508:
484:
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249:
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276:) that would be obstructive or easily damaged if placed above ground. Trenches are needed later for access to these installations for service. They may be created to search for pipes and other infrastructure whose exact location is no longer known ("search trench" or "search slit"). Finally, trenches may be created as the first step of creating a
388:, until systems of extensive main trenches, backup trenches (in case the first lines were overrun) and communication trenches often stretched dozens of kilometres along a front without interruption, and some kilometres further back from the front line. The area of land between trenches in trench warfare is known as "
527:
of sedimented material to get a sideways (layered) view of the deposits – with a hope of being able to place found objects or materials in a chronological order. The advantage of this method is that it destroys only a small part of the site (those areas where the trenches, often arranged in a grid
299:
construction. The advantages of utility tunnels are the reduction of maintenance manholes, one-time relocation, and less excavation and repair, compared with separate cable ducts for each service. When they are well mapped, they also allow rapid access to all utilities without having to dig access
303:
An important advantage to placing utilities underground is public safety. Underground power lines, whether in common or separate channels, prevent downed utility cables from blocking roads, thus speeding emergency access after natural disasters such as
443:
611:
from gasses that are denser than air that have settled in a trench. These may come from nearby industrial processing of these gasses, intentional use within the trench, or leakage from nearby plumbing. These present an
483:
628:
have densities similar to pure air but are denser when cold, for example when they have evaporated from liquid form, and may creep along the ground and fill the trench. Ventilation fans and
544:
present safety risks arising from their steep walls and confined space. These risks are similar those from pits or any steep-walled excavations. The risks include falling, injury from
260:
fields of construction and maintenance of infrastructure, trenches play a major role. They are used for installation of underground infrastructure or utilities (such as
528:
pattern, are located). However, this method also has the disadvantage of only revealing small slices of the whole volume, and modern archeological digs usually employ
1102:
1213:
1189:
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467:
311:
In some cases, a large trench is dug and deliberately preserved (not filled in), often for transport purposes. This is typically done to install depressed
869:
1237:
1023:
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present a fire and explosion risk. Oxidizers such as pure oxygen increase the risk of fire from other fuels present in the trench. Gasses such as pure
578:
1290:
427:
1177:
1988:
758:
995:
981:
2033:
507:
1016:
376:
With the advent of accurate firearms, trenches were used to shelter troops. Trench warfare and tactics evolved further in the
809:
230:. The former geoform is relatively deep (approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi)), linear and narrow, and is formed by
595:
the trench because of steep and unstable walls, which may be difficult to climb. Ladders, stairs, or ramps allow exit.
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1041:
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411:
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323:. However, these large, permanent trenches are significant barriers to other forms of travel, and often become
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For deep trenches, the instability of steep earthen walls requires engineering and safety techniques such as
845:
2154:
2004:
170:
after construction, or abandoned after use. Some trenches are stabilized using durable materials such as
1604:
1049:
589:(soil excavated from the trench) or heavy equipment. These add extra stress to the walls of the trench.
296:
109:
2159:
1907:
1302:
277:
93:
1983:
1973:
1845:
1835:
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1403:
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129:
117:
17:
1823:
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sensors and other gas sensors detect the danger; alarms from the sensors can warn the occupants.
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in water or mud that has accumulated in the trench from rain, seepage, or leaking water pipes.
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era, they were mainly a type of hindrance to an attacker of a fortified location, such as the
1773:
1582:
1090:
354:
57:
or depression in the ground that is generally deeper than it is wide (as opposed to a wider
2126:
1978:
1935:
1828:
1753:
1136:
358:
457:
contributed to the surprise defeat of the
Highland Brigade on 11 December 1899 during the
8:
1902:
1892:
1448:
1433:
1393:
1366:
1141:
1131:
292:
418:
1853:
1562:
1345:
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585:, which is any weight placed outside the trench near its edge. These loads include the
434:
381:
273:
195:
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89:
565:, meaning collapse of a steep wall. Mitigation includes construction of sloped walls (
1950:
1696:
1587:
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1408:
942:
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805:
652:
257:
81:
799:
2000:
1887:
1778:
1743:
1718:
1577:
1398:
720:
389:
108:, trenches are dug for foundations of buildings, retaining walls and dams, and for
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provides a barrier against collapsed material. The risk of cave-in increases from
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1940:
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into the trench. Mitigation methods include barriers such as railings or fencing.
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248:
227:
77:
136:, soldiers occupy trenches to protect them against weapons fire and artillery.
132:, trenches serve for locating faults and investigating deep soil properties. In
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is often used in trenchworks to protect workers and stabilise the steep walls.
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65:), and narrow compared with its length (as opposed to a simple hole or pit).
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166:. Trenches are usually considered temporary structures to be backfilled with
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919:"Evaluation Trial Trenching | Archaeological Services | Wessex Archaeology"
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105:
1163:
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1967:
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85:
959:. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
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2018:
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trenches or resort to confused and often inaccurate utility maps.
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392:" because it often offers no protection from enemy fire. After
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Trenches have often been dug for military purposes. In the pre-
140:
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548:(wall collapse), inability to escape the trench, drowning and
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899:. Vol. 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 82–84.
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751:
Code of
Federal Regulations, Title 29, Volume 8, Page 374
210:(which may have long since disappeared). Others, such as
945:. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
616:
hazard and may also be toxic. Burnable gasses such as
84:, trenches are often created to install underground
327:boundaries between neighborhoods or other spaces.
287:An alternative to digging trenches is to create a
2146:
139:Trenches are dug by use of manual tools such as
116:, the "trench method" is used for searching and
797:
357:). An early example of this can be seen in the
1017:
949:
511:Archaeological trench on an English farm site
473:Soldiers in a trench on the Western Front in
396:had concluded, the trench became a symbol of
1031:
935:
252:Automated trench digging on a street in Baku
609:Asphyxiation, poisoning, fire and explosion
1024:
1010:
996:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
982:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
202:Some trenches are created as a result of
892:
540:Trenches that are deeper than about 1.5
506:
247:
218:, are created by geological movement of
198:, the deepest part of the Atlantic Ocean
185:
36:
330:
76:by rivers or by geological movement of
14:
2147:
753:(Code revised as of July 1, 2003, via
489:A Ukrainian soldier, equipped with an
1005:
804:. Internet Archive. Merriam-Webster.
801:Webster's new geographical dictionary
515:Trenches are used for searching and
237:
222:. Some oceanic trenches include the
24:
25:
2171:
1042:Offshore geotechnical engineering
967:
943:"eTools:Trenching and Excavation"
886:
1333:
1321:
1309:
1297:
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1220:
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1172:
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1073:
495:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
482:
466:
442:
433:Soldiers in a trench during the
426:
417:Allied troops entrenched in the
410:
174:to create open passages such as
147:, or by heavy equipment such as
30:For other uses of the word, see
911:
862:
838:
791:
767:
744:
502:
353:(this is technically called a
291:. Such a tunnel may be dug by
13:
1:
1692:Mechanically stabilized earth
798:Merriam-Webster, Inc (1984).
737:
1444:Hydraulic conductivity tests
874:www.hydraulicspneumatics.com
308:, hurricanes, and tsunamis.
112:construction of tunnels. In
7:
2005:Stress distribution in soil
640:
128:of sedimented material. In
27:Excavated channel in ground
10:
2176:
1155:Pore pressure measurement
957:"Trenching and Excavation"
846:"Geologylink - Glossary O"
577:stabilizes the walls, and
403:
334:
241:
181:
29:
2062:
2017:
1916:
1908:Preconsolidation pressure
1880:
1871:
1844:
1664:
1613:
1600:
1515:
1469:
1460:
1383:
1303:Standard penetration test
1061:
1048:
1039:
980:Safety and Health Topic,
896:Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir
535:
493:, in a trench during the
295:or by using a trench for
1404:California bearing ratio
1202:Rotary-pressure sounding
1033:Geotechnical engineering
974:Trenching and Excavation
130:geotechnical engineering
1824:Geosynthetic clay liner
1799:Expanded clay aggregate
1419:Proctor compaction test
1360:Crosshole sonic logging
1346:Nuclear densometer test
1103:Geo-electrical sounding
988:Trench Safety Awareness
573:). For vertical walls,
455:Battle of Magersfontein
206:by running water or by
72:, trenches result from
32:Trench (disambiguation)
2087:Earthquake engineering
1898:Lateral earth pressure
1523:Hydraulic conductivity
1374:Wave equation analysis
1353:Exploration geophysics
1245:Deformation monitoring
1214:Rotary weight sounding
512:
253:
234:when plates converge.
199:
46:
45:being laid in a trench
1265:Settlement recordings
1190:Rock control drilling
1091:Cone penetration test
761:June 2, 2007, at the
755:Compliance Magazine's
510:
251:
189:
178:and sunken roadways.
40:
2127:Agricultural science
1829:Cellular confinement
923:www.wessexarch.co.uk
569:) or stepped walls (
359:Battle of the Trench
331:Military engineering
2019:Numerical analysis
1903:Overburden pressure
1893:Pore water pressure
1673:Shoring structures
1548:Reynolds' dilatancy
1449:Water content tests
1434:Triaxial shear test
1394:Soil classification
1367:Pile integrity test
850:college.cengage.com
673:Sunken lane#Erosion
593:Inability to escape
563:Injury from cave-in
530:combination methods
365:, one of the early
2155:Cuts (earthmoving)
1994:Slab stabilisation
1974:Stability analysis
893:Sa'd, Ibn (1967).
830:has generic name (
726:Underground living
599:may assist rescue.
513:
435:Gallipoli Campaign
382:American Civil War
254:
200:
196:Puerto Rico Trench
47:
2142:
2141:
2013:
2012:
1989:Sliding criterion
1951:Response spectrum
1867:
1866:
1697:Pressure grouting
1596:
1595:
1456:
1455:
1409:Direct shear test
1115:Permeability test
811:978-0-87779-446-2
775:"Geonames search"
653:Cut (earthmoving)
632:reduce the risk.
400:and its horrors.
258:civil engineering
238:Civil engineering
190:Depiction of the
82:civil engineering
16:(Redirected from
2167:
2160:Earth structures
2001:Bearing capacity
1888:Effective stress
1878:
1877:
1779:Land reclamation
1719:Land development
1614:Natural features
1611:
1610:
1578:Specific storage
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1399:Atterberg limits
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1238:Screw plate test
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779:geonames.nga.mil
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721:Underground city
579:trench shielding
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419:Battle of Tuyutí
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317:railway cuttings
232:plate subduction
216:oceanic trenches
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1794:Earth structure
1789:Erosion control
1687:Ground freezing
1677:Retaining walls
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1602:
1592:
1553:Angle of repose
1511:
1452:
1386:
1379:
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1339:Visible bedrock
1291:Simple sounding
1279:Shear vane test
1055:instrumentation
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459:Second Boer War
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437:of World War I.
431:
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278:foundation wall
246:
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228:Aleutian Trench
220:tectonic plates
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124:or to dig into
78:tectonic plates
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335:Main article:
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282:Trench shoring
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1809:Geosynthetics
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53:is a type of
52:
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19:
2112:Biogeography
2107:Hydrogeology
2097:Soil science
2077:Geochemistry
1836:Infiltration
1764:Cut and fill
1733:
1707:Soil nailing
1573:Permeability
1538:Bulk density
1255:Inclinometer
1178:Ram sounding
1063:
951:
937:
926:. Retrieved
922:
913:
895:
888:
877:. Retrieved
873:
864:
853:. Retrieved
849:
840:
828:|first=
800:
793:
782:. Retrieved
778:
769:
754:
746:
701:Trench mouth
691:Trench fever
678:
658:Cut and fill
614:asphyxiation
608:
602:
592:
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550:asphyxiation
539:
514:
375:
340:
310:
302:
286:
255:
212:rift valleys
201:
161:
138:
106:construction
67:
50:
48:
2122:Archaeology
1846:Foundations
1819:Geomembrane
1702:Slurry wall
1641:Water table
1605:Interaction
1601:Structures
1588:Sensitivity
1385:Laboratory
870:"StackPath"
696:Trench foot
686:Trench coat
626:natural gas
618:natural gas
503:Archaeology
475:World War I
386:World War I
378:Crimean War
306:earthquakes
266:water mains
114:archaeology
2149:Categories
1979:Mitigation
1961:Shear wave
1946:Earthquake
1941:Compaction
1926:Permafrost
1917:Phenomena/
1814:Geotextile
1739:Embankment
1729:Excavation
1666:Earthworks
1626:Vegetation
1621:Topography
1543:Thixotropy
1533:Void ratio
1516:Properties
1414:Hydrometer
1159:Piezometer
1079:Core drill
928:2021-06-05
905:B0007JAWMK
879:2021-06-06
855:2021-06-06
784:2021-06-06
738:References
587:spoil pile
517:excavating
477:in winter.
369:fought by
272:lines and
242:See also:
192:topography
157:excavators
118:excavating
104:lines. In
55:excavation
2102:Hydrology
2082:Petrology
1970:analysis
1968:Landslide
1873:Mechanics
1784:Track bed
1769:Fill dirt
1754:Terracing
1327:Trial pit
1142:Statnamic
1127:Load test
820:cite book
757:website)
349:around a
313:motorways
274:pipelines
262:gas mains
153:trenchers
86:utilities
2132:Agrology
2021:software
1919:problems
1749:Causeway
1724:Landfill
1651:Subgrade
1568:Porosity
1563:Cohesion
759:Archived
641:See also
622:nitrogen
603:Drowning
519:ancient
371:Muhammad
325:de facto
226:and the
208:glaciers
172:concrete
149:backhoes
145:pickaxes
120:ancient
88:such as
43:gas main
18:Trenches
2072:Geology
2044:SVSlope
1854:Shallow
1774:Grading
1712:Tieback
1656:Subsoil
1646:Bedrock
1636:Topsoil
1631:Terrain
1424:R-value
1387:testing
1137:Dynamic
1064:in situ
1062:Field (
681:(album)
557:Falling
546:cave-in
404:Gallery
367:battles
343:firearm
315:, open
256:In the
204:erosion
194:of the
182:Geology
164:shoring
141:shovels
74:erosion
70:geology
2054:Plaxis
2049:UTEXAS
2039:SVFlux
2029:SEEP2D
1881:Forces
1734:Trench
1682:Gabion
1492:Gravel
1132:Static
903:
808:
711:Tunnel
679:Trench
634:Oxygen
597:Cranes
536:Safety
525:strata
380:, the
351:castle
321:canals
293:boring
176:canals
126:strata
51:trench
2034:STABL
1507:Loess
1470:Types
992:NIOSH
978:NIOSH
668:Gully
663:Ditch
630:ducts
521:ruins
355:ditch
319:, or
122:ruins
98:power
94:water
80:. In
63:ditch
61:, or
59:gully
1859:Deep
1502:Loam
1497:Peat
1487:Sand
1482:Silt
1477:Clay
1462:Soil
1164:Well
901:ASIN
832:help
806:ISBN
624:and
451:Boer
449:The
384:and
361:, a
347:moat
168:soil
155:and
143:and
100:and
1744:Cut
1053:and
990:(a
976:(a
398:WW1
394:WW1
214:or
90:gas
68:In
2151::
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921:.
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818:{{
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
