120:
4150:
157:
284:
337:
259:
3962:
3758:
S. R. Chandramouli, Karthikeyan, Vasudevan, S Harikrishnan, Sushil Kumar Dutta, S Jegath Janani, Richa Sharma, Indraneil Das, Ramesh
Aggarwal. “A new genus and species of arboreal toad with phytotelmonous larvae, from the Andaman Islands, India (Lissamphibia, Anura, Bufonidae)” ZooKeys (2016) 555:
3771:
273:
275:
3775:
3606:
Piprek, Rafal P., et al. “Bidder's Organ – Structure, Development and
Function.” The International Journal of Developmental Biology, vol. 58, no. 10-11–12, 2014, pp. 819–27. Crossref, doi:10.1387/ijdb.140147rp.
2053:
The loss of teeth has arisen in frogs independently over 20 times. Notably, all members of
Bufonidae are toothless. Another Anuran family with a comparable degree of edentulism is the family Microhylidae.
3396:"Historical biogeography resolves the origins of endemic Arabian toad lineages (Anura: Bufonidae): Evidence for ancient vicariance and dispersal events with the Horn of Africa and South Asia"
143:
141:
367:, with the entire radiation occurring during the Eocene to Oligocene, marking an extremely rapid divergence likely facilitated by the Paleogene's changing climatic conditions.
274:
3830:
3164:
Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and
Wheeler, 2006
2947:
Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and
Wheeler, 2006
2590:
Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and
Wheeler, 2006
3349:"Historical biogeography of the palaeoendemic toad genus Oreophrynella (Amphibia: Bufonidae) sheds a new light on the origin of the Pantepui endemic terrestrial biota"
3520:
Chandramouli, S. R.; Vasudevan, Karthikeyan; Harikrishnan, S.; Dutta, Sushil Kumar; Janani, S. Jegath; Sharma, Richa; Das, Indraneil; Aggarwal, Ramesh (2016-01-20).
3840:
142:
2605:
363:. In contrast, other studies have dated the origin of the group to the early Paleocene. The bufonids likely radiated out of South America during the
2506:
4359:
3672:
Paluh, Daniel J., et al. “Rampant Tooth Loss Across 200 Million Years of Frog
Evolution.” BioRxiv, 2021. Crossref, doi:10.1101/2021.02.04.429809.
4398:
3455:"Polyphyly of Asian Tree Toads, Genus Pedostibes GĂĽnther, 1876 (Anura: Bufonidae), and the Description of a New Genus from Southeast Asia"
4496:
3522:"A new genus and species of arboreal toad with phytotelmonous larvae, from the Andaman Islands, India (Lissamphibia, Anura, Bufonidae)"
3618:"Bidder's organ in the toad Bufo marinus: Effects of orchidectomy on the morphology and expression of lamina-associated polypeptide 2"
3347:
Kok, Philippe J. R.; Ratz, Sebastian; MacCulloch, Ross D.; Lathrop, Amy; Dezfoulian, Raheleh; Aubret, Fabien; Means, D. Bruce (2018).
4333:
4506:
4372:
2013:
is a general term. Different animals contain significantly different substances and proportions of substances. Some, like the
2009:
poison which the toads excrete when stressed. The poison in the glands contains a number of toxins causing different effects.
3287:
4377:
3702:"A novel reproductive mode in frogs: a new species of fanged frog with internal fertilization and birth of tadpoles"
4463:
4312:
2292:
Beukema, de Pous, Donaire-Barroso, Bogaerts, Garcia-Porta, Escoriza, Arribas, El Mouden, and
Carranza, 2013 (1 sp.)
4403:
4325:
3871:
4242:
4385:
3844:
3305:"Around the world in 10 million years: biogeography of the nearly cosmopolitan true toads (Anura: Bufonidae)"
119:
3304:
2100:
4501:
4255:
4229:
4260:
3821:
17:
4468:
4442:
156:
3453:
Chan, Kin Onn; Grismer, L. Lee; Zachariah, Anil; Brown, Rafe M.; Abraham, Robin Kurian (2016-01-20).
2133:
3961:
4450:
3245:
2139:
375:
The following phylogeny of most genera in the family is based on Portik and
Papenfuss, 2015:, Chan
4247:
3998:
3983:
2127:
2086:
4429:
4169:
4003:
2062:
4424:
4364:
1879:
4416:
3348:
4281:
4216:
3713:
3529:
3466:
3835:
8:
4207:
4021:
3864:
2025:
3717:
3533:
3470:
314:(frogs and toads). This is the only family of anurans in which all members are known as
4491:
3789:
3736:
3701:
3655:
3560:
3497:
3454:
3430:
3395:
3376:
151:
4411:
4268:
3849:
3741:
3647:
3639:
3634:
3617:
3565:
3547:
3502:
3484:
3435:
3417:
3368:
3324:
3320:
3283:
3100:
2121:
2039:
2032:
2021:
3659:
3380:
2001:
All true toads are toothless and generally warty in appearance. They have a pair of
4061:
4036:
3928:
3731:
3721:
3629:
3555:
3537:
3492:
3474:
3425:
3407:
3360:
3316:
2665:
2426:
569:
398:
304:
233:
4221:
4273:
4234:
4131:
4091:
4076:
3825:
3726:
3479:
3199:
3159:
2942:
2783:
2763:
2106:
2078:
1994:
1175:
1020:
867:
850:
786:
360:
4390:
3303:
Pramuk, Jennifer B.; Robertson, Tasia; Sites, Jack W.; Noonan, Brice P. (2008).
1984:, inhabiting a variety of environments, from arid areas to rainforest. Most lay
4320:
4307:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4071:
4056:
4041:
4031:
3946:
3941:
3857:
3240:
2843:
2705:
2685:
2625:
2247:
2209:
2189:
2092:
2070:
2002:
1943:
1927:
1883:
1590:
937:
545:
3412:
4485:
4126:
3970:
3643:
3551:
3542:
3488:
3421:
3372:
3328:
2803:
2585:
2287:
1985:
1868:
1658:
1096:
453:
352:
340:
77:
3521:
4192:
4154:
4136:
4101:
4086:
4026:
4013:
3988:
3978:
3760:
3745:
3651:
3569:
3506:
3439:
3219:
3061:
3041:
2823:
2466:
2307:
1937:
1566:
1337:
1332:
1289:
1258:
1134:
486:
283:
4346:
4201:
4096:
3936:
3616:
Brown, Federico D.; Del Pino, Eugenia M.; Krohne, Georg (December 2002).
3120:
3081:
2902:
2743:
2724:
2645:
2546:
2446:
2387:
1888:
1874:
1542:
1511:
1452:
1063:
920:
819:
769:
617:
593:
52:
3105:
Smart, Sarker, Arifin, Harvey, Sidik, Hamidy, Kurniawan, and Smith, 2017
4066:
4051:
2962:
2922:
2882:
2862:
1981:
1921:
1894:
1682:
1607:
1217:
336:
97:
62:
3519:
3364:
4351:
4294:
4121:
3951:
3918:
3912:
3140:
2407:
2014:
2010:
1977:
1158:
198:
168:
127:
102:
46:
39:
4338:
4163:
355:. Some studies date the origin of the group to after the breakup of
258:
4299:
4186:
3906:
3900:
3179:
3021:
2982:
2565:
2526:
2486:
2347:
2267:
2228:
2169:
2137:) are the only other frog genera that have internal fertilization.
2115:
2006:
1976:
True toads are widespread and are native to every continent except
1900:
1699:
1428:
1306:
1241:
1037:
713:
696:
672:
503:
436:
356:
319:
218:
188:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
4081:
3993:
3583:
2367:
2050:. Under the right conditions, the organ becomes an active ovary.
1989:
1397:
107:
82:
3831:
Amphibian and
Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia - Family Bufonidae
3278:
Zweifel, Richard G. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.).
2574:
Central American toads; Middle American toads; Cerro Utyum toads
2151:
The family Bufonidae contains over 570 species among 52 genera.
3894:
3687:
Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles
3001:
641:
364:
288:
178:
3813:
4437:
4286:
2038:
Depending on the species, male or female toads may possess a
3881:
3818:
2327:
1949:
1469:
324:
315:
311:
292:
208:
4455:
3302:
3452:
3394:
Portik, Daniel M.; Papenfuss, Theodore J. (2015-08-06).
3346:
3879:
3700:
Iskandar, D. T.; Evans, B. J.; McGuire, J. A. (2014).
1892:
by Portik and Papenfuss, but was found to group with
3699:
3224:
Biju, Van Bocxlaer, Giri, Loader & Bossuyt, 2009
2610:
Liedtke, Malonza, Wasonga, MĂĽller & Loader, 2023
2005:
on the back of their heads. These glands contain an
1953:
by Portik and Papenfuss but was found to group with
1919:
by Portik and Papenfuss but was found to group with
3615:
3277:
2551:
Biju, Van Bocxlaer, Giri, Loader, and Bossuyt, 2009
2987:Chan, Grismer, Zachariah, Brown, and Abraham, 2016
322:). The bufonids now comprise more than 35 genera,
3801:The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians
4483:
3772:"Amphibian Species of the World 5.1 - Bufonidae"
3342:
3340:
3338:
1998:, the eggs hatch directly into miniature toads.
279:Song of Common toad or European toad, Bufo bufo.
3680:
3678:
3393:
2042:, a trait unique to all bufonids except genera
3685:Vitt, Laurie J.; Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014).
3865:
3799:Halliday, Tim R., and Kraig Adler (editors).
3335:
3282:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 91–92.
318:, although some may be called frogs (such as
3693:
3689:(4th ed.). Academic Press. p. 122.
3684:
3675:
266:Native distribution of Bufonidae (in black)
2828:Ruiz-Carranza & Hernández-Camacho, 1976
351:Bufonidae is thought to have originated in
3872:
3858:
257:
139:
118:
3735:
3725:
3633:
3622:Development, Growth & Differentiation
3584:"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"
3559:
3541:
3496:
3478:
3429:
3411:
2104:(the sole species in the monotypic genus
3761:https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.555.6522
2710:Señaris, Ayarzagüena & Gorzula, 1994
335:
282:
271:
3280:Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians
359:, about 78–98 million years ago in the
14:
4484:
3796:(3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Co., 2003.
2146:
4168:
4167:
3853:
3273:
3271:
2090:(one out of two species in the genus
4443:AA7287CA-8918-065C-FF01-FA2EFD1ACFA4
4326:c4802ec6-80fe-4a8d-9411-7cc3b2a3533f
2035:for the effects of their bufotoxin.
2020:, are more toxic than others. Some "
3588:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
24:
4497:Extant Thanetian first appearances
3268:
1988:in paired strings that hatch into
1971:
1882:to the clade containing all other
25:
4518:
3807:
3794:Western Reptiles & Amphibians
2143:also has internal fertilization.
4148:
3960:
3803:. Facts on File, New York, 2002.
3635:10.1046/j.1440-169X.2002.00665.x
3321:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00348.x
2511:Safaei-Mahroo and Ghaffari, 2020
155:
50:
3752:
3666:
3309:Global Ecology and Biogeography
3145:Graybeal & Cannatella, 1995
3046:Matsui, Yambun, and Sudin, 2007
2065:occurs in four bufonid genera.
2057:
4507:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
3609:
3600:
3576:
3513:
3446:
3387:
3296:
2296:Tiznit toad; Brongersma's toad
13:
1:
3845:British Library Sound Archive
3261:
3129:Siberian toad; Mongolian toad
2927:Fitzinger in Treitschke, 1842
2674:South American redbelly toads
3727:10.1371/journal.pone.0115884
3480:10.1371/journal.pone.0145903
3256:Balletto & Cherchi, 1970
3238:The family also contains an
2412:Channing & Stanley, 2002
2101:Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis
7:
2768:Buchholz & Peters, 1875
2748:Buchholz & Peters, 1875
370:
10:
4523:
2772:African live-bearing toads
2431:Jiménez de la Espada, 1871
2356:Mawblang toads; Rock toads
2352:Pillai & Yazdani, 1973
2272:Duméril & Bibron, 1841
331:
4176:
4145:
4012:
3969:
3958:
3927:
3889:
3413:10.1186/s12862-015-0417-y
2848:Fei, Ye & Jiang, 2003
2614:Mount Kenya forest toads
2312:Chandramouli et al., 2016
1992:, although, in the genus
1696:
1679:
1672:
1655:
1648:
1604:
1587:
1580:
1563:
1556:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1508:
1501:
1466:
1449:
1442:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1394:
1387:
1329:
1303:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1255:
1238:
1231:
1214:
1207:
1172:
1155:
1148:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1093:
1086:
1060:
1034:
1017:
1010:
1003:
996:
934:
917:
910:
897:
890:
864:
847:
840:
833:
816:
809:
783:
766:
759:
752:
745:
710:
693:
686:
669:
662:
655:
638:
631:
614:
607:
590:
583:
566:
559:
542:
535:
500:
483:
476:
450:
433:
426:
419:
412:
395:
265:
256:
246:
241:
152:Scientific classification
150:
138:
126:
117:
34:
3543:10.3897/zookeys.555.6522
3400:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3125:Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2012
2140:Limnonectes larvaepartus
2082:(presumably all species)
3353:Journal of Biogeography
3070:African split-skin toad
2087:Altiphrynoides malcolmi
2376:Palearctic green toads
2063:Internal fertilization
348:
328:being the best known.
296:
280:
4425:Paleobiology Database
3814:Tolweb.org: Bufonidae
2157:Genus name and author
379:, 2016, Chandramouli
339:
303:is any member of the
286:
278:
38:Temporal range: Late
4321:Fauna Europaea (new)
3884:families by suborder
3841:Bufonidae recordings
2654:Indonesia tree toads
2214:Fouquet et al., 2012
899:undescribed lineage
27:Family of amphibians
4022:Amphignathodontidae
3718:2014PLoSO...9k5884I
3534:2016ZooK..555...57C
3471:2016PLoSO..1145903C
2147:Taxonomy and genera
2026:Colorado River toad
345:Anaxyrus americanus
4502:Amphibian families
3824:2022-04-11 at the
3208:Wolterstorff toads
3050:Sabah earless toad
2752:African tree toads
2634:Parker's tree toad
2471:Frost et al., 2006
2316:Andaman bush toads
2119:(all species) and
2022:psychoactive toads
349:
297:
281:
4479:
4478:
4412:Open Tree of Life
4170:Taxon identifiers
4161:
4160:
3365:10.1111/jbi.13093
3289:978-0-12-178560-4
3236:
3235:
3188:Smalltongue toads
3101:Sigalegalephrynus
2611:
2122:Eleutherodactylus
2031:, have been used
2029:Incilius alvarius
1941:was grouped with
1911:was grouped with
1864:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1490:
1489:
1481:
1480:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1318:
1317:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1075:
1074:
1049:
1048:
985:
984:
976:
975:
967:
966:
958:
957:
949:
948:
879:
878:
798:
797:
734:
733:
725:
724:
524:
523:
515:
514:
465:
464:
276:
270:
269:
237:
144:
16:(Redirected from
4514:
4472:
4471:
4459:
4458:
4446:
4445:
4433:
4432:
4420:
4419:
4407:
4406:
4394:
4393:
4391:NHMSYS0000375309
4381:
4380:
4368:
4367:
4355:
4354:
4342:
4341:
4329:
4328:
4316:
4315:
4303:
4302:
4290:
4289:
4277:
4276:
4264:
4263:
4251:
4250:
4238:
4237:
4225:
4224:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4165:
4164:
4155:Frogs portal
4153:
4152:
4151:
4037:Brachycephalidae
3964:
3929:Archaeobatrachia
3874:
3867:
3860:
3851:
3850:
3790:Stebbins, Robert
3786:
3784:
3783:
3774:. Archived from
3763:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3739:
3729:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3682:
3673:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3637:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3563:
3545:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3500:
3482:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3433:
3415:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3344:
3333:
3332:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3275:
3257:
3225:
3205:
3185:
3168:Van Dijk's toads
3165:
3146:
3126:
3106:
3087:
3067:
3047:
3027:
3007:
2988:
2968:
2948:
2928:
2908:
2888:
2871:Asian tree toads
2868:
2849:
2829:
2809:
2789:
2769:
2749:
2730:
2711:
2691:
2671:
2666:Melanophryniscus
2651:
2631:
2609:
2591:
2571:
2552:
2532:
2531:Cannatella, 1986
2512:
2492:
2472:
2452:
2432:
2427:Dendrophryniscus
2413:
2393:
2373:
2372:Rafinesque, 1815
2353:
2333:
2313:
2293:
2273:
2253:
2234:
2215:
2195:
2175:
2154:
2153:
2044:Melanophryniscus
1886:toad genera and
1675:
1674:
1651:
1650:
1583:
1582:
1559:
1558:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1504:
1503:
1445:
1444:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1390:
1389:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1234:
1233:
1210:
1209:
1151:
1150:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1089:
1088:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1005:
999:
998:
913:
912:
893:
892:
843:
842:
836:
835:
812:
811:
762:
761:
755:
754:
748:
747:
689:
688:
665:
664:
658:
657:
634:
633:
610:
609:
586:
585:
570:Dendrophryniscus
562:
561:
538:
537:
479:
478:
429:
428:
422:
421:
415:
414:
399:Melanophryniscus
391:
390:
383:, 2016, and Kok
277:
261:
232:
160:
159:
146:
145:
122:
112:
49:
32:
31:
21:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4467:
4462:
4454:
4449:
4441:
4436:
4428:
4423:
4415:
4410:
4402:
4397:
4389:
4384:
4376:
4371:
4363:
4358:
4350:
4345:
4337:
4332:
4324:
4319:
4311:
4306:
4298:
4293:
4285:
4280:
4272:
4267:
4259:
4254:
4246:
4241:
4233:
4228:
4220:
4215:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4172:
4162:
4157:
4149:
4147:
4141:
4132:Rhinodermatidae
4092:Leptodactylidae
4008:
3965:
3956:
3923:
3885:
3878:
3826:Wayback Machine
3810:
3781:
3779:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3757:
3753:
3712:(12): e115884.
3698:
3694:
3683:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3592:
3590:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3518:
3514:
3465:(1): e0145903.
3451:
3447:
3392:
3388:
3345:
3336:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3276:
3269:
3264:
3255:
3232:
3223:
3213:
3203:
3200:Wolterstorffina
3193:
3183:
3173:
3163:
3160:Vandijkophrynus
3153:
3144:
3134:
3124:
3114:
3104:
3094:
3085:
3075:
3065:
3055:
3045:
3035:
3026:Fitzinger, 1826
3025:
3015:
3005:
2995:
2986:
2976:
2966:
2956:
2946:
2943:Poyntonophrynus
2936:
2926:
2916:
2911:Caribbean toads
2907:Fitzinger, 1843
2906:
2896:
2886:
2876:
2866:
2856:
2847:
2837:
2827:
2817:
2808:Boulenger, 1895
2807:
2797:
2787:
2784:Nimbaphrynoides
2777:
2767:
2764:Nectophrynoides
2757:
2747:
2737:
2728:
2718:
2709:
2699:
2689:
2679:
2669:
2659:
2650:Fitzinger, 1843
2649:
2639:
2629:
2619:
2606:Kenyaphrynoides
2599:
2589:
2579:
2569:
2559:
2550:
2540:
2530:
2520:
2510:
2500:
2495:Natterjack toad
2490:
2480:
2470:
2460:
2455:Four-digit toad
2451:Andersson, 1903
2450:
2440:
2430:
2420:
2411:
2401:
2392:Grandison, 1980
2391:
2381:
2371:
2361:
2351:
2341:
2331:
2321:
2311:
2301:
2291:
2281:
2271:
2261:
2252:Stoliczka, 1870
2251:
2241:
2232:
2222:
2213:
2203:
2198:Ethiopian toads
2193:
2183:
2173:
2149:
2107:Nimbaphrynoides
2079:Nectophrynoides
2060:
2024:", such as the
2018:Rhinella marina
2003:parotoid glands
1995:Nectophrynoides
1974:
1972:Characteristics
1884:Southeast Asian
1878:was grouped as
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1491:
1482:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1319:
1197:
1188:
1176:Nectophrynoides
1076:
1050:
1021:Wolterstorffina
986:
977:
968:
959:
950:
880:
868:Vandijkophrynus
851:Nimbaphrynoides
799:
787:Poyntonophrynus
735:
726:
525:
516:
466:
373:
361:Late Cretaceous
334:
320:harlequin frogs
310:, in the order
272:
252:
231:
154:
140:
113:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
44:
43:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4520:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4460:
4447:
4434:
4421:
4408:
4395:
4382:
4369:
4356:
4343:
4330:
4317:
4308:Fauna Europaea
4304:
4291:
4278:
4265:
4252:
4239:
4226:
4213:
4198:
4182:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4159:
4158:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4117:Pyxicephalidae
4114:
4112:Petropedetidae
4109:
4107:Myobatrachidae
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4072:Hemiphractidae
4069:
4067:Heleophrynidae
4064:
4059:
4057:Craugastoridae
4054:
4049:
4044:
4042:Brevicipitidae
4039:
4034:
4032:Arthroleptidae
4029:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4004:Rhinophrynidae
4001:
3999:Scaphiopodidae
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3952:Leiopelmatidae
3949:
3947:Discoglossidae
3944:
3942:Bombinatoridae
3939:
3933:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3877:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3816:
3809:
3808:External links
3806:
3805:
3804:
3797:
3787:
3765:
3764:
3751:
3692:
3674:
3665:
3628:(6): 527–535.
3608:
3599:
3575:
3528:(555): 57–90.
3512:
3445:
3386:
3334:
3295:
3288:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3241:incertae sedis
3234:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Flathead toads
2889:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2844:Parapelophryne
2839:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2706:Metaphryniscus
2701:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2686:Mertensophryne
2681:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:Gallardo, 1961
2661:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2626:Laurentophryne
2621:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:Firouz's toads
2513:
2507:Firouzophrynus
2502:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2462:
2461:
2458:
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2453:
2442:
2441:
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2433:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:Garsault, 1764
2323:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2276:Stubfoot toads
2274:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2210:Amazophrynella
2205:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2190:Altiphrynoides
2185:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2148:
2145:
2125:(two species,
2112:
2111:
2097:
2093:Altiphrynoides
2083:
2075:
2074:(some species)
2071:Mertensophryne
2059:
2056:
2040:Bidder's organ
2033:recreationally
1973:
1970:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1798:
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1402:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1356:
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1346:
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1342:
1328:
1325:
1324:
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1302:
1299:
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1237:
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1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1154:
1149:
1147:
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1143:
1140:
1139:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
995:
992:
991:
988:
987:
983:
982:
979:
978:
974:
973:
970:
969:
965:
964:
961:
960:
956:
955:
952:
951:
947:
946:
943:
942:
938:Mertensophryne
933:
930:
929:
926:
925:
916:
911:
909:
906:
905:
902:
901:
896:
891:
889:
886:
885:
882:
881:
877:
876:
873:
872:
863:
860:
859:
856:
855:
846:
841:
839:
834:
832:
829:
828:
825:
824:
815:
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804:
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800:
796:
795:
792:
791:
782:
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758:
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751:
746:
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741:
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736:
732:
731:
728:
727:
723:
722:
719:
718:
709:
706:
705:
702:
701:
692:
687:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
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661:
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651:
650:
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646:
637:
632:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
613:
608:
606:
603:
602:
599:
598:
589:
584:
582:
579:
578:
575:
574:
565:
560:
558:
555:
554:
551:
550:
546:Amazophrynella
541:
536:
534:
531:
530:
527:
526:
522:
521:
518:
517:
513:
512:
509:
508:
499:
496:
495:
492:
491:
482:
477:
475:
472:
471:
468:
467:
463:
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459:
458:
449:
446:
445:
442:
441:
432:
427:
425:
420:
418:
413:
411:
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407:
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403:
394:
389:
372:
369:
333:
330:
268:
267:
263:
262:
254:
253:
247:
244:
243:
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238:
226:
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221:
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212:
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206:
202:
201:
196:
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191:
186:
182:
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176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
148:
147:
136:
135:
124:
123:
115:
114:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4519:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4470:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4439:
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4431:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4156:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4127:Rhacophoridae
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4062:Dendrobatidae
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4052:Centrolenidae
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3971:Mesobatrachia
3968:
3963:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
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3856:
3855:
3852:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3819:Bufonidae.com
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3778:on 2012-07-15
3777:
3773:
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3723:
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3612:
3603:
3589:
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3405:
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3378:
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3358:
3354:
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3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3272:
3267:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3204:Mertens, 1939
3202:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3086:Tschudi, 1838
3084:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2967:Tschudi, 1838
2965:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2887:Barbour, 1938
2885:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2867:GĂĽnther, 1876
2865:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2804:Oreophrynella
2801:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2729:GĂĽnther, 1870
2727:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2696:
2694:Snouted frogs
2693:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2594:Hainan toads
2593:
2588:
2587:
2586:Ingerophrynus
2583:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2535:Frost's toads
2534:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2477:
2475:Dutta's toads
2474:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2288:Barbarophryne
2285:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2233:Tschudi, 1845
2231:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1935:In addition,
1934:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1869:Ingerophrynus
1860:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1659:Ingerophrynus
1653:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1097:Barbarophryne
1091:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1001:
1000:
994:
993:
990:
989:
981:
980:
972:
971:
963:
962:
954:
953:
945:
944:
941:
940:
939:
932:
931:
928:
927:
924:
923:
922:
915:
914:
908:
907:
904:
903:
900:
895:
894:
888:
887:
884:
883:
875:
874:
871:
870:
869:
862:
861:
858:
857:
854:
853:
852:
845:
844:
838:
837:
831:
830:
827:
826:
823:
822:
821:
814:
813:
807:
806:
803:
802:
794:
793:
790:
789:
788:
781:
780:
777:
776:
773:
772:
771:
764:
763:
757:
756:
750:
749:
743:
742:
739:
738:
730:
729:
721:
720:
717:
716:
715:
708:
707:
704:
703:
700:
699:
698:
691:
690:
684:
683:
680:
679:
676:
675:
674:
667:
666:
660:
659:
653:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
643:
636:
635:
629:
628:
625:
624:
621:
620:
619:
612:
611:
605:
604:
601:
600:
597:
596:
595:
588:
587:
581:
580:
577:
576:
573:
572:
571:
564:
563:
557:
556:
553:
552:
549:
548:
547:
540:
539:
533:
532:
529:
528:
520:
519:
511:
510:
507:
506:
505:
498:
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
488:
481:
480:
474:
473:
470:
469:
461:
460:
457:
456:
455:
454:Oreophrynella
448:
447:
444:
443:
440:
439:
438:
431:
430:
424:
423:
417:
416:
410:
409:
406:
405:
402:
401:
400:
393:
392:
388:
386:
382:
378:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:South America
346:
342:
341:American toad
338:
329:
327:
326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
306:
302:
294:
290:
287:Common toad,
285:
264:
260:
255:
251:
245:
240:
235:
230:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
215:Superfamily:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
158:
153:
149:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
48:
41:
33:
30:
19:
4451:Tree of Life
4177:
4137:Sooglossidae
4102:Microhylidae
4087:Hyperoliidae
4046:
4027:Aromobatidae
4014:Neobatrachia
3979:Megophryidae
3800:
3793:
3780:. Retrieved
3776:the original
3754:
3709:
3705:
3695:
3686:
3668:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3602:
3591:. Retrieved
3587:
3578:
3525:
3515:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3359:(1): 26–36.
3356:
3352:
3315:(1): 72–83.
3312:
3308:
3298:
3279:
3251:
3247:
3239:
3237:
3220:Xanthophryne
3218:
3198:
3178:
3158:
3139:
3119:
3109:Puppet toads
3099:
3080:
3062:Schismaderma
3060:
3042:Sabahphrynus
3040:
3030:Beaked toads
3020:
3000:
2981:
2961:
2941:
2921:
2901:
2881:
2861:
2842:
2824:Osornophryne
2822:
2802:
2788:Dubois, 1987
2782:
2762:
2742:
2723:
2704:
2684:
2664:
2644:
2624:
2604:
2584:
2564:
2545:
2525:
2505:
2485:
2467:Duttaphrynus
2465:
2445:
2425:
2406:
2386:
2366:
2346:
2326:
2308:Blythophryne
2306:
2286:
2266:
2256:Stream toads
2246:
2227:
2208:
2194:Dubois, 1987
2188:
2168:
2150:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2099:
2091:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2058:Reproduction
2052:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2028:
2017:
2000:
1993:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1938:Sabahphrynus
1936:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1698:
1697:
1681:
1680:
1657:
1656:
1606:
1605:
1589:
1588:
1567:Sabahphrynus
1565:
1564:
1541:
1540:
1510:
1509:
1468:
1467:
1451:
1450:
1427:
1426:
1396:
1395:
1338:paraphyletic
1333:Duttaphrynus
1331:
1330:
1305:
1304:
1290:Xanthophryne
1288:
1287:
1259:Blythophryne
1257:
1256:
1240:
1239:
1216:
1215:
1174:
1173:
1157:
1156:
1135:Schismaderma
1133:
1132:
1095:
1094:
1062:
1061:
1036:
1035:
1019:
1018:
936:
935:
919:
918:
898:
866:
865:
849:
848:
818:
817:
785:
784:
768:
767:
712:
711:
695:
694:
671:
670:
640:
639:
616:
615:
592:
591:
568:
567:
544:
543:
502:
501:
487:Osornophryne
485:
484:
452:
451:
435:
434:
397:
396:
384:
380:
376:
374:
350:
344:
323:
307:
300:
298:
295:on her back.
249:
228:
131:
29:
4347:iNaturalist
4202:Wikispecies
4097:Mantellidae
4077:Hemisotidae
3989:Pelodytidae
3984:Pelobatidae
3911:Superclass
3184:Poche, 1903
3121:Strauchbufo
3082:Sclerophrys
3066:Smith, 1849
2951:Pygmy toads
2931:Rough toads
2903:Peltophryne
2832:Plump toads
2792:Nimba toads
2744:Nectophryne
2725:Nannophryne
2690:Tihen, 1960
2646:Leptophryne
2630:Tihen, 1960
2547:Ghatophryne
2447:Didynamipus
2388:Capensibufo
2178:Dwarf toads
2160:Common name
1963:Ghatophryne
1944:Strauchbufo
1909:Ghatophryne
1889:Ghatophryne
1875:Leptophryne
1543:Ghatophryne
1512:Leptophryne
1453:Strauchbufo
1064:Nectophryne
921:Capensibufo
820:Sclerophrys
770:Didynamipus
618:Peltophryne
594:Nannophryne
4486:Categories
3937:Ascaphidae
3905:Subphylum
3782:2008-04-10
3593:2019-01-19
3406:(1): 152.
3262:References
3252:scorteccii
3010:Cope toads
3006:Cope, 1862
2971:False toad
2963:Pseudobufo
2923:Phrynoidis
2883:Pelophryne
2863:Pedostibes
2812:Bush toads
2570:Cope, 1863
2491:Cope, 1864
2435:Tree toads
2396:Cape toads
2174:Cope, 1861
2134:E. jasperi
1982:Antarctica
1955:Pelophryne
1922:Pelophryne
1913:Phrynoidis
1895:Phrynoidis
1872:alongside
1683:Phrynoidis
1608:Pelophryne
1218:Pedostibes
45:57–0
35:True toads
18:True toads
4492:Bufonidae
4248:Bufonidae
4235:Bufonidae
4222:Bufonidae
4208:Bufonidae
4178:Bufonidae
4047:Bufonidae
3913:Tetrapoda
3843:from the
3644:1440-169X
3552:1313-2970
3489:1932-6203
3422:1471-2148
3373:1365-2699
3329:1466-8238
3244:species,
3141:Truebella
2408:Churamiti
2048:Truebella
2015:cane toad
2011:Bufotoxin
1978:Australia
1159:Churamiti
308:Bufonidae
301:true toad
229:Bufonidae
175:Kingdom:
169:Eukaryota
132:R. marina
128:Cane toad
42:– Recent
40:Paleocene
4187:Wikidata
3919:Amphibia
3907:Craniata
3901:Chordata
3895:Animalia
3893:Kingdom
3822:Archived
3746:25551466
3706:PLOS ONE
3660:44753338
3652:12492511
3570:26877687
3507:26788854
3459:PLOS ONE
3440:26245197
3381:90886846
3180:Werneria
3022:Rhinella
2983:Rentapia
2566:Incilius
2527:Frostius
2487:Epidalea
2348:Bufoides
2268:Atelopus
2229:Anaxyrus
2170:Adenomus
2163:Species
2128:E. coqui
2116:Ascaphus
2007:alkaloid
1990:tadpoles
1965:by Chan
1931:by Chan
1917:Rentapia
1904:by Chan
1901:Rentapia
1700:Rentapia
1429:Epidalea
1307:Bufoides
1242:Adenomus
1038:Werneria
714:Incilius
697:Anaxyrus
673:Rhinella
504:Frostius
437:Atelopus
371:Taxonomy
357:Gondwana
250:see text
248:Over 35
225:Family:
219:Hyloidea
199:Amphibia
189:Chordata
185:Phylum:
179:Animalia
165:Domain:
4469:1350160
4122:Ranidae
4082:Hylidae
3994:Pipidae
3899:Phylum
3880:Extant
3759:57-90,
3737:4281041
3714:Bibcode
3561:4740822
3530:Bibcode
3526:ZooKeys
3498:4720419
3467:Bibcode
3431:4527211
2368:Bufotes
2248:Ansonia
1959:Ansonia
1928:Ansonia
1591:Ansonia
1398:Bufotes
387:, 2017
332:History
242:Genera
205:Order:
195:Class:
4417:889358
4378:173471
4365:104692
4300:1BUFOF
4193:Q55372
3917:Class
3882:anuran
3836:FED.us
3744:
3734:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3568:
3558:
3550:
3505:
3495:
3487:
3438:
3428:
3420:
3379:
3371:
3327:
3286:
3002:Rhaebo
1967:et al.
1961:, and
1933:et al.
1906:et al.
642:Rhaebo
385:et al.
381:et al.
377:et al.
365:Eocene
305:family
289:female
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