20:
75:
In May 1866, the then–Toronto
Typographical Society joined the National Typographical Union to become, officially, Toronto Typographical Union No. 91. The National Typographical Union, organized beginning in December 1850, was based in the United States. Zerker argues that, as a consequence, TTU came
67:
The association that would become the
Toronto Typographical Union was first organized in 1832 as the York Typographical Union. This association, which was renamed the Toronto Typographical Society in 1835, survived only to 1837. It was reorganized in 1844 to counter newspaper publisher
180:
in the 1960s and 1970s largely rendered manual typesetting obsolete. Accordingly, TTU membership declined precipitously during this period, beginning with a lengthy newspaper strike that began in 1964. As of
January 1978, TTU had just over 1,300 members. The union was still active in
144:
rules governing the crime of conspiracy: a union committee's "conspiracy" to disrupt a commercial enterprise with a strike was no different in law from any other agreement to disturb the peace. The organizers were accordingly convicted.
629:
Burr, Christina (September 1993). "'That Coming Curse – The
Incompetent Compositress': Class and Gender Relations in the Toronto Typographical Union during the Late Nineteenth Century".
76:
under "foreign domination". Burr suggests that this overstates the point, as TTU's members in
Toronto supported its move to become a local of the American organization.
99:
TTU and the print workers it represented announced their demand for a nine-hour day, with no accompanying pay cut, on March 13, 1872. Their bosses—then still known as
559:
194:
56:
437:
84:
Among other activities, TTU is known for its role in organizing a strike on March 25, 1872, known as the
Toronto printers' strike. Historian
871:
108:
896:
881:
817:
756:
715:
117:, accepted TTU's demands and even wrote in favour of their cause. The strike began on March 25. George Brown, publisher of
55:. Membership declined in the mid- to late-20th century as printing turned digital. By 1994, TTU had been absorbed by the
88:
describes it as "one of the most important events in
Canadian labour history". TTU organized the strike as part of the
69:
786:
688:
567:
427:
891:
886:
140:
on April 16, and a trial began on April 18. At the time, Canadian law made no exception for unions to the general
165:
19:
399:
723:
190:
92:
for a workday of nine hours, a demand that unions in
Britain and the United States (in the latter case, for an
118:
809:
778:
552:
631:
850:
432:
133:
806:
The Rise and Fall of the
Toronto Typographical Union, 1832–1972: A Case Study of Foreign Domination
748:
229:. It would become Toronto in 1834, just two years after the York Typographical Union was founded.
854:
532:
185:
as of 1987, when it won a settlement on behalf of 30 workers at
Burlington Air Express (now
680:
161:
8:
177:
823:
673:
656:
617:
522:
226:
206:
125:
89:
876:
831:
813:
792:
782:
752:
729:
719:
708:
694:
684:
660:
648:
600:
595:
573:
563:
149:
85:
827:
668:
640:
609:
527:
100:
47:
industry. Founded in 1832, it came to prominence in 1872 when it organized a major
742:
104:
536:
766:
156:
in the House of Commons, which made certain forms of union activity legal. The
113:
93:
771:
733:
129:), vehemently opposed the strike, and arranged for the arrest of its leaders.
865:
835:
652:
48:
577:
796:
698:
644:
182:
160:
was based on two statutes that had recently been adopted in Britain: the
40:
621:
186:
141:
137:
613:
710:
Technology and Canadian Printing: A History from Lead Type to Lasers
404:
44:
136:
on April 15, 1872. Twenty-three TTU organizers were arrested for
52:
744:
Movable Types: Roving Creative Printers of the Victorian World
479:
376:
103:
printers—refused the offer on March 19, with one exception.
773:
Toronto Workers Respond to Industrial Capitalism, 1867–1892
469:
467:
366:
364:
362:
263:
253:
251:
554:
Walking the Union Walk: Stories from CEP's First Ten Years
491:
598:(1981). "A Note on the Toronto Printers' Strike, 1872".
464:
452:
359:
248:
560:
Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada
225:
At that time, the city now known as Toronto was called
195:
Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada
57:
Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada
27:, a newspaper of the Toronto Typographical Union, 1898.
503:
335:
148:
Shortly after the Queen's Park rally, Prime Minister
525:(November 11, 1987). "Tactic Costs Firm $ 400,000".
347:
132:
Strike supporters rallied again in large numbers at
287:
275:
770:
707:
672:
551:
521:
323:
311:
299:
863:
675:Towards the Discovery of Canada: Selected Essays
72:'s efforts to lower printing workers' wages.
740:
269:
257:
667:
485:
473:
458:
382:
370:
425:
397:
79:
18:
594:
400:"Highlights in Canadian labour history"
341:
864:
803:
765:
705:
509:
497:
398:Phillips, Pattie (September 4, 2009).
353:
305:
293:
281:
549:
393:
391:
96:), were making around the same time.
716:Canada Science and Technology Museum
628:
329:
317:
872:1832 establishments in Upper Canada
428:"Toronto Feature: Printers' Strike"
13:
388:
14:
908:
843:
440:from the original on May 11, 2020
897:Trade unions established in 1832
804:Zerker, Sally Friedberg (1982).
426:Bradburn, Jamie (July 2, 2015).
882:Defunct trade unions in Ontario
588:
543:
515:
419:
193:. It had become a local of the
166:Criminal Law Amendment Act 1871
851:"The Printers' Strike of 1872"
219:
191:Ontario Labour Relations Board
168:. It passed on June 14, 1872.
1:
236:
111:politician and editor of the
241:
7:
810:University of Toronto Press
779:University of Toronto Press
741:Finkelstein, David (2018).
200:
33:Toronto Typographical Union
10:
913:
632:Canadian Historical Review
171:
62:
433:The Canadian Encyclopedia
212:
39:) was an early Canadian
892:20th century in Ontario
887:19th century in Ontario
749:Oxford University Press
669:Creighton, Donald Grant
178:computer-based printing
855:Ontario Heritage Trust
706:Dewalt, Bryan (1995).
154:Trade Unions Act, 1872
28:
645:10.3138/CHR-074-03-02
550:Swift, Jamie (2003).
80:1872 printers' strike
22:
16:Former Canadian union
828:10.3138/j.ctt15jvw33
681:Macmillan Publishers
500:, pp. 127, 139.
162:Trade Union Act 1871
857:. December 8, 2016.
488:, pp. 189–190.
385:, pp. 181–182.
767:Kealey, Gregory S.
596:Babcock, Robert H.
523:The Canadian Press
207:History of Toronto
126:The Globe and Mail
94:eight-hour workday
90:Nine-Hour Movement
29:
819:978-1-4426-3292-9
758:978-0-19-882602-6
601:Labour/Le Travail
272:, pp. 87–88.
150:John A. MacDonald
86:Robert H. Babcock
904:
858:
839:
800:
776:
762:
737:
713:
702:
678:
664:
625:
614:10.2307/25140025
582:
581:
557:
547:
541:
540:
528:The Windsor Star
519:
513:
507:
501:
495:
489:
483:
477:
471:
462:
456:
450:
449:
447:
445:
423:
417:
416:
414:
412:
395:
386:
380:
374:
368:
357:
351:
345:
339:
333:
327:
321:
315:
309:
303:
297:
291:
285:
279:
273:
270:Finkelstein 2018
267:
261:
258:Finkelstein 2018
255:
230:
223:
912:
911:
907:
906:
905:
903:
902:
901:
862:
861:
849:
846:
820:
789:
759:
726:
691:
591:
586:
585:
570:
562:. p. 111.
548:
544:
520:
516:
508:
504:
496:
492:
484:
480:
472:
465:
457:
453:
443:
441:
424:
420:
410:
408:
396:
389:
381:
377:
369:
360:
352:
348:
340:
336:
328:
324:
316:
312:
304:
300:
292:
288:
280:
276:
268:
264:
256:
249:
244:
239:
234:
233:
224:
220:
215:
203:
174:
152:introduced the
82:
65:
23:First issue of
17:
12:
11:
5:
910:
900:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
860:
859:
845:
844:External links
842:
841:
840:
818:
801:
787:
763:
757:
738:
724:
703:
689:
665:
639:(3): 344–366.
626:
590:
587:
584:
583:
568:
542:
531:. p. A7.
514:
512:, p. 316.
502:
490:
486:Creighton 1972
478:
476:, p. 187.
474:Creighton 1972
463:
461:, p. 184.
459:Creighton 1972
451:
418:
387:
383:Creighton 1972
375:
373:, p. 180.
371:Creighton 1972
358:
346:
344:, p. 127.
334:
332:, p. 344.
322:
320:, p. 345.
310:
298:
286:
274:
262:
246:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
232:
231:
217:
216:
214:
211:
210:
209:
202:
199:
173:
170:
114:Toronto Leader
81:
78:
64:
61:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
909:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
867:
856:
852:
848:
847:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
815:
811:
807:
802:
798:
794:
790:
788:0-8020-5488-9
784:
780:
775:
774:
768:
764:
760:
754:
750:
746:
745:
739:
735:
731:
727:
721:
717:
712:
711:
704:
700:
696:
692:
690:0-7705-0788-3
686:
682:
677:
676:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:
597:
593:
592:
579:
575:
571:
569:0-9731652-0-0
565:
561:
556:
555:
546:
538:
534:
530:
529:
524:
518:
511:
506:
499:
494:
487:
482:
475:
470:
468:
460:
455:
439:
435:
434:
429:
422:
407:
406:
401:
394:
392:
384:
379:
372:
367:
365:
363:
356:, p. 78.
355:
350:
343:
338:
331:
326:
319:
314:
307:
302:
296:, p. 65.
295:
290:
284:, p. 84.
283:
278:
271:
266:
260:, p. 87.
259:
254:
252:
247:
228:
222:
218:
208:
205:
204:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
127:
122:
121:
116:
115:
110:
106:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
77:
73:
71:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
26:
25:The Nonpareil
21:
805:
772:
743:
709:
674:
636:
630:
605:
599:
589:Bibliography
553:
545:
526:
517:
505:
493:
481:
454:
444:September 9,
442:. Retrieved
431:
421:
411:December 13,
409:. Retrieved
403:
378:
349:
342:Babcock 1981
337:
325:
313:
301:
289:
277:
265:
221:
176:The rise of
175:
157:
153:
147:
134:Queen's Park
131:
124:
119:
112:
109:Conservative
98:
83:
74:
70:George Brown
66:
36:
32:
30:
24:
808:. Toronto:
777:. Toronto:
679:. Toronto:
608:: 127–129.
510:Zerker 1982
498:Dewalt 1995
354:Zerker 1982
306:Zerker 1982
294:Zerker 1982
282:Kealey 1980
183:Mississauga
105:James Beaty
41:trade union
866:Categories
747:. Oxford:
734:1051179169
725:0660120216
714:. Ottawa:
558:. Ottawa:
237:References
187:BAX Global
142:common law
138:conspiracy
836:918589047
661:161537131
653:0008-3755
537:253669245
330:Burr 1993
318:Burr 1993
242:Footnotes
197:by 1994.
189:) at the
120:The Globe
877:Printing
769:(1980).
671:(1972).
622:25140025
578:50580865
533:ProQuest
438:Archived
405:CBC News
201:See also
45:printing
797:6457221
172:Decline
63:Origins
53:Toronto
43:in the
834:
826:
816:
795:
785:
755:
732:
722:
699:825443
697:
687:
659:
651:
620:
576:
566:
535:
101:master
49:strike
824:JSTOR
657:S2CID
618:JSTOR
213:Notes
123:(now
832:OCLC
814:ISBN
793:OCLC
783:ISBN
753:ISBN
730:OCLC
720:ISBN
695:OCLC
685:ISBN
649:ISSN
574:OCLC
564:ISBN
446:2020
413:2020
227:York
164:and
107:, a
31:The
641:doi
610:doi
158:Act
51:in
37:TTU
868::
853:.
830:.
822:.
812:.
791:.
781:.
751:.
728:.
718:.
693:.
683:.
655:.
647:.
637:74
635:.
616:.
604:.
572:.
466:^
436:.
430:.
402:.
390:^
361:^
250:^
59:.
838:.
799:.
761:.
736:.
701:.
663:.
643::
624:.
612::
606:7
580:.
539:.
448:.
415:.
308:.
35:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
