51:
69:
301:
254:
371:
on historical discrimination against the population was appointed in 2020, and made its final report on 15 May 2023. In both 2020 and 2023, STR-T, the
National Association of Swedish Tornedalians have demanded the Swedish government to investigate their status as an
1076:
351:
on
Tornedalians, with Lundborg performing the first measurements in 1913. Bodily measurements in the name of scientific racism were being carried out as late as the 1950s. The ban on speaking Meänkieli in school was revoked by the
483:
speakers was conducted in Sweden. The result was that 469,000 individuals in Sweden claimed to understand or speak
Finnish and/or Meänkieli. Those who can speak or understand Meänkieli are estimated to be 150,000–175,000.
467:, but the number of people who identify themselves as "Tornedalians" is usually estimated to be between 30,000 and 150,000. Estimates are complicated by the fact that the remote and sparsely-populated
293:-speaking communities on the western side were now officially separated from those on the eastern side of the border, which later also led to divergence of dialect and the language known as
246:
who the birkarls claimed were encroaching on their lands. The birkarls were through the 14th to the 17th century slowly incorporated into the
Swedish state, with the establishing of
628:"Fourth Report submitted by Sweden pursuant to Article 25, paragraph 2 of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (ACFC/SR/IV(2016)004)"
324:
455:) and also Kven (kvääni/kveeni) have been and are used natively to refer to Tornedalians as a whole, though there is no consensus on the use of any one term.
1360:
1337:
989:
946:
297:. Though the now split region continued to be culturally homogenous and the border had little impact on people's everyday life for some time after.
1369:
239:
570:
1144:
Meikäläiset : Vi tornedalingar : tidskrift för det tvåspråkiga tornedalsområdet
Svenska tornedalingars riksförbund (1983:1)
941:
911:
516:
became very popular both in Sweden and in
Finland. It is composed of colourful stories of everyday life in the Tornedalian town of
335:
where the children from the sparsely populated region could be provided with food, lodging and education, however they worked to
1050:
897:
Först och främst misshagade namnet : arbetsstugor för barn i
Tornedalen och Lappland 1930-1954 : tjugosex intervjuer
630:. Council of Europe: Secretariat of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. 1 June 2014. p. 3
821:
364:
1485:
344:
1530:
1101:
363:
In 2000, a new law went into effect recognising the
Tornedalians as an official national minority and Meänkieli as an
192:
in Sweden. Tornedalians generally divide themselves into three distinct groups: Tornedalians, Kvens, and
Lantalaiset.
658:
274:
388:
Tornedalians generally divide themselves into three different groups: Tornedalians, Lantalaiset and Kvens. The term
1525:
1204:
847:
968:
1480:
740:
1475:
1365:
508:
208:
who migrated to the region, as can be seen in local toponymy. This can be seen from some names such as
1495:
1490:
1395:
340:
1157:
228:
323:
policies. In 1888 Swedish was made the sole language to be used and taught in schools. After the
300:
1448:
286:
262:
808:
The Truth and
Reconciliation Commission for Tornedalians, Kvens and Lantalaiset's final report
701:
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission for Tornedalians, Kvens and Lantalaiset's final report
1535:
1520:
804:
Sannings och försoningskommissionen för tornedalingar, kväner och lantalaisets slutbetänkande
697:
Sannings och försoningskommissionen för tornedalingar, kväner och lantalaisets slutbetänkande
574:
480:
146:
39:
1427:
1342:
1182:
521:
495:
is a Tornedalian author who has written the first novel in Meänkieli, the language of the
8:
1443:
1197:
736:
405:
336:
764:
Den nya riksgränsen Byråkratiseringsprocessen och gränsdragningen i Tornedalen 1809-1825
499:. He has written dramas, screenplays, songs and opera. He is trilingual in his writing.
969:
Sannings- och försoningskommissionen för tornedalingar, kväner och lantalaiset (2023).
373:
224:
1381:
416:; lit. "fertiliser/settled people") typically live further inland in an area known as
356:
in 1957. No equivalent ban was ever instituted in Finland, however what is now called
282:
1314:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1252:
654:
316:
189:
1141:
1277:
1214:
368:
290:
162:
154:
97:
93:
250:
beginning in the 1400s though some pagan burials continued until the early 1600s.
1257:
1106:
Platform working for a Lannanmaa/Torne Valley Truth and Reconciliation Commission
400:) originally refers specifically to someone living along the lower course of the
332:
627:
408:, though the term has also come to be widely used to denote all 'Tornedalians'.
1404:
1390:
1262:
1227:
1190:
648:
533:
492:
278:
270:
173:
243:
50:
1514:
1376:
1267:
720:
The Evolution of Religion in the Torne Valley - from Paganism to Christianity
320:
113:
1018:
421:
1416:
1411:
1349:
1242:
777:
513:
476:
472:
308:
247:
357:
294:
89:
1353:
545:
433:
401:
109:
848:""I helvetet finns bara en eld, men i arbetsstugorna fanns två" – STR-T"
339:
Tornedalian children and abuse was rampant. In the early- to mid-1900s,
1247:
437:
348:
231:
in 890, though recountings of Tornedalian history often begin with the
201:
496:
217:
177:
601:
205:
170:
134:
935:
933:
1319:
1307:
731:
729:
716:
Religionens utveckling i Tornedalen - från hedendom till kristendom
520:. The novel has been adapted for several stage productions, and as
429:
304:
232:
235:
who are first mentioned in 1328 in a legal hearing by the Swedish
1385:
990:"Tornedalingar vill bli urfolk – begäran skickas till regeringen"
930:
377:
353:
185:
869:
726:
550:
517:
464:
360:
was heavily looked down upon and de facto forbidden in school.
266:
209:
181:
74:
380:
though both times the Swedish government has denied to do so.
1218:
912:"De upplevde skallmätning som skolbarn: "Det var nedlåtande""
651:
Monena suomi maailmalla – Suomalaisperäisiä kielivähemmistöjä
253:
236:
130:
126:
1212:
971:
Aivan ko meitä ei olis ollukhaan - Meän tottuus ja toelisuus
223:
Tornedalians are generally thought to be descended from the
216:
which follow Tavastian charecteristics, while names such as
213:
1142:
Svenska Tornedalingars Riksförbund - Tornionlaaksolaiset.
1077:"Resultat för "lanta" - MEÄN SANA Tornedalsfinska ordbok"
942:"Lång historia av statliga övergrepp mot tornedalingarna"
1102:"Background of the region of Lannanmaa and Torne Valley"
649:
Hannele Jönssön-Korhola ja Anna-Riitta Lindgren (2003).
420:, roughly corresponding to the area known in Swedish as
471:
area has been particularly struck by the 20th-century
315:
Tornedalians were the targets of extensive so-called "
1051:"Vilka är kvänerna, tornedalingarna och lantalaiset?"
1129:MEÄNKIELI – Grammatik, lärobok, historik, texter –
1512:
737:"Den tornedalska minoritetens historia tar form"
188:. Tornedalians are since year 2000 a recognized
463:Sweden does not distinguish minority groups in
31:
653:. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.
571:"Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity"
479:. In 2006, a large radio survey about Finnish/
331:) were established in Norrbotten as a sort of
1231:
1198:
977:] (in Tornedalen Finnish). p. 323.
975:As if we never were - our truth and reality
703:] (in Swedish). 2023. pp. 178–183.
1205:
1191:
987:
428:is also used and is connected to both the
49:
822:"Norrbottens läns arbetsstugor 1903-1954"
1126:
1048:
939:
894:
761:
299:
252:
909:
680:Birkarl clans in the Upper Torne Valley
273:in 1809, all Swedish lands east of the
1513:
810:] (in Swedish). 2023. p. 270.
673:
1186:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1013:
1011:
436:. The term is especially used in the
988:Wallbrandt, Anna (19 October 2023).
691:
689:
596:
594:
592:
61:Regions with significant populations
1158:"Meänkieli elämänsä kiikkulaudalla"
512:) (2000) by the Tornedalian author
383:
369:truth and reconciliation commission
285:rivers were ceded to Russia as the
13:
1037:
1008:
910:Nyheter, S. V. T. (7 March 2021).
642:
447:Terms such as meänmaalaiset (lit.
345:State Institute for Racial Biology
327:so called 'work cabins' (Swedish:
220:follows Karelian charecteristics.
14:
1547:
1049:Nieminen, Nilla (18 April 2024).
713:
686:
682:] (in Swedish). pp. 1–4.
676:BIRKARLSSLÄKTER I ÖVER TORNEDALEN
589:
16:National minority group of Sweden
200:Tornedalians are descended from
67:
1150:
1135:
1120:
1094:
1069:
981:
962:
903:
895:Lindskog, Gerda Helena (2014).
888:
862:
840:
814:
796:
770:
940:Langseth, Anna (21 May 2022).
755:
707:
667:
620:
563:
1:
556:
487:
458:
573:(in Russian). Archived from
176:native to the Torne Valley (
7:
539:
536:of yellow, white and blue.
307:trading as depicted on the
10:
1552:
509:Popular Music from Vittula
365:official minority language
195:
1486:People of Finnish descent
1468:
1461:
1436:
1330:
1285:
1276:
1226:Traditional subgroups or
1225:
850:(in Swedish). 8 June 2023
762:Lundgren, Edvard (2006).
741:Sámi Parliament of Sweden
532:The flag is a horizontal
504:Populärmusik från Vittula
125:
120:
108:
103:
88:
83:
65:
60:
48:
30:
29:
1127:Pohjanen, Bengt (2022).
828:(in Swedish). 1 May 2022
1526:Ethnic groups in Sweden
1081:meankielensanakirja.com
527:
404:, beginning roughly in
242:over disputes with the
159:tornionjokilaaksolaiset
150:
32:
1531:Ethnic groups in Sápmi
1232:
1019:"Tornedalsk identitet"
870:"Arbetstugornas dag 1"
325:1902 Norrbotten famine
312:
287:Grand Duchy of Finland
263:Treaty of Fredrikshamn
258:
166:
158:
778:"Tornedalsk historia"
674:Kuoksu, Erik (2010).
451:), meikäläiset (lit.
337:forcefully assimilate
303:
256:
229:Ohthere of Hålogaland
227:, first mentioned by
180:) region in northern
121:Related ethnic groups
79:30,000–150,000 (est.)
343:and others from the
55:Flag of Tornedalians
722:] (in Swedish).
465:population censuses
406:Pajala municipality
398:Tornionlaaksolaiset
394:Tornionlaaksolainen
376:in accordance with
289:. As a result, the
151:tornionlaaksolaiset
33:tornionlaaksolaiset
26:
826:Norrbottens museum
577:on 4 December 2013
449:people of our land
349:skull measurements
313:
259:
24:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1457:
1456:
743:. 31 January 2021
374:indigenous people
257:The Torneo valley
190:national minority
140:
139:
1543:
1466:
1465:
1373:
1346:
1283:
1282:
1235:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1184:
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1001:
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684:
683:
671:
665:
664:
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639:
637:
635:
624:
618:
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613:
598:
587:
586:
584:
582:
567:
384:Groups and Terms
73:
71:
70:
53:
43:
35:
27:
23:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
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1510:
1509:
1500:
1453:
1432:
1363:
1340:
1326:
1272:
1221:
1211:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1140:
1136:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1108:. 21 March 2009
1100:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1047:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1017:
1016:
1009:
999:
997:
986:
982:
967:
963:
953:
951:
938:
931:
921:
919:
908:
904:
893:
889:
879:
877:
868:
867:
863:
853:
851:
846:
845:
841:
831:
829:
820:
819:
815:
802:
801:
797:
787:
785:
776:
775:
771:
760:
756:
746:
744:
735:
734:
727:
712:
708:
695:
694:
687:
672:
668:
661:
647:
643:
633:
631:
626:
625:
621:
611:
609:
602:"Tornedalingar"
600:
599:
590:
580:
578:
569:
568:
564:
559:
551:Tornio, Finland
542:
530:
490:
461:
434:Norwegian Kvens
386:
341:Herman Lundborg
333:boarding school
198:
68:
66:
56:
44:
37:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1549:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1405:Murmansk Finns
1402:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1391:Siberian Finns
1388:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1263:Ostrobothnians
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1223:
1222:
1219:Finnish people
1213:Subgroups and
1210:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1176:
1175:
1149:
1134:
1119:
1093:
1068:
1036:
1007:
980:
961:
929:
902:
887:
861:
839:
813:
795:
769:
754:
739:(in Swedish).
725:
714:Antti, Peter.
706:
685:
666:
659:
641:
619:
588:
561:
560:
558:
555:
554:
553:
548:
541:
538:
529:
526:
493:Bengt Pohjanen
489:
486:
460:
457:
453:people like us
385:
382:
317:racial biology
261:Following the
197:
194:
138:
137:
123:
122:
118:
117:
106:
105:
101:
100:
86:
85:
81:
80:
77:
63:
62:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1548:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1497:
1496:United States
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
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1441:
1439:
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1429:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1394:
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1387:
1383:
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1375:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1315:United States
1313:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1268:Kainuu people
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1145:
1138:
1131:. p. 20.
1130:
1123:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1012:
995:
991:
984:
976:
972:
965:
949:
948:
943:
936:
934:
917:
913:
906:
899:(in Swedish).
898:
891:
875:
871:
865:
849:
843:
827:
823:
817:
809:
805:
799:
783:
779:
773:
766:(in Swedish).
765:
758:
742:
738:
732:
730:
721:
717:
710:
702:
698:
692:
690:
681:
677:
670:
662:
660:951-746-344-8
656:
652:
645:
629:
623:
607:
603:
597:
595:
593:
576:
572:
566:
562:
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537:
535:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:
505:
500:
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494:
485:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
456:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:ancient Kvens
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
381:
379:
375:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:swedification
318:
310:
306:
302:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
255:
251:
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230:
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225:ancient Kvens
221:
219:
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211:
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203:
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187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
168:
167:tornedalingar
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
115:
114:Laestadianism
111:
107:
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
78:
76:
64:
59:
52:
47:
41:
34:
28:
19:
1536:Baltic Finns
1521:Tornedalians
1421:Tornedalians
1420:
1417:Forest Finns
1350:Forest Finns
1243:Finns proper
1179:
1166:. Retrieved
1164:(in Finnish)
1161:
1152:
1143:
1137:
1128:
1122:
1110:. Retrieved
1105:
1096:
1084:. Retrieved
1080:
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1057:(in Swedish)
1054:
1027:. Retrieved
1025:(in Swedish)
1023:Minoritet.se
1022:
998:. Retrieved
996:(in Swedish)
993:
983:
974:
970:
964:
952:. Retrieved
950:(in Swedish)
945:
920:. Retrieved
918:(in Swedish)
915:
905:
896:
890:
878:. Retrieved
876:(in Swedish)
874:Minoritet.se
873:
864:
852:. Retrieved
842:
830:. Retrieved
825:
816:
807:
803:
798:
786:. Retrieved
784:(in Swedish)
782:Minoritet.se
781:
772:
763:
757:
745:. Retrieved
719:
715:
709:
700:
696:
679:
675:
669:
650:
644:
632:. Retrieved
622:
610:. Retrieved
608:(in Swedish)
606:Minoritet.se
605:
579:. Retrieved
575:the original
565:
531:
514:Mikael Niemi
507:
503:
501:
491:
477:unemployment
473:urbanisation
468:
462:
452:
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634:31 December
546:Kven people
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1248:Tavastians
581:2 December
557:References
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488:Literature
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1258:Savonians
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