5355:Residual carrier
5300:Cavity amplifier
5198:Television lines
4920:
4913:
4906:
4897:
4896:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4837:
4829:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4812:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4751:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4703:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4676:
4670:
4668:Ing. Peter Weber
4654:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4571:
4472:Single-sideband
4447:
4446:
4436:ITU designations
4313:eSSB (Narrow-1b)
4299:eSSB (Narrow-1a)
4282:
4281:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4003:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3644:carrier recovery
3628:product detector
3525:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3505:
3474:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3414:Weaver modulator
3408:Weaver modulator
3372:R. V. L. Hartley
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3100:
3099:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3014:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2894:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2494:
2493:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2229:
2228:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2041:
2033:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1818:to expand
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1227:
1219:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1003:
999:
989:
988:
987:
941:
939:
938:
933:
905:
903:
902:
897:
894:
893:
873:
871:
870:
865:
853:
852:
844:
834:
832:
831:
826:
797:
788:
786:
785:
780:
774:
770:
766:
765:
727:
726:
718:
712:
708:
704:
703:
650:
649:
646:
632:
455:communications,
441:
434:
427:
158:
141:
140:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5537:
5513:Distortionmeter
5501:
5438:
5399:
5330:Frequency mixer
5286:Antenna (radio)
5269:
5243:
5212:
5153:Composite video
5097:
5046:
4932:
4924:
4873:
4871:Further reading
4856:
4851:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4775:
4773:
4772:. Brats-qth.org
4768:
4767:
4763:
4758:
4754:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4721:
4717:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4692:
4688:
4677:
4673:
4664:Wayback Machine
4655:
4651:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4597:
4593:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4534:
4474:reduced-carrier
4462:Double-sideband
4438:
4421:
4405:
4355:eSSB (Medium-2)
4341:eSSB (Medium-1)
4327:eSSB (Narrow-2)
4294:ITU Designator
4273:
4261:
4190:
4144:voice inversion
4136:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4085:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4046:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4002:
3998:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3956:
3952:
3938:
3934:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3880:image frequency
3853:
3849:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3799:
3795:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3736:
3732:
3722:
3718:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3610:superheterodyne
3598:
3592:
3573:Leonard R. Kahn
3546:reduced-carrier
3526:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3491:
3475:
3464:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3410:
3364:
3319:
3302:
3294:double sideband
3261:
3257:
3250:
3246:
3204:
3200:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3152:
3151:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3119:
3090:
3089:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3057:
3027:
3026:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2992:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2945:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2904:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2827:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2738:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2308:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2281:
2280:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2248:
2219:
2218:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2186:
2156:
2155:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2115:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2060:
2032:
2031:
2009:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1984:
1983:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1949:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1907:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:Euler's formula
1786:
1782:
1772:
1768:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1662:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1330:
1329:
1309:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1277:
1275:
1253:
1252:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1101:represents the
1086:
1083:
1082:
1040:
1039:
1017:
1013:
983:
982:
978:
977:
973:
950:
947:
946:
918:
915:
914:
889:
885:
883:
880:
879:
843:
842:
840:
837:
836:
810:
807:
806:
761:
757:
750:
746:
717:
716:
699:
695:
688:
684:
645:
641:
639:
636:
635:
608:
574:telephone lines
536:
512:radio frequency
508:
471:) is a type of
445:
308:Spread spectrum
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5603:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5448:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5410:
5408:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5320:Dipole antenna
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5288:
5283:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5236:
5234:Sound-in-Syncs
5231:
5226:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5123:Blanking level
5120:
5115:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5030:
4988:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4942:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4923:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4881:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4863:in support of
4855:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4824:
4799:
4796:. www.fcc.gov.
4782:
4761:
4752:
4740:
4733:
4715:
4698:
4686:
4671:
4649:
4630:
4611:(7): 803–806.
4591:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4552:
4546:
4541:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4437:
4434:
4420:
4413:
4404:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4272:
4269:
4260:
4257:
4196:VSB modulation
4189:
4186:
4156:Radiotelephone
4135:
4132:
4116:
4112:
4084:
4045:
4026:lowpass filter
4011:
4001:
3997:
3988:
3983:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3937:
3933:
3924:
3919:
3892:
3876:beat frequency
3862:
3852:
3848:
3839:
3834:
3808:
3798:
3794:
3785:
3780:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3691:
3687:
3659:
3594:Main article:
3591:
3588:
3528:
3527:
3478:
3476:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3409:
3406:
3370:, named after
3363:
3360:
3335:lower sideband
3327:upper sideband
3318:
3315:
3301:
3298:
3290:
3289:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3181:
3166:
3165:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2900:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2779:lower-sideband
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2712:
2690:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2642:
2638:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2560:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2519:
2518:Lower sideband
2516:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2307:
2295:
2294:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1812:
1811:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1658:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1624:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1583:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1496:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1426:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1359:
1347:
1346:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1115:
1103:imaginary unit
1090:
1079:
1078:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:
992:
986:
981:
976:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
931:
928:
925:
922:
892:
888:
862:
859:
856:
850:
847:
823:
820:
817:
814:
801:
800:
791:
789:
777:
773:
769:
764:
760:
756:
753:
749:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
724:
721:
715:
711:
707:
702:
698:
694:
691:
687:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
644:
607:
604:
560:Houlton, Maine
556:Rugby, England
535:
532:
507:
504:
447:
446:
444:
443:
436:
429:
421:
418:
417:
416:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
342:
341:
337:
336:
335:
334:
329:
324:
319:
311:
310:
304:
303:
302:
301:
296:
288:
287:
281:
280:
279:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
210:
209:
203:
202:
201:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
167:
166:
160:
159:
151:
150:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5602:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5209:
5208:White clipper
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5158:Frame (video)
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5100:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:Color systems
5049:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4921:
4916:
4914:
4909:
4907:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4857:
4834:
4828:
4809:
4803:
4792:
4786:
4771:
4765:
4756:
4749:
4748:Earthlink.net
4744:
4736:
4730:
4726:
4719:
4708:
4702:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4680:
4675:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4653:
4640:
4634:
4626:
4622:
4618:
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4468:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:In 1982, the
4433:
4431:
4427:
4418:
4412:
4410:
4402:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4383:eSSB (Wide-2)
4382:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4369:eSSB (Wide-1)
4368:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4335:
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4321:
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4298:
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4207:
4203:
4194:
4185:
4183:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4159:conversations
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4131:
4114:
4110:
4082:
4072:
4069:
4065:
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3541:
3539:
3537:
3524:
3521:
3513:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3479:This section
3477:
3473:
3468:
3467:
3459:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3417:
3415:
3405:
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3369:
3359:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3311:
3310:Collins KWM-1
3306:
3297:
3295:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3240:
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3231:
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3201:
3197:
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3179:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3148:
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3140:
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3131:
3127:
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2198:
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2171:
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2131:
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2100:
2096:
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2068:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1926:
1921:
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1914:
1911:
1909:
1901:
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1024:
1018:
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1007:
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1000:
993:
979:
974:
970:
967:
964:
958:
952:
945:
944:
943:
926:
920:
911:
909:
906:is the radio
890:
886:
877:
857:
848:
845:
818:
812:
799:
792:
790:
775:
771:
767:
762:
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754:
751:
747:
743:
740:
737:
731:
722:
719:
713:
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696:
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689:
685:
681:
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669:
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634:
633:
630:
629:
625:
621:
612:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
572:
571:long-distance
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
531:
527:
523:
521:
517:
513:
506:Basic concept
503:
501:
497:
493:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
442:
437:
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124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
5559:Hanover bars
5350:Pre-emphasis
5274:Transmission
5239:Zweikanalton
5143:Color killer
5068:Clear-Vision
4884:
4877:
4859:Partly from
4840:. Retrieved
4827:
4815:. Retrieved
4802:
4785:
4774:. Retrieved
4764:
4755:
4743:
4724:
4718:
4701:
4689:
4683:Oswald, A.A.
4682:
4674:
4667:
4652:
4633:
4608:
4604:
4594:
4576:
4569:
4453:Description
4450:Designation
4439:
4422:
4406:
4358:4.5 kHz
4330:3.5 kHz
4274:
4266:
4262:
4253:IF amplifier
4241:
4205:
4201:
4199:
4179:
4148:World War II
4137:
4073:
4067:
4063:
4034:
4032:may serve).
3879:
3875:
3821:
3764:
3648:
3640:
3621:
3599:
3596:Demodulation
3590:Demodulation
3585:
3577:
3570:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3542:
3534:
3531:
3516:
3507:
3492:Please help
3480:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3386:
3381:out of phase
3367:
3365:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3291:
3167:
2782:
2781:transmission
2778:
2521:
2296:
1869:
1813:
1348:
1080:
912:
804:
793:
627:
617:
596:World War II
590:
568:
566:, Scotland.
537:
528:
524:
516:carrier wave
509:
477:audio signal
468:
464:
460:
456:
450:
413:Multiplexing
353:Demodulation
197:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
5528:VIT signals
5523:Vectorscope
5462:Earth bulge
5444:Propagation
5407:& bands
5405:Frequencies
5188:Raster scan
5128:Chrominance
5118:Black level
5113:front porch
4865:MIL-STD-188
4586:10945/24839
4222:transmitted
3766:heterodyned
3636:Donald Duck
3619:(IF) band.
3390:vacuum tube
2333:to recover
544:World War I
489:transmitter
481:radio waves
358:Line coding
5579:Categories
5457:Distortion
5390:Transposer
5325:Dummy load
5281:Amplifiers
5248:Modulation
5138:Colorburst
5109:Back porch
4885:Proc. IEEE
4842:2017-01-15
4817:2017-01-15
4776:2013-01-29
4734:0306450321
4639:US 1449382
4562:References
4549:Modulation
4386:6 kHz
4372:5 kHz
4344:4 kHz
4316:3 kHz
4302:3 kHz
4182:encryption
4152:encryption
3510:March 2012
487:, it uses
473:modulation
148:modulation
80:newspapers
5564:Sparklies
5549:Dot crawl
5542:Artifacts
5482:Path loss
5477:Null fill
5452:Beam tilt
5193:Safe area
4519:Lincompex
4504:emission
4288:Bandwidth
4230:bandwidth
4171:Churchill
4140:waveforms
4068:high-side
3932:−
3847:−
3743:⋅
3730:⋅
3727:π
3716:
3481:does not
3439:ω
3430:
3323:filtering
3255:π
3244:
3238:⋅
3128:π
3117:
3111:⋅
3096:^
3066:π
3055:
3049:⋅
3004:π
2990:⋅
2976:∗
2956:
2924:⇒
2899:^
2889:⋅
2839:π
2825:⋅
2811:∗
2750:π
2736:⋅
2722:∗
2675:−
2570:∗
2490:^
2384:π
2373:
2257:π
2246:
2240:⋅
2225:^
2216:−
2195:π
2184:
2178:⋅
2124:π
2113:
2107:⋅
2080:π
2069:
2058:⋅
2038:^
2029:⋅
1997:
1961:π
1947:⋅
1918:
1837:π
1780:π
1766:⋅
1721:−
1690:−
1657:^
1647:⋅
1514:−
1046:^
1037:⋅
1011:
971:
849:^
755:π
744:
738:⋅
723:^
714:−
693:π
682:
676:⋅
582:L-carrier
496:bandwidth
110:July 2015
5554:Ghosting
5315:Diplexer
5183:Overscan
5148:Color TV
5041:System F
5037:System E
5033:819-line
5027:System N
5023:System L
5019:System K
5015:System I
5011:System H
5007:System G
5003:System D
4999:System C
4995:System B
4991:625-line
4985:System M
4981:525-line
4976:455-line
4971:441-line
4965:System A
4961:405-line
4956:375-line
4951:343-line
4946:180-line
4696:, (1927)
4660:Archived
4625:51669401
4555:Sideband
4532:See also
4392:6K00J3E
4378:5K00J3E
4364:4K50J3E
4350:4K00J3E
4336:3K50J3E
4322:3K00J3E
4308:3K00J3E
4214:sideband
4064:low-side
3824:to
3624:baseband
3580:Airphone
3566:splatter
3394:homebrew
1105:.
624:baseband
548:longwave
520:spectrum
500:baseband
340:See also
145:Passband
5506:Testing
5088:PALplus
4938:Systems
4854:Sources
4522:Linked
4175:SIGSALY
4163:Britain
3820:,
3502:removed
3487:sources
3376:phasing
3374:, uses
1143:is the
874:is its
534:History
94:scholar
5063:NTSC-J
4731:
4644:
4623:
1349:where
1315:
1283:
1081:where
878:, and
805:where
598:. The
562:, and
554:, and
469:SSB-SC
266:SC-FDE
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
5229:NICAM
5217:Sound
5102:Video
5093:SECAM
5083:PAL-S
5078:PAL-M
4836:(PDF)
4811:(PDF)
4794:(PDF)
4710:(PDF)
4621:S2CID
4538:ACSSB
4430:CESSB
4417:CESSB
4409:ACSSB
4401:ACSSB
4218:video
4210:radio
3347:SSBSC
2628:When
564:Cupar
492:power
479:, by
463:) or
453:radio
363:Modem
101:JSTOR
87:books
5492:Skew
5173:Luma
5111:and
5058:NTSC
4729:ISBN
4248:ATSC
4244:NTSC
4237:8VSB
4208:(in
4204:. A
4169:and
4066:and
3768:with
3485:any
3483:cite
3396:and
3379:90°
3296:AM.
2476:and
1871:Eq.1
1454:and
1387:and
1321:<
1289:>
796:Eq.1
494:and
403:OFDM
332:THSS
327:FHSS
322:DSSS
236:MFSK
221:APSK
73:news
5434:VHF
5429:UHF
5073:PAL
4613:doi
4582:hdl
4509:C3F
4498:B8E
4488:J3E
4480:H3E
4469:R3E
4458:A3E
4428:or
4277:J3E
4246:or
4224:in
4220:is
4087:bfo
4074:If
4048:bfo
4030:ear
4004:bfo
3940:bfo
3895:bfo
3878:or
3855:bfo
3822:and
3801:bfo
3738:bfo
3713:cos
3604:or
3556:or
3538:SSB
3496:by
3427:exp
3398:DSP
3339:LSB
3331:USB
3241:cos
3206:lsb
3184:usb
3114:sin
3052:cos
2932:lsb
2906:lsb
2869:lsb
2370:cos
2310:ssb
2243:sin
2181:cos
2110:sin
2066:cos
1894:ssb
1664:ssb
1627:ssb
1586:ssb
1311:for
1279:for
1147:of
741:sin
679:cos
647:ssb
461:SSB
451:In
408:FDM
398:ΔΣM
393:PWM
388:PDM
383:PCM
378:PAM
373:PoM
368:AnM
317:CSS
299:WDM
294:QAM
276:WDM
271:TCM
261:QAM
256:PSK
251:PPM
246:OOK
241:MSK
231:FSK
226:CPM
216:ASK
198:SSB
188:QAM
56:by
5581::
5039:,
5025:,
5021:,
5017:,
5013:,
5009:,
5005:,
5001:,
4997:,
4681:,
4666:,
4619:.
4609:40
4607:.
4603:.
4255:.
4239:.
4226:AM
4154:.
3991:if
3927:if
3842:if
3788:if
3662:if
3613:RF
3606:FM
3602:AM
3540:.
3351:AM
3308:A
2953:Re
1994:Re
1915:Re
1874::
1208::
1008:Re
968:Re
910:.
586:Hz
193:SM
183:PM
178:FM
173:AM
5293:/
5043:)
5035:(
5029:)
4993:(
4987:)
4983:(
4967:)
4963:(
4919:e
4912:t
4905:v
4845:.
4820:.
4779:.
4737:.
4627:.
4615::
4588:.
4584::
4419:)
4403:)
4142:(
4115:b
4111:F
4083:F
4044:F
4010:)
4000:F
3996:+
3987:F
3982:(
3958:b
3954:F
3950:=
3946:|
3936:F
3923:F
3918:|
3891:F
3861:|
3851:F
3838:F
3833:|
3807:)
3797:F
3793:+
3784:F
3779:(
3750:)
3746:t
3734:F
3724:2
3720:(
3690:b
3686:F
3658:F
3523:)
3517:(
3512:)
3508:(
3504:.
3490:.
3445:)
3442:t
3436:j
3433:(
3345:(
3337:(
3329:(
3276:,
3272:)
3268:t
3263:0
3259:f
3252:2
3248:(
3235:)
3232:t
3229:(
3226:s
3223:2
3220:=
3217:)
3214:t
3211:(
3202:s
3198:+
3195:)
3192:t
3189:(
3180:s
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