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these worlds may have been able to utilize the tremendous amounts of power required to bridge the space between the stars ...". Tombaugh stated that he had observed celestial phenomena which he could not explain, but had seen none personally since 1951 or 1952. "These things, which do appear to be directed, are unlike any other phenomena I ever observed. Their apparent lack of obedience to the ordinary laws of celestial motion gives credence."
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I had never been much interested in Pluto—too few facts and too much speculation, too far away and not desirable real estate. By comparison the Moon was a choice residential suburb. Professor
Tombaugh (the one the station was named for) was working on a giant electronic telescope to photograph it,
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titled "Celestial
Visitors May Be Invading Earth's Atmosphere", Tombaugh was again quoted on his sightings and opinion about them. "Although our own solar system is believed to support no other life than on Earth, other stars in the galaxy may have hundreds of thousands of habitable worlds. Races on
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spacecraft. The container includes the inscription: "Interred herein are remains of
American Clyde W. Tombaugh, discoverer of Pluto and the Solar System's 'third zone'. Adelle and Muron's boy, Patricia's husband, Annette and Alden's father, astronomer, teacher, punster and friend: Clyde W. Tombaugh
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by himself. To better test his telescope mirrors, Tombaugh, with just a pick and shovel, dug a pit 24 feet long, 8 feet deep, and 7 feet wide. This provided a constant air temperature, free of air currents, and was also used by the family as a root cellar and emergency shelter. He sent drawings of
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in 1922. As the family had moved to the farm in August 1922 and the crops needed to be prepared urgently, Tombaugh had to drop out of high school for a year to help his father prepare the crops on the family farm. Tombaugh graduated from high school in 1925. Tombaugh's plans for attending college
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reported on August 29 that "a source close to the O. O. R. unit here described as 'quite accurate' the report in the magazine
Aviation Week that two previously unobserved satellites had been spotted and identified by Dr. Lincoln LaPaz of the University of New Mexico as natural and not artificial
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magazine stated that two satellites had been found only 400 and 600 miles out. They were termed "natural satellites" and implied that they had been recently captured, despite this being a virtual impossibility. The next day, the story was in many major newspapers. Dr. LaPaz was implicated in the
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Tombaugh's widow
Patricia stated after the IAU's decision that while he might have been disappointed with the change since he had resisted attempts to remove Pluto's planetary status in his lifetime, he would have accepted the decision now if he were alive. She noted that he "was a scientist. He
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Following the discovery, it was recognized that Pluto wasn't massive enough to be the expected ninth planet, and some astronomers began to consider it the first of a new class of object – and indeed
Tombaugh searched for additional trans-Neptunian objects for years, though due to the lack of any
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to compare the different images. When he shifted between the two images, a moving object, such as a planet, would appear to jump from one position to another, while the more distant objects such as stars would appear stationary. Tombaugh noticed such a moving object in his search, near the place
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magazine reported: "Professor
Tombaugh is closemouthed about his results. He won't say whether or not any small natural satellites have been discovered. He does say, however, that newspaper reports of 18 months ago announcing the discovery of natural satellites at 400 and 600 miles out are not
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From my own studies of the solar system I cannot entertain any serious possibility for intelligent life on other planets, not even for Mars... The logistics of visitations from planets revolving around the nearer stars is staggering. In consideration of the hundreds of millions of years in the
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Another sighting by
Tombaugh a year or two later while at a White Sands observatory was of an object of −6 magnitude, four times brighter than Venus at its brightest, going from the zenith to the southern horizon in about 3 seconds. The object executed the same maneuvers as in Tombaugh's first
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A much more likely source of explanation is some natural optical phenomenon in our own atmosphere. In my 1949 sightings the faintness of the object, together with the manner of fading in intensity as it traveled away from the zenith towards the southeastern horizon, is quite suggestive of a
798:. He described them as six to eight rectangular lights, stating: "I doubt that the phenomenon was any terrestrial reflection, because... nothing of the kind has ever appeared before or since... I was so unprepared for such a strange sight that I was really petrified with astonishment.".
774:, discovered in 1931, is named after him. He discovered hundreds of asteroids, beginning with 2839 Annette in 1929, mostly as a by-product of his search for Pluto and his searches for other celestial objects. Tombaugh named some of them after his wife, children and grandchildren. The
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I have never seen anything like it before or since, and I have spent a lot of time where the night sky could be seen well. This suggests that the phenomenon involves a comparatively rare set of conditions or circumstances to produce it, but nothing like the odds of an interstellar
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At a meteor conference in Los
Angeles in 1957, Tombaugh reiterated that his four-year search for "natural satellites" had been unsuccessful. In 1959, Tombaugh was to issue a final report stating that nothing had been found in his search. His personal 16-inch
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My family moved to Kansas in August 1922. A great deal of urgent work had to be done in preparing over 250 acres of ground for the fall seeding of wheat. It was necessary for me to drop out of high school for one year to assist my father in this
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when he was 12 years old in 1918. His uncle Lee also helped spark his interest in astronomy as he was an amateur astronomer who used a 3-inch (76 mm) diameter non-achromatic refractor telescope and gave him several astronomy-related books.
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scientist Robert
Staehle called Tombaugh, requesting permission to visit his planet. "I told him he was welcome to it," Tombaugh later remembered, "though he's got to go one long, cold trip." The call eventually led to the launch of the
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during his search for Pluto and years of follow-up searches looking for another candidate for the postulated Planet X. Tombaugh is also credited with the discovery of periodic comet 274P/Tombaugh–Tenagra. He also discovered hundreds of
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in 1924 by an amateur astronomer named Latimer J. Wilson, titled "The Drift of Jupiter's Markings" showing sketches of Jupiter and decided he wanted to make his own telescope so he could see the features shown on Jupiter in sketches.
896:, first announced in late 1953 and sponsored by the Army Office of Ordnance Research. Another public statement was made on the search in March 1954, emphasizing the rationale that such an orbiting object would serve as a natural
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By May 1954, Keyhoe was making public statements that his sources told him the search had indeed been successful, and either one or two objects had been found. However, the story did not break until August 23, 1954, when
448:. However, Minerva was already in use and the primary supporter of Cronus was widely disliked, leaving Pluto as the front-runner. Outside of Lowell staff, it was first proposed by an 11-year-old English schoolgirl,
2449:"Awards Council member Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg presents the Academy's Golden Plate Award to Clyde W. Tombaugh, eminent astronomer who discovered Pluto, at 1991 American Academy of Achievement Summit in New York City"
433:. This ruled out classification as an asteroid, and they decided this was the ninth planet that Lowell had predicted. The discovery was made on Tuesday, February 18, 1930, using images taken the previous month.
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objects in the late 1990s, which showed that it did not orbit alone but was at best the largest of a number of icy bodies in its region of space. After it was shown that at least one such body, dubbed
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of the University of New Mexico, told Hynek about their sightings. Tombaugh also told Hynek that his telescopes were at the Air Force's disposal for taking photos of UFOs, if he was properly alerted.
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seconds. He never supported the interpretation as a spaceship that has often been attributed to him. He considered other possibilities, with a temperature inversion as the most likely cause.
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years after Clyde followed by his brother Roy in 1912, Charles in 1914, Robert in 1923 and Anita Rachel in 1929. Tombaugh's interest in astronomy appears to have begun when he visited the
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UFO study, secretly conducted a survey of fellow astronomers on UFO sightings and attitudes while attending an astronomy convention. Tombaugh and four other astronomers, including Dr.
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908:(NICAP), the real reason for the sudden search was because two near-Earth orbiting objects had been picked up on new long-range radar in the summer of 1953, according to his
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555:. In the fourteen years of looking for planets, until he was drafted in July 1943, Tombaugh looked for motion in 90 million star images (two each of 45 million stars).
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Tombaugh continued searching for over a decade after the discovery of Pluto, and the lack of further discoveries left him satisfied that no other object of a comparable
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geologic time scale when such visits may have possibly occurred, the odds of a single visit in a given century or millennium are overwhelmingly against such an event.
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further discoveries he concluded that Pluto was indeed a planet. The idea that Pluto was not a true planet remained a minority position until the discovery of other
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offered this perspective on Tombaugh's place in history: "Clyde Tombaugh discovered the Kuiper Belt. That's a helluva lot more interesting than the ninth planet."
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reports." However, in the October 10 issue, LaPaz said the magazine article was "false in every particular, in so far as reference to me is concerned."
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It was at Lowell in 1930 that Tombaugh discovered Pluto. Following his discovery, Tombaugh earned bachelor's and master's degrees in astronomy from the
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Illinois proposes a Pluto Day and reinstate Pluto as a Planet in honor of C. Tombaugh: Illinois General Assembly, Senate Resolution SR0046 2/26/2009
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descent, and his wife Adella Pearl Chritton on February 4, 1906. He was the first of six children in the family with his sister, Esther being born
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Clyde Tombaugh's fame for his discovery of Pluto was enough for him to qualify as a contestant on the October 24, 1956, episode of the game show
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The Discoverer of Pluto plaque begins, "On this spot in 1906 stood the boyhood home of Dr. Clyde Tombaugh, discoverer of the planet Pluto..."
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reported that Tombaugh "... never observed an unexplainable aerial object despite his continuous and extensive observations of the sky."
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The family's poor finances, due to years of bad weather on the farm and a bad corn harvest in 1921, caused them to move to a new farm in
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539:, but at the time of Tombaugh's discovery of Pluto, Makemake was only a few degrees from the ecliptic, near the border of
2320:"Prospecting for Buried Meteorites Suggested: Nickel, Platinum and Cobalt Believed to Abound in Deposits, Society Told"
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discovery in addition to Tombaugh. LaPaz had earlier conducted secret investigations on behalf of the Air Force on the
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correct. He adds that there is no connection between the search program and the reports of so-called flying saucers."
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Tombaugh is officially credited by the Minor Planet Center with discovering 15 asteroids, and he observed nearly 800
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would understand they had a real problem when they start finding several of these things flying around the place."
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Clyde Tombaugh had five siblings. Through the daughter of his youngest brother, Robert, he is the great-uncle of
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features a scientific base on Earth's moon called Tombaugh Station. When the hero arrives on Pluto, he reflects:
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reflection from an optical boundary or surface of slight contrast in refractive index, as in an inversion layer.
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551:, making it almost impossible to find such an object within the dense concentration of background stars of the
1100:(1906–1997)". Tombaugh was survived by his wife, Patricia (1912–2012), and their children, Annette and Alden.
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Both LaPaz and Tombaugh were to issue public denials that anything had been found. The October 1955 issue of
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based on Minor Planet Center online Minor Planet Ephemeris Service: March 1, 1930: RA: 05h51m, Dec: +29.0
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460:'s initials. In order to avoid the name changes suffered by Neptune, the name was proposed to both the
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objects. This source also said there was absolutely no connection between the reported satellites and
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under a Guggenheim grant, but he had a special interest; he discovered Pluto years before I was born.
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Three classical mythological names were about equally popular among proposals for the new planet:
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1939:
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Tombaugh observed these rectangles of light for about 3 seconds and his wife saw them for about
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predicted by Lowell, and subsequent observations showed it to have an orbit beyond that of
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468:, both of which approved it unanimously. The name was officially adopted on May 1, 1930.
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It begins to look as if the earth has no such satellite, or certainly very few, if any
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The World of Flying Saucers: A scientific examination of a major myth of the space age
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2805:"Clyde Tombaugh (1906–97) Astronomer who discovered the Solar System's ninth planet"
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called Tombaugh one of two great living experienced visual observers as talented as
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to take photographs of the same section of sky several nights apart. He then used a
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in 1930, the first object to be discovered in what would later be identified as the
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1624:"Meet the unknown female mathematician whose calculations helped discover Pluto"
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Starting April 6, 1929, Tombaugh used the observatory's 13-inch (330 mm)
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was able to render himself invisible, and that its first two letters formed
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2019:
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featured a visit to a memorial marking the site of Tombaugh's boyhood home.
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Tombaugh was probably the most eminent astronomer to have reported seeing
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Tombaugh created his photographic plates using this 13-inch (330 mm)
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from 1955 until his retirement in 1973. In 1980 he was inducted into the
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in June 1928 ruined his family's farm crops. Tombaugh read an article in
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1297:. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. pp. 19 & 20.
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Tombaugh compared his photographic plates using this blink comparator.
247:(February 4, 1906 – January 17, 1997) was an American
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876:, an astronomer acting as a scientific consultant to the Air Force's
794:. On August 20, 1949, Tombaugh saw several unidentified objects near
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2553:"Clayton Kershaw disses International Astronomers Union over Pluto"
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I graduated from the small high school in Burdett, Kansas, in 1925.
1252:"I was born on a farm near Streator, Illinois, on 4 February 1906."
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Ley, Willy; Menzel, Donald H.; Richardson, Robert S. (June 1965).
397:, Tombaugh was given the job to perform a systematic search for a
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Tombaugh's offer may have led to his involvement in a search for
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Tombaugh Station – Lunar base named for the discoverer of Pluto.
2011:
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Tombaugh at his family's farm with his homemade telescope (1928)
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In 1949, Tombaugh had also told the Naval missile director at
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based on calculations performed by his student mathematician
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1443:. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. p. 26.
1324:. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. p. 20.
1270:. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. p. 14.
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Direct visual observation became rare in astronomy. By 1965
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Tombaugh later reported having seen three of the mysterious
1126:
contains an instrumental track titled "For Clyde Tombaugh".
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in 1936 and 1938. While a young researcher working for the
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2198:"1 or 2 Artificial Satellites Circling Earth, Says Expert"
230:
1413:. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. p. 19.
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and other unidentified aerial phenomena over New Mexico.
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https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/9195-the-avalanche/
1723:. CTV. Associated Press. August 25, 2006. Archived from
956:
was reassembled and dedicated on September 17, 2009, at
2724:"A Heinlein Concordance: Have Space Suit – Will Travel"
2352:"Editors dedicate Astronomy magazine's new observatory"
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space probe to Pluto in 2006. Following the passage of
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Biography, Interviews, Photo Gallery of Clyde Tombaugh
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David Levy's Guide to Observing and Discovering Comets
1572:. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. pp.
1236:. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. pp.
1158:, Have Space Suit – Will Travel, Ace paperback, p. 113
1138:
Robert Heinlein's 1958 juvenile science fiction novel
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Golden Plate Award presented by Awards Council member
3396:
2640:"Tombaugh Family Donates Astronomer's Papers to NMSU"
1658:. The Columbia University Press. 2015. Archived from
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1515:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 19 & 22.
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National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena
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Clyde Tombaugh papers at New Mexico State University
2771:(Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press, 1991).
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Rancho Hidalgo, New Mexico (near Animas, New Mexico)
271:, and called for the serious scientific research of
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27:
American astronomer (1906–1997), discoverer of Pluto
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1347:"Clyde W. Tombaugh: Farm Boy Reached for the Stars"
259:. At the time of discovery, Pluto was considered a
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224:
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2109:"Letter from Robert McLaughlin to James Van Allen"
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492:(IAU) reclassified Pluto on August 24, 2006, as a
2610:
1052:on July 14, 2015, the "Heart of Pluto" was named
535:was discovered. It has a relatively high orbital
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2615:. JHU Applied Physics Laboratory. Archived from
1721:"Pluto Discoverer Saw It Coming, Says His Widow"
1559:
1407:Tombaugh, Clyde William; Moore, Patrick (1980).
1376:Tombaugh, Clyde William; Moore, Patrick (1980).
2349:
1960:
1344:
30:"Tombaugh" redirects here. For other uses, see
2779:; also Sky Publishing Corporation, March 2006.
2769:Clyde Tombaugh: Discoverer of the Planet Pluto
1351:EPCC Library Services: Library Research Guides
531:However, in 2005 the relatively bright object
3523:American people of Pennsylvania Dutch descent
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2168:"Armed Forces Seeks "Steppingstone to Stars""
1406:
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496:, leaving eight planets in the Solar System.
2795:Many biographical articles on Clyde Tombaugh
2611:Buckley, M.; Alan Stern (February 3, 2006).
2467:
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1598:"BBC Sky at Night episode on Clyde Tombaugh"
1211:. Tombaugh Publishing House (published 1978)
987:in the early 1950s, and taught astronomy at
287:, son of Muron Dealvo Tombaugh, a farmer of
2493:Tombaugh, Clyde W.; Moore, Patrick (1980).
851:Shortly after this, in January 1957, in an
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1994:
1954:
1706:Patrick Moore & Clyde Tombaugh (1980)
1682:"Kansas State Historical Society portrait"
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1440:Clyde Tombaugh: discoverer of planet Pluto
1321:Clyde Tombaugh: discoverer of planet Pluto
1294:Clyde Tombaugh: discoverer of planet Pluto
1268:Clyde Tombaugh: discoverer of planet Pluto
1129:The ninth episode of the fourth season of
49:
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2758:Falk, Dan, "More than a one-hit wonder",
2513:
2382:
1818:
2586:"He found a planet and founded a church"
2415:"Clyde Tombaugh Biography and Interview"
2287:Stimson, Jr., Thomas E. (October 1955).
1852:
1512:Clyde Tombaugh: Discover of planet Pluto
1202:
979:he taught naval personnel navigation at
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1990:
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1984:
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1566:Tombaugh, Clyde; Patrick Moore (1980).
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1230:Tombaugh, Clyde; Patrick Moore (1980).
267:in 2006. Tombaugh also discovered many
14:
3538:Discoverers of trans-Neptunian objects
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2730:. The Heinlein Society. Archived from
2700:from the original on November 17, 2020
2613:"Happy 100th Birthday, Clyde Tombaugh"
2592:from the original on February 29, 2016
2583:
2395:from the original on February 12, 2019
2350:David J. Eicher (September 18, 2009).
1905:from the original on February 23, 2006
1634:from the original on February 18, 2020
1604:from the original on December 28, 2017
1089:Tombaugh died on January 17, 1997, in
2860:
2799:
2496:Out of the Darkness: The Planet Pluto
2364:from the original on January 22, 2019
2317:
2299:from the original on February 5, 2012
2208:from the original on February 5, 2012
2178:from the original on February 5, 2012
2115:from the original on February 8, 2007
2091:
1830:"Tombaugh, Clyde William (1906–1997)"
1708:Out of the darkness: the planet Pluto
1569:Out of the Darkness: The Planet Pluto
1547:from the original on January 29, 2023
1410:Out of the darkness, the planet Pluto
1379:Out of the darkness, the planet Pluto
1233:Out of the Darkness: The Planet Pluto
1103:
1029:Out of the Darkness: The Planet Pluto
887:
596:Minor planets discovered by Tombaugh
452:. In its favor was that the Pluto of
2637:
2550:
2228:"Earth 'Satellites' Spur Army Study"
1981:
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1834:The Internet Encyclopedia of Science
1797:from the original on August 17, 2016
1508:
1436:
1357:from the original on January 2, 2024
1317:
1290:
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341:Beginning in 1926, he built several
3543:New Mexico State University faculty
2688:Schager, Nick (November 16, 2020).
2383:McClellan, Doug (October 5, 1980).
2318:Berry, Graham (September 4, 1957).
2107:McLaughlin, Robert (May 12, 1949).
1942:from the original on August 5, 2020
1824:
1779:
1490:from the original on August 5, 2020
507:
488:, was more massive than Pluto, the
336:
24:
3558:People from Las Cruces, New Mexico
3548:Northern Arizona University alumni
2565:from the original on April 9, 2015
2258:"Scientist denies space base find"
1840:from the original on July 17, 2017
1688:from the original on June 13, 2010
25:
3604:
3563:People from Pawnee County, Kansas
2783:
2721:
2690:"Fargo recap: The future is now!"
2532:from the original on July 3, 2018
2455:from the original on July 5, 2022
2429:from the original on July 5, 2022
2268:from the original on May 24, 2005
2238:from the original on May 24, 2005
2073:from the original on May 19, 2024
2067:"Final report of Project Twinkle"
1879:from the original on May 19, 2024
1746:Robert Irion (February 5, 2014).
997:American Academy of Achievement's
970:
251:. He discovered the ninth planet
3528:American Unitarian Universalists
3490:
3478:
3466:
3454:
3442:
3430:
3418:
3406:
3162:
3156:
3150:
2385:"Space Hall of Fame Honors Four"
1655:The Columbia Encyclopedia 6th Ed
1059:
993:International Space Hall of Fame
490:International Astronomical Union
220:
2715:
2681:
2658:
2631:
2604:
2577:
2544:
2486:
2441:
2423:American Academy of Achievement
2407:
2376:
2343:
2311:
2280:
2250:
2234:. August 29, 1954. p. 35.
2220:
2190:
2160:
2127:
2100:
2085:
2059:
2026:
1917:
1891:
1809:
1770:
1739:
1713:
1700:
1674:
1616:
1590:
1529:
1502:
1484:American Academy of Achievement
1382:. Stackpole Books. p. 19.
405:), which had been predicted by
3568:People from Streator, Illinois
3553:People from Flagstaff, Arizona
2584:French, Kimberly (Fall 2005).
2391:. El Paso, Texas. p. 1B.
2328:. Vol. 76. part III, p. 9
1865:. Cambridge University Press.
1430:
1400:
1392:– via Internet Archive.
1369:
1338:
1311:
1284:
1255:
1223:
1196:
13:
1:
3573:American planetary scientists
2476:"The Observatory on the Moon"
2142:. Ballantine Books. pp.
1925:"Jackson-Gwilt Medal Winners"
1525:– via Internet Archive.
1453:– via Internet Archive.
1345:O'Hara, Elva R. (2006–2007).
1334:– via Internet Archive.
1307:– via Internet Archive.
1280:– via Internet Archive.
1190:
1141:Have Space Suit – Will Travel
1006:
462:American Astronomical Society
278:
2666:Sufjan Stevens The Avalanche
2664:Dahlen, C. (July 11, 2006).
2204:. May 14, 1954. p. 14.
2041:. Ballantine Books. p.
558:
263:, but was reclassified as a
7:
3588:University of Kansas alumni
2551:Berg, Ted (July 30, 2013).
2403:– via Newspapers.com.
2096:. Vol. 2. p. 896.
1476:"A Man of Universal Wonder"
1163:
995:. In 1991, he received the
989:New Mexico State University
981:Northern Arizona University
792:unidentified flying objects
273:unidentified flying objects
194:New Mexico State University
10:
3609:
3307:
2752:
2642:. Panorama. Archived from
2638:Hill, Karl (Summer 2001).
2451:. Academy of Achievement.
1964:Ufo Sightings of 2006–2009
1936:Royal Astronomical Society
1541:New Mexico Archives Online
1537:"Latimer J. Wilson papers"
1203:Tombaugh, Reno G. (1930).
776:Royal Astronomical Society
466:Royal Astronomical Society
29:
3368:
3323:
3285:
3259:
3238:
3231:
3211:
3171:
3148:
3130:
3114:
3096:
3080:
3032:
2932:
2917:
2894:
2886:
1967:. iUniverse. p. 88.
1901:. Asteroid Dynamic Site.
1791:JPL Solar System Dynamics
1209:genealogy.fulco.lib.in.us
985:White Sands Missile Range
867:White Sands Missile Range
755:
738:
728:
718:
708:
698:
688:
678:
668:
658:
648:
638:
628:
618:
608:
603:
600:
178:
152:
144:
136:
125:
115:
105:
86:
60:
48:
41:
32:Tombaugh (disambiguation)
3533:Discoverers of asteroids
3251:IAU definition of planet
2696:. Entertainment Weekly.
2478:. For Your Information.
2289:"He Spies on Satellites"
1998:; Boyd, Lyle G. (1963).
1961:Scott C. Waring (2010).
1787:"Horizons Web-Interface"
1084:
1023:. In 1980, Tombaugh and
904:, later director of the
900:. However, according to
369:
2762:, February 2006, 40–45.
2675:March 16, 2021, at the
1509:Levy, David H. (1991).
1437:Levy, David H. (1991).
1318:Levy, David H. (1991).
1291:Levy, David H. (1991).
1262:Levy, David H. (1991).
1077:Tombaugh was an active
785:
522:trans-Neptunian objects
322:were frustrated when a
196:Board of Regents Medal
3578:Scientists from Kansas
3351:Trans-Neptunian object
3052:Coleta de Dados Colles
2480:Galaxy Science Fiction
2202:San Francisco Examiner
2134:Steiger, Brad (1976).
2033:Steiger, Brad (1976).
1161:
1091:Las Cruces, New Mexico
1079:Unitarian Universalist
834:
828:
822:
796:Las Cruces, New Mexico
568:
524:were discovered until
476:
382:
311:Lake Geneva, Wisconsin
217:Clyde William Tombaugh
98:Las Cruces, New Mexico
65:Clyde William Tombaugh
2803:(February 27, 1997).
2092:Clark, Jerry (1997).
1630:. February 18, 2020.
1486:. September 9, 2006.
1147:
1021:Giovanni Schiaparelli
858:Alamogordo Daily News
829:
823:
817:
566:
474:
377:
283:Tombaugh was born in
3246:Definition of planet
3239:Official definitions
3009:Tombaugh "The Heart"
2264:. October 10, 1954.
2006:. pp. 266–270.
1859:Levy, David (2003).
1662:on November 16, 2018
1013:Robert S. Richardson
401:planet (also called
387:University of Kansas
110:University of Kansas
3277:Neil deGrasse Tyson
2821:1997Natur.385..778S
2728:HeinleinSociety.org
2520:Dava Sobel (1993).
2499:. Stackpole Books.
2482:. pp. 132–150.
2419:www.achievement.org
1815:Tombaugh (1980:172)
1758:on February 5, 2014
1480:www.achievement.org
1264:"The Educated Ones"
1170:List of astronomers
1066:Los Angeles Dodgers
967:s new observatory.
780:Jackson-Gwilt Medal
714:September 16, 1936
597:
186:Jackson-Gwilt Medal
3298:Lowell Observatory
3260:Scientist opinions
1727:on August 30, 2006
1205:"Tombaugh History"
1156:Robert A. Heinlein
1122:by musical artist
1104:In popular culture
1031:. In August 1992,
930:The New York Times
894:Near-Earth objects
888:Near-Earth objects
872:In June 1952, Dr.
684:December 13, 1930
624:December 24, 1930
595:
569:
514:apparent magnitude
477:
411:Elizabeth Williams
395:Flagstaff, Arizona
391:Lowell Observatory
383:
364:Lowell Observatory
307:Yerkes Observatory
289:Pennsylvania Dutch
285:Streator, Illinois
79:Streator, Illinois
3394:
3393:
3364:
3363:
3146:
3145:
3047:Challenger Colles
2848:, achievement.org
2734:on April 27, 2017
2619:on April 15, 2007
2526:Discover magazine
2325:Los Angeles Times
2293:Popular Mechanics
2174:. March 4, 1954.
2172:Los Angeles Times
2138:Project Blue Book
2111:. Roswell Proof.
2037:Project Blue Book
1996:Menzel, Donald H.
1899:"(1604) Tombaugh"
1522:978-0-8165-1148-8
1450:978-0-8165-1148-8
1420:978-0-8117-1163-0
1389:978-0-8117-1163-0
1331:978-0-8165-1148-8
1304:978-0-8165-1148-8
1277:978-0-8165-1148-8
1175:Tombaugh (crater)
1118:The 2006 release
1112:I've Got A Secret
944:Popular Mechanics
878:Project Blue Book
765:
764:
761:January 23, 1930
751:October 10, 1931
734:October 11, 1929
724:October 17, 1930
704:November 3, 1929
516:existed near the
415:William Pickering
329:Popular Astronomy
214:
213:
207:
203:Rittenhouse Medal
199:
190:
148:Annette and Alden
16:(Redirected from
3600:
3495:
3494:
3483:
3482:
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3471:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3447:
3446:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3402:
3272:Michael E. Brown
3236:
3235:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3088:Sputnik Planitia
2930:
2929:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2842:
2832:
2830:10.1038/385778a0
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2548:
2542:
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2539:
2537:
2522:"The last world"
2517:
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2104:
2098:
2097:
2094:UFO Encyclopedia
2089:
2083:
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2057:
2056:
2040:
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1992:
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1807:
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1804:
1802:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1754:. Archived from
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1717:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1678:
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1282:
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1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1200:
1159:
1001:Glenn T. Seaborg
966:
853:Associated Press
814:
813:
809:
806:
778:awarded him the
748:
746:
745:
694:October 6, 1931
674:October 5, 1929
664:October 6, 1931
644:October 5, 1929
634:October 9, 1931
614:October 5, 1929
598:
594:
549:galactic equator
508:Further research
426:blink comparator
337:Astronomy career
304:
303:
299:
296:
246:
245:
242:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
205:
197:
188:
168:Richard Tombaugh
165:Matthew Tombaugh
93:
90:January 17, 1997
75:February 4, 1906
74:
72:
53:
39:
38:
21:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3503:
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3489:
3479:
3477:
3467:
3465:
3455:
3453:
3441:
3431:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3407:
3405:
3397:
3395:
3390:
3360:
3319:
3303:Percival Lowell
3281:
3255:
3227:
3207:
3167:
3161:
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3142:
3126:
3110:
3098:
3092:
3076:
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2913:
2890:
2885:
2786:
2755:
2750:
2737:
2735:
2720:
2716:
2703:
2701:
2686:
2682:
2677:Wayback Machine
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2646:on July 3, 2001
2636:
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2300:
2295:. p. 106.
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1993:
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1305:
1289:
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1278:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1180:Tombaugh Cliffs
1166:
1160:
1154:
1106:
1087:
1072:Clayton Kershaw
1062:
1017:Percival Lowell
1009:
983:. He worked at
973:
964:
925:green fireballs
890:
855:article in the
846:Project Twinkle
842:green fireballs
811:
807:
804:
802:
788:
743:
742:
739:
654:March 16, 1931
588:, and a galaxy
586:galaxy clusters
561:
510:
458:Percival Lowell
454:Roman mythology
407:Percival Lowell
399:trans-Neptunian
372:
339:
319:Burdett, Kansas
301:
297:
294:
292:
281:
223:
219:
210:
174:
160:Clayton Kershaw
106:Alma mater
101:
95:
91:
82:
76:
70:
68:
67:
66:
56:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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11:
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3525:
3520:
3515:
3500:
3499:
3487:
3475:
3463:
3451:
3439:
3427:
3415:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3386:Venetia Burney
3383:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3366:
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3362:
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3348:
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3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3321:
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3318:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3308:Clyde Tombaugh
3305:
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3067:Tenzing Montes
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3057:Hillary Montes
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2801:Stern, S. Alan
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2784:External links
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2262:New York Times
2249:
2232:New York Times
2219:
2189:
2159:
2153:978-0345345257
2152:
2126:
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2052:978-0345345257
2051:
2025:
1980:
1974:978-1450232395
1973:
1953:
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1872:978-0521520515
1871:
1851:
1826:Darling, David
1817:
1808:
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1124:Sufjan Stevens
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1054:Tombaugh Regio
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971:Other ventures
969:
960:, adjacent to
889:
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874:J. Allen Hynek
787:
784:
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749:
741:(8778) 1931 TD
736:
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710:6618 Jimsimons
706:
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670:3824 Brendalee
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660:3775 Ellenbeth
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645:
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636:
635:
632:
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625:
622:
616:
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612:
606:
605:
602:
578:variable stars
560:
557:
509:
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450:Venetia Burney
371:
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280:
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212:
211:
209:
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191:
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163:
162:(great-nephew)
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126:Known for
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96:
94:(aged 90)
88:
84:
83:
77:
64:
62:
58:
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54:
46:
45:
43:Clyde Tombaugh
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3605:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:Space burials
3581:
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3425:United States
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3331:Double planet
3329:
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3106:Adlivun Cavus
3104:
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2815:(6619): 778.
2814:
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2802:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2766:David H. Levy
2764:
2761:
2757:
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2745:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2699:
2695:
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2678:
2674:
2671:
2668:. Pitchfork.
2667:
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2389:El Paso Times
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2110:
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2048:
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2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1957:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
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1628:www.space.com
1625:
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1128:
1125:
1121:
1120:The Avalanche
1117:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1060:Personal life
1057:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1027:wrote a book
1026:
1025:Patrick Moore
1022:
1018:
1014:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
968:
963:
959:
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945:
939:
937:
936:flying saucer
932:
931:
926:
921:
920:
919:Aviation Week
913:
911:
907:
903:
902:Donald Keyhoe
899:
898:space station
895:
885:
883:
882:Lincoln LaPaz
879:
875:
870:
868:
863:
860:
859:
854:
849:
847:
843:
838:
833:
827:
821:
816:
799:
797:
793:
783:
781:
777:
773:
772:1604 Tombaugh
770:
760:
758:
754:
750:
747:
737:
733:
731:
730:7150 McKellar
727:
723:
721:
720:7101 Haritina
717:
713:
711:
707:
703:
701:
697:
693:
691:
687:
683:
681:
677:
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671:
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650:3754 Kathleen
647:
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631:
627:
623:
621:
617:
613:
611:
607:
599:
593:
591:
587:
583:
582:star clusters
580:, as well as
579:
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147:
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139:
135:
132:
129:Discovery of
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
99:
89:
85:
80:
63:
59:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3485:Solar System
3336:Dwarf planet
3313:Roger Putnam
3222:New Horizons
3220:
3180:
3062:Piccard Mons
3042:Baret Montes
2812:
2808:
2768:
2759:
2743:
2736:. Retrieved
2732:the original
2727:
2722:Cowan, M.E.
2717:
2709:
2704:November 17,
2702:. Retrieved
2693:
2683:
2665:
2660:
2650:February 28,
2648:. Retrieved
2644:the original
2633:
2621:. Retrieved
2617:the original
2606:
2594:. Retrieved
2588:. UU World.
2579:
2567:. Retrieved
2556:
2546:
2534:. Retrieved
2525:
2515:
2495:
2488:
2479:
2469:
2457:. Retrieved
2443:
2431:. Retrieved
2418:
2409:
2399:February 10,
2397:. Retrieved
2388:
2378:
2366:. Retrieved
2355:
2345:
2337:
2330:. Retrieved
2323:
2313:
2301:. Retrieved
2292:
2282:
2270:. Retrieved
2261:
2252:
2240:. Retrieved
2231:
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2201:
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2171:
2162:
2137:
2129:
2119:February 28,
2117:. Retrieved
2102:
2093:
2087:
2077:December 11,
2075:. Retrieved
2061:
2036:
2028:
1999:
1963:
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1931:
1919:
1909:February 28,
1907:. Retrieved
1893:
1881:. Retrieved
1861:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1833:
1820:
1811:
1799:. Retrieved
1781:
1772:
1760:. Retrieved
1756:the original
1751:
1748:"Pluto Wins"
1741:
1731:February 28,
1729:. Retrieved
1725:the original
1715:
1707:
1702:
1690:. Retrieved
1676:
1666:February 24,
1664:. Retrieved
1660:the original
1654:
1648:
1638:February 19,
1636:. Retrieved
1627:
1618:
1608:February 14,
1606:. Retrieved
1592:
1568:
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1540:
1531:
1511:
1504:
1492:. Retrieved
1479:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1409:
1402:
1393:
1378:
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1350:
1340:
1320:
1313:
1293:
1286:
1267:
1257:
1232:
1225:
1215:September 5,
1213:. Retrieved
1208:
1198:
1148:
1139:
1131:
1119:
1110:
1096:New Horizons
1094:
1088:
1076:
1063:
1049:New Horizons
1047:
1039:New Horizons
1037:
1028:
1010:
977:World War II
974:
961:
950:
942:
940:
928:
917:
914:
891:
871:
864:
856:
850:
839:
835:
830:
824:
818:
800:
789:
766:
757:134340 Pluto
700:5701 Baltuck
640:3583 Burdett
610:2839 Annette
601:Designation
590:supercluster
570:
530:
526:15760 Albion
511:
498:
494:dwarf planet
478:
435:
419:
384:
340:
328:
316:
282:
265:dwarf planet
216:
215:
92:(1997-01-17)
36:
3518:1997 deaths
3513:1906 births
3473:Outer space
3461:Spaceflight
3356:Kuiper belt
3213:Exploration
3099:depressions
3097:Valleys and
3072:Wright Mons
2738:January 15,
2596:January 10,
2368:January 22,
1932:RAS website
1883:December 9,
1762:February 6,
1692:January 23,
832:visitation.
680:4510 Shawna
537:inclination
528:, in 1992.
502:Hal Levison
482:Kuiper belt
257:Kuiper belt
3507:Categories
3267:Alan Stern
3122:Luna Linea
2962:Vucub-Came
2957:Harrington
2899:Atmosphere
2777:0816511489
2506:0811711633
1551:January 2,
1361:January 2,
1191:References
1007:Later life
837:sighting.
690:4755 Nicky
630:3310 Patsy
620:2941 Alden
604:Discovery
520:. No more
422:astrograph
380:astrograph
343:telescopes
279:Early life
249:astronomer
171:5 siblings
120:Astronomer
116:Occupation
71:1906-02-04
3437:Astronomy
3413:Biography
3381:Mythology
3286:Discovery
3232:Astronomy
3035:mountains
3033:Hills and
2919:Geography
2760:Astronomy
2569:August 1,
2558:USA Today
2536:April 13,
2357:Astronomy
2004:Doubleday
1844:April 25,
1710:, p. 136.
1494:April 25,
962:Astronomy
954:telescope
782:in 1931.
573:asteroids
559:Asteroids
553:Milky Way
324:hailstorm
269:asteroids
153:Relatives
3293:Planet X
3193:Kerberos
2989:Hayabusa
2967:Hun-Came
2947:Safronov
2924:features
2698:Archived
2673:Archived
2590:Archived
2563:Archived
2530:Archived
2453:Archived
2427:Archived
2393:Archived
2362:Archived
2297:Archived
2266:Archived
2236:Archived
2206:Archived
2176:Archived
2113:Archived
2071:Archived
2012:63012989
1946:July 14,
1940:Archived
1903:Archived
1877:Archived
1838:Archived
1795:Archived
1686:Archived
1632:Archived
1602:Archived
1545:Archived
1488:Archived
1355:Archived
1164:See also
1153:—
912:source.
910:Pentagon
769:asteroid
533:Makemake
518:ecliptic
464:and the
403:Planet X
145:Children
140:Patricia
18:Tombaugh
3497:Science
3399:Portals
3376:Fiction
3369:Related
3346:Plutino
3324:General
3131:Craters
3024:Voyager
3004:Pioneer
2999:Morgoth
2933:Regions
2909:Geology
2904:Climate
2839:4351231
2817:Bibcode
2753:Sources
2623:May 19,
2459:June 7,
2433:June 7,
2332:May 19,
2303:May 12,
2272:May 12,
2242:May 12,
2212:May 12,
2182:May 12,
2144:268–285
2020:1285191
1801:July 1,
1069:pitcher
975:During
810:⁄
438:Minerva
431:Neptune
362:to the
356:Jupiter
351:mirrors
300:⁄
3341:Planet
3182:Charon
3138:Burney
3115:Lineae
3081:Plains
3019:Viking
3014:Venera
2994:Lowell
2984:Cadejo
2979:Belton
2952:Sharaf
2837:
2809:Nature
2775:
2694:EW.com
2503:
2150:
2049:
2018:
2010:
1971:
1869:
1580:
1519:
1447:
1417:
1386:
1328:
1301:
1274:
1244:
545:Auriga
541:Taurus
442:Cronus
347:lenses
261:planet
206:(1990)
198:(1980)
189:(1931)
179:Awards
137:Spouse
100:, U.S.
81:, U.S.
3593:Pluto
3449:Stars
3188:Hydra
3173:Moons
2888:Pluto
2835:S2CID
1928:(PDF)
1752:Slate
1395:work.
1132:Fargo
1085:Death
1044:Pluto
965:'
475:Pluto
446:Pluto
370:Pluto
345:with
253:Pluto
131:Pluto
3203:Styx
2773:ISBN
2740:2021
2706:2020
2652:2007
2625:2009
2598:2016
2571:2013
2538:2007
2501:ISBN
2461:2022
2435:2022
2401:2019
2370:2019
2334:2024
2305:2005
2274:2005
2244:2005
2214:2005
2184:2005
2148:ISBN
2121:2007
2079:2005
2047:ISBN
2016:OCLC
2008:LCCN
1969:ISBN
1948:2015
1911:2007
1885:2020
1867:ISBN
1846:2010
1803:2008
1764:2014
1733:2007
1694:2010
1668:2016
1640:2020
1610:2018
1578:ISBN
1553:2023
1517:ISBN
1496:2010
1445:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1384:ISBN
1363:2024
1326:ISBN
1299:ISBN
1272:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1217:2024
786:UFOs
767:The
543:and
486:Eris
444:and
413:and
360:Mars
358:and
349:and
87:Died
61:Born
3198:Nix
2825:doi
2813:385
2043:280
1046:by
1033:JPL
1019:or
393:in
309:in
3509::
2943:"
2833:.
2823:.
2811:.
2807:.
2742:.
2726:.
2708:.
2692:.
2561:.
2555:.
2528:.
2524:.
2425:.
2421:.
2417:.
2387:.
2360:.
2354:.
2336:.
2322:.
2291:.
2260:.
2230:.
2200:.
2170:.
2146:.
2069:.
2045:.
2014:.
2002:.
1983:^
1938:.
1934:.
1930:.
1875:.
1836:.
1832:.
1828:.
1793:.
1789:.
1750:.
1684:.
1626:.
1600:.
1576:.
1574:17
1543:.
1539:.
1482:.
1478:.
1459:^
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1353:.
1349:.
1266:.
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1238:17
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1074:.
1056:.
1003:.
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417:.
275:.
240:aʊ
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2463:.
2437:.
2372:.
2307:.
2276:.
2246:.
2216:.
2186:.
2156:.
2123:.
2081:.
2055:.
2022:.
1977:.
1950:.
1913:.
1887:.
1848:.
1805:.
1766:.
1735:.
1696:.
1670:.
1642:.
1612:.
1586:.
1555:.
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1250:.
1219:.
1115:.
812:2
808:1
805:+
803:1
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302:2
298:1
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34:.
20:)
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