Civil Rights Act of 1964

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legislation authorized to be adopted by Congress for enforcing it is not direct legislation on the matters respecting which the States are prohibited from making or enforcing certain laws, or doing certain acts, but is corrective legislation, such as may be necessary or proper for counteracting and .redressing tho effect of such laws or acts. 3. The XIIIth Amendment relates only to slavery and involuntary servitude (which it abolishes) ; and although, by its reflex action, it establishes universal freedom in the United States, and Congress may probably pass laws directly enforcing its provisions; yet such legislative power extends only to the subject of slavery and its incidents; and the denial of equal accommodations in inns, public conveyances and places of public amusement (which is forbidden by the sections in question), imposes no badge of slavery or involuntary servitude upon the party, but at most, infringes rights which are protected from State aggression by the XIVth Amendment. 4. Whether the accommodations and privileges sought to be protected by the 1st and 2d sections of the Civil Rights Act, are, or are not, rights constitutionally demandable; and if they are, in what form they are to be protected, is not now decided. 5. Nor is it decided whether the law as it stands is operative in the Territories and District of Columbia : the decision only relating to its validity as applied to the States. 6. Nor is it decided whether Congress, under the commercial power, may or may not pass a law securing to all persons equal accommodations on lines of public conveyance between two or more States.

5370:—which has been called "the most important piece of federal legislation since the Civil Rights Act of 1964"—was influenced both by the structure and substance of the previous Civil Rights Act of 1964. The act was arguably of equal importance, and "draws substantially from the structure of that landmark legislation ". The Americans with Disabilities Act paralleled its landmark predecessor structurally, drawing upon many of the same titles and statutes. For example, "Title I of the ADA, which bans employment discrimination by private employers on the basis of disability, parallels Title VII of the Act". Similarly, Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act, "which proscribes discrimination on the basis of disability in public accommodations, tracks Title II of the 1964 Act while expanding upon the list of public accommodations covered." The Americans with Disabilities Act extended "the principle of nondiscrimination to people with disabilities", an idea unsought in the United States before the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Act also influenced later civil rights legislation, such as the 4237: 5193:, the Supreme Court held that White's reassignment to from forklift operator to less desirable duties as a track laborer as well as her suspension without pay after complaining about workplace sexual harassment constituted retaliatory discrimination. This was a landmark case because it clarified that Title VII’s retaliation provision is not confined to harmful acts occurring at the workplace or are related to employment. Title VII’s anti-discrimination provision prevents actions including a hire, a discharge, a change in compensation, conditions, privileges, opportunities, or status of employment. However, Title VII’s retaliation provision contains no such limiting language. The definition of retaliation against a complainant of sexual harassment was changed to encompass any unfavorable job decision or treatment that might deter a "reasonable worker" from filing a discrimination claim or from supporting one. 5910:

registered to vote. For example, in Mississippi only five per cent are registered; in Alabama only fourteen per cent are registered; in South Carolina, sixteen per cent are registered; in Georgia, twenty-six per cent are registered; and in Louisiana, twenty-nine per cent are registered. Registration among adult whites invariably exceeds fifty per cent in the same areas, and Negroes are in the majority in ninety-one per cent of the counties where Negroes are in the majority. In ninety-seven counties fewer than three per cent of the adult Negroes are on the rolls. Indeed, in thirteen counties with sizable Negro populations the Negro voter rolls are significantly below the statewide percentage of eligible Negroes registered and in fifteen Negroes approaches the white voter percentage.

4004: 3713: 747: 978: 859: 79: 4406:). The section also states explicitly that in the latter situation such agency action shall not be deemed committed to unreviewable agency discretion within the meaning of section 10. The purpose of this provision is to obviate the possible argument that although section 603 provides for review in accordance with section 10, section 10 itself has an exception for action "committed to agency discretion," which might otherwise be carried over into section 603. It is not the purpose of this provision of section 603, however, otherwise to alter the scope of judicial review as presently provided in section 10(e) of the Administrative Procedure Act. 842:. After a series of hearings on the bill, Celler's committee strengthened the act, adding provisions to ban racial discrimination in employment, providing greater protection to black voters, eliminating segregation in all publicly owned facilities (not just schools), and strengthening the anti-segregation clauses regarding public facilities such as lunch counters. They also added authorization for the Attorney General to file lawsuits to protect individuals against the deprivation of any rights secured by the Constitution or U.S. law. In essence, this was the controversial "Title III" that had been removed from the 4394:

the objectives of the statute authorizing the assistance. In seeking the effect compliance with its requirements imposed under this section, an agency is authorized to terminate or to refuse to grant or to continue assistance under a program to any recipient as to whom there has been an express finding pursuant to a hearing of a failure to comply with the requirements under that program, and it may also employ any other means authorized by law. However, each agency is directed first to seek compliance with its requirements by voluntary means.

3786: 959: 3770: 12945: 4128: 4058:, who had been a leading figure in winning the right to vote for women in 1920, co-authored the first Equal Rights Amendment, and had been a chief supporter of equal rights proposals since then. She and other feminists had worked with Smith since 1945 to find a way to include sex as a protected civil rights category, and felt now was the moment. Griffiths argued that the new law would protect black women but not white women, and that that was unfair to white women. Black feminist lawyer 16421: 4313:, which acted as one barrier for black voters, other racial minorities, and poor whites in the South or address economic retaliation, police repression, or physical violence against nonwhite voters. While the Act did require that voting rules and procedures be applied equally to all races, it did not abolish the concept of voter "qualification". It accepted the idea that citizens do not have an automatic right to vote but would have to meet standards beyond citizenship. The 4104:, said it would not authorize such measures. Leading sponsor Hubert Humphrey wrote two amendments specifically designed to outlaw busing. Humphrey said, "if the bill were to compel it, it would be a violation , because it would be handling the matter on the basis of race and we would be transporting children because of race." Javits said any government official who sought to use the bill for busing purposes "would be making a fool of himself," but two years later the 12831: 12311: 4672:, a lawyer with Lambda Legal who previously served in the Civil Rights division of DOJ, rejected that argument, saying "his memo is not actually a reflection of the law as it is – it's a reflection of what the DOJ wishes the law were" and "The Justice Department is actually getting back in the business of making anti-transgender law in court." But the EEOC did not change its stance, putting it at odds with the DOJ in certain cases. 4299: 4657:(DOJ) took a position aligned with the EEOC's, namely that the prohibition of sex discrimination under Title VII encompassed the prohibition of discrimination based on gender identity or transgender status. DOJ had already stopped opposing claims of discrimination brought by federal transgender employees. The EEOC in 2015 reissued another non-binding memo, reaffirming its stance that sexual orientation was protected under Title VII. 4390:

agencies to take action to carry out this policy. This title is not intended to apply to foreign assistance programs. Section 601 – This section states the general principle that no person in the United States shall be excluded from participation in or otherwise discriminated against on the ground of race, color, or national origin under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.

3791: 3790: 3787: 11177: 3792: 4066:. Griffiths also argued that the laws "protecting" women from unpleasant jobs were actually designed to enable men to monopolize those jobs, and that that was unfair to women who were not allowed to try out for those jobs. The amendment passed with the votes of Republicans and Southern Democrats. The final law passed with the votes of Republicans and Northern Democrats. Thus, as Justice 4506:(BFOQ) reasonably necessary to the normal operation of that particular business or enterprise. To make a BFOQ defense, an employer must prove three elements: a direct relationship between the trait and the ability to perform the job; the BFOQ's relation to the "essence" or "central mission of the employer's business", and that there is no less restrictive or reasonable alternative ( 3789: 4668:, he stated that Title VII should be narrowly interpreted to cover discrimination between "men and women". Sessions stated that as a matter of law, "Title VII does not prohibit discrimination based on gender identity per se." Devin O'Malley, on behalf of the DOJ, said, "the last administration abandoned that fundamental principle , which necessitated today's action." 4614:). Title VII also provides that an individual can bring a private lawsuit. They must file a complaint of discrimination with the EEOC within 180 days of learning of the discrimination or they may lose the right to file suit. Title VII applies only to employers who employ 15 or more employees for 20 or more weeks in the current or preceding calendar year ( 4398:

because of a finding of a failure of the recipient to comply with the agency's requirements imposed under section 602, and the agency action would not otherwise be subject to judicial review under existing law, judicial review shall nevertheless be available to any person aggrieved as provided in section 10 of the Administrative Procedure Act (

653:, the majority of the Supreme Court justices gradually shifted their legal theory to allow for greater government regulation of the private sector under the Commerce Clause, thus paving the way for the federal government to enact civil rights laws prohibiting both public and private sector discrimination on the basis of the commerce clause. 4484:. Title VII also prohibits discrimination against an individual because of their association with another individual of a particular race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, such as by an interracial marriage. The EEO Title VII has also been supplemented with legislation prohibiting pregnancy, age, and disability discrimination ( 1089:

that time to end the debate and the filibuster. With six wavering senators providing a four-vote victory margin, the final tally stood at 71 to 29. Never before in its entire history had the Senate been able to muster enough votes to defeat a filibuster on a civil rights bill, and only once in the 37 years since 1927 had it agreed to

1057:, who was still a Democrat at the time: "This so-called Civil Rights Proposals , which the President has sent to Capitol Hill for enactment into law, are unconstitutional, unnecessary, unwise and extend beyond the realm of reason. This is the worst civil-rights package ever presented to the Congress and is reminiscent of the 4076:, "The prohibition against discrimination based on sex was added to Title VII at the last minute on the floor of the House of Representatives the bill quickly passed as amended, and we are left with little legislative history to guide us in interpreting the Act's prohibition against discrimination based on 'sex. 4748:

Between 1965 and 1972, Title VII lacked any strong enforcement provisions. Instead, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was authorized only to investigate external claims of discrimination. The EEOC could then refer cases to the Justice Department for litigation if reasonable cause was found.

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outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin in hotels, motels, restaurants, theaters, and all other public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce; Title II defined "public accommodations" as establishments that serve the public. It exempted private clubs, without

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to join lawsuits against state governments that operated segregated school systems, among other provisions. But it did not include a number of provisions civil rights leaders deemed essential, including protection against police brutality, ending discrimination in private employment, and granting the

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Section 602 directs each Federal agency administering a program of Federal financial assistance by way of grant, contract, or loan to take action pursuant to rule, regulation, or order of general applicability to effectuate the principle of section 601 in a manner consistent with the achievement of

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There were white business owners who claimed that Congress did not have the constitutional authority to ban segregation in public accommodations. For example, Moreton Rolleston, the owner of a motel in Atlanta, Georgia, said he should not be forced to serve black travelers, saying, "the fundamental

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the bill from the Rules Committee; it required the support of a majority of House members to move the bill to the floor. Initially, Celler had a difficult time acquiring the signatures necessary, with many Representatives who supported the civil rights bill itself remaining cautious about violating

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Seconds before his name was called, Senator Clair Engle, of California, was pushed into the chamber in a wheel chair. He was smiling slightly. "Mr. Engle," the clerk called. There was a long silence. Senator Engle, recuperating from two brain operations, tried to speak. He could not. Finally, he

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introduced a substitute bill that they hoped would overcome it by combining a sufficient number of Republicans as well as core liberal Democrats. The compromise bill was weaker than the House version as to the government's power in regulating the conduct of private business, but not weak enough to

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After the return of Congress from its winter recess, however, it was apparent that public opinion in the North favored the bill and that the petition would acquire the necessary signatures. To avert the humiliation of a successful discharge petition, Chairman Smith relented and allowed the bill to

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An Act to enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States of America to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations, to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in

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ended his filibuster in opposition to the bill on the morning of June 10, 1964, after 14 hours and 13 minutes. Up to then, the measure had occupied the Senate for 60 working days, including six Saturdays. The day before, Humphrey, the bill's manager, concluded that he had the 67 votes required at

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on combating antisemitism states: "While Title VI does not cover discrimination based on religion, individuals who face discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin do not lose protection under Title VI for also being a member of a group that shares common religious practices.

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took a novel approach to prevent the Judiciary Committee from keeping the bill in limbo: initially waiving a second reading immediately after the first reading, which would have sent it to the Judiciary Committee, he took the unprecedented step of giving the bill a second reading on February 26,

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wrote that a business that discriminates against homosexual or transgender individuals is discriminating "for traits or actions it would not have questioned in members of a different sex." Thus discrimination against homosexual and transgender employees is a form of sex discrimination, which is

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Section 603 provides that any agency action taken pursuant to section 602 shall be subject to such judicial review as would be available for similar actions by that agency on other grounds. Where the agency action consists of terminating or refusing to grant or to continue financial assistance

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This title declares it to be the policy of the United States that discrimination on the ground of race, color, or national origin shall not occur in connection with programs and activities receiving Federal financial assistance and authorizes and directs the appropriate Federal departments and

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both voiced support for the president's bill, except for provisions guaranteeing equal access to places of public accommodations. This led to several Republican Representatives drafting a compromise bill to be considered. On June 19, the president sent his bill to Congress as it was originally

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In the late 19th and early 20th century, the legal justification for voiding the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was part of a larger trend by members of the United States Supreme Court to invalidate most government regulations of the private sector, except when dealing with laws designed to protect

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Despite these long-standing guarantees, the United States Commission on Civil Rights has found that racial denials of the right to vote occur in sections of eight states. In five of those states Negroes constitute more than a quarter of the adult population, but very few of these Negroes are

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status is prohibited under Title VII. The decision held that discrimination on the basis of gender identity qualified as discrimination on the basis of sex whether the discrimination was due to sex stereotyping, discomfort with a transition, or discrimination due to a perceived change in the

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Resistance to the public accommodation clause continued for years on the ground, especially in the South. When local college students in Orangeburg, South Carolina, attempted to desegregate a bowling alley in 1968, they were violently attacked, leading to rioting and what became known as the

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1. The 1st and 2d sections of the Civil Rights Act passed March 1st, 1875, are unconstitutional enactments as applied to the several States, not being authorized either by the XIllth or XTVth Amendments of the Constitution. 2. The XIVth Amendment is prohibitory upon the States only, and the

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raised his left arm, as though trying to point toward his eyes. He nodded his head, signaling that he was voting "aye." He was wheeled out of the chamber minutes later and taken by ambulance back to his home here. It was Senator Engle's first appearance on the Senate floor since April 13.

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The bill divided both major American political parties and engendered a long-term change in the demographics of the support for each. President Kennedy realized that supporting this bill would risk losing the South's overwhelming support of the Democratic Party. Both Attorney General

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gives a defendant accused of certain categories of criminal contempt in a matter arising under title II, III, IV, V, VI, or VII of the Act the right to a jury trial. If convicted, the defendant can be fined an amount not to exceed $ 1,000 or imprisoned for not more than six months.

722:" against desegregation, and even the few moderate white leaders shifted to openly racist positions. Partly in an effort to defuse calls for more far-reaching reforms, Eisenhower proposed a civil rights bill that would increase the protection of African American voting rights. 4964:, a 1971 Supreme Court case about the Act's gender provisions, the Court ruled that a company could not discriminate against a potential female employee because she had a preschool-age child unless it did the same with potential male employees. A federal court overruled an 777:

on June 11, 1963. He sought legislation "giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public—hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and similar establishments"—as well as "greater protection for the right to vote". In late July,

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Despite having a limited impact on African-American voter participation, at a time when black voter registration from 0% (in 11 counties) to less than 5% (in 97 counties) despite being majority-Black counties, the Civil Rights Act of 1957 did establish the

3788: 762:, Kennedy took 70% of the African American vote. But due to his somewhat narrow victory and Democrats' narrow majorities in Congress, he was wary to push hard for civil rights legislation for fear of losing southern support. Moreover, according to the 4610:). The EEOC and state FEPAs investigate, mediate, and may file lawsuits on employees' behalf. Where a state law contradicts federal law, it is overridden. Every state except Arkansas and Mississippi maintains a state FEPA (see EEOC and state FEPA 4236: 4196:

question is whether or not Congress has the power to take away the liberty of an individual to run his business as he sees fit in the selection and choice of his customers". Rolleston claimed that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a breach of the

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may give rise to a Title VI violation when the discrimination is based on an individual’s race, color, or national origin. It shall be the policy of the executive branch to enforce Title VI against prohibited forms of discrimination rooted in

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in their party's platform since 1944, would probably vote for the amendment. Historians speculate that Smith was trying to embarrass northern Democrats who opposed civil rights for women because labor unions opposed the clause. Representative

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of Alabama later said, "Smith didn't give a damn about women's rights", as "he was trying to knock off votes either then or down the line because there was always a hard core of men who didn't favor women's rights", and according to the

4480:). Title VII applies to and covers an employer "who has fifteen (15) or more employees for each working day in each of twenty or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding calendar year" as written in the Definitions section under 614:

on June 19, 1964. The final vote was 290–130 in the House of Representatives and 73–27 in the Senate. After the House agreed to a subsequent Senate amendment, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed into law by President Johnson at the

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stated that in addition to LGBTQ employment discrimination, "he court's ruling is likely to have a sweeping impact on federal civil rights laws barring sex discrimination in education, health care, housing and financial credit."

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on November 27, 1963, Johnson told the legislators, "No memorial oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor President Kennedy's memory than the earliest possible passage of the civil rights bill for which he fought so long."

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Kennedy called the congressional leaders to the White House in late October 1963 to line up the necessary votes in the House for passage. The bill was reported out of the Judiciary Committee in November 1963 and referred to the

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individual's sex. In 2014, the EEOC initiated two lawsuits against private companies for discrimination on the basis of gender identity, with additional litigation under consideration. As of November 2014, Commissioner

4222:." Resistance by school boards continued into the next decade, with the most significant declines in black-white school segregation only occurring at the end of the 1960s and the start of the 1970s in the aftermath of the 90:

public facilities and public education, to extend the Commission on Civil Rights, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and for other purposes.

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After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed, the Supreme Court upheld the law's application to the private sector, on the grounds that Congress has the power to regulate commerce between the States. The landmark case

897:, and Walter Reuther attempted to persuade him to support a provision establishing a Fair Employment Practices Commission that would ban discriminatory practices by all federal agencies, unions, and private companies. 5327: 4266: 12611: 13397: 4701:

made it easier to move civil rights cases from U.S. state courts to federal court. This was of crucial importance to civil rights activists who contended that they could not get fair trials in state courts.

8387: 3815: 6739:, Prologue Magazine, The National Archives, Summer 2004, Vol. 36, No. 2 ("Certainly Smith hoped that such a divisive issue would torpedo the civil rights bill, if not in the House, then in the Senate.") 15793: 15788: 5810: 8289: 4019:, a powerful Virginia Democrat who chaired the House Rules Committee and strongly opposed the legislation. Smith's amendment was passed by a teller vote of 168 to 133. Historians debate whether Smith 4599: 8325: 4428:

as vigorously as against all other forms of discrimination prohibited by Title VI." The order specifies that agencies responsible for Title VI enforcement shall "consider" the (non-legally binding)

7944: 5247: 4437: 850:. Civil rights organizations pressed hard for this provision because it could be used to protect peaceful protesters and black voters from police brutality and suppression of free speech rights. 7330: 4756:. The Act amended Title VII and gave EEOC authority to initiate its own enforcement litigation. The EEOC now played a major role in guiding judicial interpretations of civil rights legislation. 15800: 4563: 15541: 13484: 13226: 4381:

prevents discrimination by programs and activities that receive federal funds. If a recipient of federal funds is found in violation of Title VI, that recipient may lose its federal funding.

7514: 5047: 766:, he wanted to wait until his second term to send Congress a civil rights bill. But with elevated racial tensions and a wave of African-American protests in the spring of 1963, such as the 13796: 6226: 4023:

because he opposed civil rights for Black people and women or attempted to support their rights by broadening the bill to include women. Smith expected that Republicans, who had included

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of Arizona, voted against the bill, remarking, "You can't legislate morality." Goldwater had supported previous attempts to pass civil rights legislation in 1957 and 1960 as well as the

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later warned President Johnson that his strong support for the civil rights bill "will not only cost you the South, it will cost you the election". Johnson, however, went on to win the

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Title VII allows any employer, labor organization, joint labor-management committee, or employment agency to bypass the "unlawful employment practice" for any person involved with the

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Initially, powers given to enforce the act were weak, but these were supplemented during later years. Congress asserted its authority to legislate under several different parts of the

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school district was violating non-English speaking students' rights under the 1964 act by placing them in regular classes rather than providing some sort of accommodation for them.

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or of any other organization required to register as a Communist-action or Communist-front organization by final order of the Subversive Activities Control Board pursuant to the

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Pedriana, Nicholas, and Stryker, Robin. "The Strength of a Weak Agency: Enforcement of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the Expansion of State Capacity, 1965–1971,"

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by one of the biggest landslides in American history. The South, which had five states swing Republican in 1964, became a stronghold of the Republican Party by the 1990s.

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Rodriguez, Daniel B. and Weingast, Barry R. "The Positive Political Theory of Legislative History: New Perspectives on the 1964 Civil Rights Act and Its Interpretation",

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Wilkins, Roy; Mitchell, Clarence; King, Martin Luther Jr; Lewis, John; Humphrey, Hubert; Parks, Gordon; Ellison, Ralph; Rustin, Bayard; Warren, Earl (October 10, 2014).

6465: 7910: 7390:"Civil Rights Movement History 1964 Jan–June. Here: Sections "Civil Rights Bill Passes in the House (Feb)" and "Civil Rights Bill – Battle in the Senate (March–June)"" 6844: 13910: 13850: 11962: 11932: 10935: 9220: 6636: 6227:"History of The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights & The Leadership Conference Education Fund – The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights" 5233: 4164: 4007:

Engrossing copy of H.R. 7152, which added sex to the categories of persons against whom the bill prohibited discrimination, as passed by the House of Representatives

811:

On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy met with Republican leaders to discuss the legislation before his television address to the nation that evening. Two days later,

731: 438: 389: 4643:

is making an active effort to increase awareness of Title VII remedies for individuals discriminated against on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.

13944: 13855: 13845: 13325: 11253: 6503: 484: 17: 10915: 4270:) that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, which barred employers from discriminating on the basis of sex, precluded employers from discriminating on the basis of 13835: 11310: 8379: 7871: 6732: 5667: 16326: 16321: 15870: 14602: 14459: 13840: 13813: 13540: 13083: 13033: 11865: 10959: 7751: 5184: 4205: 4197: 8250: 5802: 16466: 16133: 16005: 14590: 13830: 13119: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 11664: 11659: 11654: 10713: 8279: 7777: 6951: 6421: 5412: 5162: 5103: 5070: 4530: 4513: 581: 5950: 5642: 4591:. It says an employer can "differentiate upon the basis of sex" when it compensates employees "if such differentiation is authorized by" the Equal Pay Act. 14229: 13728: 13723: 13642: 11353: 8883: 8701: 8315: 6071: 7616: 16501: 14158: 13949: 12516: 12069: 11875: 11675: 11670: 11550: 11298: 11007: 10855: 7192: 5139: 4508: 7933: 4562:

Federal government; (the proscriptions against employment discrimination under Title VII are now applicable to certain federal government offices under

14700: 14254: 13500: 13460: 13242: 11403: 11162: 8530:

Brauer, Carl M., "Women Activists, Southern Conservatives, and the Prohibition of Sexual Discrimination in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act", 49

7338: 4457: 7720: 7675: 5832: 638:, the United States Supreme Court had ruled that Congress did not have the power to prohibit discrimination in the private sector, thus stripping the 16511: 15289: 14424: 13808: 13194: 12089: 12059: 11870: 11245: 7993: 7590: 7415: 7364:"Civil Rights Movement History 1964 July-Dec. Here: Sections "Civil Rights Act of 1964 Signed into Law (July)" and "Effects of the Civil Rights Act"" 6299: 4201: 14249: 4974:, the Supreme Court decided that printing separate job listings for men and women is illegal, ending that practice at the country's newspapers. The 4968:

state law that barred women from obtaining jobs that required the ability to lift 25 pounds and required women but not men to take lunch breaks. In

4540: (1977) 97 S. Ct. 2720). An employer or customer's preference for an individual of a particular religion is not sufficient to establish a BFOQ ( 16506: 15783: 14283: 14016: 13759: 13574: 13420: 13170: 13112: 12396: 7518: 345: 6089: 16331: 15571: 13652: 13258: 11920: 9466: 9357: 8777: 7695: 7091: 6264: 5955: 4224: 4063: 1000: 871: 6230: 16486: 16400: 16375: 14219: 14148: 14082: 12029: 11724: 11520: 11257: 11012: 6357: 5611:"H.R. 7152. Civil Rights Act of 1964. Adoption of a Resolution (H. RES. 789) Providing for House Approval of the Bill As Amended by the Senate" 831: 224: 8348: 5292:, the Supreme Court ruled 6–3 that Title VII protections against workplace discrimination on the basis of sex apply to discrimination against 16385: 16380: 15312: 14760: 14224: 13791: 12584: 12224: 11997: 11860: 11594: 10920: 9258: 9177: 7672:

U.S. Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration. (1999) "Chapter 2: Laws and Regulations with Implications for Assessments".

6521: 4778: 4523: (1991), 111 S. Ct. 1196). BFOQ is an extremely narrow exception to the general prohibition of discrimination based on protected traits ( 4340:

prohibited state and municipal governments from denying access to public facilities on grounds of race, color, religion, or national origin.

4210: 3808: 774: 751: 577: 419: 11515: 11293: 7231: 7057: 4175:. Democrats and Republicans from the Southern states opposed the bill and led an unsuccessful 60 working day filibuster, including Senators 16481: 16101: 15937: 15646: 15636: 15294: 15284: 12606: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12377: 11680: 6043: 4433: 1120:, which adopted the Senate version of the bill, then was passed by both houses of Congress and signed into law by Johnson on July 2, 1964. 471: 5750: 3728:. "Northern" refers to members from the other 39 states, regardless of their geographic location including Southern states like Kentucky. 1042:

to prevent its passage. Russell proclaimed, "We will resist to the bitter end any measure or any movement which would tend to bring about

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normal House procedure with the rare use of a discharge petition. By the time of the 1963 winter recess, 50 signatures were still needed.

16143: 15915: 14321: 13959: 13932: 13752: 12348: 11623: 10890: 10885: 10673: 10655: 9387: 9296: 7968: 7657: 5153: 4105: 1117: 934: 5010: 16476: 16363: 15307: 15302: 14183: 13309: 12511: 12496: 12014: 11685: 11577: 11283: 11274: 9436: 9138: 8677: 7113: 6112: 5205: 5113: (1989) established that discrimination related to non-conformity of gender stereotypical behavior is unallowable under Title VII. 4214:(1964), the Supreme Court held that Congress drew its authority from the Constitution's Commerce Clause, rejecting Rolleston's claims. 42: 8214: 7299: 5922: 16471: 16022: 15526: 14635: 14361: 14153: 13557: 12569: 12388: 11213: 10992: 9543: 9245: 7826: 7475: 7453: 5892: 4089: 404: 399: 8572:

Loevy, Robert D. "The Presidency and Domestic Policy: The Civil Rights Act of 1964," in David C. Kozak and Kenneth N. Ciboski, ed.,

7257: 874:, a coalition of 70 liberal and labor organizations. The principal lobbyists for the Leadership Conference were civil rights lawyer 16491: 16370: 16000: 15521: 14743: 14575: 14143: 13905: 13552: 13088: 12638: 12633: 12486: 11701: 11303: 11027: 10982: 10650: 9533: 9461: 9187: 9067: 4743: 4363: 4245: 4171:. He stated that the reason for his opposition to the 1964 bill was Title II, which in his opinion violated individual liberty and 4149: 886: 866:

on August 28, 1963, civil rights leaders met with President Kennedy and Vice President Johnson to discuss civil rights legislation.

863: 759: 727: 681: 424: 270: 4502:

In very narrowly defined situations, an employer is permitted to discriminate on the basis of a protected trait if the trait is a

16336: 16296: 16138: 16042: 15971: 15576: 14036: 13966: 13266: 13135: 11947: 11706: 11234: 10941: 9329: 8929: 6309: 5697: 5618: 5579: 5540: 5387: 5367: 4922: 4828: 4595: 4496: 1058: 7558: 6908: 6697: 6387: 6157: 4488: 16395: 16390: 16358: 16128: 16032: 15995: 15942: 15776: 14087: 12898: 12539: 12531: 12473: 12400: 12099: 11972: 11613: 9307: 4975: 4015:, which prohibited wage differentials based on sex. The prohibition on sex discrimination was added to the Civil Rights Act by 902: 827: 607: 6839:

A Tale of Two Amendments: The Reasons Congress Added Sex to Title VII and Their Implication for the Issue of Comparable Worth.

5803:"Gillman on Klarman, 'From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality' | H-Law | H-Ne t" 16353: 16311: 16123: 14671: 14537: 14532: 14417: 14351: 14304: 13017: 12039: 10678: 8798: 8409:

Dinerstein, Robert D. (Summer 2004). "The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990: Progeny of the Civil Rights Act of 1964".

6484: 6462: 6214: 6122: 5992: 5875: 4894: 4155:

Although majorities in both parties voted for the bill, there were notable exceptions. Though he opposed forced segregation,

553:, and employment discrimination. The act "remains one of the most significant legislative achievements in American history". 13476: 7900: 6842: 4683:

required compilation of voter-registration and voting data in geographic areas specified by the Commission on Civil Rights.

16461: 16301: 16286: 16150: 16059: 16054: 15988: 14449: 14198: 14057: 13492: 13333: 13250: 13234: 12868: 12656: 12491: 11977: 11645: 11465: 11398: 11064: 9528: 9476: 9422: 8824: 4548: 4503: 4492: 4003: 338: 295: 280: 8745: 8735: 6794: 6628: 16276: 16113: 16083: 15865: 15444: 14656: 14278: 14168: 14108: 13873: 13444: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12579: 12574: 12380: 12049: 11696: 11691: 11366: 11042: 9471: 9407: 8770: 8723: 7716: 5311:. Before the Supreme Court's intervention, there was a split in the circuit courts, including these two cases as well as 4654: 4351:

enforced the desegregation of public schools and authorized the U.S. Attorney General to file suits to enforce said act.

3853: 673: 8539:

Discrimination, Jobs and Politics: The Struggle for Equal Employment Opportunity in the United States since the New Deal

6500: 4749:

The EEOC documented the nature and magnitude of discriminatory employment practices, the first study of this kind done.

16451: 16266: 16160: 16076: 15920: 15701: 15501: 14652: 14630: 14021: 13775: 13143: 12044: 9481: 9456: 9441: 9170: 8838: 8035: 7225: 6816:

Dierenfield, Bruce J (1981). "Conservative Outrage: the Defeat in 1966 of Representative Howard W. Smith of Virginia".

6397: 4615: 4603: 4473: 4468: 4429: 4131:

United States President Lyndon B. Johnson speaks to a television camera at the signing of the Civil Rights Act in 1964.

1805: 709: 305: 187: 5778:"Executive Orders 9980 and 9981: Ending segregation in the Armed Forces and the Federal workforce – Pieces of History" 4140:

and Vice President Johnson had pushed for the introduction of the civil rights legislation. Johnson told Kennedy aide

359: 16413: 14803: 14454: 13954: 13381: 10987: 10860: 9334: 9111: 8483: 7861: 7743: 6998: 6774: 6729: 6665: 6341: 6191: 5659: 5452: 5417: 4955: 4552: 4399: 4144:

that "I know the risks are great and we might lose the South, but those sorts of states may be lost anyway." Senator

3849: 3712: 561: 4472:, prohibits discrimination by covered employers on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin (see 16456: 16341: 16306: 16291: 16049: 15651: 14895: 14865: 14681: 14410: 14309: 13602: 13373: 13365: 12064: 12054: 12034: 11882: 11855: 11022: 10764: 9235: 9122: 8240: 5125: 4850: 4753: 4156: 1152: 1147: 1008: 922: 746: 599: 210: 12648: 11786: 7773: 4572:

Religious groups performing work connected to the group's activities, including associated education institutions;

16348: 16271: 16066: 15910: 15641: 15506: 15211: 14850: 14346: 14072: 13823: 13582: 13452: 12369: 12341: 12084: 11915: 11734: 11633: 11628: 11371: 11288: 11049: 11037: 9513: 9451: 8693: 5639: 5283: 4814: 4260: 763: 514: 331: 147: 139: 8698: 7612: 4050:(with no linkage to racial issues) in the House because he believed in it. For decades he had been close to the 793:, Kennedy's civil rights bill included provisions to ban discrimination in public accommodations and enable the 786:, warned that if Congress failed to pass Kennedy's civil rights bill, the country would face another civil war. 16118: 16012: 15927: 15531: 14341: 14113: 13981: 13662: 12501: 12481: 11237: 8763: 8064: 7389: 6946: 5472: 5061: 4647: 4072: 3720:

Note that "Southern", as used here, only refers to members of Congress from the 11 states that had made up the

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is a form of discrimination on the basis of sex and is therefore also outlawed by the Civil Rights Act. See

992:

Johnson, who wanted the bill passed as soon as possible, ensured that it would be quickly considered by the

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Jeong, Gyung-Ho, Gary J. Miller, and Itai Sened, "Closing the Deal: Negotiating Civil Rights Legislation",

7673: 7580: 5840: 661: 545:, religion, sex, and national origin. It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, 275: 62:

This article is about the 1964 Civil Rights Act. For other American laws called the Civil Rights Acts, see

8584:

The Walls of Jericho: Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Russell, and the Struggle for Civil Rights.

7985: 7423: 1023:

1964, thereby bypassing the Judiciary Committee, and sending it to the Senate floor for immediate debate.

688:, providing for fair employment and desegregation throughout the federal government and the armed forces. 132: 16243: 16235: 16178: 16093: 15581: 15486: 15342: 15324: 15226: 14885: 14855: 14580: 14500: 14479: 14273: 14178: 12732: 12675: 12461: 12122: 11757: 11588: 11470: 10954: 10688: 10449: 9446: 9412: 9392: 9276: 9155: 8862: 5098: 5092: 4714: 4108:

said that Southern school districts would be required to meet mathematical ratios of students by busing.

714: 538: 414: 99: 8116: 977: 684:, proposed the 20th century's first comprehensive Civil Rights Act, and issued Executive Order 9980 and 16496: 16261: 16198: 16188: 15738: 15496: 15456: 14813: 14507: 14138: 14103: 12834: 12334: 12158: 12094: 11750: 11582: 11032: 10900: 10870: 9854: 9609: 9498: 9428: 8899: 8689: 8275: 8236: 6304: 4042:

Smith asserted that he was not joking and sincerely supported the amendment. Along with Representative

557: 501: 7690: 7083: 6256: 6085: 16170: 15983: 15815: 15376: 14875: 14713: 14520: 14239: 13927: 12912: 12893: 12506: 12079: 11769: 11540: 10698: 10529: 10499: 10434: 9919: 9558: 9538: 9508: 9417: 9351: 9324: 9290: 9033: 8814: 7515:"Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21" 6018: 5502: 5371: 5279: 4691:

For the prohibition of sex discrimination in federally funded education programs and activities, see

4314: 4254: 4051: 458: 448: 374: 38: 11408: 8577: 5492:

Three Supreme Court rulings in June 2020 interpreted that employment discrimination on the basis of

4788:

established the law's constitutionality, but did not settle all the legal questions surrounding it.

4244:

speaks at an event celebrating the 60th Anniversary of the Civil Rights Act on 29 July 2024, at the

15860: 15424: 15337: 14981: 14770: 14585: 14525: 14441: 13917: 13900: 13531: 13285: 13178: 12861: 12782: 12434: 12429: 12314: 12236: 11925: 11535: 11199: 10599: 10559: 10084: 9989: 9397: 9346: 9339: 9312: 9133: 9043: 8967: 8665: 8418: 7804:"ICYMI – EEOC helping LGBT people get protection from discrimination under sex discrimination laws" 7581:"Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Plaintiff-appellant, v. Kamehameha Schools/bishop Estate" 5447: 5442: 5437: 5375: 5238: 4941: 4367: 4168: 2789: 847: 843: 790: 735: 705: 697: 639: 453: 409: 394: 290: 285: 174: 169: 8669: 4088:

One of the bill's opponents' most damaging arguments was that once passed, the bill would require

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On June 19, the compromise bill passed the Senate by a vote of 73–27, quickly passed through the

573: 530: 8458:

Freeman, Jo. "How 'Sex' Got Into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy"

8155: 7018:

Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Laws that Changed America

16108: 15838: 15076: 14870: 14860: 14798: 14608: 14547: 14314: 14041: 13888: 13693: 13688: 13436: 13301: 12929: 12230: 12024: 11834: 10404: 10139: 10124: 10119: 9994: 9849: 9689: 9634: 9204: 9054: 8977: 8948: 8910: 7449: 6657: 5402: 5038: 4047: 2141: 1016: 986: 973:

on March 26, 1964, listening to the Senate debate on the bill. The two met for only one minute.

962: 819: 812: 12074: 8632:

If It Takes All Summer: Martin Luther King, the KKK, and States' Rights in St. Augustine, 1964

8027: 7654: 6990: 6882:, p. 187 notes that Smith had been working for years with two Virginia feminists on the issue. 6766: 6760: 5266: 16183: 15696: 15561: 15516: 15332: 15051: 15016: 14835: 14818: 14625: 14542: 14163: 13976: 13612: 13562: 13546: 12661: 12212: 12200: 11762: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11437: 11361: 10997: 10534: 10349: 9979: 9884: 9864: 9834: 9523: 9518: 9265: 9230: 9128: 9092: 8786: 8724:

110 Congressional Record (Bound) – Volume 110, Part 2 (January 30, 1964 to February 10, 1964)

7965: 7144:"Travelers, Strangers, and Jim Crow: Law, Public Accommodations, and Civil Rights in America" 6955: 6661:

Excerpt of the Engrossing Copy of H.R. 7152, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Showing Amendments

5407: 5166: 5107: 5074: 4908: 4800: 4588: 4534: 4517: 4122: 4012: 970: 879: 550: 355: 7901:"Jeff Sessions Just Reversed A Policy That Protects Transgender Workers From Discrimination" 6333: 6327: 4309:

barred unequal application of voter registration requirements. This title did not eliminate

1015:, whose firm opposition made it seem impossible that the bill would reach the Senate floor. 826:

written, saying legislative action was "imperative". The president's bill went first to the

78: 16425: 15833: 15596: 15407: 15359: 15231: 15121: 15026: 14793: 14783: 14755: 14620: 14474: 13210: 13038: 12776: 12293: 11952: 11739: 11600: 11424: 11414: 11017: 10905: 10703: 10584: 10489: 10299: 9929: 9087: 8819: 8728: 8206: 7807: 6841:

Faculty Publications – Collective Bargaining, Labor Law, and Labor History. Cornell, 1981

5457: 5033: 4583:

is a U.S. labor law provision in Title VII that limits sex discrimination claims regarding

4542:

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Kamehameha School – Bishop Estate

4525: 4180: 4035: 3889: 3533: 3424: 3317: 3221: 3208: 1973: 993: 701: 685: 669: 611: 379: 323: 13104: 7445: 6257:"Civil Rights Era (1950–1963) – The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom" 6158:"Civil Rights Movement History 1964 Jan-June: Civil Rights Bill Passes in the House (Feb)" 4440:, "to the extent that any examples might be useful as evidence of discriminatory intent". 8: 16208: 15566: 15481: 14961: 14750: 14640: 14570: 13469:

Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. City of Jacksonville

13428: 13162: 13093: 12854: 12764: 12752: 12188: 12170: 11982: 11824: 11545: 11393: 10780: 10741: 10289: 10249: 10199: 10109: 10069: 10044: 9999: 9804: 9759: 9604: 9584: 9553: 9548: 9491: 9402: 9197: 9150: 9100: 9061: 7939: 5080: (1986) determined that sexual harassment is considered discrimination based on sex. 4990: 4584: 4219: 4145: 3966: 3197: 3173: 2717: 1853: 1661: 1637: 1062: 1035: 925:

on November 22, 1963, changed the political situation. Kennedy's successor as president,

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110 Congressional Record (Bound) – Volume 110, Part 12 (June 29, 1964 to July 21, 1964)

8736:

110 Congressional Record (Bound) – Volume 110, Part 11 (June 17, 1964 to June 26, 1964)

8518: 8430: 8245: 8053: 7866: 7803: 7165: 6875: 6712: 6443: 5864: 5493: 5219: 5110: 4664:

withdrew the Holder memorandum. According to a copy of Sessions' directive reviewed by

4537: 4520: 4271: 4020: 3885: 3725: 3485: 2693: 2560: 2296: 1373: 942: 894: 889:, on August 28, 1963, the organizers visited Kennedy to discuss the civil rights bill. 875: 719: 665: 634: 546: 8130: 7273: 6958: 6658:

U.S. House of Representatives. Office of the Clerk of the House (September 25, 1964).

6570: 5689: 5610: 5571: 5532: 5172: (1998) further ruled that same-sex harassment is discrimination under Title VII. 5169: 5077: 15728: 15449: 15111: 15081: 14676: 14433: 14118: 13744: 13718: 13683: 13293: 13057: 12976: 12740: 12451: 12357: 12300: 12278: 12242: 11814: 11555: 11378: 10965: 10880: 10875: 10835: 10708: 10479: 10464: 10429: 10209: 10129: 10074: 9859: 9023: 9018: 8890: 8876: 8869: 8830: 8602: 8596: 8479: 8473: 8463: 8422: 8103: 8070: 8060: 8031: 8020: 7934:"US Attorney General Jefferson Sessions Issues New Guidance On Transgender Employees" 7827:"Justice Department Will Now Support Transgender Discrimination Claims In Litigation" 7221: 6994: 6983: 6896: 6770: 6694: 6596: 6426: 6393: 6383: 6337: 6210: 6187: 6161: 6118: 6065: 5972: 5871: 5397: 4619: 4607: 4580: 4477: 4449: 4172: 4137: 4067: 4024: 3861: 3799: 3125: 3077: 2981: 2621: 2381: 2357: 1877: 1781: 1105: 1004: 982: 926: 603: 478: 251: 8755: 8714: 7217:

Race, Riots, and Roller Coasters: The Struggle over Segregated Recreation in America

6689:"How 'Sex' Got Into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy," 6481: 5333:

R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

5328:

R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

5320:

R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

4267:

R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

15884: 15855: 15850: 15748: 15716: 15689: 15414: 15031: 15001: 14991: 14986: 14553: 14356: 14326: 14244: 13893: 13878: 13186: 12917: 12218: 12194: 12182: 12164: 11967: 11781: 11729: 11383: 11142: 11127: 11117: 11087: 10828: 10775: 10624: 10609: 10574: 10439: 10384: 10374: 10269: 10144: 10079: 9954: 9869: 9829: 9819: 9809: 9794: 9789: 9764: 9654: 9038: 8953: 8916: 8567:

To End All Segregation: The Politics of the Passage of The Civil Rights Act of 1964

8546:

Delaying the Dream: Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights, 1938–1965

7638: 7331:"Supreme Court grants federal job protections to gay, lesbian, transgender workers" 7269: 7155: 7052: 6929: 5933: 5261: 5224: 5018: 4481: 4046:, he was the amendment's chief spokesperson. For 20 years, Smith had sponsored the 4043: 3917: 3750: 3605: 3557: 3389: 3149: 3101: 3029: 2416: 2333: 2320: 2285: 2189: 1589: 1277: 835: 798:

Justice Department power to initiate desegregation or job discrimination lawsuits.

610:

passed the bill on February 10, 1964, and after a 72-day filibuster, it passed the

510: 214: 63: 8508:

The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law That Ended Racial Segregation

7774:"What You Should Know about EEOC and the Enforcement Protections for LGBT Workers" 6897:"How 'Sex' Got into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy" 6422:"The Civil Rights Act: What JFK, LBJ, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X had to say" 6184:

The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law that Ended Racial Segregation

4717:, tasked with assisting in community disputes involving claims of discrimination. 958: 15879: 15706: 15616: 15611: 15542:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

15392: 15347: 15201: 15191: 15171: 15156: 15056: 14931: 14921: 14560: 14031: 14006: 13703: 13522: 13517: 12986: 12971: 12821: 12803: 12719: 12681: 12441: 11222: 11137: 11122: 11107: 10925: 10554: 10544: 10504: 10484: 10444: 10319: 10309: 10274: 10234: 10219: 10154: 10019: 9969: 9899: 9784: 9734: 9719: 9709: 9704: 9684: 9669: 9664: 9639: 9579: 9503: 9106: 9077: 9072: 9028: 9008: 8987: 8959: 8705: 8673: 8316:"Supreme Court Will Hear Cases On LGBTQ Discrimination Protections For Employees" 7972: 7699: 7679: 7661: 7358: 7356: 7079: 6848: 6736: 6701: 6507: 6488: 6469: 5929: 5646: 5497: 5175: 5004: 4631: 4558:

There are partial and whole exceptions to Title VII for four types of employers:

4415: 4403: 4317:

directly addressed and eliminated most voting qualifications beyond citizenship.

4275: 4176: 4160: 4016: 3982: 3974: 3958: 3413: 3365: 3293: 3269: 2741: 2669: 2597: 2549: 2501: 2405: 2237: 2045: 2021: 1997: 1733: 1469: 1445: 1073: 1069: 1043: 906: 815: 591: 565: 542: 8280:"Supreme Court rules existing civil rights law protects gay and lesbian workers" 16316: 15721: 15684: 15674: 15434: 15429: 15371: 15206: 15136: 15066: 15061: 14565: 14489: 14268: 14234: 14188: 13713: 13592: 12904: 12456: 12150: 12004: 11500: 11343: 11176: 11157: 10746: 10594: 10579: 10509: 10459: 10424: 10409: 10394: 10354: 10334: 10324: 10279: 10264: 10244: 10014: 9984: 9974: 9944: 9934: 9844: 9814: 9614: 9240: 9192: 9082: 7896: 7650: 7480: 7043: 6790: 6526: 6323: 5351: 4869: 4669: 4097: 3869: 3448: 3437: 3053: 2957: 2573: 2525: 2392: 2344: 2165: 1936: 1829: 1757: 1421: 1349: 1054: 1019: 839: 822: 779: 704:

on September 9, 1957, was the first federal civil rights legislation since the

534: 430: 206: 12944: 8475:

JFK: Day by Day: A Chronicle of the 1,036 Days of John F. Kennedy's Presidency

7353: 7160: 7143: 4373: 4208:

Amendments by depriving him of "liberty and property without due process". In

16440: 15274: 15256: 15246: 15216: 15161: 15116: 15101: 15046: 15036: 15021: 14971: 14966: 14936: 14733: 14661: 14484: 14376: 14371: 14299: 14067: 13698: 12991: 12810: 12260: 12109: 11957: 11495: 11447: 11419: 11335: 11152: 11082: 10930: 10796: 10619: 10549: 10454: 10304: 10239: 10224: 10214: 10174: 10099: 10089: 10049: 10034: 9924: 9914: 9874: 9824: 9699: 9624: 9594: 8606: 8426: 8131:"Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53 (2006)" 7905: 7831: 7799: 7646: 6552: 5130: 4879: 4661: 4640: 4425: 4329:

defining the term "private", or other establishments not open to the public.

4310: 4127: 4093: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3877: 3341: 3232: 3136: 2933: 2813: 2704: 2645: 2477: 2453: 2440: 2261: 1696: 1685: 1565: 1541: 1528: 1493: 1253: 1077: 1047: 1026:

When the bill came before the full Senate for debate on March 30, 1964, the "

657: 8241:"Civil Rights Law Protects Gay and Transgender Workers, Supreme Court Rules" 8074: 15586: 15354: 15279: 15251: 15236: 15221: 15176: 15151: 15131: 15041: 15011: 15006: 14976: 14926: 14778: 14464: 14336: 14077: 14011: 12996: 12961: 12711: 12669: 12206: 11457: 11112: 11092: 10614: 10569: 10564: 10524: 10359: 10339: 10294: 10229: 10164: 10149: 10064: 10054: 10009: 9959: 9949: 9939: 9909: 9904: 9894: 9879: 9839: 9774: 9754: 9749: 9729: 9724: 9714: 9674: 9629: 9599: 8982: 8553:

The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960–1972

8469: 7712: 7253: 6202: 5297: 4978:

ended the practice of designating federal jobs "women only" or "men only."

4141: 4101: 4059: 4029: 3857: 3592: 3581: 3256: 3064: 3016: 3005: 2920: 2680: 2309: 2213: 2093: 1648: 1613: 1480: 1301: 1229: 1104:, unable to speak, he pointed to his left eye, signifying his affirmative " 1101: 933:

he wielded as president, in support of the bill. In his first address to a

930: 677: 526: 8349:"Supreme Court clashes over meaning of 'sex' in LGBT discrimination cases" 7966:

Milestones In The History of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission: 1972

7393: 6659: 4374:

Title VI – nondiscrimination in federally assisted programs

734:. By 1960, black voting had increased by only 3%, and Congress passed the 15606: 15591: 15439: 15402: 15241: 15196: 15181: 14946: 14941: 14788: 12689: 12254: 12140: 11388: 11330: 11132: 11102: 10729: 10693: 10634: 10629: 10589: 10539: 10474: 10469: 10379: 10329: 10259: 10254: 10194: 10179: 10029: 10024: 9889: 9769: 9739: 9679: 9644: 8905: 8088: 7744:"U.S. government lawsuits target transgender discrimination in workplace" 7392:. Civil Rights Movement Archive – SNCC, SCLC, CORE, NAACP. Archived from 7366:. Civil Rights Movement Archive – SNCC, SCLC, CORE, NAACP. Archived from 6859: 6019:"The Kennedys and the Civil Rights Movement (U.S. National Park Service)" 5336: 5248:

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores

5240:

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores

4650: 4635: 4184: 3939: 3376: 3160: 2837: 2765: 2429: 2117: 2069: 1901: 1840: 1768: 1709: 1517: 1097: 1085: 1027: 1012: 890: 616: 13267:

Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College

8434: 7367: 7169: 5720: 15141: 15126: 15096: 15091: 14840: 14808: 14647: 14615: 13666: 13586: 12981: 12966: 12877: 12788: 10756: 10414: 10344: 10314: 10184: 10159: 10104: 10004: 9619: 9589: 8015: 6978: 6892: 6756: 6686: 4769: 4630:

In 2012, the EEOC ruled that employment discrimination on the basis of

4055: 3978: 3928: 3832: 3544: 3461: 3245: 2909: 2885: 2752: 2464: 1949: 1912: 1600: 1397: 1325: 1288: 1039: 1031: 595: 518: 151: 15477:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

13227:

Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1

8639:

The Longest Debate: A Legislative History of the 1964 Civil Rights Act

5013:, holding that employers may fire employees who refuse to work on the 15755: 15601: 15106: 14890: 14828: 14723: 13012: 12446: 11942: 10734: 10204: 10189: 8680: 7258:"60 Years After Brown: Trends and Consequences of School Segregation" 7013: 6864:

Freedom's Daughters: The Unsung Heroines of the Civil Rights Movement

5196: 5048:

Christiansburg Garment Co. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

5040:

Christiansburg Garment Co. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

4298: 4280: 4241: 3873: 3865: 3496: 3112: 2968: 2608: 2512: 2248: 2032: 1925: 1888: 966: 929:, made use of his experience in legislative politics, along with the 14402: 12326: 8560:

The Civil Rights Act and the Battle to End Workplace Discrimination.

6389:

Dred Scott's Revenge: A Legal History of Race and Freedom in America

6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 5893:"Speeches and interviews: Federal Protection of Negro Voting Rights" 913:, indicated his intention to keep the bill bottled up indefinitely. 16228: 16223: 15733: 14381: 14331: 13972:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996

13646: 13626: 13616: 13606: 12272: 11325: 10094: 8651:

Zimmer, Michael J., Charles A. Sullivan & Richard F. Richards,

8284: 6603:

67th Annual Conference of the Midwest Political Science Association

5393:

Angelita C. et al. v. California Department of Pesticide Regulation

5014: 4692: 3520: 3400: 3184: 2872: 2824: 2728: 2632: 2536: 2224: 2080: 1984: 1864: 1816: 1792: 1744: 1720: 1672: 1504: 1456: 1432: 1360: 1264: 1096:

The most dramatic moment during the cloture vote came when Senator

985:

signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Among the guests behind him is

910: 672:, the first federal anti-discrimination order, and established the 650: 15492:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

11191: 6088:. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. June 11, 1963. 5870:(Revised ed.). University Press of Kansas. pp. 145–146. 5718: 5011:

landmark United States Supreme Court case on religion and business

4675: 1068:

After the filibuster had gone on for 54 days, Senators Mansfield,

14845: 13733: 13636: 10683: 8709: 8515:

The Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act

7811: 6143: 5660:"U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: The Civil Rights Act of 1964" 4913: 4819: 4332: 3986: 3962: 3881: 3352: 3304: 3280: 3088: 2776: 2656: 2584: 2200: 2176: 2128: 2104: 2008: 1336: 1240: 1090: 870:

Lobbying support for the Civil Rights Act was coordinated by the

8623:

Rothstein, Mark A., Andria S. Knapp & Lance Liebman (1987).

8380:"U.S. high court turns away dispute over gay worker protections" 6595:

Jeong, Gyung-Ho; Miller, Gary J.; Sened, Itai (March 14, 2009).

4971:

Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations

15679: 14391: 11429: 10751: 7585: 5144: 4885: 4686: 4343: 3040: 2992: 2848: 2272: 2056: 1960: 1576: 1552: 1408: 1312: 12540:

United States House of Representatives special elections, 1937

6052:. March 26, 2017. Archived from the original on March 26, 2017 4676:

Title VIII – registration and voting statistics

15491: 13065: 12846: 9486: 7717:"EEOC rules job protections also apply to transgender people" 7300:"Justices rule LGBT people protected from job discrimination" 6522:"Packed Senate Galleries Tense; 10-Minute Vote Makes History" 4333:

Title III – desegregation of public facilities

3932: 3921: 3845: 3844:

Southern Democrats: 8–83 (9–91%) – four Representatives from

3754: 3568: 3472: 3328: 2944: 2368: 1624: 1100:(D-CA) was wheeled into the chamber. Suffering from terminal 6934:

On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues, 1945–1968

6086:"Radio and television address on civil rights, 11 June 1963" 5335:

determined that Title VII covers gender identity, including

4611: 1108:" vote when his name was called. He died seven weeks later. 353: 15536: 13134: 8494:

On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues 1945–1968

8352: 7497: 5293: 4965: 4946: 4737: 4687:

Title IX – intervention and removal of cases

4443: 4420: 4344:

Title IV – desegregation of public education

4252:

In June 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in three cases (

4187:(D-WV), who personally filibustered for 14 hours straight. 4039:, laughter greeted Smith when he introduced the amendment. 3970: 3616: 2896: 2800: 2488: 2152: 1384: 738:, which eliminated certain loopholes left by the 1957 Act. 6602: 6329:

Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or a Nightmare

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Senate version, as voted on by the House: 289–126 (70–30%)

2858: 8320: 7862:"Justice Department Says Rights Law Doesn't Protect Gays" 6048: 5937:

at boston.com, 21 November 2007, accessed 28 October 2011

5234:

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar

5226:

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar

3935:, the only Southern Republican at the time, voted against 2138: 1030:" of 18 southern Democratic Senators and lone Republican 732:

United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division

522: 13945:

Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act

6254: 6044:"American Experience.Eyes on the Prize.Transcript | PBS" 5052: 4705: 923:

assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy

10936:

Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam

10714:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)" 8718: 8055:

Sexual Harassment and the Law: the Mechelle Vinson Case

5191:

Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White

5185:

Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White

5177:

Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White

4444:

Title VII – equal employment opportunity

4354: 3530: 3314: 3218: 1970: 664:, just before the U.S. entered World War II, President 13774: 13219:

Doe v. Kamehameha Schools/Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate

13084:

Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

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African American founding fathers of the United States

9313:

Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement

9178:

John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights

6880:

Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century

6717:

Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century

6598:

Closing The Deal: Negotiating Civil Rights Legislation

4064:

National Federation of Business and Professional Women

3757:

was the only Southerner to vote in favor in the Senate

3194: 3170: 2714: 1850: 1658: 1634: 315: 12545:

1938 United States House of Representatives elections

8785: 7932:

Goico, Allison L.; Geller, Hayley (October 6, 2017).

5721:"U.S. Reports: Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883)" 5378:, aiding not only African Americans, but also women. 5083: 3482: 2690: 1370: 1053:

Strong opposition to the bill also came from Senator

712:

ruled school segregation unconstitutional in 1954 in

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Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice

8185:

Burlington N. & S. F. R. Co. v. White (Syllabus)

6691:

Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice

5923:"An inside look at Eisenhower's civil rights record" 5690:"HR. 7152. Passage. Senate Vote #409 – Jun 19, 1964" 5527: 5525: 5523: 4759: 4706:

Title X – Community Relations Service

4575:

Bona fide nonprofit private membership organizations

4436:(IHRA) on May 26, 2016, as well as the IHRA list of 3802:

of July 2, 1964, about the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

3122: 3074: 2978: 2618: 2378: 2354: 1874: 1778: 13950:

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

11551:

Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961

11008:

Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument

8752:

House July 2 amendment vote roll call p. 15897

8732:

House February 10 vote roll call pp. 2804–2805

7541:

Parr v. Woodmen of the World Life Insurance Company

5945: 5943: 5776:Johnson, Jennifer; Hussey, Michael (May 19, 2014). 5140:

United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc.

5132:

United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc.

4646:On December 15, 2014, under a memorandum issued by 4509:

United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc.

4355:

Title V – Commission on Civil Rights

4320: 4062:wrote a supportive memorandum at the behest of the 4011:One year earlier, the same Congress had passed the 3809:"Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964" 3780:"Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964" 3602: 3554: 3506: 3386: 3146: 3098: 3026: 2330: 2282: 2186: 1586: 1274: 999:Normally, the bill would have been referred to the 13243:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action 8052: 8019: 7422:. The Dirksen Congressional Center. Archived from 6982: 6730:LBJ Champions the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Part 2 6676:– via US National Archives Research Catalog. 5863: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 4932: 4805: 4458:Employment discrimination law in the United States 3410: 3362: 3290: 3266: 2738: 2666: 2594: 2546: 2498: 2402: 2234: 2042: 2018: 1994: 1730: 1466: 1442: 770:, Kennedy realized he had to act on civil rights. 627: 580:, and its duty to protect voting rights under the 502: 12090:John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School 8510:, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 8453:Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years 1963–65 8270: 8268: 6430:. Archived from the original on February 24, 2016 5959:. Archived from the original on December 14, 2018 5520: 5430: 5413:Post–civil rights era in African-American history 4246:Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library and Museum 3434: 3050: 2954: 2570: 2522: 2162: 1826: 1754: 1418: 1346: 741: 16438: 15527:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 13911:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division 13171:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 11963:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 9544:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 8653:Cases and Materials on Employment Discrimination 8576:(Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1985), pp. 411–419. 8207:"Bostock v. Clayton County, 590 U.S. ___ (2020)" 7416:"Major Features of the Civil Rights Act of 1964" 7141: 6594: 6519: 6463:1963 Year In Review – Part 1 – Civil Rights Bill 6070:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5940: 4693:Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 3338: 2930: 2810: 2642: 2474: 2450: 2258: 1682: 1562: 1538: 1490: 1250: 642:of much of its ability to protect civil rights. 15572:Black players in professional American football 15522:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 13259:Coalition for TJ v. Fairfax County School Board 13034:Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument 11921:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum 9534:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 9467:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights 9358:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County 8496:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 8462:, Vol. 9, No. 2, March 1991, pp. 163–184. 7895: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6160:. Civil Rights Movement Archive. Archived from 5956:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum 5890: 5555: 4899: 4791: 4370:with additional powers, rules, and procedures. 4321:Title II – public accommodations 4225:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County 3578: 3002: 2306: 2210: 2090: 1802: 1610: 1298: 1226: 916: 11013:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument 8634:, Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press. 8309: 8307: 8265: 8059:. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas. 7824: 7555:"Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967" 6186:, State University of New York Press, p. 171. 5993:"The Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Miller Center" 5951:"Civil Rights Movement (The Election of 1960)" 5861: 5757:. Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History 5024: 4231: 2834: 2786: 2762: 2426: 2114: 2066: 1898: 1706: 1514: 14418: 14225:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era 13760: 13120: 12862: 12590:Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960 12342: 12225:Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington 11595:Report to the American People on Civil Rights 11207: 10921:List of lynching victims in the United States 9259:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 8771: 8377: 7702:, EEOC Appeal No. 0120120821 (April 20, 2012) 5775: 4981: 4779:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 4771:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 3458: 3242: 2906: 2882: 1946: 1394: 1322: 909:, a Democrat and staunch segregationist from 775:Report to the American People on Civil Rights 339: 16467:Anti-discrimination law in the United States 15285:Historically black colleges and universities 13398:Charlton-Perkins v. University of Cincinnati 12570:United States Senate special elections, 1941 8637:Whalen, Charles and Whalen, Barbara (1985), 8008: 7891: 7889: 7509: 7507: 7476:"Executive Order on Combating Anti-Semitism" 7252: 7137: 7135: 7114:"U.S. Senate: Civil Rights Filibuster Ended" 6964: 6742: 6300:"1963 Year In Review: Transition to Johnson" 5210: 4625: 4569:Federally recognized Native American tribes; 4434:International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance 1922: 1131:Senate vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1964 941:Judiciary Committee chairman Celler filed a 773:Kennedy first proposed the 1964 bill in his 472:District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson Co. 238:on June 19, 1964 (73–27) with amendment 14322:Democratic backsliding in the United States 13960:Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act 9388:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights 8742:Senate June 19 vote roll call p. 14511 8304: 8156:"Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964" 7931: 7856: 7854: 7776:. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. 6815: 6358:"A Case History: The 1964 Civil Rights Act" 5862:Pach, Chester J.; Richardson, Elmo (1991). 5719:Supreme Court of the United States (1883). 5206:Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. 5198:Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. 5159:Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc. 5154:Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc. 4720: 4106:Department of Health, Education and Welfare 4096:in schools. The bill's proponents, such as 3716:Senate vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1964 1048:intermingling and amalgamation of the races 806: 691: 23: 16502:United States federal criminal legislation 14425: 14411: 13767: 13753: 13310:Hazelwood School District v. United States 13127: 13113: 12869: 12855: 12512:Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs 12497:Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park 12349: 12335: 11214: 11200: 9437:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership 8778: 8764: 8569:, Lanham, MD: University Press of America. 8408: 7042: 6818:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 6557:Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President 6382: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5252: 4302:First page of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 4293: 4116: 718:, Southern Democrats began a campaign of " 564:to regulate interstate commerce under the 346: 332: 24: 15502:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 13558:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 12935:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 12035:John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston) 11653:U.S. House of Representatives elections: 11521:Status of Women (Presidential Commission) 10993:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument 8601:. Congressional Quarterly Service. 1967. 7986:"Equal Employment Opportunity Commission" 7886: 7741: 7504: 7159: 7132: 6693:, Vol. 9, No. 2, March 1991, pp 163–184. 4995: 16512:Industrial and organizational psychology 13553:Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 13044:United States ten-dollar bill (proposed) 12634:1960 United States presidential election 12487:Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum 11669:U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: 11028:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change 9068:University of Georgia desegregation riot 8592:, Nov 2004, Vol. 110 Issue 3, pp 709–760 8313: 8274: 7851: 7798: 7711: 7214:Wolcott, Victoria W. (August 16, 2012). 7078: 6117:. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 64, 129. 5342: 4860: 4833: 4744:Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 4738:Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 4600:state fair employment practices agencies 4297: 4235: 4126: 4002: 3938:Northern Democrats: 45–1 (98–2%) – only 3916:Southern Democrats: 1–20 (5–95%) – only 3711: 3645:Original House version: 290–130 (69–31%) 976: 957: 953: 887:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom 857: 760:1960 United States presidential election 750:United States President John F. Kennedy 745: 728:United States Commission on Civil Rights 420:President Kennedy's civil rights address 316:§ United States Supreme Court cases 271:Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 59:Landmark U.S. civil rights and labor law 32:This is an accepted version of this page 18:Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 16507:United States federal labor legislation 13967:National Voter Registration Act of 1993 13923:Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 13136:Affirmative action in the United States 11948:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 10942:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence 10679:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus" 10674:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round" 8699:Narrative: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 8541:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 8346: 8050: 7213: 6891: 6833: 6831: 6680: 6668:from the original on September 25, 2017 6482:Civil Rights Act – Battle in the Senate 6419: 6250: 6248: 6092:from the original on September 30, 2018 5640:"Transcript of Civil Rights Act (1964)" 5621:from the original on September 10, 2019 5594: 5388:Affirmative action in the United States 5368:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 5362:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 4923:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard 4915:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard 4829:Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc. 4821:Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc. 4786:Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States 4721:Title XI – miscellaneous 4596:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 4497:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 4211:Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States 4190: 3696:Senate version, voted on by the House: 14: 16439: 16401:Topics related to the African diaspora 15507:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 14204:United States Virgin Islands residents 12899:Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage 12030:Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts 11614:Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts 10856:African-American women in the movement 9308:White House Conference on Civil Rights 9139:"Segregation now, segregation forever" 8468: 8390:from the original on December 11, 2017 8235: 8089:https://www.oyez.org/cases/2005/05-259 7723:from the original on December 20, 2014 7142:Sandoval-Strausz, A.K. (Spring 2005). 6664:. Series: General Records, 1789–2015. 6639:from the original on December 23, 2020 6551: 5915: 5866:The Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower 5506:, and also see below for more details. 4976:United States Civil Service Commission 4438:Contemporary Examples of Anti-Semitism 4294:Title I – voting rights 4021:cynically attempted to defeat the bill 3949:Northern Republicans: 27–5 (84–16%) – 3761: 801: 608:United States House of Representatives 188:Title 42—The Public Health and Welfare 16487:July 1964 events in the United States 16381:Landmark African-American legislation 14432: 14406: 13748: 13108: 13089:Women's suffrage in the United States 12850: 12356: 12330: 12040:John F. Kennedy International Airport 11195: 9297:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections 8759: 8615:University of Pennsylvania Law Review 8292:from the original on January 22, 2021 8178: 8176: 7947:from the original on October 16, 2017 7780:from the original on November 8, 2014 7742:Rosenberg, Mica (September 9, 2014). 7488:from the original on January 25, 2021 7120:from the original on January 14, 2022 7094:from the original on October 20, 2012 6621: 6513: 5837:National Endowment for the Humanities 5700:from the original on December 6, 2020 5582:from the original on December 6, 2020 5543:from the original on December 6, 2020 5296:individuals. In the opinion, Justice 5146:Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services 4927: 4895:Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke 4887:Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke 4159:1964 presidential candidate, Senator 3927:Southern Republicans: 0–1 (0–100%) – 3905:Note that four Representatives voted 3901:Northern Republicans: 136–24 (85–15%) 872:Leadership Conference on Civil Rights 682:President's Committee on Civil Rights 572:, its duty to guarantee all citizens 327: 15512:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 13797:House Electors Qualifications Clause 13493:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Mineta 13485:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Slater 13334:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education 12657:Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture 12492:Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland 12095:John F. Kennedy University (defunct) 11399:Migration and Refugee Assistance Act 11065:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument 9529:Regional Council of Negro Leadership 9477:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 9423:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights 8900:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company 8825:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore 8641:, Cabin John, MD: Seven Locks Press. 8625:Employment Law: Cases and Materials. 8555:, New York: Oxford University Press. 8359:from the original on October 8, 2019 8014: 7913:from the original on October 5, 2017 7839:from the original on October 5, 2017 7825:Geidner, Chris (December 18, 2014). 7328: 7220:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 6977: 6828: 6755: 6360:. The Dirksen Congressional Center. 6322: 6267:from the original on January 9, 2020 6245: 6131:from the original on January 1, 2021 6110: 5751:"FDR on racial discrimination, 1942" 4855: 4764: 4549:Communist Party of the United States 4504:bona fide occupational qualification 4493:Age Discrimination in Employment Act 4489:Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 594:in June 1963, but it was opposed by 296:Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 281:Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 16482:Events of the civil rights movement 15866:African-American Vernacular English 13445:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co. 12619:Democratic National Convention 1956 12575:1948 United States Senate elections 12381:Vice President of the United States 12370:36th President of the United States 11367:Arms Control and Disarmament Agency 11221: 9472:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 9408:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 9078:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address 8655:, Little, Brown and Company (1982). 8646:LBJ: Architect of American Ambition 8562:Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. 8378:Chung, Andrew (December 11, 2017). 8347:Higgens, Tucker (October 8, 2019). 8328:from the original on April 23, 2019 7874:from the original on April 29, 2019 7619:from the original on March 16, 2016 7456:from the original on April 10, 2015 7446:"Civil Rights Act of 1964 Title II" 7234:from the original on April 18, 2021 6911:from the original on April 23, 2006 6287:President Kennedy: Profile of Power 5813:from the original on March 26, 2018 5670:from the original on April 16, 2019 4878:, the Supreme Court ruled that the 4732: 4655:United States Department of Justice 3895:Southern Republicans: 0–11 (0–100%) 853: 676:. Roosevelt's successor, President 674:Fair Employment Practices Committee 232:on February 10, 1964 (290–130) 56: 15784:U.S. cities with large populations 15487:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 14194:Northern Mariana Islands residents 13776:Voting rights in the United States 13477:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña 13018:Women's Social and Political Union 12741:Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson 10916:African-American churches attacked 9482:Montgomery Improvement Association 9457:Georgia Council on Human Relations 9442:Council of Federated Organizations 9413:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 9171:16th Street Baptist Church bombing 9129:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot 8935:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom 8839:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents 8524: 8253:from the original on June 17, 2020 8217:from the original on June 15, 2020 8173: 8044: 7754:from the original on March 7, 2016 7310:from the original on June 15, 2020 7280:from the original on June 18, 2020 7195:from the original on March 9, 2021 7182: 6797:from the original on June 24, 2016 6728:Gittinger, Ted and Fisher, Allen, 6609:from the original on July 29, 2016 6520:Hunter, Marjorie (June 11, 1964). 6364:from the original on July 29, 2020 5313:Evans v. Georgia Regional Hospital 4660:In October 2017, Attorney General 4469:Title 42 of the United States Code 4430:working definition of antisemitism 3831:Problems playing these files? See 3768: 950:pass through the Rules Committee. 533:in the United States that outlaws 507:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 485:23rd U.S. Constitutional Amendment 439:24th U.S. Constitutional Amendment 57: 16523: 16477:Civil rights in the United States 14657:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 14653:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 14460:African American founding fathers 13955:Federal Voting Assistance Program 13382:Piscataway School Board v. Taxman 13350:Firefighters v. City of Cleveland 11690:Democratic National Conventions: 11526:University of Alabama integration 10988:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute 10861:Jews in the civil rights movement 8659: 8501:American Political Science Review 8455:, New York: Simon & Schuster. 8314:Chappell, Bill (April 22, 2019). 7996:from the original on May 28, 2015 7990:LII / Legal Information Institute 7593:from the original on May 27, 2012 7274:10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043152 7060:from the original on May 24, 2009 6791:"The American Presidency Project" 5453:Employment Non-Discrimination Act 5418:Jews in the civil rights movement 4962:Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp. 4956:Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp. 4948:Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp. 4760:United States Supreme Court cases 4553:Subversive Activities Control Act 4544:, 990 F.2d 458 (9th Cir. 1993)). 3998: 3898:Northern Democrats: 145–8 (95–5%) 3703:Republican Party: 136–35 (80–20%) 3700:Democratic Party: 153–91 (63–37%) 3670:Republican Party: 138–34 (80–20%) 3667:Democratic Party: 152–96 (61–39%) 16472:Anti-racism in the United States 16419: 15537:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 14682:Nadir of American race relations 14362:Ranked-choice voting in the U.S. 14279:Women's poll tax repeal movement 13374:Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio 13366:Johnson v. Transportation Agency 13251:Fisher v. University of Texas II 12943: 12830: 12829: 12310: 12309: 11182:Civil rights movement portal 11175: 11023:Freedom Riders National Monument 10765:The Kingdom of God Is Within You 9277:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches 9236:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests 9123:Second Emancipation Proclamation 8402: 8371: 7544:, 791 F.2d 888 (11th Cir. 1986). 6472:United Press International, 1963 5126:Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio 5118:Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio 4851:McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green 4843:McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green 4754:Equal Employment Opportunity Act 4602:(FEPAs), enforce Title VII (see 4083: 3813: 3784: 3689:Democratic Party: 46–21 (69–31%) 3678:Democratic Party: 44–23 (66–34%) 1111: 754:on civil rights on June 11, 1963 602:on November 22, 1963, President 587:The legislation was proposed by 242:House agreed to Senate amendment 77: 16492:Liberalism in the United States 14543:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 14533:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 13906:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights 13824:Privileges or Immunities Clause 13453:Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC 13235:Fisher v. University of Texas I 12085:John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge 11702:U.S. presidential election 1960 11491:Federal housing segregation ban 11372:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 11246:U.S. Senator from Massachusetts 11050:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum 11038:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial 9514:National Council of Negro Women 9452:Deacons for Defense and Justice 8681:Statute Compilations collection 8445: 8340: 8229: 8199: 8148: 8123: 8081: 7978: 7959: 7925: 7818: 7792: 7766: 7735: 7705: 7684: 7666: 7631: 7605: 7573: 7557:. Finduslaw.com. Archived from 7547: 7533: 7468: 7438: 7408: 7382: 7329:Wolf, Richard (June 15, 2020). 7322: 7292: 7256:; Owens, Ann (August 1, 2014). 7246: 7207: 7176: 7106: 7072: 7036: 7023: 7007: 6939: 6923: 6885: 6869: 6853: 6809: 6783: 6722: 6706: 6651: 6588: 6563: 6545: 6494: 6491:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive 6475: 6456: 6420:Remnick, Noah (June 28, 2014). 6413: 6376: 6350: 6316: 6292: 6279: 6219: 6196: 6176: 6104: 6078: 6036: 6011: 5985: 5899:. Duke University School of Law 5884: 5855: 5825: 5795: 5769: 5309:Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda 5284:Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda 5272:Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda 4815:United States v. Johnson (1968) 4467:Subchapter VI of Chapter 21 of 4261:Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda 3692:Republican Party: 27–6 (82–18%) 3681:Republican Party: 27–6 (82–18%) 830:, where it was referred to the 628:Reconstruction and New Deal era 15532:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 14538:Civil right movement 1896–1954 14184:District of Columbia residents 14114:Multiple non-transferable vote 14037:Voter registration in the U.S. 13982:Election Assistance Commission 13802:Congressional Elections Clause 12894:1913 Woman Suffrage Procession 12876: 12502:Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center 11238:President of the United States 8930:Mansfield school desegregation 8648:, New York: Free Press, ch 22. 7288:– via cepa.stanford.edu. 7048:"For GOP, A Southern Exposure" 6947:Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson 6392:. Thomas Nelson. p. 188. 5743: 5712: 5682: 5652: 5633: 5486: 5473:Second Enforcement Act of 1871 5431:Other civil rights legislation 5067:Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson 5062:Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson 5054:Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson 4073:Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson 1123: 1081:make the House reconsider it. 742:1963 Kennedy civil rights bill 244:on July 2, 1964 (289–126) 13: 1: 15712:Cherokee freedmen controversy 14688:The Negro Motorist Green Book 14367:National Voting Rights Museum 13977:Help America Vote Act of 2002 12934: 12517:Memorial Grove on the Potomac 11799:John F. Kennedy document hoax 11793:Happy Birthday, Mr. President 11787:Coretta Scott King phone call 11725:Birthplace and childhood home 11608:A rising tide lifts all boats 11511:Presidential Medal of Freedom 11060:National Voting Rights Museum 11003:Civil Rights Movement Archive 10802:Lynching in the United States 10689:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" 9144:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 9117:University of Chicago sit-ins 8884:Davis v. Prince Edward County 8590:American Journal of Sociology 8506:Loevy, Robert D. ed. (1997), 8051:Cochran, Augustus B. (2004). 6501:Civil Rights Filibuster Ended 5897:Law and Contemporary Problems 5513: 5468:First Enforcement Act of 1871 5424:The Negro Motorist Green Book 4752:In 1972, Congress passed the 3722:Confederate States of America 1061:proposals and actions of the 646:traditional public morality. 622: 606:pushed the bill forward. The 205:in the House as H.R. 7152 by 14230:Timeline of women's suffrage 13318:United Steelworkers v. Weber 11998:Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences 11466:Communications Satellite Act 11055:National Civil Rights Museum 10911:March on Washington Movement 10896:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church 9365:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 8719:Civil Rights Digital Library 8558:Gregory, Raymond F. (2014). 7943:. Dinsmore & Shohl LLP. 7185:"1964: Civil Rights Battles" 6629:"Were Republicans Really..?" 6114:The Civil Rights Act of 1964 5356: 4111: 3707: 3648:Cloture in the Senate: 71–29 917:Johnson's appeal to Congress 662:March on Washington Movement 276:Pregnancy Discrimination Act 7: 16462:88th United States Congress 15582:Black players in ice hockey 15517:National Urban League (NUL) 15343:American Society of Muslims 14581:Selma to Montgomery marches 14501:Brown v. Board of Education 14284:History of direct democracy 14274:Selma to Montgomery marches 14017:Initiatives and referendums 13342:Sheet Metal Workers v. EEOC 12676:The Years of Lyndon Johnson 11900:Gravesite and Eternal Flame 11758:Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana 11681:1960 presidential primaries 11589:We choose to go to the Moon 11471:Community Mental Health Act 10699:"This Little Light of Mine" 9447:Dallas County Voters League 9393:Atlanta Negro Voters League 9156:Letter from Birmingham Jail 8863:Brown v. Board of Education 8532:Journal of Southern History 7643:Contemporary Employment Law 7517:. finduslaw. Archived from 6847:September 21, 2006, at the 6111:Gold, Susan Dudley (2011). 5381: 5301:forbidden under Title VII. 5099:Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins 5093:Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins 5085:Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins 4715:Community Relations Service 4598:(EEOC), as well as certain 4366:established by the earlier 4232:Later impact on LGBT rights 4183:(D-AR), as well as Senator 3658: 715:Brown v. Board of Education 656:Influenced in part by the " 306:United States Supreme Court 100:88th United States Congress 10: 16528: 15739:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 15497:Nashville Student Movement 14508:Children of the plantation 14104:First-past-the-post voting 13874:U.S. Department of Justice 12447:Texas Broadcasting Company 11686:1960 presidential campaign 11619:State of the Union Address 11583:American University speech 11486:Federal affirmative action 11316:Presidential Proclamations 11033:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 10901:Holt Street Baptist Church 10871:16th Street Baptist Church 9855:Annie Bell Robinson Devine 9499:Nashville Student Movement 9429:An Appeal for Human Rights 8704:February 17, 2020, at the 8644:Woods, Randall B. (2006), 8598:Revolution in Civil Rights 8492:Harrison, Cynthia (1988), 7971:November 12, 2018, at the 7698:December 31, 2014, at the 7678:November 30, 2012, at the 7262:Annual Review of Sociology 6487:December 25, 2012, at the 5649:. Retrieved July 28, 2012. 5349: 5325: 5277: 5259: 5245: 5231: 5217: 5203: 5182: 5151: 5137: 5123: 5090: 5059: 5045: 5031: 5002: 4988: 4953: 4939: 4920: 4906: 4892: 4867: 4848: 4826: 4812: 4798: 4776: 4741: 4690: 4564:42 U.S.C. Section 2000e-16 4447: 4120: 3993: 3840:House of Representatives: 3731:House of Representatives: 1001:Senate Judiciary Committee 558:United States Constitution 61: 16452:1964 in American politics 16409: 16376:Index of related articles 16254: 16169: 15893: 15826: 15764: 15664: 15625: 15557: 15550: 15465: 15385: 15377:Doctrine of Father Divine 15323: 15265: 14914: 14769: 14761:Women's suffrage movement 14714:Reconstruction Amendments 14521:Voting Rights Act of 1965 14440: 14292: 14240:Woman Suffrage Procession 14212: 14131: 14096: 14050: 13999: 13992: 13928:Voting Rights Act of 1965 13864: 13782: 13676: 13572: 13515: 13408: 13358:United States v. Paradise 13277: 13154: 13142: 13076: 13026: 13005: 12952: 12941: 12884: 12798: 12731: 12647: 12530: 12507:Lyndon Baines Johnson Day 12470: 12411: 12364: 12288: 12149: 12080:John F. Kennedy Arboretum 12013: 11908: 11848: 11807: 11717: 11644: 11568: 11541:Oil Pollution Act of 1961 11456: 11443:Moscow–Washington hotline 11352: 11268: 11229: 11171: 11073: 10975: 10789: 10722: 10664: 10643: 10530:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson 10500:Modjeska Monteith Simkins 9572: 9564:Women's Political Council 9559:Wednesdays in Mississippi 9554:United Auto Workers (UAW) 9539:Southern Regional Council 9509:Northern Student Movement 9418:Committee for Freedom Now 9378: 9325:Memphis sanitation strike 9291:Voting Rights Act of 1965 9213: 9034:Savannah Protest Movement 8996: 8854: 8815:Journey of Reconciliation 8807: 8794: 8565:Loevy, Robert D. (1990), 8548:, Baton Rouge: LSU Press. 8544:Finley, Keith M. (2008), 8022:How We Got Here: The '70s 7242:– via Google Books. 7161:10.1017/s0738248000000055 7084:"Conservatism as Phoenix" 6985:How We Got Here: The '70s 6762:How We Got Here: The '70s 6506:December 2, 2009, at the 6448:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6209:, Running Press, p. 284. 5977:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5503:Bostock v. Clayton County 5372:Voting Rights Act of 1965 5315:in the Eleventh Circuit. 5290:Bostock v. Clayton County 5280:Bostock v. Clayton County 5268:Bostock v. Clayton County 4626:Administrative precedents 4315:Voting Rights Act of 1965 4288: 4255:Bostock v. Clayton County 3749:Southern: 1–21 (5–95%) – 3735:Northern: 281–32 (90–10%) 1217: 1211: 1202: 1194: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1130: 935:joint session of Congress 708:to become law. After the 649:In the 1930s, during the 449:Voting Rights Act of 1965 390:Strom Thurmond filibuster 375:Journey of Reconciliation 367: 312: 304: 266: 261: 198: 193: 183: 162: 157: 138: 128: 123: 105: 94: 85: 76: 16426:United States portal 15861:African-American English 15290:Inventors and scientists 14982:George Washington Carver 14586:Chicago Freedom Movement 14179:American Samoa residents 13918:Civil Rights Act of 1960 13901:Civil Rights Act of 1957 13532:Civil Rights Act of 1866 13286:Griggs v. Duke Power Co. 13179:United States v. Fordice 12783:George Washington Baines 12435:Civil Rights Act of 1960 12430:Civil Rights Act of 1957 12237:Patricia Kennedy Lawford 11938:Civil Rights Act of 1964 11926:Profile in Courage Award 11536:All-Channel Receiver Act 11506:Pilot Food Stamp Program 9398:Atlanta Student Movement 9347:Civil Rights Act of 1968 9272:1964–1965 Scripto strike 9253:Civil Rights Act of 1964 9151:1963 Birmingham campaign 9044:Civil Rights Act of 1960 8968:Civil Rights Act of 1957 8715:Civil Rights Act of 1964 8686:Civil Rights Act of 1964 8666:Civil Rights Act of 1964 8419:American Bar Association 6989:. Basic Books. pp. 6765:. Basic Books. pp. 6735:August 31, 2017, at the 6285:Reeves, Richard (1993), 6205:and Krantz, Les (2010), 5891:Marshall, Burke (1962). 5479: 5448:Civil Rights Act of 1991 5443:Civil Rights Act of 1871 5438:Civil Rights Act of 1866 5376:Civil Rights Act of 1968 4942:Griggs v. Duke Power Co. 4934:Griggs v. Duke Power Co. 4807:United States v. Johnson 4465:of the Act, codified as 4368:Civil Rights Act of 1957 3663:Original House version: 981:United States President 828:House of Representatives 807:House of Representatives 791:Civil Rights Act of 1875 736:Civil Rights Act of 1960 706:Civil Rights Act of 1875 698:Civil Rights Act of 1957 692:Civil Rights Act of 1957 640:Civil Rights Act of 1875 600:Kennedy was assassinated 498:Civil Rights Act of 1964 454:Civil Rights Act of 1968 444:Civil Rights Act of 1964 410:Civil Rights Act of 1960 395:Civil Rights Act of 1957 291:No Child Left Behind Act 286:Civil Rights Act of 1991 175:Civil Rights Act of 1960 170:Civil Rights Act of 1957 72:Civil Rights Act of 1964 39:latest accepted revision 16457:1964 in labor relations 16349:African-American firsts 15398:Back-to-Africa movement 15367:Black Hebrew Israelites 15147:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 14695:Partus sequitur ventrem 13884:Enforcement Act of 1870 13819:Equal Protection Clause 13537:Equal Protection Clause 12771:Samuel Ealy Johnson Sr. 12759:Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. 12747:Lynda Bird Johnson Robb 12389:U.S. Senator from Texas 12177:Patrick Bouvier Kennedy 12100:John F. Kennedy Stadium 11933:Twenty-fourth Amendment 11531:Voter Education Project 10950:Voter Education Project 10704:"We Shall Not Be Moved" 10365:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 9800:Josephine Dobbs Clement 9226:Chester school protests 9221:Twenty-fourth Amendment 9183:Detroit Walk to Freedom 8925:Tallahassee bus boycott 8846:Baton Rouge bus boycott 8630:Warren, Dan R. (2008), 8574:The American Presidency 8537:Burstein, Paul (1985), 8451:Branch, Taylor (1998), 8026:. Basic Books. p. 7660:March 30, 2019, at the 7029:Branch, Taylor (1998), 6700:April 23, 2006, at the 6332:. Orbis Books. p. 5645:April 18, 2021, at the 5463:Enforcement Act of 1870 4454:United States labor law 4419:Discrimination against 4414:The December 11, 2019, 4364:Civil Rights Commission 4228:(1968) court decision. 4117:Political repercussions 3909:while 13 did not vote. 3674:Cloture in the Senate: 2862:Thruston Ballard Morton 1003:, which was chaired by 415:Baldwin–Kennedy meeting 221:Committee consideration 16317:Spingarn Medal winners 15806:States and territories 15577:Black NFL quarterbacks 15077:Martin Luther King Jr. 14609:Dred Scott v. Sandford 14548:Montgomery bus boycott 13889:Second Enforcement Act 13437:Fullilove v. Klutznick 13326:Firefighters v. Stotts 13302:Schlesinger v. Ballard 12930:Equal Rights Amendment 12913:National Woman's Party 12685:(1991 television film) 12419:Early years and career 12294:← Dwight D. Eisenhower 12231:Eunice Kennedy Shriver 12025:Harvard Kennedy School 11943:Apollo 11 Moon landing 11836:A Nation of Immigrants 11326:Presidential limousine 11163:Movement photographers 10405:Bernice Johnson Reagon 10125:Martin Luther King Sr. 10120:Martin Luther King Jr. 9690:William Holmes Borders 9462:Highlander Folk School 9352:Poor People's Campaign 9205:St. Augustine movement 9055:Gomillion v. Lightfoot 8978:Katz Drug Store sit-in 8949:Royal Ice Cream sit-in 8911:Montgomery bus boycott 7450:Wake Forest University 7148:Law and History Review 6510:– United States Senate 6182:Loevy, Robert (1997), 5833:"Racism to Redemption" 5403:Bourke B. Hickenlooper 5307:was consolidated with 4303: 4249: 4200:and also violated the 4132: 4052:National Woman's Party 4048:Equal Rights Amendment 4025:equal rights for women 4008: 3967:Bourke B. Hickenlooper 3773: 3746:Northern: 72–6 (92–8%) 3738:Southern: 8–94 (8–92%) 3717: 2142:Bourke B. Hickenlooper 1017:Senate Majority Leader 989: 987:Martin Luther King Jr. 974: 963:Martin Luther King Jr. 867: 820:Senate Majority Leader 813:Senate Minority Leader 755: 700:, signed by President 576:of the laws under the 459:Poor People's Campaign 111:; 60 years ago 15627:Athletic associations 15562:Negro league baseball 15333:African-American Jews 15052:Ketanji Brown Jackson 15017:Henry Highland Garnet 14876:Negro National Anthem 14626:George Floyd protests 14591:Post–civil rights era 14342:Elections in the U.S. 14199:Puerto Rico residents 13938:covered jurisdictions 13563:Executive Order 11246 13547:Executive Order 10925 13148:lower court decisions 12213:Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. 12201:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. 11893:attending dignitaries 11481:Executive Order 11110 11362:Alliance for Progress 11299:Judicial appointments 10998:Civil Rights Memorial 10886:Bethel Baptist Church 10535:Charles Kenzie Steele 9980:Audrey Faye Hendricks 9885:Myrlie Evers-Williams 9865:Patricia Stephens Due 9835:Abraham Lincoln Davis 9770:Colia Lafayette Clark 9524:Operation Breadbasket 9519:National Urban League 9266:Katzenbach v. McClung 9134:Atlanta's Berlin Wall 8787:Civil rights movement 8582:Mann, Robert (1996). 8551:Graham, Hugh (1990), 7975:Accessed July 1, 2014 7719:. Los Angeles Times. 7637:Fields, C. K., & 6384:Napolitano, Andrew P. 5755:www.gilderlehrman.org 5727:. Library of Congress 5408:Civil Rights Movement 5288:On June 15, 2020, in 5189:On June 22, 2006, in 4909:Alexander v. Sandoval 4901:Alexander v. Sandoval 4801:Katzenbach v. McClung 4793:Katzenbach v. McClung 4589:Equal Pay Act of 1963 4301: 4239: 4130: 4123:Political realignment 4013:Equal Pay Act of 1963 4006: 3772: 3715: 3651:Senate version: 73–27 980: 971:United States Capitol 961: 954:Passage in the Senate 943:petition to discharge 880:Clarence Mitchell Jr. 861: 795:U.S. Attorney General 749: 632:In the 1883 landmark 598:in the Senate. After 551:public accommodations 356:Civil rights movement 16447:1964 in American law 15834:Afro-Seminole Creole 15360:Azusa Street Revival 15232:Booker T. Washington 14756:Underground Railroad 14621:Free people of color 14475:Atlantic slave trade 13541:Fourteenth Amendment 13530:Section 1981 of the 13211:Grutter v. Bollinger 13039:2012 ten-dollar coin 12777:Joseph Wilson Baines 11993:U.S. five cent stamp 11953:Kennedy Space Center 11601:Ich bin ein Berliner 11425:Cuban Missile Crisis 11415:Bay of Pigs Invasion 11321:Presidential pardons 11043:other King memorials 11018:Freedom Rides Museum 10955:1960s counterculture 10906:Edmund Pettus Bridge 10585:Walter Francis White 10490:Alexander D. Shimkin 9004:New Year's Day March 8973:Ministers' Manifesto 8820:Executive Order 9981 8750:Congressional Record 8740:Congressional Record 8729:Congressional Record 8694:US Statutes at Large 7802:(November 6, 2014). 7396:on December 15, 2020 7370:on December 15, 2020 6837:Gold, Michael Evan. 6468:May 2, 2010, at the 5843:on December 10, 2017 5533:"H.R. 7152. Passage" 5458:Equality Act of 2015 5034:Dothard v. Rawlinson 5026:Dothard v. Rawlinson 5017:in observation of a 4587:to the rules in the 4526:Dothard v. Rawlinson 4198:Fourteenth Amendment 4191:Continued resistance 4181:J. William Fulbright 4146:Richard Russell, Jr. 4036:Congressional Record 3798:Public statement by 3534:Harrison A. Williams 3318:Margaret Chase Smith 3222:Leverett Saltonstall 1974:J. William Fulbright 1118:conference committee 752:addresses the nation 702:Dwight D. Eisenhower 686:Executive Order 9981 670:Executive Order 8802 612:United States Senate 570:Article I, Section 8 465:District of Columbia 380:Executive Order 9981 16229:Trinidad and Tobago 15844:Black American Sign 15671:By African descent 15665:Ethnic subdivisions 15652:Southwestern (SWAC) 15567:Baseball color line 15482:Black Panther Party 15386:Political movements 15303:in computer science 14962:Carol Moseley Braun 14751:Tulsa race massacre 14744:Treatment of slaves 14576:March on Washington 14571:Birmingham movement 13429:Califano v. Webster 13163:DeFunis v. Odegaard 12785:(great-grandfather) 12765:Sam Houston Johnson 12753:Luci Baines Johnson 12397:U.S. Representative 12301:Lyndon B. Johnson → 12189:Tatiana Schlossberg 12171:John F. Kennedy Jr. 11988:U.S. postage stamps 11983:Kennedy half dollar 11973:Cultural depictions 11826:Profiles in Courage 11546:Revenue Act of 1962 11394:Trade Expansion Act 11254:U.S. Representative 10781:Mary McLeod Bethune 10742:Sermon on the Mount 10709:"We Shall Overcome" 10290:William Lewis Moore 10070:Frank Minis Johnson 10045:Richie Jean Jackson 10000:Donald L. Hollowell 9805:Charles E. Cobb Jr. 9610:Gwendolyn Armstrong 9605:William G. Anderson 9585:Victoria Gray Adams 9549:The Freedom Singers 9403:Black Panther Party 9188:March on Washington 9101:Garner v. Louisiana 9062:Boynton v. Virginia 8617:, Vol. 151. (2003) 7940:National Law Review 7899:(October 5, 2017). 7561:on December 8, 2011 7521:on October 21, 2010 7426:on December 6, 2014 6876:Rosenberg, Rosalind 6713:Rosenberg, Rosalind 6635:. August 28, 2013. 6571:"HR. 7152. PASSAGE" 6261:Library of Congress 5999:. December 27, 2016 5572:"HR. 7152. Passage" 4991:Washington v. Davis 4983:Washington v. Davis 4482:42 U.S.C. §2000e(b) 4220:Orangeburg massacre 4092:to achieve certain 3762:By party and region 3198:Richard Russell Jr. 3174:A. Willis Robertson 2718:Patrick V. McNamara 1854:J. Howard Edmondson 1662:John Sherman Cooper 1638:Joseph S. Clark Jr. 1038:(D-GA), launched a 864:March on Washington 832:Judiciary Committee 802:Legislative history 784:United Auto Workers 782:, president of the 768:Birmingham campaign 660:" advisors and the 425:March on Washington 194:Legislative history 73: 29:Page version status 16327:US representatives 16322:US cabinet members 16214:Dominican Republic 15801:Metropolitan areas 15642:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 15467:Civic and economic 15445:Self-determination 15266:Education, science 15187:Fred Shuttlesworth 15167:A. Philip Randolph 15072:Coretta Scott King 14997:Frederick Douglass 14824:Harlem Renaissance 14729:Separate but equal 14719:Reconstruction era 14707:Plessy v. Ferguson 14598:Cornerstone Speech 14512:Civil Rights Acts 14495:Black Lives Matter 14470:American Civil War 14387:Voter registration 14263:Give Us the Ballot 14159:Transgender people 14063:Grandfather clause 14027:Provisional ballot 13729:Stephan Thermstrom 13724:Abigail Thermstrom 13709:Richard Kahlenberg 13643:State Question 759 13390:Ricci v. DeStefano 13203:Gratz v. Bollinger 13050:Jailed for Freedom 12522:U.S. Postage stamp 12425:Southern Manifesto 12267:John F. Fitzgerald 12249:Jean Kennedy Smith 12159:Jacqueline Bouvier 12105:Kennedy Expressway 12075:Runnymede memorial 11876:in popular culture 11777:Castle Hot Springs 11331:Presidential yacht 11098:Michael Eric Dyson 10983:In popular culture 10866:Fifth Circuit Four 10850:Loving v. Virginia 10843:Hernandez v. Texas 10822:Buchanan v. Warley 10814:Separate but equal 10808:Plessy v. Ferguson 10771:Frederick Douglass 10605:Robert F. Williams 10515:Kelly Miller Smith 10495:Fred Shuttlesworth 10420:Frederick D. Reese 10400:George Raymond Jr. 10390:A. Philip Randolph 10370:Fay Bellamy Powell 10285:Queen Mother Moore 10170:Z. Alexander Looby 10115:Coretta Scott King 10060:Barbara Rose Johns 10040:Jimmie Lee Jackson 9965:William E. Harbour 9745:Stokely Carmichael 9660:Randolph Blackwell 9330:King assassination 9319:Loving v. Virginia 9303:March Against Fear 9283:How Long, Not Long 9161:Children's Crusade 9112:Cambridge movement 9049:Ax Handle Saturday 9014:Greensboro sit-ins 8941:Give Us the Ballot 8717:– Provided by the 8710:The Dirksen Center 8246:The New York Times 7867:The New York Times 7715:(April 25, 2012). 7341:on October 7, 2020 7044:Brownstein, Ronald 6901:Law and Inequality 6312:on April 29, 2020. 5928:2012-01-07 at the 5807:networks.h-net.org 5494:sexual orientation 5220:Ricci v. DeStefano 5212:Ricci v. DeStefano 4928:Title VII case law 4304: 4272:sexual orientation 4250: 4248:in Austin, Texas. 4133: 4009: 3886:Charles L. Weltner 3774: 3726:American Civil War 3718: 3486:Herbert S. Walters 2694:Thomas J. McIntyre 1374:Wallace F. Bennett 1063:radical Republican 990: 975: 905:, whose chairman, 895:A. Philip Randolph 876:Joseph L. Rauh Jr. 868: 756: 720:massive resistance 666:Franklin Roosevelt 635:Civil Rights Cases 560:, principally its 547:racial segregation 217:) on June 20, 1963 71: 35: 16497:Civil Rights Acts 16434: 16433: 16262:African Americans 16134:Dallas–Fort Worth 15729:Black Southerners 15660: 15659: 15112:Thurgood Marshall 15082:Bernard Lafayette 14677:Million Man March 14434:African Americans 14400: 14399: 14347:Electoral College 14169:African Americans 14127: 14126: 14119:One man, one vote 14088:Voter suppression 13742: 13741: 13719:Stuart Taylor Jr. 13684:Peter Arcidiacono 13511: 13510: 13294:Morton v. Mancari 13102: 13101: 13058:Iron Jawed Angels 12977:Inez Haynes Irwin 12844: 12843: 12822:Hubert Humphrey → 12804:← John F. Kennedy 12452:Johnson Amendment 12358:Lyndon B. Johnson 12324: 12323: 12279:Billie and Debbie 12243:Robert F. Kennedy 12070:Portland memorial 12050:Brooklyn memorial 11840: 11830: 11820: 11816:Why England Slept 11578:Inaugural address 11564: 11563: 11556:Wetlands Loan Act 11379:Flexible response 11189: 11188: 10966:Eyes on the Prize 10881:A.G. Gaston Motel 10876:Kelly Ingram Park 10836:Sweatt v. Painter 10520:Mary Louise Smith 10480:Cleveland Sellers 10465:Michael Schwerner 10430:Gloria Richardson 10210:Thurgood Marshall 10130:Bernard Lafayette 9860:John Wesley Dobbs 9374: 9373: 9093:Birmingham attack 9073:Rock Hill sit-ins 9024:Sibley Commission 9019:Nashville sit-ins 8891:Gebhart v. Belton 8877:Briggs v. Elliott 8870:Bolling v. Sharpe 8831:Sweatt v. Painter 8627:Foundation Press. 8503:, 103 (Nov. 2009) 8478:. Running Press. 8278:(June 15, 2020). 8239:(June 15, 2020). 8111:Missing or empty 7870:. July 27, 2017. 7498:National Archives 7306:. June 15, 2020. 6930:Harrison, Cynthia 6427:Los Angeles Times 6215:978-0-7624-3742-9 6124:978-1-60870-040-0 5921:James A. Miller, 5877:978-0-7006-0437-1 5782:National Archives 5398:Bennett Amendment 4874:In the 1974 case 4856:Title VI case law 4765:Title II case law 4581:Bennett Amendment 4450:Bennett Amendment 4138:Robert F. Kennedy 4068:William Rehnquist 3818: 3800:Lyndon B. Johnson 3793: 3631: 3630: 3625: 3624: 3126:Jennings Randolph 3078:Winston L. Prouty 2982:Maurine Neuberger 2622:John L. McClellan 2382:B. Everett Jordan 2358:Leonard B. Jordan 1878:Allen J. Ellender 1782:Peter H. Dominick 1093:for any measure. 1050:in our states." 1034:of Texas, led by 1005:James O. Eastland 983:Lyndon B. Johnson 927:Lyndon B. Johnson 619:on July 2, 1964. 604:Lyndon B. Johnson 493: 492: 479:Bolling v. Sharpe 385:Prayer Pilgrimage 370:National movement 322: 321: 252:Lyndon B. Johnson 236:Passed the Senate 141:Statutes at Large 109:July 2, 1964 47:24 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 16519: 16424: 16423: 16422: 16386:Lynching victims 15885:Louisiana Creole 15856:American English 15744:Louisiana Creole 15717:Choctaw freedmen 15555: 15554: 15092:Huddie Ledbetter 15032:Fannie Lou Hamer 15002:W. E. B. Du Bois 14992:Claudette Colvin 14987:Shirley Chisholm 14804:Family structure 14672:Military history 14554:Browder v. Gayle 14427: 14420: 14413: 14404: 14403: 14357:Electoral system 14352:Electoral reform 14327:Disfranchisement 14315:Native Americans 14305:Campaign finance 14250:U.S. suffragists 14245:Silent Sentinels 14174:Native Americans 13997: 13996: 13894:Ku Klux Klan Act 13879:Enforcement Acts 13769: 13762: 13755: 13746: 13745: 13501:Vitolo v. Guzman 13464:(D.C. Cir. 1992) 13461:Lamprecht v. FCC 13187:Hopwood v. Texas 13152: 13151: 13129: 13122: 13115: 13106: 13105: 13094:Women's suffrage 12947: 12918:Silent Sentinels 12871: 12864: 12857: 12848: 12847: 12833: 12832: 12404: 12392: 12384: 12373: 12351: 12344: 12337: 12328: 12327: 12313: 12312: 12219:Rosemary Kennedy 12195:Jack Schlossberg 12183:Rose Schlossberg 12165:Caroline Kennedy 12060:Hyannis memorial 11838: 11828: 11818: 11782:Hammersmith Farm 11730:Kennedy Compound 11496:Fifty-mile hikes 11384:Kennedy Doctrine 11350: 11349: 11311:Executive Orders 11261: 11249: 11241: 11216: 11209: 11202: 11193: 11192: 11180: 11179: 11143:Charles M. Payne 11128:Steven F. Lawson 11118:David Halberstam 11088:Clayborne Carson 10829:Hocutt v. Wilson 10776:W. E. B. Du Bois 10625:Sammy Younge Jr. 10610:Q. V. Williamson 10575:Wyatt Tee Walker 10440:Bernice Robinson 10385:Lincoln Ragsdale 10375:Rodney N. Powell 10270:Douglas E. Moore 10145:Sanford R. Leigh 10080:J. Charles Jones 9955:Fannie Lou Hamer 9870:Joseph Ellwanger 9830:Jonathan Daniels 9820:Claudette Colvin 9810:Annie Lee Cooper 9795:Kathleen Cleaver 9790:Eldridge Cleaver 9765:Shirley Chisholm 9655:Gloria Blackwell 9246:workers' murders 9193:"I Have a Dream" 9088:Anniston bombing 9039:Greenville Eight 8954:Little Rock Nine 8917:Browder v. Gayle 8805: 8804: 8780: 8773: 8766: 8757: 8756: 8610: 8534:, February 1983. 8489: 8439: 8438: 8406: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8375: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8364: 8344: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8311: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8272: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8233: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8180: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8152: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8127: 8121: 8120: 8114: 8109: 8107: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8058: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8025: 8012: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8001: 7982: 7976: 7963: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7893: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7879: 7858: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7822: 7816: 7815: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7709: 7703: 7688: 7682: 7670: 7664: 7639:Cheeseman, H. R. 7635: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7589:. May 10, 1993. 7577: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7551: 7545: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7511: 7502: 7501: 7495: 7493: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7442: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7412: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7360: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7337:. Archived from 7326: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7254:Reardon, Sean F. 7250: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7180: 7174: 7173: 7163: 7139: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7110: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7082:(May 25, 2001). 7080:Sherrill, Robert 7076: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7053:National Journal 7046:(May 23, 2009). 7040: 7034: 7027: 7021: 7011: 7005: 7004: 6988: 6975: 6962: 6943: 6937: 6927: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6889: 6883: 6873: 6867: 6857: 6851: 6835: 6826: 6825: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6753: 6740: 6726: 6720: 6710: 6704: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6625: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6536: 6534: 6517: 6511: 6498: 6492: 6479: 6473: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6447: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6308:. Archived from 6296: 6290: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6252: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6233:on June 29, 2017 6229:. Archived from 6223: 6217: 6200: 6194: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6154: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6069: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5976: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5947: 5938: 5934:The Boston Globe 5919: 5913: 5912: 5906: 5904: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5869: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5839:. Archived from 5829: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5734: 5732: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5656: 5650: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5607: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5568: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5529: 5507: 5490: 5262:Green v. Brennan 5254:Green v. Brennan 5019:biblical sabbath 4733:Major amendments 4713:established the 4648:Attorney General 4177:Albert Gore, Sr. 4079: 4044:Martha Griffiths 3918:Ralph Yarborough 3820: 3819: 3795: 3794: 3771: 3751:Ralph Yarborough 3685:Senate version: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3606:Stephen M. Young 3586: 3585: 3584: 3562: 3561: 3560: 3558:Ralph Yarborough 3538: 3537: 3536: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3510:John J. Williams 3490: 3489: 3488: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3442: 3441: 3440: 3418: 3417: 3416: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3390:Stuart Symington 3370: 3369: 3368: 3346: 3345: 3344: 3322: 3321: 3320: 3298: 3297: 3296: 3274: 3273: 3272: 3250: 3249: 3248: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3202: 3201: 3200: 3178: 3177: 3176: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3150:Abraham Ribicoff 3130: 3129: 3128: 3106: 3105: 3104: 3102:William Proxmire 3082: 3081: 3080: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3034: 3033: 3032: 3030:James B. Pearson 3010: 3009: 3008: 2986: 2985: 2984: 2962: 2961: 2960: 2938: 2937: 2936: 2914: 2913: 2912: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2842: 2841: 2840: 2818: 2817: 2816: 2794: 2793: 2792: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2746: 2745: 2744: 2722: 2721: 2720: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2674: 2673: 2672: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2554: 2553: 2552: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2506: 2505: 2504: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2362: 2361: 2360: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2334:Olin D. Johnston 2314: 2313: 2312: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2286:Henry M. Jackson 2266: 2265: 2264: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2190:Spessard Holland 2170: 2169: 2168: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2122: 2121: 2120: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1590:Clifford P. Case 1570: 1569: 1568: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1278:Clinton Anderson 1258: 1257: 1256: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1209: 1208: 1198: 1128: 1127: 854:Lobbying efforts 680:, appointed the 574:equal protection 562:enumerated power 525:) is a landmark 524: 508: 504: 362: 348: 341: 334: 325: 324: 262:Major amendments 230:Passed the House 142: 119: 117: 112: 81: 74: 70: 64:Civil Rights Act 21: 16527: 16526: 16522: 16521: 16520: 16518: 16517: 16516: 16437: 16436: 16435: 16430: 16420: 16418: 16405: 16371:Historic places 16364:US state firsts 16250: 16165: 15889: 15822: 15794:2010 majorities 15789:2000 majorities 15760: 15707:Black Seminoles 15656: 15647:Southern (SIAC) 15630: 15629:and conferences 15628: 15621: 15617:Serena Williams 15612:Jackie Robinson 15546: 15470: 15468: 15461: 15381: 15348:Nation of Islam 15319: 15267: 15261: 15202:Sojourner Truth 15192:Clarence Thomas 15157:Gabriel Prosser 15057:Michael Jackson 14932:Crispus Attucks 14922:Ralph Abernathy 14910: 14866:Musical theater 14765: 14631:Great Migration 14603:COVID-19 impact 14561:Sit-in movement 14436: 14431: 14401: 14396: 14288: 14208: 14123: 14092: 14058:Electoral fraud 14046: 14042:Voting in space 14032:Recall election 14007:Absentee ballot 13988: 13866: 13860: 13784: 13778: 13773: 13743: 13738: 13704:Arthur Fletcher 13672: 13669:, 2020, failed) 13659:, 2019, failed) 13633:Proposition 107 13619:, 2008, failed) 13583:Proposition 209 13568: 13520: 13507: 13504:(6th Cir. 2021) 13412: 13410: 13404: 13401:(6th Cir. 2022) 13273: 13262:(4th Cir. 2023) 13222:(9th Cir. 2006) 13195:Texas v. Lesage 13190:(5th Cir. 1996) 13147: 13138: 13133: 13103: 13098: 13072: 13022: 13001: 12987:Inez Milholland 12972:Crystal Eastman 12954: 12948: 12939: 12923:Night of Terror 12886: 12880: 12875: 12845: 12840: 12818:← Richard Nixon 12811:Richard Nixon → 12794: 12727: 12643: 12526: 12472: 12466: 12442:Operation Texas 12407: 12395: 12387: 12376: 12368: 12360: 12355: 12325: 12320: 12284: 12207:Rose Fitzgerald 12191:(granddaughter) 12185:(granddaughter) 12145: 12134:John F. Kennedy 12125:John F. Kennedy 12117:John F. Kennedy 12065:London memorial 12055:Dallas memorial 12016: 12009: 11904: 11888:Riderless horse 11844: 11803: 11713: 11640: 11570: 11560: 11452: 11348: 11272: 11264: 11252: 11244: 11233: 11225: 11223:John F. Kennedy 11220: 11190: 11185: 11174: 11167: 11148:Thomas E. Ricks 11138:Diane McWhorter 11123:Vincent Harding 11108:Adam Fairclough 11075: 11069: 10971: 10926:Freedom Schools 10785: 10718: 10666: 10660: 10651:Omaha, Nebraska 10639: 10555:Hartman Turnbow 10545:Dorothy Tillman 10505:Glenn E. Smiley 10485:Charles Sherrod 10445:Jo Ann Robinson 10320:Charles Neblett 10310:Elijah Muhammad 10275:Harriette Moore 10235:Floyd McKissick 10220:Franklin McCain 10155:Stanley Levison 10020:T. R. M. Howard 9970:Vincent Harding 9900:Walter Fauntroy 9785:Xernona Clayton 9735:John H. Calhoun 9720:Aurelia Browder 9710:Stanley Branche 9705:Raylawni Branch 9685:Joseph E. Boone 9670:Ezell Blair Jr. 9665:Unita Blackwell 9640:Harry Belafonte 9580:Ralph Abernathy 9568: 9504:Nation of Islam 9380: 9370: 9209: 9166:Birmingham riot 9107:Albany Movement 9029:Atlanta sit-ins 9009:Sit-in movement 8992: 8988:Biloxi wade-ins 8960:Cooper v. Aaron 8850: 8796: 8790: 8784: 8706:Wayback Machine 8662: 8595: 8527: 8525:Further reading 8486: 8448: 8443: 8442: 8407: 8403: 8393: 8391: 8376: 8372: 8362: 8360: 8345: 8341: 8331: 8329: 8312: 8305: 8295: 8293: 8273: 8266: 8256: 8254: 8234: 8230: 8220: 8218: 8205: 8204: 8200: 8191: 8189: 8188:, June 22, 2006 8182: 8181: 8174: 8164: 8162: 8154: 8153: 8149: 8139: 8137: 8129: 8128: 8124: 8112: 8110: 8101: 8100: 8093: 8091: 8087: 8086: 8082: 8067: 8049: 8045: 8038: 8013: 8009: 7999: 7997: 7984: 7983: 7979: 7973:Wayback Machine 7964: 7960: 7950: 7948: 7930: 7926: 7916: 7914: 7897:Holden, Dominic 7894: 7887: 7877: 7875: 7860: 7859: 7852: 7842: 7840: 7823: 7819: 7800:Feldblum, Chai 7797: 7793: 7783: 7781: 7772: 7771: 7767: 7757: 7755: 7740: 7736: 7726: 7724: 7710: 7706: 7700:Wayback Machine 7689: 7685: 7680:Wayback Machine 7671: 7667: 7662:Wayback Machine 7636: 7632: 7622: 7620: 7611: 7610: 7606: 7596: 7594: 7579: 7578: 7574: 7564: 7562: 7553: 7552: 7548: 7538: 7534: 7524: 7522: 7513: 7512: 7505: 7491: 7489: 7474: 7473: 7469: 7459: 7457: 7444: 7443: 7439: 7429: 7427: 7414: 7413: 7409: 7399: 7397: 7388: 7387: 7383: 7373: 7371: 7362: 7361: 7354: 7344: 7342: 7327: 7323: 7313: 7311: 7304:Arkansas Online 7298: 7297: 7293: 7283: 7281: 7251: 7247: 7237: 7235: 7228: 7212: 7208: 7198: 7196: 7181: 7177: 7140: 7133: 7123: 7121: 7112: 7111: 7107: 7097: 7095: 7077: 7073: 7063: 7061: 7041: 7037: 7028: 7024: 7012: 7008: 7001: 6976: 6965: 6944: 6940: 6928: 6924: 6914: 6912: 6890: 6886: 6874: 6870: 6858: 6854: 6849:Wayback Machine 6836: 6829: 6814: 6810: 6800: 6798: 6789: 6788: 6784: 6777: 6754: 6743: 6737:Wayback Machine 6727: 6723: 6711: 6707: 6702:Wayback Machine 6685: 6681: 6671: 6669: 6656: 6652: 6642: 6640: 6627: 6626: 6622: 6612: 6610: 6593: 6589: 6579: 6577: 6569: 6568: 6564: 6550: 6546: 6532: 6530: 6518: 6514: 6508:Wayback Machine 6499: 6495: 6489:Wayback Machine 6480: 6476: 6470:Wayback Machine 6461: 6457: 6441: 6440: 6433: 6431: 6418: 6414: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6381: 6377: 6367: 6365: 6356: 6355: 6351: 6344: 6321: 6317: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6284: 6280: 6270: 6268: 6253: 6246: 6236: 6234: 6225: 6224: 6220: 6207:JFK: Day by Day 6201: 6197: 6181: 6177: 6167: 6165: 6164:on May 21, 2020 6156: 6155: 6144: 6134: 6132: 6125: 6109: 6105: 6095: 6093: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6063: 6062: 6055: 6053: 6042: 6041: 6037: 6027: 6025: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6002: 6000: 5991: 5990: 5986: 5970: 5969: 5962: 5960: 5949: 5948: 5941: 5930:Wayback Machine 5920: 5916: 5902: 5900: 5889: 5885: 5878: 5860: 5856: 5846: 5844: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5816: 5814: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5786: 5784: 5774: 5770: 5760: 5758: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5730: 5728: 5717: 5713: 5703: 5701: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5673: 5671: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5647:Wayback Machine 5638: 5634: 5624: 5622: 5609: 5608: 5595: 5585: 5583: 5570: 5569: 5556: 5546: 5544: 5531: 5530: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5510: 5498:gender identity 5491: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5433: 5384: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5348: 5330: 5324: 5286: 5278:Main articles: 5276: 5264: 5258: 5250: 5244: 5236: 5230: 5222: 5216: 5208: 5202: 5187: 5181: 5156: 5150: 5142: 5136: 5128: 5122: 5095: 5089: 5064: 5058: 5050: 5044: 5036: 5030: 5007: 5005:TWA v. Hardison 5001: 4997:TWA v. Hardison 4993: 4987: 4958: 4952: 4944: 4938: 4930: 4925: 4919: 4911: 4905: 4897: 4891: 4872: 4866: 4858: 4853: 4847: 4839: 4831: 4825: 4817: 4811: 4803: 4797: 4781: 4775: 4767: 4762: 4746: 4740: 4735: 4723: 4708: 4696: 4689: 4678: 4632:gender identity 4628: 4460: 4446: 4432:adopted by the 4416:executive order 4410:Executive Order 4376: 4357: 4346: 4335: 4323: 4296: 4291: 4276:gender identity 4234: 4193: 4161:Barry Goldwater 4125: 4119: 4114: 4086: 4077: 4054:and its leader 4017:Howard W. Smith 4001: 3996: 3989:) voted against 3983:Milward Simpson 3975:Edwin L. Mechem 3959:Barry Goldwater 3838: 3837: 3829: 3827: 3826: 3825: 3824: 3821: 3814: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3796: 3785: 3782: 3775: 3769: 3764: 3710: 3661: 3627: 3626: 3604: 3603: 3580: 3579: 3556: 3555: 3532: 3531: 3508: 3507: 3484: 3483: 3460: 3459: 3436: 3435: 3414:Herman Talmadge 3412: 3411: 3388: 3387: 3366:John C. Stennis 3364: 3363: 3340: 3339: 3316: 3315: 3294:George Smathers 3292: 3291: 3270:Milward Simpson 3268: 3267: 3244: 3243: 3220: 3219: 3196: 3195: 3172: 3171: 3148: 3147: 3124: 3123: 3100: 3099: 3076: 3075: 3052: 3051: 3028: 3027: 3004: 3003: 2980: 2979: 2956: 2955: 2932: 2931: 2908: 2907: 2884: 2883: 2860: 2859: 2836: 2835: 2812: 2811: 2788: 2787: 2764: 2763: 2742:Edwin L. Mechem 2740: 2739: 2716: 2715: 2692: 2691: 2670:George McGovern 2668: 2667: 2644: 2643: 2620: 2619: 2598:Eugene McCarthy 2596: 2595: 2572: 2571: 2550:Warren Magnuson 2548: 2547: 2524: 2523: 2502:Russell B. Long 2500: 2499: 2476: 2475: 2452: 2451: 2428: 2427: 2406:Kenneth Keating 2404: 2403: 2380: 2379: 2356: 2355: 2332: 2331: 2308: 2307: 2284: 2283: 2260: 2259: 2238:Hubert Humphrey 2236: 2235: 2212: 2211: 2188: 2187: 2164: 2163: 2140: 2139: 2116: 2115: 2092: 2091: 2068: 2067: 2046:Ernest Gruening 2044: 2043: 2022:Albert Gore Sr. 2020: 2019: 1998:Barry Goldwater 1996: 1995: 1972: 1971: 1948: 1947: 1924: 1923: 1900: 1899: 1876: 1875: 1852: 1851: 1828: 1827: 1804: 1803: 1780: 1779: 1756: 1755: 1734:Everett Dirksen 1732: 1731: 1708: 1707: 1684: 1683: 1660: 1659: 1636: 1635: 1612: 1611: 1588: 1587: 1564: 1563: 1540: 1539: 1516: 1515: 1492: 1491: 1470:Quentin Burdick 1468: 1467: 1446:Daniel Brewster 1444: 1443: 1420: 1419: 1396: 1395: 1372: 1371: 1348: 1347: 1324: 1323: 1300: 1299: 1276: 1275: 1252: 1251: 1228: 1227: 1206: 1196: 1126: 1114: 1074:Everett Dirksen 1070:Hubert Humphrey 1044:social equality 1036:Richard Russell 956: 919: 907:Howard W. Smith 903:Rules Committee 856: 816:Everett Dirksen 809: 804: 758:In winning the 744: 694: 630: 625: 592:John F. Kennedy 566:Commerce Clause 549:in schools and 506: 494: 489: 405:2nd Youth March 400:1st Youth March 363: 360:Washington D.C. 354: 352: 318: 300: 257: 254:on July 2, 1964 248:Signed into law 179: 140: 115: 113: 110: 95:Enacted by 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16525: 16515: 16514: 16509: 16504: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16484: 16479: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16449: 16432: 16431: 16429: 16428: 16416: 16410: 16407: 16406: 16404: 16403: 16398: 16393: 16388: 16383: 16378: 16373: 16368: 16367: 16366: 16361: 16356: 16346: 16345: 16344: 16339: 16337:Visual artists 16334: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16297:Mathematicians 16294: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16258: 16256: 16252: 16251: 16249: 16248: 16247: 16246: 16238: 16233: 16232: 16231: 16226: 16221: 16216: 16211: 16203: 16202: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16186: 16175: 16173: 16167: 16166: 16164: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16147: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16121: 16116: 16114:South Carolina 16111: 16106: 16105: 16104: 16096: 16091: 16086: 16084:North Carolina 16081: 16080: 16079: 16069: 16064: 16063: 16062: 16052: 16047: 16046: 16045: 16037: 16036: 16035: 16029:Massachusetts 16027: 16026: 16025: 16015: 16010: 16009: 16008: 15998: 15993: 15992: 15991: 15981: 15976: 15975: 15974: 15964: 15959: 15958: 15957: 15947: 15946: 15945: 15940: 15930: 15925: 15924: 15923: 15918: 15908: 15903: 15897: 15895: 15891: 15890: 15888: 15887: 15882: 15877: 15876: 15875: 15874: 15873: 15871:social context 15868: 15858: 15848: 15847: 15846: 15836: 15830: 15828: 15824: 15823: 15821: 15820: 15819: 15818: 15813: 15803: 15798: 15797: 15796: 15791: 15781: 15780: 15779: 15768: 15766: 15762: 15761: 15759: 15758: 15753: 15752: 15751: 15741: 15736: 15731: 15726: 15725: 15724: 15722:Creek Freedmen 15719: 15714: 15709: 15699: 15697:Alabama Creole 15694: 15693: 15692: 15687: 15682: 15677: 15668: 15666: 15662: 15661: 15658: 15657: 15655: 15654: 15649: 15644: 15639: 15637:Central (CIAA) 15633: 15631: 15626: 15623: 15622: 15620: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15599: 15594: 15589: 15584: 15579: 15574: 15569: 15564: 15558: 15552: 15548: 15547: 15545: 15544: 15539: 15534: 15529: 15524: 15519: 15514: 15509: 15504: 15499: 15494: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15473: 15471: 15466: 15463: 15462: 15460: 15459: 15454: 15453: 15452: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15430:Pan-Africanism 15427: 15422: 15417: 15412: 15411: 15410: 15400: 15395: 15389: 15387: 15383: 15382: 15380: 15379: 15374: 15372:Black theology 15369: 15364: 15363: 15362: 15352: 15351: 15350: 15345: 15335: 15329: 15327: 15321: 15320: 15318: 15317: 15316: 15315: 15313:in STEM fields 15310: 15305: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15271: 15269: 15268:and technology 15263: 15262: 15260: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15207:Harriet Tubman 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15137:Michelle Obama 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15067:Barbara Jordan 15064: 15062:Harriet Jacobs 15059: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14952:Amelia Boynton 14949: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14918: 14916: 14915:Notable people 14912: 14911: 14909: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14851:LGBT community 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14832: 14831: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14775: 14773: 14767: 14766: 14764: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14748: 14747: 14746: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14703: 14698: 14691: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14650: 14645: 14644: 14643: 14638: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14613: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14594: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14566:Freedom Riders 14563: 14558: 14550: 14540: 14535: 14530: 14529: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14510: 14505: 14497: 14492: 14490:Black genocide 14487: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14446: 14444: 14438: 14437: 14430: 14429: 14422: 14415: 14407: 14398: 14397: 14395: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14374: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14318: 14317: 14307: 14302: 14296: 14294: 14290: 14289: 14287: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14269:Freedom Summer 14266: 14259: 14258: 14257: 14247: 14242: 14237: 14235:Suffrage Hikes 14232: 14227: 14222: 14216: 14214: 14210: 14209: 14207: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14189:Guam residents 14186: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14135: 14133: 14129: 14128: 14125: 14124: 14122: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14109:Gerrymandering 14106: 14100: 14098: 14094: 14093: 14091: 14090: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14070: 14065: 14060: 14054: 14052: 14048: 14047: 14045: 14044: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14024: 14019: 14014: 14009: 14003: 14001: 13994: 13990: 13989: 13987: 13986: 13985: 13984: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13963: 13962: 13957: 13947: 13942: 13941: 13940: 13935: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13914: 13913: 13908: 13898: 13897: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13876: 13870: 13868: 13862: 13861: 13859: 13858: 13856:26th Amendment 13853: 13851:24th Amendment 13848: 13846:23rd Amendment 13843: 13841:19th Amendment 13838: 13836:17th Amendment 13833: 13831:15th Amendment 13828: 13827: 13826: 13821: 13814:14th Amendment 13811: 13806: 13805: 13804: 13799: 13788: 13786: 13783:Constitutional 13780: 13779: 13772: 13771: 13764: 13757: 13749: 13740: 13739: 13737: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13714:Richard Sander 13711: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13680: 13678: 13674: 13673: 13671: 13670: 13663:Proposition 16 13660: 13650: 13640: 13630: 13623:Initiative 424 13620: 13610: 13600: 13593:Initiative 200 13590: 13579: 13577: 13570: 13569: 13567: 13566: 13560: 13555: 13550: 13544: 13534: 13527: 13525: 13513: 13512: 13509: 13508: 13506: 13505: 13497: 13489: 13481: 13473: 13465: 13457: 13449: 13441: 13433: 13425: 13421:Kahn v. Shevin 13416: 13414: 13413:and Set-Asides 13406: 13405: 13403: 13402: 13394: 13386: 13385:(3d Cir. 1996) 13378: 13370: 13362: 13354: 13346: 13338: 13330: 13322: 13314: 13306: 13298: 13290: 13281: 13279: 13275: 13274: 13272: 13271: 13263: 13255: 13247: 13239: 13231: 13223: 13215: 13207: 13199: 13191: 13183: 13175: 13167: 13158: 13156: 13149: 13140: 13139: 13132: 13131: 13124: 13117: 13109: 13100: 13099: 13097: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13080: 13078: 13074: 13073: 13071: 13070: 13069:(2022 musical) 13062: 13054: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13030: 13028: 13024: 13023: 13021: 13020: 13015: 13009: 13007: 13003: 13002: 13000: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12958: 12956: 12950: 12949: 12942: 12940: 12938: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12926: 12925: 12915: 12910: 12909: 12908: 12905:The Suffragist 12896: 12890: 12888: 12887:co-strategized 12885:Initiated and 12882: 12881: 12874: 12873: 12866: 12859: 12851: 12842: 12841: 12839: 12838: 12825: 12824: 12819: 12815: 12814: 12807: 12799: 12796: 12795: 12793: 12792: 12786: 12780: 12774: 12768: 12762: 12756: 12750: 12744: 12737: 12735: 12729: 12728: 12726: 12725: 12717: 12709: 12695: 12687: 12679: 12672: 12667: 12659: 12653: 12651: 12645: 12644: 12642: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12615: 12614: 12604: 12603: 12602: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12536: 12534: 12528: 12527: 12525: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12478: 12476: 12468: 12467: 12465: 12464: 12459: 12457:Box 13 scandal 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12438: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12415: 12413: 12409: 12408: 12406: 12405: 12393: 12385: 12374: 12365: 12362: 12361: 12354: 12353: 12346: 12339: 12331: 12322: 12321: 12319: 12318: 12305: 12304: 12297: 12289: 12286: 12285: 12283: 12282: 12276: 12270: 12264: 12258: 12252: 12246: 12240: 12234: 12228: 12222: 12216: 12210: 12204: 12198: 12192: 12186: 12180: 12174: 12168: 12162: 12155: 12153: 12147: 12146: 12144: 12143: 12138: 12136: (CVN-79) 12129: 12120: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12021: 12019: 12011: 12010: 12008: 12007: 12005:Operation Sail 12002: 12001: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11929: 11928: 11918: 11912: 11910: 11906: 11905: 11903: 11902: 11897: 11896: 11895: 11890: 11880: 11879: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11866:media coverage 11863: 11852: 11850: 11846: 11845: 11843: 11842: 11832: 11822: 11811: 11809: 11805: 11804: 11802: 11801: 11796: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11767: 11766: 11765: 11760: 11749:Navy service: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11721: 11719: 11715: 11714: 11712: 11711: 11710: 11709: 11699: 11694: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11650: 11648: 11642: 11641: 11639: 11638: 11637: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11616: 11611: 11604: 11597: 11592: 11585: 11580: 11574: 11572: 11566: 11565: 11562: 11561: 11559: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11501:Food for Peace 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11462: 11460: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11436:Soviet Union: 11434: 11433: 11432: 11422: 11417: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11375: 11374: 11364: 11358: 11356: 11354:Foreign policy 11347: 11346: 11344:Situation Room 11341: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11307: 11306: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11280: 11278: 11266: 11265: 11263: 11262: 11250: 11242: 11230: 11227: 11226: 11219: 11218: 11211: 11204: 11196: 11187: 11186: 11172: 11169: 11168: 11166: 11165: 11160: 11158:Akinyele Umoja 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11079: 11077: 11071: 11070: 11068: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11046: 11045: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10979: 10977: 10973: 10972: 10970: 10969: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10946: 10945: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10846: 10839: 10832: 10825: 10818: 10817: 10816: 10804: 10799: 10793: 10791: 10787: 10786: 10784: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10761: 10760: 10759: 10754: 10747:Mahatma Gandhi 10744: 10739: 10738: 10737: 10726: 10724: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10670: 10668: 10662: 10661: 10659: 10658: 10656:South Carolina 10653: 10647: 10645: 10641: 10640: 10638: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10595:Hosea Williams 10592: 10587: 10582: 10580:Hollis Watkins 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10510:A. Maceo Smith 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10460:Bernie Sanders 10457: 10452: 10450:Angela Russell 10447: 10442: 10437: 10435:David Richmond 10432: 10427: 10425:Walter Reuther 10422: 10417: 10412: 10410:Cordell Reagon 10407: 10402: 10397: 10395:George Raymond 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10355:Charles Person 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10325:Huey P. Newton 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10280:Harry T. Moore 10277: 10272: 10267: 10265:Cecil B. Moore 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10245:James Meredith 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10075:Clarence Jones 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10015:Zilphia Horton 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9985:Lola Hendricks 9982: 9977: 9975:Dorothy Height 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9945:Lawrence Guyot 9942: 9937: 9935:Jack Greenberg 9932: 9927: 9922: 9920:Andrew Goodman 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9845:Joseph DeLaine 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9815:Dorothy Cotton 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9760:J. L. Chestnut 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9695:Amelia Boynton 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9615:Arnold Aronson 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9576: 9574: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9495: 9494: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9433: 9432: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9384: 9382: 9376: 9375: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9368: 9361: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9343: 9342: 9337: 9327: 9322: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9293: 9288: 9287: 9286: 9274: 9269: 9262: 9255: 9250: 9249: 9248: 9241:Freedom Summer 9238: 9233: 9231:Bloody Tuesday 9228: 9223: 9217: 9215: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9207: 9202: 9201: 9200: 9195: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9174: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9148: 9147: 9146: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9097: 9096: 9095: 9090: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9058: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9000: 8998: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8964: 8963: 8951: 8946: 8945: 8944: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8921: 8920: 8908: 8903: 8896: 8895: 8894: 8887: 8880: 8873: 8858: 8856: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8848: 8843: 8835: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8811: 8809: 8802: 8792: 8791: 8783: 8782: 8775: 8768: 8760: 8754: 8753: 8743: 8733: 8721: 8712: 8708:– Provided by 8696: 8683: 8661: 8660:External links 8658: 8657: 8656: 8649: 8642: 8635: 8628: 8621: 8611: 8593: 8586: 8580: 8578:online version 8570: 8563: 8556: 8549: 8542: 8535: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8521: 8511: 8504: 8497: 8490: 8484: 8466: 8464:online version 8456: 8447: 8444: 8441: 8440: 8401: 8370: 8339: 8303: 8276:Williams, Pete 8264: 8228: 8198: 8172: 8147: 8122: 8080: 8065: 8043: 8037:978-0465041954 8036: 8007: 7977: 7958: 7924: 7885: 7850: 7817: 7810:) – via 7791: 7765: 7734: 7704: 7692:Macy v. Holder 7683: 7665: 7651:Wolters Kluwer 7630: 7613:"H.R. 7152–16" 7604: 7572: 7546: 7532: 7503: 7481:whitehouse.gov 7467: 7437: 7407: 7381: 7352: 7321: 7291: 7245: 7227:978-0812207590 7226: 7206: 7183:Taylor, Alan. 7175: 7131: 7116:. Senate.gov. 7105: 7071: 7035: 7031:Pillar of Fire 7022: 7006: 6999: 6963: 6938: 6922: 6907:(2): 163–184. 6895:(March 1991). 6884: 6868: 6852: 6827: 6808: 6782: 6775: 6741: 6721: 6705: 6695:online version 6679: 6650: 6620: 6605:. p. 29. 6587: 6562: 6559:. p. 169. 6553:Dallek, Robert 6544: 6527:New York Times 6512: 6493: 6474: 6455: 6412: 6399:978-1595552655 6398: 6375: 6349: 6342: 6324:Cone, James H. 6315: 6291: 6278: 6244: 6218: 6195: 6175: 6142: 6123: 6103: 6077: 6035: 6010: 5984: 5939: 5914: 5883: 5876: 5854: 5824: 5794: 5768: 5742: 5711: 5681: 5664:www.senate.gov 5651: 5632: 5593: 5554: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5383: 5380: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5352:Groff v. DeJoy 5350:Main article: 5347: 5344:Groff v. DeJoy 5341: 5326:Main article: 5323: 5317: 5275: 5265: 5260:Main article: 5257: 5251: 5246:Main article: 5243: 5237: 5232:Main article: 5229: 5223: 5218:Main article: 5215: 5209: 5204:Main article: 5201: 5195: 5183:Main article: 5180: 5174: 5152:Main article: 5149: 5143: 5138:Main article: 5135: 5129: 5124:Main article: 5121: 5115: 5091:Main article: 5088: 5082: 5060:Main article: 5057: 5051: 5046:Main article: 5043: 5037: 5032:Main article: 5029: 5023: 5003:Main article: 5000: 4994: 4989:Main article: 4986: 4980: 4954:Main article: 4951: 4945: 4940:Main article: 4937: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4921:Main article: 4918: 4912: 4907:Main article: 4904: 4898: 4893:Main article: 4890: 4884: 4876:Lau v. Nichols 4870:Lau v. Nichols 4868:Main article: 4865: 4862:Lau v. Nichols 4859: 4857: 4854: 4849:Main article: 4846: 4840: 4838: 4835:Daniel v. Paul 4832: 4827:Main article: 4824: 4818: 4813:Main article: 4810: 4804: 4799:Main article: 4796: 4790: 4777:Main article: 4774: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4742:Main article: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4722: 4719: 4707: 4704: 4688: 4685: 4677: 4674: 4670:Sharon McGowan 4627: 4624: 4620:§ 2000e#b 4616:42 U.S.C. 4608:§ 2000e-4 4604:42 U.S.C. 4577: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4478:§ 2000e-2 4474:42 U.S.C. 4445: 4442: 4375: 4372: 4356: 4353: 4345: 4342: 4334: 4331: 4322: 4319: 4311:literacy tests 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4233: 4230: 4192: 4189: 4173:states' rights 4167:outlawing the 4165:24th Amendment 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4098:Emanuel Celler 4085: 4082: 4000: 3999:Women's rights 3997: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3947: 3936: 3925: 3924:voted in favor 3903: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3892:voted in favor 3870:Richard Fulton 3862:Henry González 3828: 3822: 3812: 3807: 3806: 3797: 3783: 3778: 3777: 3776: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3758: 3747: 3740: 3739: 3736: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3694: 3693: 3690: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3633:Totals are in 3629: 3628: 3623: 3622: 3619: 3614: 3611: 3599: 3598: 3595: 3590: 3587: 3575: 3574: 3571: 3566: 3563: 3551: 3550: 3547: 3542: 3539: 3527: 3526: 3523: 3518: 3515: 3503: 3502: 3499: 3494: 3491: 3479: 3478: 3475: 3470: 3467: 3455: 3454: 3451: 3449:South Carolina 3446: 3443: 3438:Strom Thurmond 3431: 3430: 3427: 3422: 3419: 3407: 3406: 3403: 3398: 3395: 3383: 3382: 3379: 3374: 3371: 3359: 3358: 3355: 3350: 3347: 3335: 3334: 3331: 3326: 3323: 3311: 3310: 3307: 3302: 3299: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3278: 3275: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3254: 3251: 3239: 3238: 3235: 3230: 3227: 3215: 3214: 3211: 3206: 3203: 3191: 3190: 3187: 3182: 3179: 3167: 3166: 3163: 3158: 3155: 3143: 3142: 3139: 3134: 3131: 3119: 3118: 3115: 3110: 3107: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3086: 3083: 3071: 3070: 3067: 3062: 3059: 3054:Claiborne Pell 3047: 3046: 3043: 3038: 3035: 3023: 3022: 3019: 3014: 3011: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2990: 2987: 2975: 2974: 2971: 2966: 2963: 2958:Gaylord Nelson 2951: 2950: 2947: 2942: 2939: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2918: 2915: 2903: 2902: 2899: 2894: 2891: 2879: 2878: 2875: 2870: 2867: 2855: 2854: 2851: 2846: 2843: 2831: 2830: 2827: 2822: 2819: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2798: 2795: 2783: 2782: 2779: 2774: 2771: 2759: 2758: 2755: 2750: 2747: 2735: 2734: 2731: 2726: 2723: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2702: 2699: 2687: 2686: 2683: 2678: 2675: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2654: 2651: 2639: 2638: 2635: 2630: 2627: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2606: 2603: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2582: 2579: 2574:Mike Mansfield 2567: 2566: 2563: 2558: 2555: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2534: 2531: 2526:Edward V. Long 2519: 2518: 2515: 2510: 2507: 2495: 2494: 2491: 2486: 2483: 2471: 2470: 2467: 2462: 2459: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2438: 2435: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2414: 2411: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2393:North Carolina 2390: 2387: 2375: 2374: 2371: 2366: 2363: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2345:South Carolina 2342: 2339: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2318: 2315: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2294: 2291: 2279: 2278: 2275: 2270: 2267: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2246: 2243: 2231: 2230: 2227: 2222: 2219: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2198: 2195: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2174: 2171: 2166:J. Lister Hill 2159: 2158: 2155: 2150: 2147: 2135: 2134: 2131: 2126: 2123: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2102: 2099: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2054: 2051: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2015: 2014: 2011: 2006: 2003: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1982: 1979: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1937:North Carolina 1934: 1931: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1907: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1862: 1859: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1838: 1835: 1830:James Eastland 1823: 1822: 1819: 1814: 1811: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1790: 1787: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1766: 1763: 1758:Thomas J. Dodd 1751: 1750: 1747: 1742: 1739: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1718: 1715: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1694: 1691: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1670: 1667: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1646: 1643: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1622: 1619: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1574: 1571: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1550: 1547: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1526: 1523: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1502: 1499: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1478: 1475: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1454: 1451: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1430: 1427: 1422:J. Caleb Boggs 1415: 1414: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1382: 1379: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1358: 1355: 1350:J. Glenn Beall 1343: 1342: 1339: 1334: 1331: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1310: 1307: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1286: 1283: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1262: 1259: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1238: 1235: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1207: 1205:Roll call vote 1204: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1136:June 19, 1964 1133: 1132: 1125: 1122: 1113: 1110: 1059:Reconstruction 1055:Strom Thurmond 1020:Mike Mansfield 955: 952: 918: 915: 882:of the NAACP. 862:Following the 855: 852: 840:Emanuel Celler 823:Mike Mansfield 808: 805: 803: 800: 789:Emulating the 780:Walter Reuther 743: 740: 693: 690: 629: 626: 624: 621: 582:15th Amendment 578:14th Amendment 535:discrimination 491: 490: 488: 487: 482: 475: 462: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 435: 434: 431:I Have a Dream 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 368: 365: 364: 351: 350: 343: 336: 328: 320: 319: 313: 310: 309: 302: 301: 299: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 267: 264: 263: 259: 258: 256: 255: 245: 239: 233: 227: 218: 207:Emanuel Celler 199: 196: 195: 191: 190: 185: 184:Titles amended 181: 180: 178: 177: 172: 166: 164: 160: 159: 155: 154: 144: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 121: 120: 107: 103: 102: 96: 92: 91: 87: 83: 82: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16524: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16444: 16442: 16427: 16417: 16415: 16412: 16411: 16408: 16402: 16399: 16397: 16396:Neighborhoods 16394: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16382: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16369: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16359:Sports firsts 16357: 16355: 16352: 16351: 16350: 16347: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16264: 16263: 16260: 16259: 16257: 16253: 16245: 16242: 16241: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16222: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16206: 16204: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16190: 16187: 16185: 16182: 16181: 16180: 16177: 16176: 16174: 16172: 16168: 16162: 16161:West Virginia 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16126: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16103: 16100: 16099: 16098:Pennsylvania 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16078: 16077:New York City 16075: 16074: 16073: 16070: 16068: 16065: 16061: 16058: 16057: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16048: 16044: 16041: 16040: 16038: 16034: 16031: 16030: 16028: 16024: 16021: 16020: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16007: 16004: 16003: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15990: 15987: 15986: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15973: 15970: 15969: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15956: 15953: 15952: 15951: 15948: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15935: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15922: 15921:San Francisco 15919: 15917: 15914: 15913: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15898: 15896: 15894:By state/city 15892: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15863: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15853: 15852: 15849: 15845: 15842: 15841: 15840: 15839:American Sign 15837: 15835: 15832: 15831: 15829: 15825: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15808: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15786: 15785: 15782: 15778: 15775: 15774: 15773: 15772:Neighborhoods 15770: 15769: 15767: 15763: 15757: 15754: 15750: 15747: 15746: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15704: 15703: 15702:Black Indians 15700: 15698: 15695: 15691: 15688: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15672: 15670: 15669: 15667: 15663: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15634: 15632: 15624: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15580: 15578: 15575: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15559: 15556: 15553: 15549: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15474: 15472: 15464: 15458: 15455: 15451: 15448: 15447: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15409: 15406: 15405: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15390: 15388: 15384: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15361: 15358: 15357: 15356: 15353: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15340: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15331: 15330: 15328: 15326: 15322: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15300: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15280:Black schools 15278: 15276: 15275:Black studies 15273: 15272: 15270: 15264: 15258: 15257:Whitney Young 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15247:Oprah Winfrey 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15217:Denmark Vesey 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15162:Joseph Rainey 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15117:Toni Morrison 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15102:Joseph Lowery 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15047:Jesse Jackson 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15037:Kamala Harris 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15022:Marcus Garvey 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14972:Blanche Bruce 14970: 14968: 14967:Edward Brooke 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14957:James Bradley 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14937:James Baldwin 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14919: 14917: 14913: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14881:Neighborhoods 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14830: 14827: 14826: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14776: 14774: 14772: 14768: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14745: 14742: 14741: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14734:Silent Parade 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14709: 14708: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14696: 14692: 14690: 14689: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14662:Jim Crow laws 14660: 14658: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14633: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14611: 14610: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14556: 14555: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14545: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14513: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14503: 14502: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14485:Black cowboys 14483: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14447: 14445: 14443: 14439: 14435: 14428: 14423: 14421: 14416: 14414: 14409: 14408: 14405: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14377:Secret ballot 14375: 14373: 14372:Redistricting 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14316: 14313: 14312: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14300:Ballot access 14298: 14297: 14295: 14291: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14264: 14260: 14256: 14253: 14252: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14218: 14217: 14215: 14211: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14136: 14134: 14130: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14101: 14099: 14097:Vote dilution 14095: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14083:Voter ID laws 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14068:Literacy test 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14055: 14053: 14049: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14022:Postal voting 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14004: 14002: 13998: 13995: 13991: 13983: 13980: 13979: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13952: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13943: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13930: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13903: 13902: 13899: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13881: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13871: 13869: 13863: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13816: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13809:1st Amendment 13807: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13794: 13793: 13790: 13789: 13787: 13781: 13777: 13770: 13765: 13763: 13758: 13756: 13751: 13750: 13747: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13699:Ward Connerly 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13681: 13679: 13675: 13668: 13664: 13661: 13658: 13654: 13653:Referendum 88 13651: 13648: 13644: 13641: 13638: 13634: 13631: 13628: 13624: 13621: 13618: 13614: 13611: 13608: 13604: 13601: 13598: 13594: 13591: 13588: 13584: 13581: 13580: 13578: 13576: 13571: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13548: 13545: 13542: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13529: 13528: 13526: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13503: 13502: 13498: 13495: 13494: 13490: 13487: 13486: 13482: 13479: 13478: 13474: 13471: 13470: 13466: 13463: 13462: 13458: 13455: 13454: 13450: 13447: 13446: 13442: 13439: 13438: 13434: 13431: 13430: 13426: 13423: 13422: 13418: 13417: 13415: 13407: 13400: 13399: 13395: 13392: 13391: 13387: 13384: 13383: 13379: 13376: 13375: 13371: 13368: 13367: 13363: 13360: 13359: 13355: 13352: 13351: 13347: 13344: 13343: 13339: 13336: 13335: 13331: 13328: 13327: 13323: 13320: 13319: 13315: 13312: 13311: 13307: 13304: 13303: 13299: 13296: 13295: 13291: 13288: 13287: 13283: 13282: 13280: 13276: 13269: 13268: 13264: 13261: 13260: 13256: 13253: 13252: 13248: 13245: 13244: 13240: 13237: 13236: 13232: 13229: 13228: 13224: 13221: 13220: 13216: 13213: 13212: 13208: 13205: 13204: 13200: 13197: 13196: 13192: 13189: 13188: 13184: 13181: 13180: 13176: 13173: 13172: 13168: 13165: 13164: 13160: 13159: 13157: 13153: 13150: 13145: 13144:Supreme Court 13141: 13137: 13130: 13125: 13123: 13118: 13116: 13111: 13110: 13107: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13081: 13079: 13075: 13068: 13067: 13063: 13060: 13059: 13055: 13052: 13051: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13031: 13029: 13025: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13010: 13008: 13004: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12992:Doris Stevens 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12959: 12957: 12951: 12946: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12924: 12921: 12920: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12907: 12906: 12902: 12901: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12891: 12889: 12883: 12879: 12872: 12867: 12865: 12860: 12858: 12853: 12852: 12849: 12837: 12836: 12827: 12826: 12823: 12820: 12817: 12816: 12813: 12812: 12808: 12806: 12805: 12801: 12800: 12797: 12790: 12787: 12784: 12781: 12779:(grandfather) 12778: 12775: 12773:(grandfather) 12772: 12769: 12766: 12763: 12760: 12757: 12754: 12751: 12748: 12745: 12742: 12739: 12738: 12736: 12734: 12730: 12724: 12722: 12718: 12716: 12714: 12710: 12707: 12703: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12692: 12688: 12686: 12684: 12680: 12678: 12677: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12665:advertisement 12664: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12654: 12652: 12650: 12646: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12613: 12610: 12609: 12608: 12605: 12601: 12598: 12597: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12537: 12535: 12533: 12529: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12479: 12477: 12475: 12469: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12422: 12421: 12420: 12417: 12416: 12414: 12410: 12402: 12398: 12394: 12390: 12386: 12382: 12379: 12375: 12371: 12367: 12366: 12363: 12359: 12352: 12347: 12345: 12340: 12338: 12333: 12332: 12329: 12317: 12316: 12307: 12306: 12303: 12302: 12298: 12296: 12295: 12291: 12290: 12287: 12280: 12277: 12274: 12271: 12269:(grandfather) 12268: 12265: 12263:(grandfather) 12262: 12261:P. J. Kennedy 12259: 12256: 12253: 12250: 12247: 12244: 12241: 12238: 12235: 12232: 12229: 12226: 12223: 12220: 12217: 12214: 12211: 12208: 12205: 12202: 12199: 12196: 12193: 12190: 12187: 12184: 12181: 12178: 12175: 12172: 12169: 12166: 12163: 12160: 12157: 12156: 12154: 12152: 12148: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12135: 12130: 12128: 12127: (CV-67) 12126: 12121: 12119: 12118: 12113: 12111: 12110:Mount Kennedy 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12045:Boston statue 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12022: 12020: 12018: 12012: 12006: 12003: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11975: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11958:Kennedy Round 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11927: 11924: 11923: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11913: 11911: 11907: 11901: 11898: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11885: 11884: 11883:State funeral 11881: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11858: 11857: 11856:Assassination 11854: 11853: 11851: 11847: 11841: 11837: 11833: 11831: 11827: 11823: 11821: 11817: 11813: 11812: 11810: 11806: 11800: 11797: 11794: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11772: 11768: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11755: 11754: 11753: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11722: 11720: 11718:Personal life 11716: 11708: 11705: 11704: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11652: 11651: 11649: 11647: 11643: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11621: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11609: 11605: 11602: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11590: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11575: 11573: 11567: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11476:Equal Pay Act 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11459: 11455: 11449: 11448:Vienna summit 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11438:Berlin Crisis 11435: 11431: 11428: 11427: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11420:Cuban Project 11418: 11416: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11373: 11370: 11369: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11359: 11357: 11355: 11351: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11338: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11305: 11304:Supreme Court 11302: 11301: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11271: 11267: 11259: 11255: 11251: 11247: 11243: 11239: 11236: 11232: 11231: 11228: 11224: 11217: 11212: 11210: 11205: 11203: 11198: 11197: 11194: 11184: 11183: 11178: 11170: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11153:Timothy Tyson 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11083:Taylor Branch 11081: 11080: 11078: 11072: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11044: 11041: 11040: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10980: 10978: 10974: 10968: 10967: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10943: 10939: 10938: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10931:Freedom songs 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10851: 10847: 10845: 10844: 10840: 10838: 10837: 10833: 10831: 10830: 10826: 10824: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10810: 10809: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10797:Jim Crow laws 10795: 10794: 10792: 10788: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10749: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10736: 10733: 10732: 10731: 10728: 10727: 10725: 10721: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10694:"Oh, Freedom" 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10671: 10669: 10663: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10648: 10646: 10642: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10620:Whitney Young 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10600:Kale Williams 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10560:Albert Turner 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10550:A. P. Tureaud 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10455:Bayard Rustin 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10305:William Moyer 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10240:Joseph McNeil 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10225:Charles McDew 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10215:Benjamin Mays 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10200:Vivian Malone 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10175:Joseph Lowery 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10100:Clyde Kennard 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10090:Vernon Jordan 10088: 10086: 10085:Matthew Jones 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10050:T. J. Jemison 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10035:Jesse Jackson 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9925:Robert Graetz 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9915:Golden Frinks 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9875:Charles Evers 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9825:Vernon Dahmer 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9780:Septima Clark 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9700:Bruce Boynton 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9625:James Baldwin 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9595:Mathew Ahmann 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9571: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9493: 9492:Youth Council 9490: 9489: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9431: 9430: 9426: 9425: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9377: 9367: 9366: 9362: 9360: 9359: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9320: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9298: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9284: 9280: 9279: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9267: 9263: 9261: 9260: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9247: 9244: 9243: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9216: 9212: 9206: 9203: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9190: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9153: 9152: 9149: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9124: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9084: 9083:Freedom Rides 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9063: 9059: 9057: 9056: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8995: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8962: 8961: 8957: 8956: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8942: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8919: 8918: 8914: 8913: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8892: 8888: 8886: 8885: 8881: 8879: 8878: 8874: 8872: 8871: 8867: 8866: 8865: 8864: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8853: 8847: 8844: 8841: 8840: 8836: 8833: 8832: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8808:Prior to 1954 8806: 8803: 8800: 8793: 8788: 8781: 8776: 8774: 8769: 8767: 8762: 8761: 8758: 8751: 8747: 8744: 8741: 8737: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8664: 8663: 8654: 8650: 8647: 8643: 8640: 8636: 8633: 8629: 8626: 8622: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8599: 8594: 8591: 8587: 8585: 8581: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8568: 8564: 8561: 8557: 8554: 8550: 8547: 8543: 8540: 8536: 8533: 8529: 8528: 8520: 8516: 8513:Risen, Clay. 8512: 8509: 8505: 8502: 8498: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8485:9780762437429 8481: 8477: 8476: 8471: 8470:Golway, Terry 8467: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8454: 8450: 8449: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8405: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8374: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8343: 8327: 8323: 8322: 8317: 8310: 8308: 8291: 8287: 8286: 8281: 8277: 8271: 8269: 8252: 8248: 8247: 8242: 8238: 8232: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8202: 8187: 8186: 8179: 8177: 8161: 8157: 8151: 8136: 8132: 8126: 8118: 8105: 8090: 8084: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8062: 8057: 8056: 8047: 8039: 8033: 8029: 8024: 8023: 8017: 8011: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7981: 7974: 7970: 7967: 7962: 7946: 7942: 7941: 7935: 7928: 7912: 7908: 7907: 7906:BuzzFeed News 7902: 7898: 7892: 7890: 7873: 7869: 7868: 7863: 7857: 7855: 7838: 7834: 7833: 7832:BuzzFeed News 7828: 7821: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7795: 7779: 7775: 7769: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7738: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7713:Quinones, Sam 7708: 7701: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7687: 7681: 7677: 7674: 7669: 7663: 7659: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7634: 7618: 7614: 7608: 7592: 7588: 7587: 7582: 7576: 7560: 7556: 7550: 7543: 7542: 7536: 7520: 7516: 7510: 7508: 7499: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7477: 7471: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7441: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7411: 7395: 7391: 7385: 7369: 7365: 7359: 7357: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7325: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7295: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7233: 7229: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7210: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7179: 7171: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7138: 7136: 7119: 7115: 7109: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7075: 7059: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7045: 7039: 7032: 7026: 7019: 7015: 7010: 7002: 7000:9780465041954 6996: 6992: 6987: 6986: 6980: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6960: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6942: 6935: 6931: 6926: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6888: 6881: 6877: 6872: 6865: 6861: 6856: 6850: 6846: 6843: 6840: 6834: 6832: 6823: 6819: 6812: 6796: 6792: 6786: 6778: 6776:0-465-04195-7 6772: 6768: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6725: 6718: 6714: 6709: 6703: 6699: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6683: 6672:September 25, 6667: 6663: 6662: 6654: 6643:September 16, 6638: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6599: 6591: 6576: 6572: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6548: 6541: 6533:September 13, 6529: 6528: 6523: 6516: 6509: 6505: 6502: 6497: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6478: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6459: 6451: 6445: 6429: 6428: 6423: 6416: 6401: 6395: 6391: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6363: 6359: 6353: 6345: 6343:0-88344-721-5 6339: 6335: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6295: 6289:, pp. 628–631 6288: 6282: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6251: 6249: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6203:Golway, Terry 6199: 6193: 6192:0-7914-3362-5 6189: 6185: 6179: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6130: 6126: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6107: 6091: 6087: 6081: 6073: 6067: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6039: 6024: 6020: 6014: 5998: 5997:Miller Center 5994: 5988: 5980: 5974: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5946: 5944: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5924: 5918: 5911: 5903:September 13, 5898: 5894: 5887: 5879: 5873: 5868: 5867: 5858: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5783: 5779: 5772: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5739: 5731:September 13, 5726: 5722: 5715: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5636: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5526: 5524: 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4684: 4682: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4666:BuzzFeed News 4663: 4662:Jeff Sessions 4658: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4644: 4642: 4641:Chai Feldblum 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4470: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4400:5 U.S.C. 4395: 4391: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4380: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4362:expanded the 4361: 4352: 4350: 4341: 4339: 4330: 4327: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4300: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4278:. Afterward, 4277: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4256: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4229: 4227: 4226: 4221: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4151: 4150:1964 election 4147: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4124: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4094:racial quotas 4091: 4090:forced busing 4084:Desegregation 4081: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4005: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3951:Norris Cotton 3948: 3946:voted against 3945: 3944:West Virginia 3941: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3878:Claude Pepper 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3854:Albert Thomas 3851: 3847: 3843: 3842: 3841: 3836: 3834: 3810: 3801: 3781: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3714: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3664: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3342:John Sparkman 3337: 3336: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3234: 3233:Massachusetts 3231: 3228: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3138: 3137:West Virginia 3135: 3132: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2935: 2934:Edmund Muskie 2929: 2928: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2815: 2814:Mike Monroney 2809: 2808: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2706: 2705:New Hampshire 2703: 2700: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2647: 2646:Gale W. McGee 2641: 2640: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2479: 2478:Frank Lausche 2473: 2472: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2455: 2454:Thomas Kuchel 2449: 2448: 2444: 2442: 2441:Massachusetts 2439: 2436: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2263: 2262:Daniel Inouye 2257: 2256: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2004: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1697:New Hampshire 1695: 1692: 1687: 1686:Norris Cotton 1681: 1680: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1567: 1566:Frank Carlson 1561: 1560: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1543: 1542:Howard Cannon 1537: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1529:West Virginia 1527: 1524: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1495: 1494:Harry F. Byrd 1489: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1423: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1375: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1327: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1279: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1255: 1254:Gordon Allott 1249: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1214: 1210: 1201: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1134: 1129: 1121: 1119: 1112:Final passage 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1079: 1078:Thomas Kuchel 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1028:Southern Bloc 1024: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 995: 988: 984: 979: 972: 968: 964: 960: 951: 947: 944: 939: 936: 932: 928: 924: 914: 912: 908: 904: 898: 896: 892: 888: 883: 881: 877: 873: 865: 860: 851: 849: 845: 841: 837: 834:, chaired by 833: 829: 824: 821: 817: 814: 799: 796: 792: 787: 785: 781: 776: 771: 769: 765: 764:Miller Center 761: 753: 748: 739: 737: 733: 729: 723: 721: 717: 716: 711: 710:Supreme Court 707: 703: 699: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 658:Black Cabinet 654: 652: 647: 643: 641: 637: 636: 620: 618: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 590: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 520: 516: 512: 505: 499: 486: 483: 481: 480: 476: 474: 473: 469: 468: 467: 466: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 432: 428: 427: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 372: 371: 366: 361: 357: 349: 344: 342: 337: 335: 330: 329: 326: 317: 311: 307: 303: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 268: 265: 260: 253: 250:by President 249: 246: 243: 240: 237: 234: 231: 228: 226: 222: 219: 216: 212: 208: 204: 201: 200: 197: 192: 189: 186: 182: 176: 173: 171: 168: 167: 165: 161: 156: 153: 149: 145: 143: 137: 134: 131: 127: 122: 108: 104: 101: 97: 93: 88: 84: 80: 75: 69: 65: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 16312:Sportspeople 16282:Billionaires 16199:Sierra Leone 16102:Philadelphia 15938:Jacksonville 15765:Demographics 15597:Jack Johnson 15587:Muhammad Ali 15420:Conservatism 15355:Black church 15252:Andrew Young 15237:Ida B. Wells 15227:David Walker 15222:C. T. Vivian 15177:Paul Robeson 15172:Hiram Revels 15152:Colin Powell 15132:Barack Obama 15087:James Lawson 15042:Jimi Hendrix 15012:James Farmer 15007:Medgar Evers 14977:Ralph Bunche 14927:Maya Angelou 14901:Middle class 14779:Afrofuturism 14705: 14693: 14686: 14607: 14552: 14515: 14499: 14465:Afrocentrism 14455:Abolitionism 14337:Election law 14255:Publications 14164:Young adults 14078:Voter caging 14012:Early voting 14000:Voter access 13922: 13867:and agencies 13865:Federal laws 13613:Amendment 46 13499: 13491: 13483: 13475: 13467: 13459: 13451: 13443: 13435: 13427: 13419: 13411:Contracting, 13396: 13388: 13380: 13372: 13364: 13356: 13348: 13340: 13332: 13324: 13316: 13308: 13300: 13292: 13284: 13265: 13257: 13249: 13241: 13233: 13225: 13217: 13209: 13201: 13193: 13185: 13177: 13169: 13161: 13064: 13056: 13048: 12997:Mabel Vernon 12962:Alva Belmont 12903: 12828: 12809: 12802: 12791:(son-in-law) 12720: 12712: 12697: 12690: 12682: 12674: 12670:Johnson cult 12662: 12649:Public image 12482:Bibliography 12462:Bashir Ahmad 12308: 12299: 12292: 12133: 12124: 12116: 11937: 11916:Bibliography 11835: 11825: 11815: 11770: 11763:Arthur Evans 11751: 11735:Hickory Hill 11569:Presidential 11516:Space policy 11458:New Frontier 11336: 11289:Inauguration 11173: 11113:David Garrow 11093:John Dittmer 10964: 10891:Brown Chapel 10848: 10841: 10834: 10827: 10820: 10806: 10763: 10615:Andrew Young 10570:A. T. Walden 10565:C. T. Vivian 10525:Maxine Smith 10360:Homer Plessy 10340:James Orange 10295:Irene Morgan 10250:William Ming 10230:Ralph McGill 10165:Viola Liuzzo 10150:Jim Letherer 10135:James Lawson 10065:Vernon Johns 10055:Esau Jenkins 10010:Myles Horton 9960:Fred Hampton 9950:Prathia Hall 9940:Dick Gregory 9910:Marie Foster 9905:James Forman 9895:James Farmer 9880:Medgar Evers 9840:Angela Davis 9775:Ramsey Clark 9755:James Chaney 9750:Johnnie Carr 9730:Ralph Bunche 9725:H. Rap Brown 9715:Ruby Bridges 9675:Joanne Bland 9650:Claude Black 9630:Marion Barry 9600:Muhammad Ali 9427: 9363: 9356: 9317: 9295: 9264: 9257: 9252: 9099: 9060: 9053: 8983:Kissing Case 8958: 8915: 8898: 8889: 8882: 8875: 8868: 8861: 8837: 8829: 8749: 8739: 8727: 8688:as enacted ( 8668:as amended ( 8652: 8645: 8638: 8631: 8624: 8614: 8597: 8589: 8583: 8573: 8566: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8538: 8531: 8514: 8507: 8500: 8493: 8474: 8459: 8452: 8446:Bibliography 8414: 8411:Human Rights 8410: 8404: 8394:December 11, 8392:. Retrieved 8383: 8373: 8361:. Retrieved 8342: 8330:. Retrieved 8319: 8294:. Retrieved 8283: 8255:. Retrieved 8244: 8237:Liptak, Adam 8231: 8219:. Retrieved 8210: 8201: 8190:, retrieved 8184: 8163:. Retrieved 8159: 8150: 8138:. Retrieved 8134: 8125: 8113:|title= 8092:. Retrieved 8083: 8054: 8046: 8021: 8010: 7998:. Retrieved 7989: 7980: 7961: 7949:. Retrieved 7937: 7927: 7915:. Retrieved 7904: 7876:. Retrieved 7865: 7841:. Retrieved 7830: 7820: 7794: 7782:. Retrieved 7768: 7756:. Retrieved 7747: 7737: 7725:. Retrieved 7707: 7691: 7686: 7668: 7642: 7633: 7623:December 28, 7621:. Retrieved 7607: 7595:. Retrieved 7584: 7575: 7563:. Retrieved 7559:the original 7549: 7539: 7535: 7523:. Retrieved 7519:the original 7496:– via 7490:. Retrieved 7479: 7470: 7458:. Retrieved 7440: 7428:. Retrieved 7424:the original 7420:CongressLink 7419: 7410: 7400:December 15, 7398:. Retrieved 7394:the original 7384: 7374:December 15, 7372:. Retrieved 7368:the original 7343:. 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Retrieved 5536: 5501: 5488: 5422: 5365: 5343: 5332: 5331: 5319: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5298:Neil Gorsuch 5289: 5287: 5271: 5267: 5253: 5239: 5225: 5211: 5197: 5190: 5188: 5176: 5158: 5157: 5145: 5131: 5117: 5097: 5096: 5084: 5066: 5065: 5053: 5039: 5025: 5008: 4996: 4982: 4969: 4961: 4959: 4947: 4933: 4914: 4900: 4886: 4875: 4873: 4861: 4842: 4834: 4820: 4806: 4792: 4785: 4782: 4770: 4751: 4747: 4725: 4724: 4710: 4709: 4698: 4697: 4680: 4679: 4665: 4659: 4645: 4629: 4593: 4578: 4557: 4546: 4541: 4524: 4507: 4501: 4485: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4426:antisemitism 4413: 4409: 4408: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4377: 4359: 4358: 4348: 4347: 4337: 4336: 4325: 4324: 4306: 4305: 4279: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4251: 4223: 4216: 4209: 4194: 4154: 4142:Ted Sorensen 4134: 4102:Jacob Javits 4087: 4071: 4060:Pauli Murray 4041: 4034: 4030:Carl Elliott 4010: 3911: 3906: 3904: 3864:), two from 3858:J. J. Pickle 3839: 3830: 3741: 3730: 3719: 3695: 3684: 3673: 3662: 3638: 3634: 3632: 3593:North Dakota 3582:Milton Young 3257:Pennsylvania 3065:Rhode Island 3017:Rhode Island 3006:John Pastore 2921:South Dakota 2681:South Dakota 2310:Jacob Javits 2214:Roman Hruska 2094:Vance Hartke 1806:Paul Douglas 1649:Pennsylvania 1614:Frank Church 1481:North Dakota 1302:Bob Bartlett 1230:George Aiken 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1142:Total votes 1115: 1102:brain cancer 1095: 1083: 1067: 1052: 1025: 998: 991: 948: 940: 931:bully pulpit 920: 899: 884: 869: 810: 788: 772: 757: 724: 713: 695: 678:Harry Truman 655: 648: 644: 633: 631: 586: 555: 527:civil rights 523:July 2, 1964 497: 495: 477: 470: 464: 463: 443: 369: 247: 241: 235: 229: 220: 202: 163:Acts amended 158:Codification 68: 46: 37:This is the 31: 16332:US senators 16302:Republicans 16287:Journalists 16144:San Antonio 16109:Puerto Rico 16050:Mississippi 15943:Tallahassee 15916:Los Angeles 15607:Jesse Owens 15592:Arthur Ashe 15450:Nationalism 15440:Raised fist 15403:Black power 15308:in medicine 15242:Roy Wilkins 15197:Emmett Till 15182:Al Sharpton 14947:Julian Bond 14942:James Bevel 14906:Upper class 14896:Stereotypes 14789:Black mecca 14701:Plantations 14480:Black Codes 14310:Citizenship 14051:Vote denial 13689:Edward Blum 13575:initiatives 13518:legislation 13061:(2004 film) 13053:(1920 book) 12723:(2017 film) 12715:(2014 film) 12698:All the Way 12693:(2002 film) 12691:Path to War 12403:(1937–1949) 12391:(1949–1961) 12383:(1961–1963) 12372:(1963–1969) 12255:Ted Kennedy 12141:Yad Kennedy 11409:Vietnam War 11389:Peace Corps 11260:(1947–1953) 11248:(1953–1960) 11240:(1961–1963) 11133:Doug McAdam 11103:Chuck Fager 10730:Nonviolence 10635:James Zwerg 10630:Bob Zellner 10590:Roy Wilkins 10540:Hank Thomas 10475:Pete Seeger 10470:Bobby Seale 10335:Jack O'Dell 10330:Edgar Nixon 10260:Amzie Moore 10255:Jack Minnis 10195:Mae Mallory 10180:Clara Luper 10140:Bernard Lee 10030:Cecil Ivory 10025:Ruby Hurley 9995:Oliver Hill 9990:Aaron Henry 9890:Chuck Fager 9850:Dave Dennis 9740:Guy Carawan 9680:Julian Bond 9645:James Bevel 9635:Daisy Bates 8906:Emmett Till 8789:(1954–1968) 8386:. 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