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4644:"Article: "Urban Food Waste generation: challenges and opportunities" Journal: Int. J. of Environment and Waste Management, 2009 Vol.3 No.1/2 pp.4 - 21 Abstract: Greater economic activity and a wider economic gap between rural and urban areas is leading to accelerated urbanisation and the generation of 35% more Urban Food Waste (UFW) from 2007 to 2025. Besides landfilling, this paper examines the advantages of introducing onsite composting and anaerobic digestion for the environmental recycling of UFW and the lowering of handling cost. For Asia and Africa, these solutions for UFW could reduce the mass of MSW by 43% and 55%, respectively, thus help there cities manage almost all of their MSW. For North America and Europe, such practice could reduce earth warming trends. - Inderscience Publishers - linking academia, business and industry through research"
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vegetation is completely removed immediately in order to make it easier and less expensive for construction to occur, thereby obliterating any native species in that area. Habitat fragmentation can filter species with limited dispersal capacity. For example, aquatic insects are found to have lower species richness in urban landscapes. The more urbanized the surrounding of habitat is, the fewer species can reach the habitat. Other times, such as with birds, urbanization may allow for an increase in richness when organisms are able to adapt to the new environment. This can be seen in species that may find food while scavenging developed areas or vegetation that has been added after urbanization has occurred i.e. planted trees in city areas
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affect individuals by creating perceived insecurity. Perceived insecurity can be due problems with the physical environment, such as issues with personal safety, or problems with the social environment, such as a loss of positive self-concepts from negative events. Increased stress is a common individual psychological stressor that accompanies urbanization and is thought to be due to perceived insecurity. Changes in social organization, a consequence of urbanization, are thought to lead to reduced social support, increased violence, and overcrowding. It is these factors that are thought to contribute to increased stress.
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and severity of asthma among these populations. Links have been found between exposure to traffic-related air pollution and allergic diseases. Children living in poor, urban areas in the United States now have an increased risk of morbidity due to asthma in comparison to other low-income children in the United States. In addition, children with croup living in urban areas have higher hazard ratios for asthma than similar children living in rural areas. Researchers suggest that this difference in hazard ratios is due to the higher levels of air pollution and exposure to environmental allergens found in urban areas.
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Perceiving that resources are nearby for physical activity increases the likelihood that residents of all communities will meet the guidelines and recommendations for appropriate physical activity. Specific to rural residents, the safety of outdoor developed spaces and convenient availability to recreational facilities matters most when making decisions on increasing physical activity. In order to combat the levels of inactivity in rural residents, more convenient recreational features, such as the ones discussed in this paragraph, need to be implemented into rural communities and societies.
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spaces in rural areas, like parks and trails, suggest that there is lower walkability in these areas in comparison to urban areas. Many residents in rural settings have to travel long distances to utilize exercise facilities, taking up too much time in the day and deterring residents from using recreational facilities to obtain physical activity. Additionally, residents of rural communities are traveling further for work, decreasing the amount of time that can be spent on leisure physical activity and significantly decreases the opportunity to partake in active transportation to work.
778:(published 1962 and 2005) chapter 11, stated "Urban development in our period was a gigantic process of class segregation, which pushed the new labouring poor into great morasses of misery outside the centres of government, business, and the newly specialized residential areas of the bourgeoisie. The almost universal European division into a 'good' west end and a 'poor' east end of large cities developed in this period." This is probably caused by the south-west wind which carries coal smoke and other pollutants down, making the western edges of towns better than the eastern ones.
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apparent concern. To address these concerns, local governments sought solutions with the lowest economic impacts which meant implementing technical solutions at the very last stage of the process. Current waste management reflects these economically motivated solutions, such as incineration or unregulated landfills. Yet, a growing increase for addressing other areas of life cycle consumption has occurred from initial stage reduction to heat recovery and recycling of materials. For example, concerns for mass consumption and
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cutting down on transport costs, creating new job opportunities, providing education and housing, and transportation. Living in cities permits individuals and families to make use of their closeness to workplaces and diversity. While cities have more varied markets and goods than rural areas, facility congestion, domination of one group, high overhead and rental costs, and the inconvenience of trips across them frequently combine to make marketplace competition harsher in cities than in rural areas.
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2371:...the most important class conflict in the poor countries of the world today is not between labour and capital. Nor is it between foreign and national interests. It is between rural classes and urban classes. The rural sector contains most of the poverty and most of the low-cost sources of potential advance; but the urban sector contains most of the articulateness, organization, and power. So the urban classes have been able to win most of the rounds of the struggle with the countryside...
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1965:, but rather breaks it apart with things like roads and railways This change may affect a species ability to sustain life by separating it from the environment in which it is able to easily access food, and find areas that they may hide from predation With proper planning and management, fragmentation can be avoided by adding corridors that aid in the connection of areas and allow for easier movement around urbanized regions.
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reduce the time and expense of commuting and transportation. Conditions like density, proximity, diversity, and marketplace competition are elements of an urban environment that deemed beneficial. However, there are also harmful social phenomena that arise: alienation, stress, increased cost of living, and mass marginalization that are connected to an urban way of living.
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instead absorbed by buildings and asphalt; leading to higher surface temperatures. Vehicles, factories, and heating and cooling units in factories and homes release even more heat. As a result, cities are often 1 to 3 °C (1.8 to 5.4 °F) warmer than other areas near them. Urban heat islands also make the soil drier and absorb less carbon dioxide from emissions.
1940:. Landfills are the third leading cause of the release of methane, causing a concern on its impact to our ozone and on the health of individuals. Accumulation of food waste causes increased fermentation, which increases the risk of rodent and bug migration. An increase in migration of disease vectors creates greater potential of disease spreading to humans.
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resources, especially in countries already facing food insecurity due to changing environmental conditions. The mix of changing environmental conditions and the growing population of urban regions, according to UN experts, will strain basic sanitation systems and health care, and potentially cause a humanitarian and environmental disaster.
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without those features. Having a variety of destinations close to where people live, increases the use of active transportation, such as walking and biking. Active transportation is also enhanced in urban communities where there is easy access to public transportation due to residents walking or biking to transportation stops.
1830:, Stewart Brand argues that the effects of urbanization are primarily positive for the environment. First, the birth rate of new urban dwellers falls immediately to replacement rate and keeps falling, reducing environmental stresses caused by population growth. Secondly, emigration from rural areas reduces destructive
270:. Urbanization can be seen as a specific condition at a set time (e.g. the proportion of total population or area in cities or towns), or as an increase in that condition over time. Therefore, urbanization can be quantified either in terms of the level of urban development relative to the overall population, or as the
2297:. In-migration refers to migration from former colonies and similar places. The fact that many immigrants settle in impoverished city centres led to the notion of the "peripheralization of the core", which simply describes that people who used to be at the periphery of the former empires now live right in the centre.
380:, the proportion of the population living in cities with more than 20,000 people jumped from 17% in 1801 to 54% in 1891. Moreover, and adopting a broader definition of urbanization, while the urbanized population in England and Wales represented 72% of the total in 1891, for other countries the figure was 37% in
6964:(2006) 32#4 pp 582–597, identifies a loss of influence by such writers as Lewis Mumford, Robert Caro, and Sam Warner, a continuation of the emphasis on narrow, modern time periods, and a general decline in the importance of the field. Comments by Timothy Gilfoyle and Carl Abbott contest the latter conclusion.
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techniques are implemented to create a transition into developing environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable cities. Additionally, a more well-rounded approach articulates the importance to promote participation of non-state actors, which could include businesses, research and non-profit
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reasons. Examples can be seen in many ancient cities; although with exploration came the collision of nations, which meant that many invaded cities took on the desired planned characteristics of their occupiers. Many ancient organic cities experienced redevelopment for military and economic purposes,
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can be thought of as factors that affect the individual and factors that affect the larger social group. At the macro, social group level, changes related to urbanization are thought to contribute to social disintegration and disorganization. These macro factors contribute to social disparities which
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Barriers such as geographic isolation, busy and unsafe roads, and social stigmas lead to decreased physical activity in rural environments. Faster speed limits on rural roads prohibits the ability to have bike lanes, sidewalks, footpaths, and shoulders along the side of the roads. Less developed open
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Data shows that there is an increase in crime in urbanized areas. Some factors include per capita income, income inequality, and overall population size. There is also a smaller association between unemployment rate, police expenditures and crime. The presence of crime also has the ability to produce
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suffer "disproportionately from disease, injury, premature death, and the combination of ill-health and poverty entrenches disadvantage over time." Many of the urban poor have difficulty accessing health services due to their inability to pay for them; so they resort to less qualified and unregulated
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make dangerous toxins. They live best in nitrogen- and phosphorus-rich places which include the oceans contaminated by the aforementioned chemicals. In these ideal conditions, they choke surface water, blocking sunlight and nutrients from other life forms. Overgrowth of algal blooms makes water worse
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has led to less politically powerful groups, such as farmers, losing or forfeiting their land, resulting in obligatory migration into cities. In China, where land acquisition measures are forceful, there has been far more extensive and rapid urbanization (54%) than in India (36%), where peasants form
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In cities, money, services, wealth and opportunities are centralized. Many rural inhabitants come to the city to seek their fortune and alter their social position. Businesses, which provide jobs and exchange capital, are more concentrated in urban areas. Whether the source is trade or tourism, it is
207:. Notably, the United Nations has also recently projected that nearly all global population growth from 2017 to 2030 will be by cities, with about 1.1 billion new urbanites over the next 10 years. In the long term, urbanization is expected to significantly impact the quality of life in negative ways.
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Historically, crime and urbanization have gone hand in hand. The simplest explanation is that areas with a higher population density are surrounded by greater availability of goods. Committing crimes in urbanized areas is also more feasible. Modernization has led to more crime as well, as the modern
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Urbanization has also been associated with an increased risk of asthma as well. Throughout the world, as communities transition from rural to more urban societies, the number of people affected by asthma increases. The odds of reduced rates of hospitalization and death from asthmas has decreased for
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have become a growing concern over the years. An urban heat island is formed when industrial areas absorb and retain heat. Much of the solar energy reaching rural areas is used to evaporate water from plants and soil. In cities, there are less vegetation and exposed soil. Most of the sun's energy is
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Urbanization also creates opportunities for women that are not available in rural areas. This creates a gender-related transformation where women are engaged in paid employment and have access to education. This may cause fertility to decline. However, women are sometimes still at a disadvantage due
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Thai farmers are seen as poor, stupid, and unhealthy. As young people flee the farms, the values and knowledge of rice farming and the countryside are fading, including the tradition of long kek, helping neighbours plant, harvest, or build a house. We are losing what we call Thai-ness, the values of
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In low and middle income countries many factors contribute to the high numbers of people with asthma. Similar to areas in the United States with increasing urbanization, people living in growing cities in low income countries experience high exposure to air pollution, which increases the prevalence
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is a conurbation instead of a city. Its total population of 20 million (over 20% national population) make it a primate city, but Quezon City (2.7 million), the largest municipality in
Greater Manila, and Manila (1.6 million), the capital, are normal cities instead. A conurbation's dominance can be
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When the residential area shifts outward, this is called suburbanization. A number of researchers and writers suggest that suburbanization has gone so far to form new points of concentration outside the downtown both in developed and developing countries such as India. This networked, poly-centric
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Neighbourhoods and communities with nearby fitness venues, a common feature of urbanization, have residents that partake in increased amounts of physical activity. Communities with sidewalks, street lights, and traffic signals have residents participating in more physical activity than communities
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Despite the increase in access to health services that usually accompanies urbanization, the rise in population density negatively affects air quality ultimately mitigating the positive value of health resources as more children and young adults develop asthma due to high pollution rates. However,
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Depending on the various factors, such as level of urbanization, both increases or decreases in "species richness" can be seen. This means that urbanization may be detrimental to one species but also help facilitate the growth of others. In instances of housing and building development, many times
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produced by humans. This helps to lessen the harmful effects of greenhouse gases. But it also makes the ocean more acidic. A drop in pH the prevents the proper formation of calcium carbonate, which sea creatures need to build or keep shells or skeletons. This is especially true for many species of
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Urban problems, along with developments in their facilities, are also fuelling suburb development trends in less developed nations, though the trend for core cities in said nations tends to continue to become ever denser. Development of cities is often viewed negatively, but there are positives in
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However, in
Thailand, urbanization has also resulted in massive increases in problems such as obesity. Shifting from a rural environment to an urbanized community also caused a transition to a diet that was mainly carbohydrate-based to a diet higher in fat and sugar, consequently causing a rise in
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Urbanization occurs either organically or planned as a result of individual, collective and state action. Living in a city can be culturally and economically beneficial since it can provide greater opportunities for access to the labour market, better education, housing, and safety conditions, and
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and manufactures on a small scale. Due to the primitive and relatively stagnant state of agriculture throughout this period, the ratio of rural to urban population remained at a fixed equilibrium. However, a significant increase in the percentage of the global urban population can be traced in the
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Although urbanization tends to produce more negative effects, one positive effect that urbanization has impacted is an increase in physical activity in comparison to rural areas. Residents of rural areas and communities in the United States have higher rates of obesity and engage in less physical
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Urbanization has also been linked to the spread of communicable diseases, which can spread more rapidly in the favourable environment with more people living in a smaller area. Such diseases can be respiratory infections and gastrointestinal infections. Other infections could be infections, which
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When cities don't plan for increases in population it drives up house and land prices, creating rich (ghettos) and poor ghettos. "You get a very unequal society and that inequality is manifested where people live, in our neighbourhoods, and it means there can be less capacity for empathy and less
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However, existing infrastructure and city planning practices are not sustainable. In July 2013 a report issued by the United
Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs warned that with 2.4 billion more people by 2050, the amount of food produced will have to increase by 70%, straining food
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In a New York Times article concerning the acute migration away from farming in
Thailand, life as a farmer was described as "hot and exhausting". "Everyone says the farmer works the hardest but gets the least amount of money". In an effort to counter this impression, the Agriculture Department of
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into villages many thousands of years ago. Village culture is characterized by common bloodlines, intimate relationships, and communal behaviour, whereas urban culture is characterized by distant bloodlines, unfamiliar relations, and competitive behaviour. This unprecedented movement of people is
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Waste management systems vary on all scales from global to local and can also be influenced by lifestyle. Waste management was not a primary concern until after the
Industrial Revolution. As urban areas continued to grow along with the human population, proper management of solid waste became an
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Cities offer a larger variety of services, including specialist services not found in rural areas. These services require workers, resulting in more numerous and varied job opportunities. Elderly people may be forced to move to cities where there are doctors and hospitals that can cater to their
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arises through slum development, anarchic construction, water scarcity, the absence of financial structures, the absence of basic structures, the absence of infrastructure such as roads, bridges, sidewalks, signs, markets, schools, etc., can sometimes hinder the productivity of certain cities.
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In a study comparing different regions in the United States, opinions across all areas were shared that environmental characteristics like access to sidewalks, safe roads, recreational facilities, and enjoyable scenery are positively associated with participation in leisure physical activity.
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activity than urban residents. Rural residents consume a higher percent of fat calories and are less likely to meet the guidelines for physical activity and more likely to be physically inactive. In comparison to regions within the United States, the west has the lowest prevalence of physical
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more crime. These areas have less social cohesion and therefore less social control. This is evident in the geographical regions that crime occurs in. As most crime tends to cluster in city centres, the further the distance from the centre of the city, the lower the occurrence of crimes are.
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In many developing countries where economies are growing, the growth is often random and based on a small number of industries. Youths in these nations lack access to financial services and business advisory services, cannot get credit to start a business, and have no entrepreneurial skills.
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has occurred, with cities losing population to rural areas, and is particularly common for richer families. This has been possible because of improved communications and has been caused by factors such as the fear of crime and poor urban environments. It has contributed to the phenomenon of
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Food deserts in developed countries often correspond to areas with a high-density of fast food chains and convenience stores that offer little to no fresh food. Urbanization has been shown to be associated with the consumption of less fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and a higher
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will be urbanized. This is predicted to generate artificial scarcities of land, lack of drinking water, playgrounds and so on for most urban dwellers. The predicted urban population growth is equivalent to approximately 3 billion urbanites by 2050, much of which will occur in Africa and
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with the "potential to use resources much less or more efficiently, to create more sustainable land use and to protect the biodiversity of natural ecosystems." However, current urbanization trends have shown that massive urbanization has led to unsustainable ways of living. Developing
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media has raised greater awareness of the income gap between the rich and the poor. This leads to feelings of deprivation, which in turn can lead to crime. In some regions where urbanization happens in wealthier areas, a rise in property crime and a decrease in violent crime is seen.
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or whether cities simply attract those who are more productive. Urban geographers have shown that there exists a large productivity gain due to locating in dense agglomerations. It is thus possible that agents locate in cities in order to benefit from these agglomeration effects.
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Feely, Richard A.; Alin, Simone R.; Newton, Jan; Sabine, Christopher L.; Warner, Mark; Devol, Allan; Krembs, Christopher; Maloy, Carol (August 2010). "The combined effects of ocean acidification, mixing, and respiration on pH and carbonate saturation in an urbanized estuary".
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Migration is also a factor that can increase crime in urbanized areas. People from one area are displaced and forced to move into an urbanized society. Here they are in a new environment with new norms and social values. This can lead to less social cohesion and more crime.
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Yasin, Iftikhar; Ahmad, Nawaz; Chaudhary, M. Aslam (22 July 2019). "Catechizing the
Environmental-Impression of Urbanization, Financial Development, and Political Institutions: A Circumstance of Ecological Footprints in 110 Developed and Less-Developed Countries".
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Stephens, Lucas; Fuller, Dorian; Boivin, Nicole; Rick, Torben; Gauthier, Nicolas; Kay, Andrea; Marwick, Ben; Armstrong, Chelsey
Geralda; Barton, C. Michael (30 August 2019). "Archaeological assessment reveals Earth's early transformation through land use".
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Ponte, Eduardo Vieira; Cruz, Alvaro A.; Athanazio, Rodrigo; Carvalho-Pinto, Regina; Fernandes, Frederico L. A.; Barreto, Mauricio L.; Stelmach, Rafael (1 February 2018). "Urbanization is associated with increased asthma morbidity and mortality in Brazil".
171:, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change. It can also mean population growth in urban areas instead of rural ones. It is predominantly the process by which
2467:. Walkable communities have a 38% higher average GDP per capita than less walkable urban metros (Leinberger, Lynch). By combining economic, environmental, and social sustainability, cities will become equitable, resilient, and more appealing than
2056:. Nearly 23.5 million people in the United States lack access to supermarkets within one mile of their home. Several studies suggest that long distances to a grocery store are associated with higher rates of obesity and other health disparities.
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Features such as footpaths, rivers and canals already offer green corridors in many urban areas. Greenspace that is not suitable breeding habitat for many species may still serve to improve permeability, and therefore movement, between breeding
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also known as urban food waste. Food waste is the disposal of food products that can no longer be used due to unused products, expiration, or spoilage. The increase of food waste can raise environmental concerns such as increase production of
2362:, though the latter term now refers to a less dense area beyond the suburbs. Los Angeles is the best-known example of this type of urbanization. In the United States, this process has reversed as of 2011, with "re-urbanization" occurring as
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in the late 18th century, this relationship was finally broken and an unprecedented growth in urban population took place over the course of the 19th century, both through continued migration from the countryside and due to the tremendous
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forecast to continue and intensify during the next few decades, mushrooming cities to sizes unthinkable only a century ago. As a result, the world urban population growth curve has up till recently followed a quadratic-hyperbolic pattern.
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Furthermore, urbanization improves environmental eminence through superior facilities and standards in urban areas as compared to rural areas. Lastly, urbanization curbs pollution emissions by increasing innovations. In his 2009 book
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obesity. City life, especially in modern urban slums of the developing world, is certainly hardly immune to pestilence or climatic disturbances such as floods, yet continues to strongly attract migrants. Examples of this were the
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Therefore, they cannot seize opportunities in these industries. Making sure adolescents have access to excellent schools and infrastructure to work in such industries and improve schools is compulsory to promote a fair society.
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consumption of processed foods and sugar-sweetened beverages. Poor access to healthy food and high intakes of fat, sugar and salt are associated with a greater risk for obesity, diabetes and related chronic disease. Overall,
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measured by output, wealth, and especially population, each expressed as a percentage of the entire country's. Greater Seoul is one conurbation that dominates South Korea. It is home to 50% of the entire national population.
2324:, a phenomenon in which the rate of urbanization grows more rapidly than the rate of economic development, leading to high unemployment and high demand for resources. In the 1980s, this was attempted to be tackled with the
587:, which is happening in the cities of the largest developing countries, may be regarded as an attempt to balance these harmful aspects of urban life while still allowing access to the large extent of shared resources.
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Similar problems now affect less developed countries, as rapid development of cities makes inequality worse. The drive to grow quickly and be efficient can lead to less fair urban development. Think tanks such as the
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Jitnarin, Nattinee; Kosulwat, Vongsvat; Rojroongwasinkul, Nipa; Boonpraderm, Atitada; Haddock, Christopher K.; Poston, Walker S. C.; Jitnarin, Nattinee; Kosulwat, Vongsvat; Rojroongwasinkul, Nipa (21 January 2010).
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children and young adults in urbanized municipalities in Brazil. This finding indicates that urbanization may have a negative impact on population health particularly affecting people's susceptibility to asthma.
790:. In many cases, the rural-urban unskilled migrant workers are attracted by economic opportunities in cities. Unfortunately, they cannot find a job and or pay for houses in urban areas and have to live in slums.
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Though
Greater Busan-Ulsan (15%, 8 million) and Greater Osaka (14%, 18 million) dominate their respective countries, their populations are moving to their even more dominant rivals, Seoul and Tokyo respectively.
680:) to oppose such efforts. Obligatory and unplanned migration often results in the rapid growth of slums. This is also similar to areas of violent conflict, where people are driven off their land due to violence.
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is a contributing factor to urbanization. In rural areas, often on small family farms or collective farms in villages, it has historically been difficult to access manufactured goods, though the relative overall
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have moved to the forefront of the urban consumers' priorities. Aside from environmental concerns (e.g. climate change effects), other urban concerns for waste management are public health and land access.
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Using the Gall-Peters
Projection it is estimated that come 2015 the worlds urban population is set to exceed 4 billion, most of this growth is expected in Africa and Asia and China to be 50% urbanized.
718:(s) of a country can get more benefits from the same things cities offer, attracting the rural population and urban and suburban populations from other cities. Dominant conurbations are quite often
2077:, Colorado found that, in addition to minorities, the affected neighbourhoods also had a high proportion of children and new births. In children, urbanization is associated with a lower risk of
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Presently, most countries in the world are urbanized, with the global urbanization average numbering 56.2% in 2020. However, there are great differences between some regions; the nations of
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new roads carved through the cities, and new parcels of land were cordoned off serving various planned purposes giving cities distinctive geometric designs. UN agencies prefer to see
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health needs. Varied and high-quality educational opportunities are another factor in urban migration, as well as the opportunity to join, develop, and seek out social communities.
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have proposed policies that encourage labour-intensive to make use of the migration of less skilled workers. One problem these migrant workers are involved with is the growth of
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Unfortunately, this phenomenon affects even the largest cities in the world; in 2018, 300,000 were recorded in the world, housing around 40% of the world's urban population.
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at which the urban proportion of the population is increasing. Urbanization creates enormous social, economic and environmental challenges, which provide an opportunity for
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and other pollutants in the air onto the ground. These chemicals are washed directly into rivers, streams, and oceans, making water worse and damaging ecosystems in them.
1869:, polluted water created by rainfall on impervious surfaces, is a common effect of urbanization. Precipitation from rooftops, roads, parking lots and sidewalks flows to
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These are the costs of participating in the urban economy. Your increased income is canceled out by increased expenditure. In the end, you have even less left for food.
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The process whereby a society changes from a rural to an urban way of life. It refers also to the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas.
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redevelopment schemes, mean that new arrivals in cities no longer necessarily settle in the centre. In some developed regions, the reverse effect, originally called
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2118:), can cause DNA methylation of CpG sites in immune cells, which increases children's risk of developing asthma. Studies have shown a positive correlation between
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is very subjective, and may certainly surpass that of the city. Farm living has always been susceptible to unpredictable environmental conditions, and in times of
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Many people move into cities for economic opportunities, but this does not fully explain the very high recent urbanization rates in places like China and India.
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pro-poor urbanization will require labour-intensive growth, supported by labour protection, flexible land use regulation and investments in basic services.'
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Shelley, L. I. (1981). Crime and modernization: The impact of industrialization and urbanization on crime. Carbondale: Southern
Illinois University Press.
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Food deserts in the United States are most commonly found in low-income and predominately African American neighbourhoods. One study on food deserts in
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Lundkvist, E.; Landin, J.; Karlsson, F. (2002). "Dispersing diving beetles (Dytiscidae) in agricultural and urban landscapes in south-eastern Sweden".
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Different forms of urbanization can be classified depending on the style of architecture and planning methods as well as the historic growth of areas.
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Most of the urban poor in developing countries unable to find work can spend their lives in insecure, poorly paid jobs. According to research by the
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Global urbanization map showing the percentage of urbanization and the biggest global population centres per country in 2018, based on UN estimates.
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Adhikari, Bijaya K.; Barrington, Suzelle; Martinez, José (October 2006). "Predicted growth of world urban food waste and methane production".
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Urbanization can have a large effect on biodiversity by causing a division of habitats and thereby alienation of species, a process known as
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also speaks of the environmental benefits of increasing the urbanization level in "Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities that can save the planet",.
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to their unequal position in the labour market, their inability to secure assets independently from male relatives and exposure to violence.
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in water bodies is another effect large populations in cities have on the environment. When rain occurs in these large cities, it filters CO
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urban planning, as well as emission control, can lessen the effects of traffic-related air pollution on allergic diseases such as asthma.
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which were experiencing a boom in commerce, trade, and industry. Growing trade around the world also allowed cereals to be imported from
54:, a city of 14.5 million people, is one of the 8 adjacent metropolises located in the largest single agglomeration on Earth, ringing the
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Bruinsma, G. J. (2007). Urbanization and urban crime: Dutch geographical and environmental research. Crime and Justice, 35(1), 453-502.
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Ghosh-Dastidar, Bonnie; Cohen, Deborah; Hunter, Gerald; Zenk, Shannon N.; Huang, Christina; Beckman, Robin; Dubowitz, Tamara (2014).
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Hoffmann, Ellen M., et al. "Is the push-pull paradigm useful to explain rural-urban migration? A case study in Uttarakhand, India."
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from the Earth's atmosphere as emissions increase with the rise in urban development. In fact, the ocean absorbs a quarter of the CO
458:, the year 2007 witnessed the turning point when more than 50% of the world population were living in cities, for the first time in
8885:
8880:
8600:
8224:
7192:
6196:
REIS, JARED P.; BOWLES, HEATHER R.; AINSWORTH, BARBARA E.; DUBOSE, KATRINA D.; SMITH, SHARON; LADITKA, JAMES N. (1 December 2004).
5374:
3140:
3118:
5755:
Cruz, Álvaro A.; Stelmach, Rafael; Ponte, Eduardo V. (1 June 2017). "Asthma prevalence and severity in low-resource communities".
2637:
87:
population of approximately 18.5 million and with the smallest area under the metropolitan of comparable cities in the world.
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7549:
6826:
3823:
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2823:
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urbanization traditionally exhibited a concentration of human activities and settlements around the downtown area, the so-called
2016:
Urban health levels are on average better in comparison to rural areas. However, residents in poor urban areas such as slums and
8605:
7554:
2320:
and experience extreme poverty. The inability of countries to provide adequate housing for these rural migrants is related to
656:
has negatively affected the economy of small and middle-sized farms and strongly reduced the size of the rural labour market.
8864:
8620:
8298:
5035:
3387:
3013:
2979:
1717:
76:
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8715:
8563:
4949:"The Relationship between Habitat Loss and Fragmentation during Urbanization: An Empirical Evaluation from 16 World Cities"
2567:) of very lowly urbanized countries exist, as seen on the map here. These labeled countries are among the least urbanized.
991:
113:
3869:
2172:. Metropolitan and large urban areas across all regions have the highest prevalence of physical activity among residents.
351:
in a rural context, and small centres of populations in the towns where economic activity consisted primarily of trade at
8568:
8214:
8199:
7417:
4891:
Bai, Xuemei; McPhearson, Timon; Cleugh, Helen; Nagendra, Harini; Tong, Xin; Zhu, Tong; Zhu, Yong-Guan (17 October 2017).
4261:. Environmental Research Center papers, no. 11. Ibaraki, Japan: Environmental Research Center, The University of Tsukuba.
1118:
1038:
80:
7050:
6416:"'Crowded suburbs' and 'killer cities': a brief review of the relationship between urban environments and mental health"
8665:
8479:
8469:
8390:
8313:
7769:
5119:
McKinney, Michael L. (29 January 2008). "Effects of urbanization on species richness: A review of plants and animals".
4353:
2662:
2412:
1712:
1626:
1068:
142:
6134:"Prevalence of Obesity Among Adults From Rural and Urban Areas of the United States: Findings From NHANES (2005-2008)"
8890:
8499:
8484:
8318:
8266:
3166:
2945:. Vol. 3, no. 2. Cornerstone, The Official Journal of the World Coal Industry. pp. 4–7. Archived from
2854:
2762:
2257:
1568:
1473:
533:
3895:
1898:
Eutrophication is a process which causes low levels of oxygen in water and algal blooms that may harm aquatic life.
8546:
8360:
8251:
8241:
7078:
6909:
5809:
Carlsten, Christopher; Rider, Christopher F. (1 April 2017). "Traffic-related air pollution and allergic disease".
4449:
2419:
etc.) which can be planned before urbanization takes place, or afterwards to revitalize an area and create greater
1927:
Rapid growth of communities creates new challenges in the developed world and one such challenge is an increase in
3036:
Gries, T.; Grundmann, R. (2018). "Fertility and modernization: the role of urbanization in developing countries".
190:
of the total national population living in areas classified as urban, whereas urban growth strictly refers to the
8680:
8429:
8407:
8365:
8335:
8288:
8171:
8154:
8137:
8113:
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3593:"Risk Factors for Overweight and Obesity among Thai Adults: Results of the National Thai Food Consumption Survey"
2516:
1803:
1513:
1276:
858:
360:
288:
4291:"Heating Up: Study Shows Rapid Urbanization in China Warming the Regional Climate Faster than Other Urban Areas"
2919:
591:
also through the ports or banking systems, commonly located in cities, that foreign money flows into a country.
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8385:
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is an example of the early American grid system of development. The grid is enforced even on uneven topography.
515:
347:
until the 18th century, an equilibrium existed between the vast majority of the population who were engaged in
7020:
5295:
5278:
758:
468:
in June 2016 published urbanization data from the time period 3700 BC to 2000 AD, the data was used to make a
8551:
8489:
8040:
5401:"Quantification of urbanization in relation to chronic diseases in developing countries: a systematic review"
2849:. McGranahan, Gordon, Satterthwaite, David. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
2498:
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1748:
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511:
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as well. At the turn of the 20th century, just 15% of the world population lived in cities. According to the
6948:
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5968:
Prunicki, Mary; Stell, Laurel; Dinakarpandian, Deendayal; de Planell-Saguer, Mariangels; Lucas, Richard W.;
4736:
4273:
3948:
Todaro, Michael P. (1969). "A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries".
2044:
patterns. It can have mixed effects on health patterns, alleviating some problems, and accentuating others.
8147:
6371:
Luciano (2016). "Perceived insecurity, mental health and urbanization: Results from a multicentric study".
4524:
4001:
3069:
2521:
1286:
1138:
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908:
8700:
4413:
Ramesh, R; Lakshmi, A; Purvaja, R; Costanzo, S.D; Kelsey, R.H; Hawkey, J; Datta, A; Dennison, W.C (2013).
4334:
Jiang, Leiwen; Hoepf Young, Malea; Hardee, Karen (2008). "Population, Urbanization, And The Environment".
4218:
2130:. Furthermore, any amount of exposure to high levels of air pollution have shown long term effects on the
691:
People in cities are more productive than in rural areas. An important question is whether this is due to
8518:
8402:
8159:
7817:
6555:
Davis, Kingsley; Hertz Golden, Hilda (1954). "Urbanization and the Development of Pre-Industrial Areas".
6057:
Malik, A. A. (2016). Urbanization and Crime: A Relational Analysis. J. HUMAN. & Soc. Scl., 21, 68-69.
4800:
3495:
1397:
1148:
267:
6993:
5862:"Urban residence, neighborhood poverty, race/ethnicity, and asthma morbidity among children on Medicaid"
5450:"Moving Beyond "Food Deserts": Reorienting United States Policies to Reduce Disparities in Diet Quality"
5238:"Environmental determinants of diving beetle assemblages (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) in an urban landscape"
4075:
2439:
organizations and, most importantly, local citizens. Smart Growth and New Urbanism's principles include
182:
Although the two concepts are sometimes used interchangeably, urbanization should be distinguished from
7412:
6076:
Umstattd Meyer, M. Renée; Moore, Justin B.; Abildso, Christiaan; Edwards, Michael B.; Gamble, Abigail;
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1796:
1153:
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692:
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5311:"In crowded Hlaing Tharyar township, slums sit next to gated communites (sic) | Coconuts Yangon"
5170:
Sidemo-Holm, William; Ekroos, Johan; Reina García, Santiago; Söderström, Bo; Hedblom, Marcus (2022).
4831:
3284:"The Urbanization and Political Development of the World System: A comparative quantitative analysis"
2354:
form of concentration is considered by some emerging pattern of urbanization. It is called variously
1528:
1493:
1453:
1106:
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during the time period. The origins and spread of urban centres around the world were also mapped by
396:
336:
17:
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1903:
overall and disrupts the natural balance of aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, as algal blooms die, CO
8916:
8793:
8748:
8650:
8375:
8191:
5172:"Urbanization causes biotic homogenization of woodland bird communities at multiple spatial scales"
4182:
3699:"Geographic Clustering and Productivity: An Instrumental Variable Approach for Classical Composers"
2757:
1998:
1874:
1523:
1143:
1078:
1015:
121:
6252:"Understanding Barriers and Facilitators to Healthy Eating and Active Living in Rural Communities"
8931:
8840:
8778:
8181:
8045:
7938:
7658:
7327:
5860:
Keet, Corinne A.; Matsui, Elizabeth C.; McCormack, Meredith C.; Peng, Roger D. (September 2017).
4290:
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molluscs and coral. However, some species have been able to thrive in a more acidic environment.
1553:
1508:
1128:
551:
504:
348:
331:
A global map illustrating the first onset and spread of urban centres around the world, based on.
294:
Urbanization is not merely a modern phenomenon, but a rapid and historic transformation of human
2114:), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometres (PM
8783:
8610:
7900:
7883:
7643:
7532:
7504:
7389:
6915:
Hays, Samuel P (1993). "From the History of the City to the History of the Urbanized Society".
3351:
2742:
1826:
1691:
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369:
6314:
Sallis, James F.; Floyd, Myron F.; Rodríguez, Daniel A.; Saelens, Brian E. (7 February 2012).
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7945:
7683:
7474:
7464:
7449:
7307:
7249:
6859:
5617:
4861:
Venkateswaran, Sandhya (1994). "Managing Waste: Ecological, Economic and Social Dimensions".
4643:
4383:
2752:
2747:
2456:
2316:
Rural migrants are attracted by the possibilities that cities can offer, but often settle in
1958:
1937:
1661:
1503:
1369:
1281:
978:
364:
5974:"Exposure to NO2, CO, and PM2.5 is linked to regional DNA methylation differences in asthma"
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8050:
7878:
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2416:
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936:
633:
555:
284:
5008:"Nest Survival Relative to Patch Size in a Highly Fragmented Shortgrass Prairie Landscape"
4909:
4892:
2394:, is based on an advance plan, which can be prepared for military, aesthetic, economic or
1885:
in the drains is typically untreated and flows to nearby streams, rivers or coastal bays.
770:
out of the market, including officials and employees of the local districts. For example,
8:
8830:
8823:
8763:
8660:
8655:
8330:
7868:
7851:
7713:
7332:
7014:
5969:
3313:
2657:
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2017:
1899:
1831:
1538:
1483:
1448:
1374:
1301:
1251:
1246:
1231:
888:
6622:
Sridhar, K. S. (2007). "Density gradients and their determinants: Evidence from India".
6250:
Seguin, Rebecca; Connor, Leah; Nelson, Miriam; LaCroix, Andrea; Eldridge, Galen (2014).
6198:"Nonoccupational Physical Activity by Degree of Urbanization and U.S. Geographic Region"
5652:
5253:
5132:
4964:
4689:
4493:
4195:
3779:
3439:
3226:
3082:
1993:
In the developing world, urbanization does not translate into a significant increase in
8845:
8803:
8798:
8758:
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8474:
8370:
8246:
7986:
7933:
7893:
7612:
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5842:
5788:
5737:
5677:
5636:
5589:
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5561:
Cooksey-Stowers, Kristen; Schwartz, Marlene B.; Brownell, Kelly D. (14 November 2017).
5538:
5513:
5484:
5449:
5425:
5400:
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5198:
5171:
5152:
5027:
4983:
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4870:
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4044:
3798:
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3619:
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3423:
3264:
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2010:
1772:
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1409:
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953:
893:
863:
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271:
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are formed and become larger as more people begin living and working in central areas.
6506:
Rautio, Nina; Filatova, Svetlana; Lehtiniemi, Heli; Miettunen, Jouko (February 2018).
6331:
6316:"Role of Built Environments in Physical Activity, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Disease"
4934:
Urbanization, habitat loss, biodiversity decline: solution pathways to break the cycle
3820:
2946:
2815:
671:
Particularly in the developing world, conflict over land rights due to the effects of
628:
Thailand is seeking to promote the impression that farming is "honorable and secure".
194:
number of people living in those areas. It is predicted that by 2050 about 64% of the
8926:
8720:
8595:
8541:
8340:
8325:
8071:
7873:
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5729:
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5543:
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5430:
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4914:
4759:
4709:
4701:
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4127:
4115:
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3383:
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1854:
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1158:
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400:
251:
84:
55:
6400:
5846:
5741:
5156:
5031:
4771:
4721:
4617:
4601:
3286:. In Peter Turchin; Leonid Grinin; Victor C. de Munck; and Andrey Korotayev (eds.).
8675:
8670:
8645:
8444:
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7950:
7863:
7841:
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7718:
7663:
7617:
7587:
7524:
7494:
7274:
7039:
6988:
6924:
6875:
6866:
Armus, Diego; Lear, John (1998). "The trajectory of Latin American urban history".
6783:
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6478:
6468:
6427:
6380:
6343:
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6281:
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5883:
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5656:
5584:
5574:
5533:
5525:
5479:
5461:
5420:
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5290:
5257:
5193:
5183:
5136:
5019:
4978:
4968:
4904:
4751:
4693:
4597:
4497:
4259:
Variations in the urban heat island intensity affected by geographical environments
4199:
4107:
4036:
3980:
3859:
3793:
3783:
3718:
3710:
3614:
3604:
3459:
3443:
3288:
History & Mathematics: Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies
3238:
3230:
3143:
History & Mathematics: Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies
3121:
History & Mathematics: Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies
3086:
3045:
2730:
2687:
2682:
2607:
2472:
2321:
2310:
1681:
1578:
1518:
1404:
1357:
1306:
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1241:
1226:
1208:
1183:
1123:
1008:
958:
451:
432:
307:
280:
195:
138:
132:
8082:
6651:"Shifts in U.S. housing demand will likely lead to the re-urbanization of America"
5007:
3672:"Urbanization, gender and urban poverty:Paid work and unpaid carework in the city"
2423:
within a region. Concepts of control of the urban expansion are considered in the
2110:
Exposure to elevated levels of ambient air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO
287:
in the face of increased urbanization is at the centre of international policy in
8808:
8725:
8705:
8685:
8585:
8434:
7981:
7812:
7597:
7509:
7299:
7284:
7202:
7095:
7064:
7044:
6508:"Living environment and its relationship to depressive mood: A systematic review"
6097:
5822:
5768:
5621:
5563:"Food Swamps Predict Obesity Rates Better Than Food Deserts in the United States"
5529:
5466:
4973:
4586:"Drivers of food waste and their implications for sustainable policy development"
4277:
4245:
4225:
3932:
3827:
3150:
3128:
3114:
3003:
2969:
2642:
2386:
Urbanization can be planned urbanization or organic. Planned urbanization, i.e.:
2348:
2061:
1994:
1466:
1426:
1296:
1261:
1193:
1133:
1061:
998:
898:
649:
600:
584:
465:
199:
160:
5928:
3864:
2592:
8835:
8730:
8630:
8558:
8345:
8018:
8013:
7998:
7955:
7888:
7693:
7653:
7399:
7379:
7207:
7140:
6928:
6879:
5878:
5262:
5237:
4501:
4239:"Climate change and rapid urban expansion in Africa threaten children’s lives."
4204:
4177:
4111:
4040:
3844:
3788:
2561:
2546:
2448:
2400:
2358:(Garreau, 1991), network city (Batten, 1995), postmodern city (Dear, 2000), or
2329:
2078:
2025:
1907:
is produced. This makes the ocean more acidic, a process called acidification.
1888:
1835:
1784:
1588:
1488:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1188:
883:
723:
566:
477:
455:
416:
352:
295:
275:
211:
6787:
5990:
5416:
5140:
4755:
3714:
3525:
3091:
3064:
2202:
people who live in cities have a 20% increased chance of developing depression
95:
8905:
8818:
8773:
8753:
8575:
8350:
8023:
8008:
7905:
7836:
7737:
7708:
7678:
7602:
7592:
7582:
7577:
7422:
7374:
7150:
7030:
6743:(Report). The George Washington University School of Business. Archived from
6533:
6524:
6507:
6384:
6339:
6277:
6223:
6157:
6077:
5999:
5936:
5830:
5776:
5725:
5668:
5475:
5148:
4918:
4893:"Linking Urbanization and the Environment: Conceptual and Empirical Advances"
4763:
4705:
4697:
4609:
4509:
4119:
3455:
3252:
3158:
3154:
3136:
3132:
2864:
2692:
2677:
2667:
2584:
2444:
2443:, mixed-use development, comfortable high-density design, land conservation,
2193:
2094:
need a vector to spread to humans. An example of this could be dengue fever.
2006:
1767:
1603:
1093:
1088:
1083:
841:
771:
767:
672:
459:
447:
440:
424:
412:
389:
344:
303:
299:
255:
247:
243:
239:
6473:
5967:
5361:
3234:
2068:
levels increase sharply with national income and the degree of urbanization.
8511:
8494:
8454:
8439:
8127:
8035:
7976:
7688:
7572:
7469:
7454:
7347:
7289:
7262:
7239:
6541:
6492:
6441:
6392:
6357:
6295:
6231:
6175:
6115:
6017:
5954:
5897:
5838:
5784:
5733:
5686:
5637:"How urbanization affects the epidemiology of emerging infectious diseases"
5598:
5579:
5547:
5493:
5434:
5370:
5207:
4992:
4713:
3807:
3628:
3589:
3473:
3260:
3107:
Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends.
2702:
2598:
2557:
2502:
2468:
2435:
2431:
2395:
2270:
1962:
1945:
1866:
1839:
1636:
1598:
1583:
1414:
1379:
1324:
1043:
903:
744:
739:
719:
709:
595:
428:
223:
183:
6268:
6132:
Befort, Christie A.; Nazir, Niaman; Perri, Michael G. (1 September 2012).
4258:
3447:
3314:"Industrial Revolution | Definition, History, Dates, Summary, & Facts"
2943:"Urbanization, City Growth, and the New United Nations Development Agenda"
666:– Madhura Swaminathan, economist at Kolkata's Indian Statistical Institute
45:
8625:
8580:
8449:
8422:
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7991:
7824:
7514:
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7384:
7352:
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7234:
7187:
7167:
7160:
7155:
7135:
7108:
5660:
4316:
3985:
3968:
3424:"Spatializing 6,000 years of global urbanization from 3700 BC to AD 2000"
3378:. In Spence, Michael; Annez, Patricia Clarke; Buckley, Robert M. (eds.).
2550:
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2460:
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1870:
1558:
1256:
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873:
715:
653:
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420:
340:
259:
32:
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Cities and economic development: from the dawn of history to the present
6772:(1965). "Control of urban expansion: the Lincoln, Nebraska experience".
3243:
306:. The first major change in settlement patterns was the accumulation of
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7703:
7638:
7489:
7439:
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7212:
7177:
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7003:
6960:
McShane, Clay. "The State of the Art in North American Urban History,"
6899:
6675:
Varshney, A. (ed.) 1993. "Beyond Urban Bias", p. 5. London: Frank Cass.
5614:
Urban food deserts: An exploration of northern neighbourhoods in Denver
5169:
4874:
3723:
3419:
2612:
2479:
2420:
2301:
2242: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2082:
2029:
1986:
1928:
1882:
1608:
1364:
868:
518: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
408:
404:
235:
168:
164:
6731:
5717:
5345:"Urbanization and health in developing countries: a systematic review"
5188:
4166:
Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities that can save the planet by Alex Steffen
4027:
Nowak, J. (1997). "Neighborhood Initiative and the Regional Economy".
3609:
2285:
Map showing urban areas with at least one million inhabitants in 2006.
622:– Iam Thongdee, Professor of Humanities, Mahidol University in Bangkok
8813:
8459:
8003:
7846:
7459:
7367:
7229:
7224:
7145:
7130:
6827:"UN: How has the world's urban population changed from 1950 to 2020?"
5911:
Lin, Sheng-Chieh; Lin, Hui-Wen; Chiang, Bor-Luen (1 September 2017).
3049:
2542:
2430:
As population continues to grow and urbanize at unprecedented rates,
2355:
1676:
1631:
1593:
1543:
1478:
1384:
848:
818:
677:
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231:
227:
219:
215:
51:
6432:
6415:
4735:
Adhikari, Bijaya K.; Barrington, Suzelle F.; Martinez, Jose (2009).
3350:. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Urban Pests.
3283:
3161:, Andrey Korotayev, and Victor C. de Munck. Moscow: KomKniga, 2006.
3139:, Andrey Korotayev, and Victor C. de Munck. Moscow: KomKniga, 2006.
2911:
2217:
558:, illustrating the flight of young adults (red) to urban centres in
493:
7928:
7778:
7564:
7484:
7357:
7182:
7113:
7035:
6568:
6039:
Gumus, E. (2004). Crime in urban areas: An empirical investigation.
5972:; Balmes, John R.; Zhou, Xiaoying; Paglino, Tara (5 January 2018).
5514:"Distance to Store, Food Prices, and Obesity in Urban Food Deserts"
5023:
3770:
2961:
2538:
2525:
Map with circled African and Asian belts of non-urbanized countries
2475:
2041:
1048:
752:
641:
575:
7017:– City lights can provide a simple, visual measure of urbanization
5399:
Allender S, Foster C, Hutchinson L, Arambepola C (November 2008).
5398:
8640:
8590:
6794:
6505:
6075:
5567:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
4932:
Elmqvist, Thomas; Zipperer, Wayne; Güneralp, Burak (2016). "10".
4270:
3896:"Blowing in the wind: why do so many cities have poor east ends?"
3845:"Ulsan, South Korea: A Global and Nested 'Great' Industrial City"
3487:
2720:
2281:
2037:
1961:. Habitat fragmentation does not destroy the habitat, as seen in
1933:
828:
748:
604:
571:
385:
373:
66:
5702:
3750:
Di Clemente, Riccardo; Strano, Emanuele; Batty, Michael (2021).
8464:
7444:
7342:
7120:
6596:. Overseas Development Institute. November 2008. Archived from
5560:
3346:
Christopher Watson (1993). K.B. Wildey; Wm H. Robinson (eds.).
2632:
2553:
2530:
2074:
2002:
1686:
1666:
1573:
1563:
1271:
546:
395:
As labourers were freed up from working the land due to higher
381:
117:
109:
101:
72:
5006:
Skagen, Susan K.; Yackel Adams, Amy A.; Adams, Rod D. (2005).
2545:
are predominantly urbanized. Meanwhile, two large belts (from
2447:, and economic diversity. Mixed-use communities work to fight
766:
As cities develop, costs will skyrocket. This often takes the
617:
being kind, helping each other, having mercy and gratefulness.
210:
Urbanization is relevant to a range of disciplines, including
7125:
5511:
4176:
Luqman, Muhammad; Rayner, Peter J.; Gurney, Kevin R. (2023).
3005:
Urbanization in the Global South: Perspectives and Challenges
2725:
2627:
2359:
1696:
1641:
1033:
787:
645:
608:
473:
469:
377:
4412:
4071:
3281:
2968:
Dutt, A.K.; Noble, A.G.; Venugopal, G.; Subbiah, S. (2006).
7971:
7747:
7362:
7087:
7053:, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
6313:
4890:
4737:"Urban Food Waste generation: challenges and opportunities"
2564:
2317:
1671:
918:
913:
878:
762:
Gross domestic product per capita and level of urbanization
559:
204:
176:
172:
4734:
4675:
4142:"Urbanization: An Environmental Force to Be Reckoned With"
3643:"Early Death Assured in India Where 900 Million Go Hungry"
611:
or pestilence, survival may become extremely problematic.
7056:
6249:
6195:
5296:
10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0883:UBAC]2.0.CO;2
4744:
International Journal of Environment and Waste Management
4323:. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 6 June 2018.
2967:
2200:
A 2004 study of 4.4 million Swedish residents found that
1997:. Rapid urbanization has led to increased mortality from
648:, and other urban social problems. In the United States,
4931:
4280:. Epa.gov (17 November 2010). Retrieved on 7 April 2014.
3211:
435:, which facilitated commutes of longer distances to the
141:
is the largest city in Vietnam with a population in the
6738:: Ranking Walkable Urbanism in America's Largest Metros
5859:
5448:
Block, Jason P.; Subramanian, S. V. (8 December 2015).
5220:
5005:
2995:
2313:
experienced by some parts of the industrialized world.
2013:
vary depending on the particular disease and location.
450:
and, since the 1950s, it has begun to take hold in the
6591:"Opportunity and exploitation in urban labour markets"
4333:
3749:
2024:
While urbanization is associated with improvements in
7023:: research group, University of Paris-Diderot, France
4478:
3635:
2847:
Urbanisation, rural-urban migration and urban poverty
2168:
and the south has the highest prevalence of physical
4525:"Understanding Ocean Acidification | NOAA Fisheries"
3926:
Opportunity and exploitation in urban labour markets
2971:
Challenges to Asian Urbanization in the 21st Century
2574:
2510:
8112:
7006:, Website of the United Nations Population Division
4096:
3371:Annez, Patricia Clarke; Buckley, Robert M. (2009).
3207:
3205:
5811:Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology
5757:Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology
5090:"Habitat fragmentation – Practical considerations"
4354:"About Eutrophication | World Resources Institute"
4175:
3345:
6732:Christopher B. Leinberger; Patrick Lynch (2014).
6554:
5754:
2482:use, and segregates the population economically.
8903:
6131:
6086:Journal of Public Health Management and Practice
5616:(Thesis). The University of Colorado at Denver.
5447:
5394:
5392:
4178:"On the impact of urbanisation on CO2 emissions"
3554:
3552:
3518:"The History of Urbanization, 3700 BC – 2000 AD"
3202:
7047:includes a review of global urbanization trends
7004:World Urbanization Prospects, the 2014 Revision
6687:"Chapter 8 Urban Systems and other Settlements"
6685:Lwasa, Seto, Shauib, Karen (27 November 2021).
6202:Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
5235:
3966:
3417:
3341:
3339:
3001:
2069:
335:From the development of the earliest cities in
7045:Brief review of world socio-demographic trends
6768:
6448:
5913:"Association of croup with asthma in children"
5338:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5279:"Urbanization, Biodiversity, and Conservation"
5058:"Habitat Fragmentation and Wildlife Corridors"
4219:"World Economic and Social Survey (WESS) 2013"
3561:"Thai Youth Seek a Fortune Away From the Farm"
3373:"Urbanization and Growth: Setting the Context"
3035:
2407:are responsible for landscape infrastructure (
1985:– Jack Finegan, Urban Programme Specialist at
8098:
7763:
7072:
6775:Journal of the American Institute of Planners
5808:
5389:
4860:
4584:Thyberg, Krista L.; Tonjes, David J. (2016).
4583:
4228:World Economic and Social Affairs. July 2013.
3821:KOSIS, Korean Statistical Information Service
3549:
2376:– Michael Lipton, author of urban bias theory
1804:
6717:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5910:
5342:
4002:"Whole Earth Discipline – annotated extract"
3370:
3336:
3065:"Urbanization: Processes and driving forces"
2974:. GeoJournal Library. Springer Netherlands.
2940:
1972:
242:. The phenomenon has been closely linked to
6684:
5329:
4309:
2906:
2904:
2036:, it also entails changes in occupational,
1834:techniques, such as improperly implemented
302:is being rapidly replaced by predominantly
8105:
8091:
7770:
7756:
7079:
7065:
6802:"Publication CRAPU | Université Quisqueya"
6512:International Journal of Social Psychiatry
6454:
6373:International Journal of Social Psychiatry
5866:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
4897:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
4388:US Environmental Protection Administration
3999:
3893:
3696:
3282:Andrey Korotayev and Leonid Grini (2006).
1811:
1797:
827:
8616:Environmental issues in the United States
6865:
6523:
6482:
6472:
6431:
6347:
6285:
6267:
6213:
6165:
6105:
6007:
5989:
5944:
5887:
5877:
5676:
5588:
5578:
5537:
5483:
5465:
5424:
5360:
5294:
5261:
5197:
5187:
4982:
4972:
4908:
4522:
4203:
3984:
3863:
3797:
3787:
3769:
3722:
3618:
3608:
3463:
3355:
3242:
3090:
2366:due to chronically high transport costs.
2258:Learn how and when to remove this message
2122:methylation and children's exposure to NO
706:List of largest cities throughout history
640:. Urban areas are also far more prone to
534:Learn how and when to remove this message
472:showing the development of cities on the
298:on a global scale, whereby predominantly
8601:Effects of climate change on agriculture
6957:(New Oxford World History, 2015), 160pp.
6762:
6557:Economic Development and Cultural Change
5634:
5276:
5236:Liao, W.; Venn, S.; Niemelä, J. (2020).
5118:
4415:"Eutrophication and Ocean Acidification"
3666:
3664:
3382:. Commission on Growth and Development.
3141:The World System urbanization dynamics.
3119:The World System urbanization dynamics.
2901:
2520:
2501:is increasingly affecting urbanization.
2280:
2269:
2192:Urbanization factors that contribute to
1952:
801:
757:
738:
565:
550:Population age comparison between rural
545:
326:
318:
120:; with over 20 million residents in its
31:
27:Process of population movement to cities
6621:
6370:
5611:
5518:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
4946:
4832:"Overview of Greenhouse Gases | US EPA"
4829:
4248:UNEARTH News. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
2381:
699:
446:Urbanization rapidly spread across the
14:
8904:
8606:Effects of climate change on livestock
7036:The World System urbanization dynamics
6906:Encyclopedia of American Urban History
6657:from the original on 26 September 2017
6548:
5096:from the original on 24 September 2022
5070:from the original on 25 September 2022
4671:
4669:
4444:
4442:
4078:from the original on 12 September 2018
3947:
3842:
3752:"Urbanization and economic complexity"
3558:
3180:"Urbanization over the past 500 years"
2916:UNFPA – United Nations Population Fund
2844:
2403:installed before urbanization occurs.
722:, but do not have to be. For instance
291:"Sustainable cities and communities."
8086:
7751:
7060:
7051:World Economic and Social Survey 2013
6413:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6185:
6127:
6125:
6071:
6069:
6067:
6065:
6063:
5804:
5802:
5698:
5696:
5635:Neiderud, Carl-Johan (January 2015).
5507:
5505:
5503:
5038:from the original on 27 February 2021
4910:10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-061128
4886:
4884:
4624:from the original on 27 December 2019
4590:Resources, Conservation and Recycling
4535:from the original on 19 November 2018
4460:from the original on 18 November 2018
4364:from the original on 19 November 2018
4026:
3993:
3661:
2889:from the original on 5 September 2017
2001:associated with lifestyle, including
8860:
8716:Tropical cyclones and climate change
6914:
6860:Urban history § Further reading
6837:from the original on 31 October 2022
6648:
6624:Regional Science and Urban Economics
5641:Infection Ecology & Epidemiology
5377:from the original on 7 February 2020
4654:from the original on 1 November 2018
4565:from the original on 9 November 2020
4523:Fisheries, NOAA (9 September 2018).
4482:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
4394:from the original on 4 February 2020
4297:from the original on 20 October 2019
4148:from the original on 3 December 2019
4072:"State of the World Population 2014"
4008:from the original on 15 January 2012
3973:The Journal of Economic Perspectives
3324:from the original on 31 October 2020
3038:Journal of International Development
3002:Sridhar, K.S.; Mavrotas, G. (2021).
2826:from the original on 22 October 2018
2240:adding citations to reliable sources
2211:
2158:
2052:One such effect is the formation of
1849:
516:adding citations to reliable sources
487:
323:Urbanization over the past 500 years
8749:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
7418:Technical aspects of urban planning
7027:The Natural History of Urbanization
6256:Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism
4842:from the original on 12 August 2016
4811:from the original on 4 January 2023
4666:
4439:
4406:
3294:from the original on 16 August 2021
2455:to promote social equity, decrease
1039:Radium and radon in the environment
734:
24:
6853:
6636:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2006.11.001
6302:
6238:
6215:10.1249/01.mss.0000147589.98744.85
6182:
6122:
6060:
5799:
5693:
5500:
5277:McKinney, Michael (October 2002).
4881:
4427:from the original on 21 April 2021
4327:
3190:from the original on 14 March 2020
3062:
2793:from the original on 16 March 2016
2663:Push and pull factors in migration
2413:sustainable urban drainage systems
2342:
260:administrative/institutional power
25:
8943:
8396:pharmaceuticals and personal care
6968:
6699:from the original on 4 April 2022
6455:Srivastava, Kalpana (July 2009).
6332:10.1161/circulationaha.110.969022
5317:from the original on 10 June 2016
4781:from the original on 26 July 2018
3875:from the original on 24 June 2021
3678:from the original on 22 July 2015
3649:from the original on 14 June 2012
3290:. Vol. 2. pp. 115–153.
3117:Moscow: URSS, 2006; Korotayev A.
2763:Urbanization in the United States
2511:Urbanization throughout the world
2485:
2207:
1910:The ocean's surface can absorb CO
8871:
8870:
8859:
8547:decline in amphibian populations
8252:Deforestation and climate change
8066:
8065:
7731:
7193:Cities with the most skyscrapers
6819:
6725:
6678:
6669:
6649:Bora, Madhusmita (1 July 2012).
6642:
6615:
6583:
6499:
6457:"Urbanization and mental health"
6414:Berry, Helen (6 December 2007).
6150:10.1111/j.1748-0361.2012.00411.x
5706:The Clinical Respiratory Journal
4830:EPA, OA, US (23 December 2015).
3906:from the original on 12 May 2017
3731:from the original on 8 July 2017
3571:from the original on 5 June 2012
3498:from the original on 18 May 2019
3418:Reba, Meredith; Reitsma, Femke;
3399:from the original on 25 May 2017
2922:from the original on 26 May 2020
2879:"Urban life: Open-air computers"
2789:. National Library of Medicine.
2591:
2577:
2491:This section is an excerpt from
2216:
2187:
2009:. Differences in mortality from
1861:
1778:
1766:
776:The age of revolution: 1789–1848
492:
131:
94:
65:
44:
8681:Land surface effects on climate
8138:Environmental impact assessment
8114:Human impact on the environment
7830:Integrated landscape management
7669:Sustainable Development Goal 11
7550:Most populous national capitals
6407:
6364:
6051:
6042:
6033:
6024:
5961:
5904:
5853:
5748:
5628:
5605:
5554:
5441:
5303:
5270:
5229:
5214:
5163:
5112:
5082:
5050:
4999:
4940:
4925:
4854:
4823:
4793:
4728:
4678:Waste Management & Research
4636:
4602:10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.11.016
4577:
4547:
4516:
4472:
4376:
4346:
4317:"Runoff (surface water runoff)"
4283:
4264:
4251:
4231:
4212:
4169:
4160:
4134:
4090:
4064:
4055:
4020:
3967:Glaeser, Edward (Spring 1998).
3960:
3941:
3918:
3894:Benedictus, Leo (12 May 2017).
3887:
3836:
3814:
3743:
3690:
3583:
3540:
3510:
3480:
3411:
3364:
3306:
3275:
3172:
3099:
3056:
2517:Urbanization by sovereign state
2227:needs additional citations for
859:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
720:disproportionately large cities
503:needs additional citations for
372:that occurred at that time. In
361:British Agricultural Revolution
289:Sustainable Development Goal 11
163:) is the population shift from
81:most populous city in the world
7555:Most populous satellite cities
4029:Economic Development Quarterly
3937:Overseas Development Institute
3852:The Open Urban Studies Journal
3559:Fuller, Thomas (5 June 2012).
3546:based on 2000 U.S. Census Data
3029:
2934:
2871:
2838:
2808:
2775:
2425:American Institute of Planners
2337:Overseas Development Institute
1728:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
784:Overseas Development Institute
13:
1:
8552:decline in insect populations
8041:Drainage system (agriculture)
7545:Most densely populated cities
6461:Industrial Psychiatry Journal
5349:World Health & Population
5242:Biodiversity and Conservation
4863:Economic and Political Weekly
4450:"National Climate Assessment"
3697:Borowiecki, Karol J. (2013).
2768:
2709:
2493:Water stress and urbanization
2300:Recent developments, such as
2088:
1980:development for all society."
1922:
1199:Electrical resistance heating
186:. Urbanization refers to the
143:Ho Chi Minh metropolitan area
7777:
7015:NASA Night Satellite Imagery
6994:Resources in other libraries
6898:(U of Chicago Press, 1991).
6098:10.1097/phh.0000000000000333
5823:10.1097/aci.0000000000000351
5769:10.1097/aci.0000000000000360
5530:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.07.005
5467:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001914
4974:10.1371/journal.pone.0154613
4237:Auber, Tamar (17 July 2013)
3950:The American Economic Review
3070:Science China Earth Sciences
2047:
909:Persistent organic pollutant
833:Air pollution from a factory
145:of over 21.2 million people.
7:
7818:Sustainable land management
6138:The Journal of Rural Health
5929:10.1097/md.0000000000007667
5343:Eckert S, Kohler S (2014).
4454:National Climate Assessment
3865:10.2174/1874942901104010008
3645:. Bloomberg. 13 June 2012.
2736:
2570:
2081:but a higher risk of being
77:most populous city in India
10:
8948:
7413:Theories of urban planning
7086:
6929:10.1177/009614429301900401
6880:10.1177/009614429802400301
6857:
6420:NSW Public Health Bulletin
5879:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.01.036
5263:10.1007/s10531-020-01977-9
4947:Liu Z, He C, Wu J (2016).
4502:10.1016/j.ecss.2010.05.004
4205:10.1038/s42949-023-00084-2
4112:10.1007/s11205-019-02163-3
4100:Social Indicators Research
4041:10.1177/089124249701100101
3789:10.1038/s41598-021-83238-5
3703:Journal of Urban Economics
2514:
2490:
2346:
703:
431:due to the development of
399:they converged on the new
314:
8854:
8789:Environmental engineering
8739:
8636:Environmental degradation
8527:
8413:fishing down the food web
8190:
8120:
8061:
7964:
7921:
7913:Locally unwanted land use
7785:
7727:
7626:
7563:
7523:
7408:History of urban planning
7398:
7318:Central business district
7298:
7248:
7094:
6989:Resources in your library
6955:The city: A world history
6788:10.1080/01944366508978191
5991:10.1186/s13148-017-0433-4
5417:10.1007/s11524-008-9325-4
5223:Annales Zoologici Fennici
5141:10.1007/s11252-007-0045-4
4805:World Health Organization
4756:10.1504/ijewm.2009.024696
4321:USGS Water Science School
3931:18 September 2012 at the
3715:10.1016/j.jue.2012.07.004
3113:18 September 2018 at the
3092:10.1007/s11430-018-9359-y
2638:Human population planning
2097:
1999:non-communicable diseases
1973:Health and social effects
1454:War and environmental law
1074:Health effects from noise
924:Volatile organic compound
483:
397:agricultural productivity
337:Indus valley civilization
114:largest metropolitan area
8794:Environmental mitigation
8651:Greenhouse gas emissions
8611:Environmental insecurity
7010:Urbanization in Bulgaria
6962:Journal of Urban History
6917:Journal of Urban History
6868:Journal of Urban History
6525:10.1177/0020764017744582
6385:10.1177/0020764016629694
4698:10.1177/0734242X06067767
4244:13 November 2014 at the
4183:npj Urban Sustainability
3488:"Research Data–Seto Lab"
3149:29 February 2020 at the
3127:29 February 2020 at the
3008:. Taylor & Francis.
2845:Tacoli, Cecilia (2015).
2758:Urbanization in Pakistan
2274:Patterns of urbanization
2141:
1936:gases and attraction of
1079:Marine mammals and sonar
747:during the rush hour in
433:public transport systems
8841:Sustainable consumption
8182:Social ecology (ethics)
8046:Sustainable agriculture
7939:Real estate development
7659:Million Tree Initiative
6947:14.4 (2019): e0214511.
6910:Excerpt and text search
6474:10.4103/0972-6748.64028
5612:Stilley, Megan (2012).
5405:Journal of Urban Health
5362:10.12927/whp.2014.23722
4801:"Vector-borne diseases"
3883:– via core.ac.uk.
3380:Urbanization and Growth
3318:Encyclopedia Britannica
3235:10.1126/science.aax1192
2698:Urbanization by country
2648:Megalopolis (city type)
1554:Freshwater salinization
1474:Agricultural wastewater
552:Pocahontas County, Iowa
349:subsistence agriculture
8784:Ecological engineering
8564:runaway climate change
7901:Developed environments
7884:Environmental planning
7798:Development/Conversion
7644:Ecological engineering
7533:World's largest cities
7505:Cycling infrastructure
7390:Peri-urban agriculture
6908:(2 vol 2006); 1056pp;
6904:Goldfield, David. ed.
5580:10.3390/ijerph14111366
4384:"Harmful Algal Blooms"
4276:14 August 2015 at the
3826:26 August 2013 at the
3348:Trends in urbanisation
2820:demographic partitions
2743:Urbanization in Africa
2526:
2373:
2328:which was promoted by
2286:
2275:
1982:
1827:Whole Earth Discipline
1773:Environment portal
763:
755:
676:militant groups (e.g.
663:
619:
579:
563:
359:With the onset of the
332:
324:
37:
8922:Industrial Revolution
8167:List of global issues
7946:Land development bank
7684:Urban forest inequity
7475:Multiple nuclei model
7465:Concentric zone model
7450:Mixed-use development
7323:Most expensive cities
7308:World's cities by GDP
6082:"Rural Active Living"
5970:Hammond, S. Katharine
5176:Global Change Biology
4555:"Ocean Acidification"
4360:. 12 September 2013.
3924:Grant, Ursula (2008)
3448:10.1038/sdata.2016.34
2941:Barney Cohen (2015).
2753:Urbanization in India
2748:Urbanization in China
2524:
2457:automobile dependency
2369:
2284:
2273:
1977:
1959:habitat fragmentation
1953:Habitat fragmentation
1514:Industrial wastewater
1282:Municipal solid waste
1204:Soil guideline values
802:Environmental effects
761:
742:
693:agglomeration effects
659:
614:
569:
549:
370:demographic expansion
365:Industrial Revolution
330:
322:
35:
8769:Community resilience
8569:in the United States
8537:Biodiversity threats
8210:cannabis cultivation
8177:Planetary boundaries
8143:Environmental issues
8133:Ecological footprint
8051:Land change modeling
7879:Rangeland management
7859:Illegal construction
7674:Sustainable urbanism
7649:Green infrastructure
6831:World Economic Forum
6750:on 24 September 2015
5978:Clinical Epigenetics
5661:10.3402/iee.v5.27060
5313:. 22 February 2016.
4869:(45/46): 2907–2911.
4271:"Heat Island Effect"
4257:Park, H.-S. (1987).
4224:7 April 2014 at the
3986:10.1257/jep.12.2.139
3843:Jacobs, A.J (2011).
3063:Gu, Chaolin (2019).
2716:Neolithic Revolution
2653:Political demography
2401:urban infrastructure
2392:garden city movement
2382:Planned urbanization
2306:counter urbanization
2236:improve this article
2018:informal settlements
1900:Harmful algal blooms
1723:Most polluted cities
1375:Overhead power lines
700:Dominant conurbation
634:2011 Thailand floods
556:Johnson County, Iowa
512:improve this article
429:cities also expanded
356:1st millennium BCE.
285:urban sustainability
8831:Restoration ecology
8764:Climate engineering
8701:Ocean acidification
8691:Loss of green belts
8661:Holocene extinction
8656:Habitat destruction
8331:Environmental crime
7869:Land rehabilitation
7852:Habitat destruction
7714:Urban reforestation
7333:Most livable cities
6833:. 4 November 2020.
6269:10.1155/2014/146502
5653:2015InfEE...527060N
5254:2020BiCon..29.2343L
5133:2008UrbEc..11..161M
5092:. Forest Research.
5012:The Wilson Bulletin
4965:2016PLoSO..1154613L
4936:. pp. 139–151.
4690:2006WMR....24..421A
4494:2010ECSS...88..442F
4196:2023npjUS...3....6L
3969:"Are Cities Dying?"
3780:2021NatSR..11.3952D
3440:2016NatSD...360034R
3227:2019Sci...365..897S
3083:2019ScChD..62.1351G
2885:. 27 October 2012.
2658:Pseudo-urbanization
2618:Counterurbanization
2011:contagious diseases
1881:. The contaminated
1832:subsistence farming
1539:Ocean acidification
1449:Unexploded ordnance
1370:Advertising clutter
1302:Post-consumer waste
1247:Foam food container
1232:Biodegradable waste
889:Global distillation
8846:Waste minimization
8804:Mitigation banking
8799:Industrial ecology
8759:Cleaner production
8711:Resource depletion
8247:Corporate behavior
8205:animal agriculture
7987:Soil contamination
7934:Subdivision (land)
7894:Watertable control
7613:Urban homesteading
7538:throughout history
4529:fisheries.noaa.gov
3757:Scientific Reports
3565:The New York Times
3528:on 30 October 2021
2623:Division of labour
2527:
2453:affordable housing
2405:Landscape planners
2287:
2276:
1855:Urban heat islands
1785:Ecology portal
1410:Herbicidal warfare
954:Introduced species
894:Indoor air quality
864:Chlorofluorocarbon
764:
756:
638:2007 Jakarta flood
580:
564:
333:
325:
104:, the capital and
38:
8899:
8898:
8721:Water degradation
8596:Ecological crisis
8542:biodiversity loss
8341:Industrialisation
8326:Genetic pollution
8172:Impact assessment
8080:
8079:
7874:Landscape ecology
7745:
7744:
7738:Cities portal
7699:Urban heat island
7608:Urban exploration
7480:Linear settlement
7428:Public open space
7268:direct-controlled
7218:Abandoned village
7173:Metropolitan area
6975:Library resources
6208:(12): 2093–2098.
6078:Baskin, Monica L.
5718:10.1111/crj.12530
5189:10.1111/gcb.16350
5182:(21): 6152–6164.
4561:. 30 April 2018.
4559:Smithsonian Ocean
3610:10.3390/nu2010060
3389:978-0-8213-7573-0
3221:(6456): 897–902.
3184:Our World in Data
3015:978-1-000-42636-6
2981:978-1-4020-2531-0
2816:"Urbanization in"
2673:Urban exploration
2465:localized economy
2388:planned community
2326:urban bias theory
2289:In cities of the
2268:
2267:
2260:
2159:Physical activity
1850:Urban heat island
1821:
1820:
1756:
1755:
1422:Nuclear holocaust
1345:Urban heat island
1159:Radioactive waste
944:Biological hazard
854:Air quality index
650:industrialization
544:
543:
536:
417:refrigerated meat
401:industrial cities
252:industrialization
122:metropolitan area
85:metropolitan area
79:, and the eighth
56:Pearl River Delta
16:(Redirected from
8939:
8874:
8873:
8863:
8862:
8696:Phosphorus cycle
8676:Land consumption
8671:Land degradation
8646:Freshwater cycle
8445:Overexploitation
8418:marine pollution
8225:cocoa production
8107:
8100:
8093:
8084:
8083:
8069:
8068:
7951:Land (economics)
7864:Land reclamation
7842:Land consumption
7772:
7765:
7758:
7749:
7748:
7736:
7735:
7734:
7719:Zero-carbon city
7664:Sustainable city
7618:Unitary urbanism
7588:Urban morphology
7525:Urban population
7495:Bicycle-friendly
7275:Independent city
7250:Urban government
7208:Shrinking cities
7081:
7074:
7067:
7058:
7057:
7040:Andrey Korotayev
6940:
6891:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6823:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6812:
6798:
6792:
6791:
6766:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6755:
6749:
6742:
6729:
6723:
6722:
6716:
6708:
6706:
6704:
6698:
6691:
6682:
6676:
6673:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6662:
6653:. Nwitimes.com.
6646:
6640:
6639:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6603:on 27 March 2009
6602:
6595:
6587:
6581:
6580:
6552:
6546:
6545:
6527:
6503:
6497:
6496:
6486:
6476:
6452:
6446:
6445:
6435:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6351:
6311:
6300:
6299:
6289:
6271:
6247:
6236:
6235:
6217:
6193:
6180:
6179:
6169:
6129:
6120:
6119:
6109:
6073:
6058:
6055:
6049:
6046:
6040:
6037:
6031:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6011:
5993:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5948:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5891:
5881:
5857:
5851:
5850:
5806:
5797:
5796:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5700:
5691:
5690:
5680:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5592:
5582:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5541:
5509:
5498:
5497:
5487:
5469:
5460:(12): e1001914.
5445:
5439:
5438:
5428:
5396:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5364:
5340:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5248:(7): 2343–2359.
5233:
5227:
5226:
5218:
5212:
5211:
5201:
5191:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5121:Urban Ecosystems
5116:
5110:
5109:
5103:
5101:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5069:
5062:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4986:
4976:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4912:
4888:
4879:
4878:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4780:
4741:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4673:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4648:inderscience.com
4640:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4446:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4426:
4419:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4287:
4281:
4268:
4262:
4255:
4249:
4235:
4229:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4000:Brand, Stewart.
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3945:
3939:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3874:
3867:
3849:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3801:
3791:
3773:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3726:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3668:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3622:
3612:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3556:
3547:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3524:. Archived from
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3467:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3398:
3377:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3343:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3246:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3176:
3170:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3077:(9): 1351–1360.
3060:
3054:
3053:
3050:10.1002/jid.3104
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2779:
2731:Urban revolution
2688:Urban morphology
2683:Urban metabolism
2608:Back to the land
2601:
2596:
2595:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2463:, and promote a
2459:to lower use of
2377:
2322:overurbanization
2311:shrinking cities
2263:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2220:
2212:
2203:
1989:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1771:
1770:
1702:
1701:
1405:Chemical warfare
1307:Waste management
1267:Industrial waste
1242:Electronic waste
1227:Advertising mail
1209:Phytoremediation
1184:Land degradation
1124:Depleted uranium
1009:Overillumination
959:Invasive species
831:
821:
806:
805:
735:Economic effects
667:
623:
539:
532:
528:
525:
519:
496:
488:
452:developing world
308:hunter-gatherers
281:urban resilience
196:developing world
139:Ho Chi Minh City
135:
98:
69:
48:
21:
8947:
8946:
8942:
8941:
8940:
8938:
8937:
8936:
8917:Human migration
8902:
8901:
8900:
8895:
8850:
8809:Organic farming
8735:
8726:Water pollution
8706:Ozone depletion
8686:Loss and damage
8586:Desertification
8523:
8435:Overconsumption
8356:cleaning agents
8257:Energy industry
8220:meat production
8186:
8116:
8111:
8081:
8076:
8057:
7982:Soil compaction
7960:
7917:
7813:Land management
7781:
7776:
7746:
7741:
7732:
7730:
7723:
7622:
7598:Urban sociology
7559:
7519:
7510:Pedestrian zone
7394:
7328:Cheapest cities
7300:Urban economics
7294:
7285:Autonomous city
7244:
7203:Suburbanization
7096:Urban geography
7090:
7085:
7000:
6999:
6998:
6983:
6982:
6978:
6971:
6894:Bairoch, Paul.
6862:
6856:
6854:Further reading
6851:
6850:
6840:
6838:
6825:
6824:
6820:
6810:
6808:
6800:
6799:
6795:
6767:
6763:
6753:
6751:
6747:
6740:
6730:
6726:
6710:
6709:
6702:
6700:
6696:
6689:
6683:
6679:
6674:
6670:
6660:
6658:
6647:
6643:
6620:
6616:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6593:
6589:
6588:
6584:
6553:
6549:
6504:
6500:
6453:
6449:
6433:10.1071/NB07024
6412:
6408:
6369:
6365:
6312:
6303:
6248:
6239:
6194:
6183:
6130:
6123:
6074:
6061:
6056:
6052:
6047:
6043:
6038:
6034:
6029:
6025:
5966:
5962:
5909:
5905:
5858:
5854:
5807:
5800:
5753:
5749:
5701:
5694:
5633:
5629:
5610:
5606:
5559:
5555:
5510:
5501:
5446:
5442:
5397:
5390:
5380:
5378:
5341:
5330:
5320:
5318:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5275:
5271:
5234:
5230:
5219:
5215:
5168:
5164:
5117:
5113:
5099:
5097:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5041:
5039:
5004:
5000:
4959:(4): e0154613.
4945:
4941:
4930:
4926:
4889:
4882:
4859:
4855:
4845:
4843:
4828:
4824:
4814:
4812:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4739:
4733:
4729:
4674:
4667:
4657:
4655:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4627:
4625:
4582:
4578:
4568:
4566:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4538:
4536:
4521:
4517:
4477:
4473:
4463:
4461:
4448:
4447:
4440:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4417:
4411:
4407:
4397:
4395:
4390:. 3 June 2013.
4382:
4381:
4377:
4367:
4365:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4332:
4328:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4300:
4298:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4278:Wayback Machine
4269:
4265:
4256:
4252:
4246:Wayback Machine
4236:
4232:
4226:Wayback Machine
4217:
4213:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4151:
4149:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4095:
4091:
4081:
4079:
4074:. UNFPA. 2014.
4070:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4025:
4021:
4011:
4009:
3998:
3994:
3965:
3961:
3946:
3942:
3933:Wayback Machine
3923:
3919:
3909:
3907:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3847:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:Wayback Machine
3819:
3815:
3748:
3744:
3734:
3732:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3674:. UNFPA. 2012.
3670:
3669:
3662:
3652:
3650:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3588:
3584:
3574:
3572:
3557:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3531:
3529:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3501:
3499:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3428:Scientific Data
3422:(7 June 2016).
3416:
3412:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3375:
3369:
3365:
3357:10.1.1.522.7409
3344:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3280:
3276:
3210:
3203:
3193:
3191:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3151:Wayback Machine
3129:Wayback Machine
3115:Wayback Machine
3104:
3100:
3061:
3057:
3034:
3030:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2949:on 27 June 2015
2939:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2857:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2796:
2794:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2739:
2712:
2707:
2643:Human migration
2597:
2590:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2519:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2496:
2488:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2364:suburban flight
2351:
2349:Suburbanization
2345:
2343:Suburbanization
2291:developed world
2264:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2233:
2221:
2210:
2201:
2190:
2161:
2144:
2129:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2100:
2091:
2079:under-nutrition
2062:body mass index
2050:
1995:life expectancy
1991:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1955:
1938:disease vectors
1925:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1894:
1864:
1852:
1817:
1779:
1777:
1765:
1758:
1757:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1549:Pharmaceuticals
1529:Nonpoint source
1469:
1459:
1458:
1427:Nuclear fallout
1400:
1390:
1389:
1360:
1350:
1349:
1340:
1330:
1329:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1297:Packaging waste
1262:Hazardous waste
1222:
1214:
1213:
1174:
1164:
1163:
1134:Nuclear fallout
1129:Nuclear fission
1109:
1099:
1098:
1064:
1054:
1053:
1029:
1021:
1020:
994:
992:Electromagnetic
984:
983:
974:
966:
965:
939:
929:
928:
899:Ozone depletion
844:
834:
819:
804:
737:
712:
702:
669:
665:
662:
625:
621:
618:
601:quality of life
585:Suburbanization
540:
529:
523:
520:
509:
497:
486:
466:Yale University
388:and 28% in the
317:
268:rationalization
200:developed world
198:and 86% of the
161:British English
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
136:
127:
126:
125:
99:
90:
89:
88:
83:, with a total
70:
61:
60:
59:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8945:
8935:
8934:
8932:Urban planning
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8897:
8896:
8894:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8867:
8855:
8852:
8851:
8849:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8836:Sustainability
8833:
8828:
8827:
8826:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8745:
8743:
8737:
8736:
8734:
8733:
8731:Water scarcity
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8666:Nitrogen cycle
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8631:Forest dieback
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8572:
8571:
8566:
8559:Climate change
8556:
8555:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8533:
8531:
8525:
8524:
8522:
8521:
8516:
8515:
8514:
8504:
8503:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8426:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8400:
8399:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8376:nanotechnology
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8322:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8281:
8280:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8238:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8196:
8194:
8188:
8187:
8185:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8163:
8162:
8160:on marine life
8152:
8151:
8150:
8148:list of issues
8140:
8135:
8130:
8124:
8122:
8118:
8117:
8110:
8109:
8102:
8095:
8087:
8078:
8077:
8075:
8074:
8062:
8059:
8058:
8056:
8055:
8054:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8028:
8027:
8026:
8021:
8019:Infrastructure
8014:Urban planning
8011:
8006:
8001:
7999:Overpopulation
7996:
7995:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7968:
7966:
7965:Related fields
7962:
7961:
7959:
7958:
7956:Customary land
7953:
7948:
7943:
7942:
7941:
7936:
7925:
7923:
7919:
7918:
7916:
7915:
7910:
7909:
7908:
7898:
7897:
7896:
7891:
7889:Leopold matrix
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7855:
7854:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7833:
7832:
7822:
7821:
7820:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7789:
7787:
7783:
7782:
7775:
7774:
7767:
7760:
7752:
7743:
7742:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7694:Urban forestry
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7654:Green urbanism
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7634:Climate change
7630:
7628:
7624:
7623:
7621:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7569:
7567:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7541:
7540:
7529:
7527:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7436:
7435:
7425:
7423:Urban planners
7420:
7415:
7410:
7404:
7402:
7400:Urban planning
7396:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7380:Municipal bond
7377:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7304:
7302:
7296:
7295:
7293:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7271:
7270:
7260:
7254:
7252:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7221:
7220:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7141:Satellite city
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7117:
7116:
7106:
7100:
7098:
7092:
7091:
7084:
7083:
7076:
7069:
7061:
7055:
7054:
7048:
7042:
7033:
7024:
7018:
7012:
7007:
6997:
6996:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6969:External links
6967:
6966:
6965:
6958:
6953:Lees, Andrew.
6951:
6941:
6912:
6902:
6892:
6874:(3): 291–301.
6858:Main article:
6855:
6852:
6849:
6848:
6818:
6793:
6770:Lovelace, E.H.
6761:
6724:
6677:
6668:
6641:
6614:
6582:
6569:10.1086/449673
6547:
6498:
6447:
6406:
6363:
6326:(5): 729–737.
6301:
6237:
6181:
6144:(4): 392–397.
6121:
6092:(5): E11–E20.
6059:
6050:
6041:
6032:
6023:
5960:
5903:
5872:(3): 822–827.
5852:
5798:
5763:(3): 188–193.
5747:
5712:(2): 410–417.
5692:
5627:
5604:
5553:
5524:(5): 587–595.
5499:
5440:
5388:
5328:
5302:
5269:
5228:
5213:
5162:
5127:(2): 161–176.
5111:
5081:
5049:
5024:10.1676/04-038
4998:
4939:
4924:
4903:(1): 215–240.
4880:
4853:
4822:
4792:
4727:
4684:(5): 421–433.
4665:
4635:
4576:
4546:
4515:
4488:(4): 442–449.
4471:
4438:
4405:
4375:
4345:
4326:
4308:
4282:
4263:
4250:
4230:
4211:
4168:
4159:
4133:
4106:(2): 621–649.
4089:
4063:
4054:
4019:
3992:
3959:
3940:
3917:
3886:
3858:(8–20): 8–20.
3835:
3813:
3742:
3689:
3660:
3634:
3582:
3548:
3539:
3509:
3492:urban.yale.edu
3479:
3420:Seto, Karen C.
3410:
3388:
3363:
3335:
3305:
3274:
3201:
3171:
3098:
3055:
3044:(3): 493–506.
3028:
3014:
2994:
2980:
2960:
2933:
2912:"Urbanization"
2900:
2870:
2855:
2837:
2807:
2783:"Urbanization"
2773:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2588:
2572:
2569:
2515:Main article:
2512:
2509:
2497:
2489:
2487:
2486:Water scarcity
2484:
2449:gentrification
2383:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2347:Main article:
2344:
2341:
2330:Michael Lipton
2266:
2265:
2224:
2222:
2215:
2209:
2208:Changing forms
2206:
2189:
2186:
2160:
2157:
2143:
2140:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2049:
2046:
2032:and access to
2026:public hygiene
1978:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1954:
1951:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1892:
1889:Eutrophication
1863:
1860:
1851:
1848:
1836:slash and burn
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1775:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1718:Law by country
1715:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1589:Surface runoff
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1489:Eutrophication
1486:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1444:Scorched earth
1441:
1440:
1439:
1437:Nuclear winter
1434:
1432:Nuclear famine
1429:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1407:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1189:Bioremediation
1186:
1181:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1119:Bioremediation
1116:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1069:Transportation
1065:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1016:Radio spectrum
1013:
1012:
1011:
1006:
995:
990:
989:
986:
985:
982:
981:
975:
972:
971:
968:
967:
964:
963:
962:
961:
951:
946:
940:
935:
934:
931:
930:
927:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
884:Global dimming
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
845:
840:
839:
836:
835:
832:
824:
823:
815:
814:
803:
800:
736:
733:
724:Greater Manila
701:
698:
660:
658:
615:
613:
542:
541:
500:
498:
491:
485:
482:
478:archaeologists
316:
313:
276:sustainability
212:urban planning
137:
130:
129:
128:
100:
93:
92:
91:
71:
64:
63:
62:
50:
43:
42:
41:
40:
39:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8944:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8909:
8907:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8868:
8866:
8857:
8856:
8853:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8825:
8822:
8821:
8820:
8819:Reforestation
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8774:Cultured meat
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8754:Birth control
8752:
8750:
8747:
8746:
8744:
8742:
8738:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8576:Deforestation
8574:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8561:
8560:
8557:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8539:
8538:
8535:
8534:
8532:
8530:
8526:
8520:
8517:
8513:
8510:
8509:
8508:
8505:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8482:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8405:
8404:
8401:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8353:
8352:
8351:Manufacturing
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8299:nuclear power
8297:
8295:
8294:fracking (US)
8292:
8290:
8287:
8286:
8285:
8282:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8259:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8202:
8201:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8193:
8189:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8161:
8158:
8157:
8156:
8153:
8149:
8146:
8145:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8125:
8123:
8119:
8115:
8108:
8103:
8101:
8096:
8094:
8089:
8088:
8085:
8073:
8070:Categories:
8064:
8063:
8060:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8032:
8029:
8025:
8024:Urban renewal
8022:
8020:
8017:
8016:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8009:Deforestation
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7974:
7973:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7963:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7931:
7930:
7927:
7926:
7924:
7920:
7914:
7911:
7907:
7906:Built-up area
7904:
7903:
7902:
7899:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7886:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7837:Land grabbing
7835:
7831:
7828:
7827:
7826:
7823:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7790:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7773:
7768:
7766:
7761:
7759:
7754:
7753:
7750:
7740:
7739:
7726:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7709:Urban prairie
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7679:Urban ecology
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7625:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7603:Anti-urbanism
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7593:Urban culture
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7583:Urban studies
7581:
7579:
7578:Urban warfare
7576:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7562:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7539:
7536:
7535:
7534:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7526:
7522:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7401:
7397:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7375:Urban renewal
7373:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7340:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7297:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7255:
7253:
7251:
7247:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7219:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7151:Commuter town
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7082:
7077:
7075:
7070:
7068:
7063:
7062:
7059:
7052:
7049:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7031:Lewis Mumford
7028:
7025:
7022:
7019:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7005:
7002:
7001:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6963:
6959:
6956:
6952:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6913:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6901:
6900:online review
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6822:
6807:
6803:
6797:
6789:
6785:
6782:(4): 348–52.
6781:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6765:
6746:
6739:
6737:
6734:Foot Traffic
6728:
6720:
6714:
6695:
6688:
6681:
6672:
6656:
6652:
6645:
6637:
6633:
6630:(3): 314–44.
6629:
6625:
6618:
6599:
6592:
6586:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6551:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6518:(1): 92–103.
6517:
6513:
6509:
6502:
6494:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6451:
6443:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6426:(12): 222–7.
6425:
6421:
6417:
6410:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6379:(6): 252–61.
6378:
6374:
6367:
6359:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6310:
6308:
6306:
6297:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6192:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6177:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6128:
6126:
6117:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6054:
6045:
6036:
6027:
6019:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5964:
5956:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5923:(35): e7667.
5922:
5918:
5914:
5907:
5899:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5856:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5805:
5803:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5751:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5699:
5697:
5688:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5631:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5608:
5600:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5549:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5495:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5454:PLOS Medicine
5451:
5444:
5436:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5411:(6): 938–51.
5410:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5393:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5316:
5312:
5306:
5297:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5273:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5232:
5224:
5217:
5209:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5166:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5066:
5059:
5053:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5002:
4994:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4943:
4935:
4928:
4920:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4887:
4885:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4857:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4826:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4796:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4672:
4670:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4580:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4550:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4475:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4267:
4260:
4254:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4234:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4215:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4172:
4163:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4093:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4058:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3987:
3982:
3979:(2): 139–60.
3978:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3921:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3817:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3746:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3709:(1): 94–110.
3708:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3586:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3553:
3543:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3340:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3206:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3168:
3167:5-484-01002-0
3164:
3160:
3159:Leonid Grinin
3156:
3155:Peter Turchin
3152:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3138:
3137:Leonid Grinin
3134:
3133:Peter Turchin
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3102:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3017:
3011:
3007:
3006:
2998:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2964:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2888:
2884:
2883:The Economist
2880:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2856:9781784311377
2852:
2848:
2841:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2804:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2693:Urban studies
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:Urban history
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2668:Urban ecology
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2585:Cities portal
2575:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2523:
2518:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2445:social equity
2442:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2378:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2262:
2259:
2251:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2225:This section
2223:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2194:mental health
2188:Mental health
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2121:
2108:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2007:heart disease
2004:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1920:
1908:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1873:, instead of
1872:
1868:
1862:Water quality
1859:
1856:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1838:agriculture.
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1604:Water quality
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:Traffic signs
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:Nanomaterials
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1149:Radioactivity
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1094:Soundproofing
1092:
1090:
1089:Noise control
1087:
1085:
1084:Noise barrier
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
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772:Eric Hobsbawm
769:
768:working class
760:
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741:
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728:
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721:
717:
714:The dominant
711:
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689:
685:
681:
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673:globalization
668:
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501:This section
499:
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489:
481:
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475:
471:
467:
463:
461:
460:human history
457:
453:
449:
448:Western world
444:
442:
441:working class
438:
434:
430:
427:. Spatially,
426:
425:South America
422:
418:
414:
413:North America
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
390:United States
387:
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366:
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342:
338:
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304:urban culture
301:
300:rural culture
297:
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286:
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277:
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269:
265:
261:
257:
256:marketization
253:
249:
248:modernization
245:
244:globalization
241:
240:public health
237:
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68:
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34:
30:
19:
8912:Urbanization
8512:urban sprawl
8507:Urbanization
8506:
8455:Particulates
8440:Overdrafting
8155:Human impact
8128:Anthropocene
8036:Permaculture
7977:Soil science
7729:
7689:Urban forest
7573:New Urbanism
7470:Sector model
7455:Urban design
7348:Modern ruins
7290:Capital city
7263:Municipality
7240:College town
7198:Urbanization
7197:
6980:Urbanization
6979:
6961:
6954:
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6920:
6916:
6905:
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6867:
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6830:
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6745:the original
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6598:the original
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5352:
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5084:
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5052:
5040:. Retrieved
5015:
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4835:
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4813:. Retrieved
4804:
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4783:. Retrieved
4747:
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4677:
4656:. Retrieved
4647:
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4626:. Retrieved
4593:
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4567:. Retrieved
4558:
4549:
4537:. Retrieved
4528:
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4481:
4474:
4462:. Retrieved
4453:
4429:. Retrieved
4408:
4396:. Retrieved
4387:
4378:
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4357:
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4320:
4311:
4299:. Retrieved
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4162:
4150:. Retrieved
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4080:. Retrieved
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4028:
4022:
4010:. Retrieved
3995:
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3962:
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3949:
3943:
3920:
3908:. Retrieved
3900:The Guardian
3899:
3889:
3877:. Retrieved
3855:
3851:
3838:
3816:
3761:
3755:
3745:
3733:. Retrieved
3706:
3702:
3692:
3680:. Retrieved
3651:. Retrieved
3637:
3603:(1): 60–74.
3600:
3596:
3585:
3573:. Retrieved
3564:
3542:
3532:24 September
3530:. Retrieved
3526:the original
3521:
3512:
3500:. Retrieved
3491:
3482:
3431:
3427:
3413:
3401:. Retrieved
3379:
3366:
3347:
3326:. Retrieved
3317:
3308:
3296:. Retrieved
3287:
3277:
3244:10150/634688
3218:
3214:
3192:. Retrieved
3183:
3174:
3153:. Edited by
3142:
3131:. Edited by
3120:
3106:
3101:
3074:
3068:
3058:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3019:. Retrieved
3004:
2997:
2985:. Retrieved
2970:
2963:
2951:. Retrieved
2947:the original
2936:
2924:. Retrieved
2915:
2891:. Retrieved
2882:
2873:
2846:
2840:
2828:. Retrieved
2819:
2810:
2802:
2795:. Retrieved
2787:MeSH browser
2786:
2777:
2703:White flight
2599:World portal
2528:
2503:Water stress
2499:Water stress
2469:urban sprawl
2461:fossil fuels
2436:smart growth
2432:new urbanism
2429:
2409:public parks
2396:urban design
2385:
2374:
2363:
2352:
2334:
2325:
2318:shanty towns
2315:
2299:
2295:in-migration
2294:
2288:
2277:
2254:
2245:
2234:Please help
2229:verification
2226:
2199:
2191:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2136:
2131:
2126:, CO, and PM
2119:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2092:
2072:
2058:
2054:food deserts
2051:
2023:
2015:
1992:
1983:
1967:
1963:habitat loss
1956:
1946:fast fashion
1942:
1926:
1909:
1897:
1887:
1871:storm drains
1867:Urban runoff
1865:
1853:
1844:
1840:Alex Steffen
1825:
1822:
1692:Point source
1637:Heavy metals
1599:Urban runoff
1584:Sulfur water
1559:Septic tanks
1415:Agent Orange
1325:Space debris
1179:Agricultural
1044:Volcanic ash
904:Particulates
796:
792:
780:
775:
765:
729:
713:
710:Primate city
690:
686:
682:
670:
664:
630:
626:
620:
596:Rural flight
593:
589:
581:
570:The City of
530:
521:
510:Please help
505:verification
502:
464:
445:
394:
358:
334:
296:social roots
293:
264:sociological
224:architecture
209:
191:
187:
184:urban growth
181:
157:urbanisation
156:
153:Urbanization
152:
151:
106:largest city
29:
8626:Externality
8621:Coral reefs
8581:Defaunation
8450:Overgrazing
8423:overfishing
8403:Marine life
8277:electricity
8200:Agriculture
8031:Agriculture
7992:Alkali soil
7825:Landscaping
7793:Degradation
7627:Environment
7515:Walkability
7500:Cyclability
7433:Green space
7385:Habitat III
7353:Shanty town
7338:Urban decay
7313:Global city
7258:City status
7235:Closed city
7188:Megalopolis
7168:Conurbation
7156:City proper
7136:Twin cities
7109:City centre
6923:(1): 3–25.
6806:uniq.edu.ht
6563:(1): 6–26.
6467:(2): 75–6.
6320:Circulation
5355:(1): 7–20.
5289:(10): 883.
5042:25 December
4596:: 110–123.
4569:18 November
4539:18 November
4464:18 November
4431:18 November
4398:18 November
4368:18 November
4342:(5): 34–39.
4336:World Watch
4012:29 November
3832:(in Korean)
3764:(1): 3952.
3724:10419/48738
2556:, and from
2535:Middle East
2478:, promotes
2441:walkability
2066:cholesterol
2034:health care
2021:providers.
1879:groundwater
1875:percolating
1662:Area source
1504:Groundwater
1257:Green waste
1237:Brown waste
1221:Solid waste
979:Information
874:Exhaust gas
745:BTS Station
716:conurbation
654:agriculture
437:city centre
421:Australasia
341:Mesopotamia
266:process of
169:urban areas
8906:Categories
8891:mitigation
8886:assessment
8881:by country
8779:Decoupling
8741:Mitigation
8470:Reservoirs
8391:pesticides
8336:Explosives
8314:reservoirs
8215:irrigation
7704:Urban park
7639:Eco-cities
7490:Smart city
7440:Urban wild
7280:City-state
7213:Ghost town
7178:Metropolis
7104:Urban area
6841:31 October
6607:12 January
6262:: 146502.
5622:1013635534
5283:BioScience
4846:16 October
4815:19 October
4785:1 February
4750:(1/2): 4.
4628:31 October
3771:2009.11966
3735:9 November
3434:: 160034.
3403:9 November
3328:29 October
3169:. P. 44-62
2797:5 November
2769:References
2710:Historical
2613:City-state
2480:automobile
2421:livability
2302:inner-city
2170:inactivity
2166:inactivity
2089:Infections
2083:overweight
2030:sanitation
1987:UN-Habitat
1929:food waste
1923:Food waste
1883:stormwater
1749:By country
1741:Categories
1632:Pollutants
1609:Wastewater
1579:Stagnation
1524:Monitoring
1499:Freshwater
1365:Air travel
1252:Food waste
1194:Defecation
1004:Ecological
937:Biological
869:Combustion
809:Part of a
743:A crowded
704:See also:
554:and urban
409:Birmingham
405:Manchester
262:, and the
236:statistics
188:proportion
8814:Recycling
8480:Transport
8465:Quarrying
8460:Pollution
8319:transport
8309:petroleum
8304:oil shale
8267:biodiesel
8004:Pollution
7847:Land loss
7460:Grid plan
7368:Squatting
7230:Tent city
7225:Lost city
7146:Edge city
7131:Core city
6937:144479930
6888:144282123
6577:155010637
6534:0020-7640
6340:0009-7322
6278:2090-0724
6224:0195-9131
6158:1748-0361
6000:1868-7083
5937:0025-7974
5831:1528-4050
5777:1528-4050
5726:1752-699X
5669:2000-8686
5476:1549-1676
5149:1083-8155
5018:: 23–34.
4919:1543-5938
4764:1478-9876
4706:0734-242X
4658:7 October
4610:0921-3449
4510:0272-7714
4128:199855869
4120:0303-8300
4049:154678238
3956:(1): 148.
3597:Nutrients
3456:2052-4463
3352:CiteSeerX
3269:201674203
3253:0036-8075
2865:942419887
2562:southeast
2543:East Asia
2417:greenways
2356:edge city
2248:June 2021
2048:Nutrition
1677:Garbology
1594:Turbidity
1544:Oil spill
1494:Firewater
1479:Biosolids
1385:Vandalism
1144:Poisoning
1139:Plutonium
1114:Actinides
1107:Radiation
849:Acid rain
820:Pollution
678:Naxalites
524:June 2021
384:, 41% in
232:education
228:economics
220:sociology
216:geography
112:, is the
58:of China.
52:Guangzhou
18:Urbanised
8927:Land use
8876:Category
8500:shipping
8485:aviation
8371:plastics
8361:concrete
8346:Land use
8262:biofuels
8230:palm oil
8072:Land use
7929:Property
7922:Property
7808:Conflict
7803:Planning
7779:Land use
7565:Urbanism
7485:Land use
7358:Skid row
7183:Megacity
7114:Downtown
7021:Geopolis
6945:PloS one
6835:Archived
6713:cite web
6694:Archived
6661:20 March
6655:Archived
6542:29212385
6493:21180479
6442:18093463
6401:37122169
6393:26896027
6358:22311885
6296:25574386
6232:15570145
6176:23083085
6116:26327514
6080:(2016).
6018:29317916
5955:28858086
5917:Medicine
5898:28283418
5847:38066984
5839:28141628
5785:28333691
5742:46804746
5734:27400674
5687:26112265
5618:ProQuest
5599:29135909
5548:25217097
5494:26645285
5435:18931915
5375:Archived
5371:24702762
5315:Archived
5208:35983686
5157:23353943
5100:4 August
5094:Archived
5065:Archived
5036:Archived
5032:85173365
4993:27124180
4953:PLOS ONE
4840:Archived
4809:Archived
4776:Archived
4772:96476310
4722:34299202
4714:17121114
4652:Archived
4622:Archived
4618:30784882
4563:Archived
4533:Archived
4458:Archived
4422:Archived
4392:Archived
4362:Archived
4295:Archived
4274:Archived
4242:Archived
4222:Archived
4190:(1): 6.
4146:Archived
4076:Archived
4035:: 3–10.
4006:Archived
3935:London:
3929:Archived
3904:Archived
3870:Archived
3824:Archived
3808:33597604
3729:Archived
3676:Archived
3647:Archived
3629:22253992
3569:Archived
3496:Archived
3474:27271481
3394:Archived
3322:Archived
3292:Archived
3261:31467217
3188:Archived
3147:Archived
3125:Archived
3111:Archived
3021:22 March
2987:22 March
2920:Archived
2893:20 March
2887:Archived
2824:Archived
2791:Archived
2737:Regional
2571:See also
2539:Americas
2473:overuses
2134:region.
2042:exercise
1733:Treaties
1713:Diseases
1569:Shipping
1534:Nutrient
1484:Diseases
1049:Wildfire
774:'s book
753:Thailand
642:violence
576:Illinois
439:for the
192:absolute
8865:Commons
8641:Erosion
8591:Ecocide
8529:Effects
8475:Tourism
8408:fishing
8366:fashion
8289:fashion
8242:Bitcoin
8121:General
7786:General
6754:11 July
6703:4 April
6484:2996208
6349:3315587
6287:4276670
6167:3481194
6107:4775461
6009:5756438
5946:5585480
5889:8050806
5793:6018699
5678:4481042
5649:Bibcode
5590:5708005
5539:4205193
5485:4672916
5426:2587653
5250:Bibcode
5199:9804485
5129:Bibcode
5074:11 July
4984:4849762
4961:Bibcode
4875:4401996
4686:Bibcode
4490:Bibcode
4358:wri.org
4301:31 July
4192:Bibcode
4152:19 July
3799:7889875
3776:Bibcode
3653:13 June
3620:3257614
3522:YouTube
3465:4896125
3436:Bibcode
3298:23 June
3223:Bibcode
3215:Science
3194:6 March
3079:Bibcode
2953:26 June
2721:Oppidum
2558:central
2551:eastern
2547:central
2390:or the
2038:dietary
1934:methane
1627:History
1509:Hypoxia
1338:Thermal
1292:Plastic
1154:Uranium
1028:Natural
973:Digital
949:Genetic
749:Bangkok
605:drought
572:Chicago
386:Prussia
374:England
353:markets
315:History
75:is the
8869:
8858:
8430:Mining
8284:energy
8192:Causes
7445:Zoning
7343:Ghetto
7161:limits
7121:Suburb
7088:Cities
6977:about
6949:online
6935:
6886:
6575:
6540:
6532:
6491:
6481:
6440:
6399:
6391:
6356:
6346:
6338:
6294:
6284:
6276:
6230:
6222:
6174:
6164:
6156:
6114:
6104:
6016:
6006:
5998:
5953:
5943:
5935:
5896:
5886:
5845:
5837:
5829:
5791:
5783:
5775:
5740:
5732:
5724:
5685:
5675:
5667:
5620:
5597:
5587:
5546:
5536:
5492:
5482:
5474:
5433:
5423:
5369:
5321:27 May
5206:
5196:
5155:
5147:
5107:sites.
5030:
4991:
4981:
4917:
4873:
4836:US EPA
4770:
4762:
4720:
4712:
4704:
4616:
4608:
4508:
4126:
4118:
4082:11 May
4047:
3910:12 May
3879:27 May
3806:
3796:
3682:11 May
3627:
3617:
3575:5 June
3502:9 July
3472:
3462:
3454:
3386:
3354:
3267:
3259:
3251:
3165:
3012:
2978:
2926:11 May
2863:
2853:
2830:8 July
2633:Ghetto
2554:Africa
2537:, the
2533:, the
2531:Europe
2098:Asthma
2075:Denver
2040:, and
2003:cancer
1687:Midden
1682:Legacy
1667:Debris
1621:Topics
1574:Sludge
1564:Sewage
1519:Marine
1358:Visual
1277:Mining
1272:Litter
811:series
484:Causes
382:France
238:, and
177:cities
118:Europe
110:Russia
102:Moscow
73:Mumbai
8824:urban
8495:roads
8386:paper
8381:paint
7126:Exurb
7038:, by
7029:, by
6933:S2CID
6884:S2CID
6748:(PDF)
6741:(PDF)
6736:Ahead
6697:(PDF)
6690:(PDF)
6601:(PDF)
6594:(PDF)
6573:S2CID
6397:S2CID
5984:: 2.
5843:S2CID
5789:S2CID
5738:S2CID
5153:S2CID
5068:(PDF)
5061:(PDF)
5028:S2CID
4871:JSTOR
4779:(PDF)
4768:S2CID
4740:(PDF)
4718:S2CID
4614:S2CID
4425:(PDF)
4418:(PDF)
4124:S2CID
4045:S2CID
3873:(PDF)
3848:(PDF)
3766:arXiv
3397:(PDF)
3376:(PDF)
3265:S2CID
2726:Polis
2628:Exurb
2471:that
2451:with
2360:exurb
2142:Crime
2132:Foxp3
2120:Foxp3
1877:into
1705:Lists
1697:Waste
1642:Paint
1467:Water
1319:Space
1062:Noise
1034:Ozone
999:Light
788:slums
646:drugs
609:flood
474:world
470:video
419:from
403:like
378:Wales
345:Egypt
173:towns
165:rural
8490:rail
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