1436:
of revolutionary democracy came from Lenin's 1919 thesis "Bourgeois
Democracy and the Proletarian Dictatorship", which proposed replacing the 'bourgeois' parliamentary democracy with revolutionary democracy, which would be secured by a vanguard party representing the masses, which would consult its constituency while still adhering to the socialist ideological guidelines. Meles Zenawi wrote that Ethiopia can become a developed country "if it is guided by ârevolutionary democracy", adding that while "liberal democracy is partial wager, a collector of rents, and a representative of the comprador bourgeoisie, ârevolutionary democracyâ stands for sustainable development." This marked the point at which TLPF abandoned Marxism-Leninism in favour of socialism and revolutionary ethnonationalism, moving closer to its initial position from the 1970s.
784:. It adopted a new political program calling for self-determination within a democratic Ethiopia, with independence an option only if unity proved impossible. Gaining and maintaining the support of the local population was at the core of the TPLF's strategy in the 1970s and 1980s. TPLF leaders knew that the goodwill of the population would sustain their movement and ultimately lead them to victory over the Derg. Consequently, any fighter caught mistreating locals was punished or even executed by TPLF authorities. As a result, local support for the TPLF was consistent and invaluable. The local population shared food and resources with the fighters, provided them with safe havens, and, most importantly, provided the TPLF with up-to-date information.
1416:
theme of a class-based - ethnonationalism is the fundamental foundation of the party and it persisted throughout the entire existence of the TPLF. The TPLF argues that
Ethiopia is a collection of nationalities subjugated by the Amhara ethnic group, which imposes its culture and language over all others; the first manifesto of the party stated: "Disagreement and suspicion among the nations of Ethiopia have resulted from the worsening of the oppression by the Amhara ethnic group over the oppressed nations of Ethiopia and especially over the Tigray ethnic group. Therefore, we now reached a stage where all the oppressed nations of Ethiopia can no more undertake a common class struggle."
1428:, which took over the leadership of the party and proclaimed MarxismâLeninism to be the organization's overarching ideology. The party's ideological shift made Marxist aspects temporarily dominate over the ethnonationalist ones, though the party remained ethnonationalist and envisioned a 'national revolution' that would install "a planned socialist economy free of exploitation of man by man". Core Marxist aspects embraced by the TPLF included vanguardism, democratic centralism, dictatorship of the proletariat, and also self-determination in the name of national liberation. The party was also heavily influence by the Albanian communist model of
371:
111:
815:
1144:(TDF). The TPLF has accused the ENDF and Eritrean forces of war crimes, but it is difficult to independently verify these allegations because of the media blackout imposed by the federal government under Abiy. On March 23, 2021, in response to international pressure, the prime minister admitted for the first time that Eritrean forces had been in the Tigray region. In July 2021, after the Ethiopian government declared a unilateral cease-fire and withdrew from much of the Tigray region, the TDF entered neighboring
1080:
4568:
4359:
4556:
725:(Meles), and others soon joined the original group, and, after the arrival of the trainees from Eritrea in June 1975, the TPLF had about 50 fighters. It then elected a formal leadership consisting of Sehul (the chairman), Muse (the military commander), and the seven TNO founders. Berhu was appointed political commissar. Sehul played a crucial role in helping the nascent TPLF establish itself among the local peasantry.
623:(now Addis Ababa University), Tigrayan students had formed the Political Association of Tigrayans (PAT) in 1972 and the Tigrayan University Students' Association (TUSA) beginning in the early 1960s. These student groups evolved into a radical nationalist group that operated in Tigray after the start of the Ethiopian revolution in 1974, and began calling for Tigrayan independence, forming the
45:
491:
4580:
962:(ENDF) officer corps. The party exercised, "near-exclusive control over foreign aid, international loans, and the leasing of public land to amass billions of dollars." With the EPRDF effectively under TPLF control, the Tigrayan position in Ethiopian governance post-1991 mirrored the political dominance that Amhara's had held in the country during most of the 20th century.
874:(EPRDF) as the core of the planned United Democratic Front. In the spring of 1989, first the MLLT and then the TPLF held a congress. Abbay was elected chairman of both organizations, but toward the end of 1989 Meles became chairman of both. In May 1989, the EPDM formed the Ethiopian MarxistâLeninist Force (EMLF).
1415:
in late 1960s. After revolutionary students formed the Tigray
University Student Association, a new leftwing organization known as the Tigrayan National Organization was founded in 1974, from which the TPLF emerged in February 1975. The core ideology of the party was ethnonationalism infused with the
1435:
After the fall of the USSR, the TPLF moderated itself and rebranded its ideology as "revolutionary democracy", pledging to introduce a new kind of democracy in
Ethiopia that would differ from the liberal democratic structure, while also maintaining the core socialist values of the party. The concept
1199:
declared that NEBE's decision undermined the TPLF's 50-year legacy and violated the
Pretoria deal which had ended the Tigray War during November 2022. Following the decision, the federal government announced that the issue of TPLF registration and legality had been resolved. NEBE also warned against
1423:
as, "the beginning of national oppression" in the groups manifesto. Initially the group called for independence of Tigray from
Ethiopia, arguing that it is the only way to liberate Ethiopian cultures from the ethnic and national oppression of the Amhara culture. However, separatism was abandoned in
1215:
warned that the TPLF could find itself in a war if it went ahead with holding the congress. As the six day long meeting commenced on 13 August, an
Ethiopian government minister accused the TPLF of âpractically nullifyingâ the Pretoria agreement and threatening the relative peace in Tigray since the
1466:
On
November 3, 2022, the Ethiopian government and the nationalist paramilitary group entered into a peace agreement, ending their two-year conflict. A draft agreement was sent to The Associated Press stating that the TPLF will first be disarmed with their "light weapons" followed by the Ethiopian
1219:
Since the 14th part congress, the factionalism within the TPLF escalated as both sides became more entrenched in their positions. Debretsion effectively has popular support and power over the TPLF party apparatus, while
Getachew maintains authority over the Tigray regional government and is being
1187:
among the
Tigrayan population following the war. In July 2024, the TPLF released a statement announcing it faced an unprecedented 'severe test' that has brought the party to the verge of disintegration. The statement accused senior leaders of putting their personal interests above the party, thus
1462:
federal government passed a parliamentary resolution classifying the TPLF as a terrorist organization. According to Article 23, "this decision applies to organizations and individuals that collaborate with, have links with, or are associated with the ideas and actions of the designated terrorist
1162:
The TPLF was accused of forcing recruitment into the TDF, including minors. According to several witnesses and Tigrayan administrators, every household in Tigray was required to enlist a family member in the TDF. Those who refused were arrested and imprisoned, including the parents of minors who
877:
In July 1989, MLLT and EMLF formed the Union of Ethiopian Proletarian Organizations. In April 1990, the TPLF formed the Ethiopian Democratic Officers Movement from politically re-educated captured Ethiopian officers to undermine the Free Officers Movement, which had been formed in 1987 by exiled
728:
Although a few successful raids bolstered its military credibility, the TPLF grew to only about 120 fighters in early 1976, but a rapidly growing clandestine network of supporters in the cities and a support base among the peasants provided vital supplies and information. On February 18, 1976, a
551:
government, was dominated by the TPLF, who gradually consolidated control over Ethiopia's federal administrations, the ENDF, and key economic resources such as foreign aid, loans, and land leases, amassing billions. The TPLF's restructuring of Ethiopia into an ethnic federal state further fueled
748:
Although the TPLF, the ELF, and the EPLF cooperated during the 1976 and 1978 Derg offensives in Tigray and Eritrea, no stable alliance emerged. The ELF resented the liquidation of the TLF and considered the relationship between the EPLF and the TPLF a serious threat. Since 1977, there had been
634:
While the multinational leftist movements prioritized class struggle over national self-determination for the Ethiopian nationalities, the Marxists of the TUSA argued for self-determination as the starting point for the final socialist revolution because of the existing inequalities among the
957:
who became the first prime minister. The EPRDF government, particularly in areas concerning the military-security complex and the economy, was dominated by the TPLF. Gradually the TPLF hegemony within the EPRDF grew stronger as the party dominated Ethiopia's federal administrations and the
792:, enabled the movement to mobilize and better equip more fighters to prepare for the shift from guerrilla to frontal attack. Moreover, developments within the TPLF in the mid-1980s led to a conceptual shift from a struggle for the liberation of Tigray to that of all Ethiopia.
1702:
Likewise, Ethiopia has been ruled for decades by the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), a coalition of mostly ethnoregional political parties, dominated by the socialist Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF). Both combined nondemocratic traits with
1448:
government removed the TPLF's classification as a Tier III level terrorist group when the group came to power in 1991. However, an analysis by the Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium (TRAC) also classified it as a terrorist group dating back to 1976. According to the
1139:
described as a "preemptive strike". In November 2020, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed declared victory over the TPLF. Other sources suggested that the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) controlled only about 70% of the Tigray region. Many TPLF members joined the
1039:. In this period the organization recruited a substantial amount of fighters from different groups such as the police and paramilitary organizations, while also withdrawing its supporters from the Ethiopian national security establishment. This precipitated the
1922:
As a member of the left-wing Tigray People's Liberation Front, he rose through Ethiopia's autocratic government as health and foreign minister. After taking the director-general job in 2017, he tried to install Zimbabwe dictator Robert Mugabe as a WHO goodwill
889:
In November 1990, a MarxistâLeninist Oromo movement was established within the OPDO. Also in 1990, the TPLF formed the Afar Democratic Union to undermine the Afar movements. It had already helped build liberation fronts in Gambella and Benshangul before 1985.
1207:, ignoring the NEBE's warning. The last congress had been held in September 2018. The general assembly comes amid escalating political infighting within the TPLF and has been boycotted by 14 members of the party's central committee, including deputy chair
787:
In retrospect, it is evident that the 1978-1985 period further strengthened the TPLF. The increasingly alienating intervention of the Derg, the front's handling of famine and refugee problems, and the foreign connections it built through its mission in
729:
conference of fighters elected a new leadership: Berhu (chairman), Muse (military committee), Abbay (political committee), Agazi (socioeconomic committee), Seyoum (foreign relations), Gidey, and Sebhat. Meles became head of the political cadre school.
732:
The first three years of its existence were marked by a constant struggle for survival, unstable cooperation with Eritrean forces, and power struggles against the other Tigrayan fronts: in 1975, the TPLF liquidated the TLF; in 1976â78, it fought the
1725:
However, the friction between the socialist Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), which was active in Ethiopian politics until 2019, and the Ethiopian Federal Government, has deepened since last year, especially due to the postponement of the
752:
Relations with the EPLF also did not develop smoothly. Its material support was much less than the TPLF had anticipated. Politically, the EPLF favored the multinational EPRP over the ethno regionalist TPLF with its separatist agenda at the time.
607:
became emperor in 1889. The Tigrayan traditional elite and peasantry had a strong regional identity and a resentment due to their own perception of the decline of Tigray. It was popularly referred to as Woyane, for evoking memories of the
1007:
During 2018, newly elected prime minister Abiy began curtailing the influence and position of the TPLF within Ethiopian politics. In June of that year he unexpectedly sacked the two most powerful TPLF members since Zenawi's death -
1900:
Almost all leaders of the TPLF thought of themselves as Marxist revolutionaries. Among them, an informal group which later named itself the 'communist core' within the TPLF was constituted by Abbay Tsehaye, Meles Zenawi and Sibhat
1639:
965:
PM Meles Zenawi purged many members of the TPLF who opposed him, and a 2001 split in the party nearly saw his removal. Following Zenawi's death in 2012, the organization quickly splintered into factions of Meles loyalists, young
1463:
organizations, as well as others that have undertaken similar activities". Individuals or organizations that carry out " humanitarian activities," however, are exempt under Ethiopia's Anti-Terrorism Proclamation 1176/2020.
1453:
The Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF) is a political party in Tigray, Ethiopia that has been listed as a perpetrator in the Global Terrorism Database, based on ten incidents occurring between 1976 and 1990 (see GTD
3583:
998:
to Prime Minister of Ethiopia in the following years. Internal power struggles within the EPRDF and its inability to quell popular protests resulted in a major political transition and Abiy Ahmed's election in 2018.
3074:
993:
rule, strong popular opposition to the dominance of the party emerged across the country during 2016. Amhara and Oromo elites came to an agreement to reform the TPLF created system, resulting in the accession of
2125:
1762:
Adopting the ideological jargon of 'revolutionary democracy', the party leadership managed to come up with an ideology to maintain its power position in the party, not necessarily changing its core socialist
4235:
3351:
1944:
Mr. Tedros is a microbiologist, not a physician. He served as health and foreign minister as a member of Ethiopia's ruling leftist Tigray People's Liberation Front, which ousted military rule over 20 years
2090:
4213:
901:, prompted the TPLF and EPLF to put aside their differences and resume military cooperation. in 1989, the EPRDF formed a shadow government in Ethiopia to administer the liberated areas under its control.
4184:
3606:
2216:
1216:
end of the conflict. During opening remarks of the congress Debretsion stated that the ongoing congress was unprecedented and warned that the party's situation had âgone from bad to worseâ.
857:
834:
to its advantage. In early 1985, it organized a march of over 200,000 famine victims from Tigray to Sudan to draw international attention to the plight in Tigray. Its humanitarian arm, the
3470:
2586:
1183:. The power struggle between the Debretsion and Getachew has raised concerns of the creation of a volatile political environment that could reignite the civil war. The TPLF also suffers a
3325:
2553:
2155:
1627:
867:
After the congress, the TPLF and its mass organizations were ruthlessly brought under MLLT control, and dissenting cadres, including TPLF co-founders Gidey and Berhu, were eliminated.
4162:
698:(EPLF) for support, but the ELF already had relations with the TLF. In November 1974, the EPLF agreed to train TNO members and allowed EPLF fighters from the Tigrayan community in
217:
3406:
1152:. The ENDF then launched its own counteroffensive and recaptured these regions by December 2021. By March 2022, the war had come to a virtual standstill. On 2 November 2022, the
3575:
1693:
1066:. PM Abiy stated that the federal government would not recognize the results of the Tigray election and banned foreign journalists from traveling to the region document it.
302:
1491:
524:. Within 16 years, it grew from about a dozen men to become the most powerful armed "liberation" movement in Ethiopia. From 1988 to 2018, it led a political coalition, the
3071:
1967:
Civil war erupted in November 2020 after the leftist Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) was accused of attacking a military base in the northern part of the country.
4185:"Implementation of New Discretionary Exemption Under INA Section 212(d)(3)(B)(i) For Activities and Associations Relating to the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF)"
2115:
1016:(intelligence chief). The party felt threatened as Abiy carried out significant reforms that aimed to merge Ethiopia's ethnic parties and reduce the TPLF's influence.
893:
In early 1988, the EPLF and the TPLF went on the offensive. The evolving situation in both Eritrea and Tigray, as well as the changing international context after the
687:(Seyoum), Fentahun Zere'atsion (Gidey), Mulugeta Hagos (Asfeha), and Zeru Gesese (Agazi). The TNO was to prepare the ground for the future armed movement in Tigray.
624:
3347:
705:
On the night of 18 February 1975, eleven men, including Gesese Ayyele (Sehul), Gidey, Asfeha, Seyoum, Agazi, and Berhu, left Enda Selassie for Sehul's home area of
2469:"The conflict between the Tigray People Liberation Front (TPLF) and the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE): Special emphasis on the Pretoria Agreement"
1220:
backed by the Ethiopian federal government. There is a growing risk the internal split will escalate into the outbreak of violence as it becomes more intractable.
1211:. Getachew described the congress as, âillegal movements by a group that does not represent the TPLF" several days before it was due to be held. Ethiopian PM
2072:
4605:
4205:
2046:
1599:
838:(REST), founded in 1978, received large amounts of international humanitarian aid for famine victims and small-scale development projects in liberated Tigray.
17:
4635:
4344:
2499:
1229:
1043:
in late 2020. As TPLF leaders and parliament members began shifting back to Mekelle, the organization began to challenge the administration of Abiy Ahmed.
1020:
950:
915:
In February 1991, the EPRDF began its offensive against the ruling regime with the support of a large EPLF contingent. On May 28, 1991, the EPRDF captured
871:
548:
525:
292:
3946:
579:, South Africa, between the federal government and the TPLF to end the Tigray War. As per the peace agreement, the TPLF began disarming in January 2023.
2685:
749:
conflict between ELF and the TPLF over the issue of Eritrean settlers in western Tigray, who were organized at ELF and rejected the TPLF's land reform.
3460:
1467:
federal forces' retrieval of âall federal facilities, installations, and major infrastructure such as airports and highways within the Tigray region."
4322:
3767:
3716:
3689:
2206:
878:
Ethiopian officers in opposition to the Derg. In May 1990, Oromo members of the EPDM and politically re-educated Oromo prisoners of war founded the
3997:
3438:
2576:
1782:
923:. In May 1991, the TPLF had 80,000 fighters, the EPDM had 8,000, and the OPDO had 2,000. The total number of TPLF members was well over 100,000.
4058:
3500:
3315:
2545:
2177:
2147:
1958:
656:
4620:
3814:
3266:
3237:
3208:
3108:
3057:
2993:
2959:
2900:
2835:
2806:
2292:
1027:. The TPLF viewed this merger as illegal and did not participate. Abiy called on the TPLF to dissolve and become part of his newly established
1171:
After the Tigray War significantly reshaped the region's political landscape, the TPLF faced deepening divisions following the signing of the
3373:
1470:
After the signed peace agreement matured for four months, the TPLF was removed from the country's list of terrorist group on March 22, 2023.
910:
4600:
2012:
1565:
3866:
4154:
3966:
541:
2772:
Elich, Haggai (1981). "Tigraian Nationalism, British Involvement and Haila-Selasse's emerging Absolutism-Northern Ethiopia, 1941â1943".
1676:
3398:
1935:
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4337:
3664:
742:
4300:
3741:
2659:
4610:
1101:
297:
4274:
1054:, which was originally scheduled to occur in 2020. The TPLF defied the parliamentary vote and held regional elections anyway. The
4466:
1487:
1424:
1978, which subsequently led to defections and splits within the party. It was increasingly dominated by a faction known as the
4625:
2716:
3289:
4374:
4353:
3139:
1425:
845:
695:
537:
386:
3642:
2523:
4528:
4330:
631:
current emerged in TUSA that advocated national self-determination for Tigray within a revolutionary, democratic Ethiopia.
564:
504:
338:
930:, the EPRDF and TPLF dropped all Marxist references in their political discourse and adopted a program of change based on
63:
55:
4415:
3916:"Federal Govt Says TPLF Registration Issue Resolved, Regional Authorities Ban Demonstrations As Intraparty Tensions Rise"
3793:
1192:
1172:
1153:
1132:
920:
560:
508:
306:
3548:
4352:
3195:
The Generation: The history of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party, Part 2: Ethiopia-Transformation and Conflict
702:, including Mehari Tekle (Mussie), to join the TPLF. The first group of trainees was sent to the EPLF in January 1975.
4137:
A Political History of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975-1991): Revolt, Ideology and Mobilisation in Ethiopia
2855:
A Political History of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975â1991): Revolt, Ideology and Mobilisation in Ethiopia
1982:
A Political History of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975-1991): Revolt, Ideology and Mobilisation in Ethiopia
1892:
A Political History of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975-1991): Revolt, Ideology and Mobilisation in Ethiopia
651:(a military junta that ruled Ethiopia from 1974 to 1991), as they were convinced that it would neither lead a genuine
4630:
4615:
4488:
2034:
1587:
81:
3164:
2793:
The Generation: The history of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party, Part 1: From the Early Beginnings to 1975
974:. These factions took a wide range of positions on core issues, paralyzing the TPLF. Zenawi's handpicked successor,
4449:
2635:"Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration in Ethiopia: What to expect â Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO)"
1913:
1128:
959:
831:
4135:
1980:
1890:
4384:
1349:
1324:
1299:
1274:
1255:
1051:
848:(MLLT) was founded at a congress of a few hundred selected cadres. The MLLT was to be the nucleus of the future
1047:
2862:
1058:
was held on 9 September 2020. 2.7 million people participated in the election, though was it was boycotted by
616:
remained alive and provided an important reference for the new generations of educated Tigrayan nationalists.
4260:
1375:
1055:
861:
3428:
3348:"Exclusive: Third day EPRDF EC discussing "Prosperity Party" Regulation. Find the draft copy obtained by AS"
1097:
3072:
Tigray Defense Forces Resist Ethiopian Army Offensive as Sudan, Eritrea, and Ethnic Militias Enter the Fray
1990:
Here probably lies the reason why the militant elite of the TPLF was seen to require an ultraleftist party.
204:
3576:"Ethiopia's war in Tigray is 'but the tip of the iceberg when it comes to conflicts ravaging the country'"
4420:
804:
1807:
1668:
Tefera Negash Gebregziabher, Ideology and power in TPLFâs Ethiopia: A historic reversal in the making?,
776:
In February 1979, the TPLF held its first regular congress. It declared its struggle the Second Woyane (
659:. Two days after the Derg took power, on 14 September 1974, seven leaders of this trend established the
4546:
3007:
Tareke, Gebry (2004). "From Af Abet to Shire: the Defeat and Demise of Ethiopia's "Red" Army 1988â89".
1408:
841:
In 1984â1985, the TPLF diverted Western aid money intended for starving civilians to purchase weapons.
734:
613:
582:
Following the Pretoria peace agreement in 2022, the TPLF began experiencing severe internal divisions.
1775:
4503:
4432:
4090:
3492:
2468:
2412:
2356:
1716:
1420:
1092:
819:
808:
691:
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919:, the capital of Ethiopia, and took control of the country. In July 1991, the EPRDF established the
4478:
835:
3607:"A grave humanitarian crisis is unfolding in Ethiopia. 'I never saw hell before, but now I have.'"
852:
vanguard party for all Ethiopia. The MLLT invited the genuine revolutionaries in the ranks of the
675:), also known as the Tigrayan National Organization (TNO). The founders were: Alemseged Mengesha (
453:
until its removal from the list in 2023. In older and less formal texts and speech it is known as
4498:
4454:
2315:"'Game over'? Abiy Ahmed, the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front and Ethiopia's political crisis"
2077:
2003:
1556:
1381:
1196:
1195:(NEBE) rejected the TPLF's request to reinstate its pre-war legal status. On 12 August, chairman
1176:
1063:
946:, which has contributed significantly to civil conflicts in Ethiopia over the following decades.
370:
222:
141:
131:
4206:"Council of Ministers approves resolution designating TPLF and Shene as terrorist organizations"
2686:"TPLF Leadership Rift: Factional infighting threatens Tigray's fragile peace, post-war recovery"
2498:
Cite error: The named reference ":3" was defined multiple times with different content (see the
2037:[Wars without borders and the 'successful failure' of the states in the Horn of Africa]
1590:[Wars without borders and the 'successful failure' of the states in the Horn of Africa]
745:(EPRP) in East Tigray. The front also suffered heavy losses from Derg offensives in the region.
4640:
4437:
3947:"Getachew Reda boycotts upcoming TPLF congress as military leaders warn against deepening rift"
883:
879:
620:
568:
446:
110:
227:
3798:
1141:
766:
391:
317:
232:
3461:"News: Tigray state council approves appointment of regional electoral commission officials"
2822:
Haile Selassie's Students: The Intellectual and Social background to a Revolution, 1952â1977
544:(PDRE) on May 28, 1991, and installed a new government that remained in power for decades.
4533:
4493:
2073:"Ethiopia's Tigray Group, Once Powerful, Now Battles Government Forces in Bid for Survival"
1432:, stressing self-reliant economy and every nation having its unique way towards socialism.
1412:
975:
849:
652:
381:
254:
212:
8:
4120:
2722:
1184:
927:
894:
823:
738:
529:
467:
420:
1175:. These divisions emerged between two factions: a 'hardline' group led by TPLF chairman
3794:"Ethiopia's truce is a step toward ending civil war, but there are reasons for caution"
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3202:
3145:
3102:
3051:
3024:
2987:
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2829:
2800:
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Dessie, Wubante Ayalew; Belete, Simeneh Bires; Dagnew, Agenagn Kebede (1 August 2024).
2442:
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2286:
1871:
931:
430:
274:
269:
237:
4584:
4254:
4155:"US has not assigned terrorist status to dissident group in Ethiopia's Tigray region"
4112:
4028:
3886:
3280:
Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs.
3279:
3149:
3135:
3028:
2484:
2434:
2378:
2334:
2279:
Ethiopia: Democratization and Unity: The Role of the Tigray People's Liberation Front
2082:
2035:"Kriege ohne Grenzen und das "erfolgreiche Scheitern" der Staaten am Horn von Afrika"
1588:"Kriege ohne Grenzen und das "erfolgreiche Scheitern" der Staaten am Horn von Afrika"
943:
935:
710:
664:
458:
411:
282:
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permitted the substantial growth of his forces, the TPLF's momentum seemed to slow.
4389:
4102:
3281:
3127:
3016:
2926:
2754:
2476:
2424:
2368:
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1838:
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1535:
1031:. Many TPLF leaders began shifting from the nation's capital of Addis Ababa to the
1028:
1024:
990:
814:
796:
721:, "The Popular Struggle for the Freedom of Tigray"). Welde Selassie Nega (Sebhat),
609:
477:
31:
4107:
3915:
2480:
2429:
2373:
2357:"The vicious cycle of power rivalry and fear of losing power syndrome in Ethiopia"
4572:
4560:
4523:
3998:"TPLF begins 14th Congress amidst escalating controversy, leadership absenteeism"
3634:
3224:
Fire from the Ashes: a Chronicle of the Revolution in Tigray, Ethiopia, 1975â1991
3078:
2946:
The Hidden Revolution: and Analysis of Social Change in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
2608:
2513:
2120:
1936:"Belt and road and 'bribes': Cotton says China paid off home country of WHO boss"
1680:
1013:
521:
498:
4091:"TPLF's annexation of Wolkait, Ethiopia: motivations, strategies, and interests"
3867:"Echoes of Mekelle: TPLF factions and the quest for legitimacy after Tigray War"
3253:
Peasant Revolutions in Ethiopia, the Tigrai People's Liberation Front, 1975-1911
3131:
644:
4394:
4063:
4002:
3971:
3951:
3920:
3871:
3493:"Ethiopia bars journalists from flying to Tigray regional vote, passengers say"
3465:
2690:
2581:
2211:
989:
parties pushed backed against Tigrayan dominance. After 30 years of TPLF-based
706:
536:
regime, which was overthrown on 28 May 1991. The TPLF, with the support of the
517:
3690:"Ethiopia's Amhara state rallies youth to fight Tigrayan forces as war widens"
3020:
2917:
Berhe, Aregawi (2004). "The Origins of the Tigray People's Liberation Front".
2758:
4594:
4473:
4461:
4444:
4410:
4116:
3967:"TPLF pushes forward with party congress despite warning from Election Board"
3433:
3122:
Smidt, W (2019). "A Short History and Ethnography of the Tembien Tigrayans".
2488:
2438:
2382:
2338:
2086:
1445:
1208:
1200:
the convening a congress without the election boards approval or monitoring.
1180:
1149:
1136:
1032:
982:
939:
684:
676:
572:
151:
3839:
3524:"The World Must Condemn Human Rights Abuses in Tigray as It Does in Ukraine"
2609:"Ethiopia's Tigray conflict: Flights resume between Addis Ababa and Mekelle"
4483:
3768:"New front in Ethiopian war displaces thousands, hits hopes of peace talks"
3320:
2930:
2330:
2116:"Ethiopia's electoral board revokes TPLF's legal status as political party"
1843:
1827:"Ideology and power in TPLF's Ethiopia: A historic reversal in the making?"
1826:
1756:
1740:"Ideology and power in TPLF's Ethiopia: A historic reversal in the making?"
1739:
1540:
1524:"Ideology and power in TPLF's Ethiopia: A historic reversal in the making?"
1523:
1330:
1305:
1280:
1260:
1203:
On 13 August 2024, the TPLF began its controversial 14th party congress in
1059:
1009:
986:
954:
770:
722:
680:
438:
434:
331:
2634:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1079:
4068:
3168:
2514:"Tigray crisis: Ethiopia orders military response after army base seized"
1429:
1419:
The TPLF castigated the formation of the centralized empire state during
1145:
967:
916:
898:
425:'Popular Struggle for the Freedom of Tigray'), also known as the
126:
4567:
4059:"Ethiopian minister accuses Tigrayan party of nullifying Pretoria deal"
2853:
2314:
1875:
1859:
1673:
1506:
1355:
1212:
1122:
1040:
995:
762:
612:(the First Woyane) against the re-establishment of imperial rule after
600:
567:
formally approved a parliamentary resolution designating the TPLF as a
556:
450:
2847:
2845:
3889:[What are the consequences of the TPLF's internal 'decay'?].
596:
249:
4143:(Thesis). Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. pp. 233â237.
3717:"Ethiopia's Tigray forces enter neighbouring Afar region, Afar says"
2413:"Ethiopian political crisis after reform: Causes of Tigray conflict"
1127:
In November 2020, a civil conflict erupted between the TPLF and the
555:
The TPLF lost control of the federal government in 2018. During the
4358:
4033:
4031:['There will be no Pretoria agreement if TPLF collapses'].
3891:
3374:"Ethiopian parliament allows PM Abiy to stay in office beyond term"
3316:"Rise and fall of Ethiopia's TPLF â from rebels to rulers and back"
2842:
2546:"Rise and fall of Ethiopia's TPLF â from rebels to rulers and back"
2518:
2148:"Rise and fall of Ethiopia's TPLF â from rebels to rulers and back"
1459:
789:
595:
The TPLF is considered to be the product of the marginalization of
576:
442:
259:
3399:"Ethiopia's Tigray region defies PM Abiy with 'illegal' election"
2313:
Fisher, Jonathan; Gebrewahd, Meressa Tsehaye (13 December 2018).
2207:"Ethiopia Declares Tigray, Oromia Groups Terrorist Organizations"
1204:
1036:
978:, proved too weak to manage growing internal strife in Ethiopia.
971:
886:
claim to be the exclusive representative of the Ethiopian Oromo.
807:(EPDM), a TPLF-loyal splinter group from the EPRP, used caves in
800:
699:
628:
169:
3421:
1988:(Thesis). Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. p. 237.
1959:"In Ethiopia, China and the US map rival roads to lasting peace"
1898:(Thesis). Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. p. 192.
1488:"Getachew Reda talks about the state of war situation in Tigray"
4427:
4379:
2745:
Bennet, John (1983). "Tigrai: Famine and National Resistance".
2355:
Endris, Mohammed Yimam; Mengisteab, Kidane (15 December 2023).
1622:
1620:
30:"Woyane" redirects here. For the original (1943) movement, see
3742:"Tigrayan forces announce retreat to Ethiopia's Tigray region"
1023:
unified the constituent parties of the coalition into the new
3815:"Some Ethiopians claim forced recruitment by Tigrayan forces"
3665:"Ethiopia declares ceasefire as rebels retake Tigray capital"
2660:"Ethiopia's Tigrayan rebels start handing over heavy weapons"
2577:"Ethiopia Pulls Tigray Party License Ahead of June Elections"
604:
4275:"Ethiopian govt, Tigray agree to end fighting after 2 years"
3549:"Ethiopia declares victory as military takes Tigray capital"
1617:
1411:
which was ideologically nationalist before shifting towards
981:
Over the years the TPLF's position in the EPRDF weakened as
563:
terminated the party's legal status. In 2021, the Ethiopian
3453:
1737:
1521:
942:. The TPLF restructured the Ethiopian state and introduced
648:
533:
4301:"Ethiopian lawmakers remove Tigray group from terror list"
926:
Reacting to the international political context after the
327:
3635:"Ethiopia PM Ahmed Abiy admits Eritrea forces in Tigray"
643:
In February 1974, the Marxists within TUSA welcomed the
2178:"Ethiopia takes Tigray's TPLF party off terrorism list"
2071:
Parkinson, Nicholas Bariyo and Joe (29 November 2020).
445:. It was classified as a terrorist organization by the
4089:
Kassaw, Alene; Veneranda, Mbabazi (31 December 2024).
3813:
Paravicini, Giulia; Houreld, Katharine (16 May 2022).
4544:
2506:
1228:
Elections from 1995 to 2015 were conducted under the
1179:
and a 'conciliatory' group led by deputy chairperson
1050:âto which the TPLF was a partyâvoted to postpone the
3044:
The National Movement in Tigray Myths and Realities
2980:
The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa
1672:, Volume 118, Issue 472, July 2019, Pages 463â484,
1135:in the north of the country in what TPLF spokesman
4192:United States Citizenship and Immigration Services
2715:
2466:
2002:
1555:
1019:In November 2019, PM Abiy and the chairman of the
3812:
3095:Sweeter than Honey: Testimonies of Tigrayan Women
1230:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
951:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
872:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
526:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
352:Council of Tigray Regional State' Representatives
27:Left-wing nationalist political party in Ethiopia
4592:
3429:"Arena shies away from Tigray Regional election"
2354:
953:(EPRDF), the nation was governed by TPLF leader
795:They established their headquarters in caves in
661:Association of Progressives of the Tigray Nation
4088:
4029:"'á
ááá” á„áá°ááȘá± á”ááá ááȘá¶áȘá« áŁáá
áá'ᥠá°á„ášáœáźá á/áá«á€á"
2312:
1858:Tadesse, Medhane; Young, John (31 March 2024).
1694:"Don't Let Ethiopia Become the Next Yugoslavia"
1133:attacked the ENDF Northern Command headquarters
870:In December 1988, the TPLF and EPDM formed the
4606:Organizations formerly designated as terrorist
3840:"á
ááá” ááááá” ááá°á á«ááá ááᜠááááœá á„á«á°áš ááá á°áááš"
3715:Endeshaw, Dawit; Fick, Maggie (19 July 2021).
2943:
1630:[Parliamentary elections in Ethiopia]
818:A signboard for the EPDM/ANLF headquarters in
516:The TPLF was founded on February 18, 1975, in
183:
4338:
3865:Abera, Weldeslassie Hailai (12 August 2024).
3126:. GeoGuide. Springer Nature. pp. 63â78.
3124:Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains
1824:
911:History of the federal government of Ethiopia
709:, where they founded the TPLF (original name
4636:Rebel groups that actively control territory
3714:
1857:
4345:
4331:
4241:. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021
4210:Welcome to Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C
3765:
3265:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3236:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3207:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3107:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3056:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2992:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2958:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2834:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2805:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2291:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1825:Gebregziabher, Tefera Negash (July 2019).
1715:Seyedi, Seyedmohammad (21 December 2021).
369:
4106:
3604:
3064:
2428:
2372:
2070:
1914:"World Health Coronavirus Disinformation"
1842:
1837:(472). Oxford University Press: 463â484.
1808:"Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF)"
1755:
1539:
1439:
82:Learn how and when to remove this message
3188:
3186:
2411:Jima, Abdisa Olkeba (31 December 2023).
1956:
813:
552:civil conflicts in the ensuing decades.
542:People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
540:(EPLF), overthrew the government of the
3629:
3627:
3221:
3192:
3092:
2944:Firebrace, James; Smith, Gayle (1982).
2899:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2819:
2790:
2266:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 2003.
509:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
18:Tigrayan People's Liberation Front
14:
4593:
4023:
4021:
3992:
3990:
3941:
3939:
3791:
3573:
3309:
3307:
3006:
2977:
2744:
2710:
2708:
2683:
2350:
2348:
2242:. Springfield: Dunwoody. p. 1780.
1788:from the original on 19 September 2020
1714:
1691:
880:Oromo Peoples' Democratic Organization
805:Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement
743:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party
4621:Political parties established in 1975
4326:
4133:
4056:
3864:
3503:from the original on 9 September 2020
3473:from the original on 16 December 2020
3441:from the original on 16 December 2020
3409:from the original on 19 November 2020
3328:from the original on 15 February 2021
3313:
3292:from the original on 25 February 2021
3250:
3183:
3162:
3121:
3088:
3086:
3041:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2851:
2771:
2574:
2556:from the original on 15 February 2021
2526:from the original on 19 November 2020
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2276:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2240:Tigrinya-English Dictionary, Volume 2
2219:from the original on 24 November 2021
2201:
2199:
2158:from the original on 15 February 2021
2110:
2108:
2052:from the original on 28 February 2021
2045:(in German). Berlin. September 2008.
1978:
1888:
1636:Social Science Open Access Repository
1605:from the original on 28 February 2021
1598:(in German). Berlin. September 2008.
1494:from the original on 19 November 2020
3766:Paravicini, Giulia (30 March 2022).
3624:
3521:
2410:
2262:"Tigray People's Liberation Front".
2237:
2128:from the original on 21 January 2021
2007:[Napalm instead of millet].
1738:Tefera Negash Gebregziabher (2019).
1717:"Ethiopia China's Gateway to Africa"
1674:https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adz005
1664:
1662:
1660:
1645:from the original on 3 December 2020
1560:[Napalm instead of millet].
1522:Tefera Negash Gebregziabher (2019).
1073:
511: instead of Ethiopic characters.
99:Tigray People's Liberation Front
38:
4018:
3987:
3936:
3887:"ááœáŁá 'áá„á”áŁá”' á
ááá” áááá± á„ááłá áážáá?"
3304:
2868:from the original on 19 August 2019
2747:Review of African Political Economy
2705:
2684:Mitiku, Molla (16 September 2024).
2497:
2345:
1864:Review of African Political Economy
1692:Bieber, Florian (15 January 2019).
1223:
1193:National Election Board of Ethiopia
921:Transitional Government of Ethiopia
780:) and changed its Tigrinya name to
561:National Election Board of Ethiopia
24:
4165:from the original on 12 April 2021
3645:from the original on 23 March 2021
3244:
3215:
3083:
2966:
2907:
2589:from the original on 6 August 2021
2449:
2393:
2299:
2246:
2196:
2105:
2093:from the original on 10 March 2021
1957:Nyabiage, Jevans (27 March 2023).
858:organizing its own communist party
696:Eritrean People's Liberation Front
538:Eritrean People's Liberation Front
427:Tigrayan People's Liberation Front
54:tone or style may not reflect the
25:
4652:
4216:from the original on 18 June 2021
3314:Burke, Jason (25 November 2020).
3165:"Ethiopia aid 'spent on weapons'"
3009:Journal of Modern African Studies
2717:"How Tigray is turning on itself"
2575:Gebre, Samuel (18 January 2021).
2043:Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik
2015:from the original on 13 June 2021
1657:
1596:Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik
1568:from the original on 13 June 2021
1426:MarxistâLeninist League of Tigray
1156:was signed, ending the Tigray War
846:MarxistâLeninist League of Tigray
565:House of Peoples' Representatives
339:House of Peoples' Representatives
4601:Tigray People's Liberation Front
4578:
4566:
4554:
4357:
3792:Harter, Fred (3 November 2022).
3522:Reda, Getachew (23 March 2022).
1129:Ethiopian National Defense Force
1078:
970:in Addis and party officials in
960:Ethiopian National Defence Force
782:HÉzbawi WĂ€yyanĂ€ HarÉnnĂ€tĂ€ TÉgray
761:After the Derg's victory in the
690:It secretly approached both the
683:(Abbay), Aregawi Berhe (Berhu),
489:
404:Tigray People's Liberation Front
109:
64:guide to writing better articles
43:
4611:1975 establishments in Ethiopia
4293:
4267:
4228:
4198:
4177:
4147:
4127:
4082:
4057:Kedir, Sadik (13 August 2024).
4050:
3959:
3908:
3879:
3858:
3832:
3806:
3785:
3759:
3734:
3708:
3682:
3657:
3598:
3586:from the original on 5 May 2021
3567:
3541:
3515:
3485:
3391:
3366:
3354:from the original on 3 May 2021
3340:
3273:
3156:
3115:
3035:
3000:
2937:
2813:
2784:
2765:
2738:
2677:
2652:
2627:
2601:
2568:
2538:
2270:
2231:
2170:
2140:
2064:
2027:
1995:
1972:
1950:
1928:
1906:
1882:
1851:
1818:
1800:
1776:"Zenawism as ethnic-federalism"
1768:
1628:"Parlamentswahlen in Ăthiopien"
1407:The party has its roots in the
1166:
1052:2021 Ethiopian General Election
936:ethno-linguistic federalization
3574:Lefort, René (30 April 2021).
3163:Plaut, Martin (3 March 2010).
3070:Jamestown Foundation, 24 May:
1731:
1708:
1685:
1580:
1548:
1480:
832:catastrophic famine of 1983-85
657:Ethiopian nationality question
13:
1:
4626:Political parties in Ethiopia
4354:Political parties in Ethiopia
4108:10.1080/23311886.2024.2376859
4038:(in Tigrinya). 13 August 2024
2982:. New Haven. pp. 76â177.
2481:10.1080/10246029.2024.2379902
2430:10.1080/23311886.2023.2209991
2374:10.1080/23311886.2023.2251290
1473:
1056:2020 Tigray regional election
799:, some 50 kilometers west of
719:TĂ€gadlo កarÉnnĂ€t កÉzbi TÉgray
1069:
1002:
934:, constitutional democracy,
904:
830:The TPLF managed to use the
756:
673:Maáž„bĂ€r GĂ€sgĂ€sti BÉáž„er TÉgray
638:
472:'Revolutionary') or
7:
3896:(in Tigrinya). 29 July 2024
3132:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_4
1421:the conquests of Menelik II
1402:
1188:threatening its existence.
1091:to comply with Knowledge's
621:Haile Selassie I University
10:
4657:
2011:(in German). 1 June 1990.
1860:"TPLF: Reform or Decline?"
1564:(in German). 1 June 1990.
1120:
1035:regional state capital of
1012:(army chief of staff) and
908:
735:Ethiopian Democratic Union
655:nor correctly resolve the
590:
585:
571:. On 2 November 2022, the
29:
4529:List of political parties
4519:
4403:
4367:
4259:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3605:@NatGeoUK (1 June 2021).
3021:10.1017/S0022278X04000114
2774:Asian and African Studies
2759:10.1080/03056248308703537
1378:Tigray regional election
1352:Tigray regional election
1327:Tigray regional election
1302:Tigray regional election
1277:Tigray regional election
714:
692:Eritrean Liberation Front
668:
635:Ethiopian nationalities.
481:
462:
415:
377:
368:
363:
351:
337:
323:
313:
288:
268:
203:
192:
184:
175:
165:
157:
147:
137:
125:
117:
108:
96:
4631:Rebel groups in Ethiopia
4616:Banned socialist parties
2264:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica
1191:During August 2024, the
1154:Pretoria Peace Agreement
1104:may contain suggestions.
1089:may need to be rewritten
884:Oromo Liberation Front's
862:Ethiopian Workers' Party
836:Relief Society of Tigray
769:'s new support from the
559:that began in 2020, the
101:
4455:Somali State Resistance
4134:Berhe, Aregawi (2008).
3222:Hammond, Jenny (1999).
3193:Tadesse, Kiflu (1998).
3093:Hammond, Jenny (1989).
2852:Berhe, Aregawi (2008).
2820:Balsvik, Randi (1985).
2791:Tadesse, Kiflu (1993).
2473:African Security Review
2078:The Wall Street Journal
1979:Berhe, Aregawi (2008).
1889:Berhe, Aregawi (2008).
1679:7 December 2020 at the
1382:Debretsion Gebremichael
1177:Debretsion Gebremichael
1064:Tigray Democratic Party
856:regime, which was busy
625:Tigray Liberation Front
610:armed revolt of 1942â43
270:Political position
223:Revolutionary socialism
218:Revolutionary democracy
142:Fetlework Gebregziabher
132:Debretsion Gebremichael
4095:Cogent Social Sciences
3042:Berhe, Kahsay (1991).
2978:Tareke, Gebru (2009).
2417:Cogent Social Sciences
2361:Cogent Social Sciences
2277:Berhe, Kahsay (2005).
1456:
1440:Linkage with terrorism
1409:1960s student movement
1250:Government/Opposition
827:
820:Melfa (Dogu'a Tembien)
809:Melfa (Dogu'a Tembien)
599:within Ethiopia after
569:terrorist organization
497:This article contains
437:group, and the former
3799:National Public Radio
2238:Kane, Thomas (2000).
1451:
1142:Tigray Defense Forces
1131:(ENDF) when the TPLF
817:
767:Mengistu Haile Mariam
765:in February 1978 and
528:(EPRDF). It fought a
318:Tigray Defense Forces
233:Left-wing nationalism
4534:Politics of Ethiopia
4121:Taylor & Francis
3499:. 7 September 2020.
3405:. 9 September 2020.
3350:. 18 November 2019.
3251:Young, John (1997).
2931:10.1093/afraf/adh024
2552:. 25 November 2020.
2331:10.1093/afraf/ady056
2154:. 25 November 2020.
2004:"Napalm statt Hirse"
1844:10.1093/afraf/adz005
1757:10.1093/afraf/adz005
1557:"Napalm statt Hirse"
1541:10.1093/afraf/adz005
1185:crisis of legitimacy
1048:Ethiopian parliament
932:multi-party politics
653:socialist revolution
645:Ethiopian Revolution
627:(TLF). Meanwhile, a
447:Ethiopian government
382:Politics of Ethiopia
314:Regional affiliation
289:National affiliation
213:Tigrayan nationalism
4161:. 7 December 2020.
3611:National Geographic
3286:2001-2009.state.gov
3077:27 May 2021 at the
2726:. 11 September 2024
2723:Africa Confidential
2522:. 4 November 2020.
2124:. 20 January 2021.
1940:washingtontimes.com
1638:(in German). 2005.
1490:. 7 November 2020.
1163:refused to enlist.
976:Halemariam Desalegn
928:demise of communism
882:(OPDO) to deny the
824:Ethiopian Civil War
741:; and in 1978, the
669:ááá á áá”áá”áČ á„ááš á”áá«á
575:brokered a deal in
3282:"Ethiopia (10/08)"
2615:. 28 December 2022
2493:Taylor and Francis
2443:Taylor and Francis
2387:Taylor and Francis
1173:Pretoria Agreement
1046:In June 2020, the
844:In July 1985, the
828:
715:á°áá”á áááá” áááą á”áá«á
614:Italian occupation
431:ethnic nationalist
416:á
ááŁá áá«á áááá” á”áá«á
238:Left-wing populism
102:á
ááŁá áá«á áááá” á”áá«á
4542:
4541:
4281:. 2 November 2022
3746:www.aljazeera.com
3669:www.aljazeera.com
3641:. 23 March 2021.
3580:The Africa Report
3437:. 1 August 2020.
3378:www.aljazeera.com
3141:978-3-030-04954-6
2664:www.aljazeera.com
1942:. 17 April 2020.
1698:foreignpolicy.com
1400:
1399:
1247:No. of seats won
1119:
1118:
1093:quality standards
944:ethnic federalism
505:rendering support
471:
429:, is a left-wing
424:
400:
399:
387:Political parties
228:Ethnic federalism
92:
91:
84:
58:used on Knowledge
56:encyclopedic tone
16:(Redirected from
4648:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4571:
4570:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4550:
4362:
4361:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4324:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4258:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4240:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4189:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4110:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4025:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4006:. 13 August 2024
3994:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3975:. 13 August 2024
3963:
3957:
3956:
3955:. 9 August 2024.
3943:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3924:. 12 August 2024
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3631:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3469:. 16 July 2020.
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3264:
3256:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3235:
3227:
3226:. Lawrenceville.
3219:
3213:
3212:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3171:on 24 March 2010
3167:. Archived from
3160:
3154:
3153:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3081:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2964:
2963:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2925:(413): 569â592.
2914:
2905:
2904:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2860:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2719:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2464:
2447:
2446:
2432:
2408:
2391:
2390:
2376:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2325:(470): 194â206.
2310:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2244:
2243:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2040:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1920:. 5 April 2020.
1910:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1787:
1780:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1750:(472): 463â484.
1735:
1729:
1728:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:ethnofederalism.
1689:
1683:
1666:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1644:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1604:
1593:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1534:(472): 463â484.
1519:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1484:
1413:MarxismâLeninism
1392:
1366:
1340:
1315:
1290:
1235:
1234:
1224:Election results
1114:
1111:
1105:
1082:
1074:
1029:Prosperity Party
1025:Prosperity Party
850:MarxistâLeninist
716:
670:
647:but opposed the
530:15-year-long war
493:
492:
483:
466:
464:
419:
417:
373:
358:
346:
255:MarxismâLeninism
196:
187:
186:
161:18 February 1975
113:
94:
93:
87:
80:
76:
73:
67:
66:for suggestions.
62:See Knowledge's
47:
46:
39:
32:Woyane rebellion
21:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4579:
4577:
4565:
4555:
4553:
4545:
4543:
4538:
4524:Portal:Politics
4515:
4399:
4363:
4356:
4351:
4321:
4320:
4310:
4308:
4307:. 22 March 2023
4299:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4282:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4252:
4251:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4194:. 15 June 2014.
4187:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4168:
4166:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4140:
4132:
4128:
4087:
4083:
4073:
4071:
4055:
4051:
4041:
4039:
4027:
4026:
4019:
4009:
4007:
3996:
3995:
3988:
3978:
3976:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3945:
3944:
3937:
3927:
3925:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3899:
3897:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3847:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3823:
3821:
3811:
3807:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3764:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3697:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3648:
3646:
3633:
3632:
3625:
3615:
3613:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3556:
3555:. 20 April 2021
3547:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3442:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3382:
3380:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3312:
3305:
3295:
3293:
3278:
3274:
3258:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3229:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3200:
3199:
3191:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3161:
3157:
3142:
3120:
3116:
3100:
3099:
3091:
3084:
3079:Wayback Machine
3069:
3065:
3049:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3005:
3001:
2985:
2984:
2976:
2967:
2951:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2919:African Affairs
2915:
2908:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2850:
2843:
2827:
2826:
2824:. East Lansing.
2818:
2814:
2798:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2770:
2766:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2465:
2450:
2409:
2394:
2353:
2346:
2319:African Affairs
2311:
2300:
2284:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2247:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2184:. 23 March 2023
2176:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2121:The EastAfrican
2114:
2113:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1955:
1951:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1870:(97): 389â403.
1856:
1852:
1831:African Affairs
1823:
1819:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1744:African Affairs
1736:
1732:
1713:
1709:
1690:
1686:
1681:Wayback Machine
1670:African Affairs
1667:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1528:African Affairs
1520:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1442:
1405:
1393:
1390:
1367:
1364:
1341:
1338:
1316:
1313:
1291:
1288:
1226:
1169:
1125:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1096:
1083:
1072:
1005:
913:
907:
759:
641:
593:
588:
547:The new ruling
514:
513:
512:
503:Without proper
494:
490:
396:
359:
356:
347:
344:
301:
296:
281:
277:
264:
242:
194:
138:Deputy Chairman
104:
103:
100:
88:
77:
71:
68:
61:
52:This article's
48:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4654:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4588:
4587:
4575:
4563:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4350:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4327:
4319:
4318:
4292:
4266:
4227:
4197:
4176:
4146:
4126:
4081:
4064:Anadolu Agency
4049:
4017:
4003:Addis Standard
3986:
3972:Addis Standard
3958:
3952:Addis Standard
3935:
3921:Addis Standard
3907:
3878:
3872:Addis Standard
3857:
3831:
3805:
3784:
3758:
3733:
3707:
3696:. 25 July 2021
3681:
3656:
3623:
3597:
3566:
3540:
3528:Foreign Policy
3514:
3484:
3466:Addis Standard
3452:
3420:
3390:
3365:
3339:
3303:
3272:
3243:
3214:
3182:
3155:
3140:
3114:
3082:
3063:
3034:
2999:
2965:
2936:
2906:
2841:
2812:
2783:
2764:
2753:(26): 94â102.
2737:
2704:
2691:Addis Standard
2676:
2651:
2626:
2600:
2567:
2537:
2505:
2448:
2392:
2344:
2298:
2269:
2245:
2230:
2215:. 6 May 2021.
2195:
2169:
2139:
2104:
2063:
2026:
1994:
1971:
1949:
1927:
1905:
1881:
1850:
1817:
1799:
1767:
1730:
1707:
1684:
1656:
1616:
1579:
1547:
1505:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1441:
1438:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1225:
1222:
1168:
1165:
1150:Amhara regions
1121:Main article:
1117:
1116:
1086:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1014:Getachew Assef
1004:
1001:
909:Main article:
906:
903:
864:, to join it.
758:
755:
694:(ELF) and the
640:
637:
592:
589:
587:
584:
507:, you may see
495:
488:
487:
486:
398:
397:
395:
394:
389:
384:
378:
375:
374:
366:
365:
361:
360:
355:
353:
349:
348:
343:
341:
335:
334:
325:
321:
320:
315:
311:
310:
290:
286:
285:
272:
266:
265:
263:
262:
257:
252:
246:
241:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
209:
207:
201:
200:
197:
190:
189:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
106:
105:
98:
97:
90:
89:
51:
49:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4653:
4642:
4641:Tigray Region
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4586:
4576:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4562:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4355:
4348:
4343:
4341:
4336:
4334:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4262:
4256:
4237:
4231:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4193:
4186:
4180:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4139:
4138:
4130:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4085:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4053:
4037:
4035:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3993:
3991:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3962:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3911:
3895:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3861:
3845:
3844:BBC News á ááá
3841:
3835:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3788:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3434:Addis Fortune
3430:
3424:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3310:
3308:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3268:
3262:
3254:
3247:
3239:
3233:
3225:
3218:
3210:
3204:
3196:
3189:
3187:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3104:
3096:
3089:
3087:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3067:
3059:
3053:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3015:(2): 239â81.
3014:
3010:
3003:
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2780:(2): 191â227.
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2014:
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1991:
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1455:
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1134:
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1113:
1110:December 2021
1103:
1099:
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1090:
1087:This section
1085:
1081:
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991:authoritarian
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940:mixed economy
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720:
712:
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701:
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681:Ammaha Tsehay
678:
677:nom de guerre
674:
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658:
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636:
632:
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611:
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573:African Union
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499:Ethiopic text
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152:Getachew Reda
150:
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4304:
4295:
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4278:
4269:
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4230:
4218:. Retrieved
4212:. May 2021.
4209:
4200:
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4179:
4167:. Retrieved
4158:
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4119:– via
4098:
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4084:
4072:. Retrieved
4062:
4052:
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4032:
4008:. Retrieved
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3977:. Retrieved
3970:
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3926:. Retrieved
3919:
3910:
3898:. Retrieved
3890:
3881:
3870:
3860:
3848:. Retrieved
3846:(in Amharic)
3843:
3834:
3822:. Retrieved
3818:
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3579:
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3527:
3517:
3507:10 September
3505:. Retrieved
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3487:
3475:. Retrieved
3464:
3455:
3443:. Retrieved
3432:
3423:
3413:10 September
3411:. Retrieved
3402:
3393:
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3377:
3368:
3356:. Retrieved
3342:
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3321:The Guardian
3319:
3294:. Retrieved
3285:
3275:
3255:. Cambridge.
3252:
3246:
3223:
3217:
3194:
3173:. Retrieved
3169:the original
3158:
3123:
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3094:
3066:
3043:
3037:
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2979:
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2939:
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2918:
2870:. Retrieved
2854:
2821:
2815:
2792:
2786:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2730:14 September
2728:. Retrieved
2721:
2697:17 September
2695:. Retrieved
2689:
2679:
2667:. Retrieved
2663:
2654:
2642:. Retrieved
2639:www.prio.org
2638:
2629:
2617:. Retrieved
2612:
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2580:
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2550:the Guardian
2549:
2540:
2528:. Retrieved
2517:
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2385:– via
2364:
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2322:
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2272:
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2221:. Retrieved
2210:
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2181:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2152:The Guardian
2151:
2142:
2130:. Retrieved
2119:
2095:. Retrieved
2076:
2066:
2054:. Retrieved
2042:
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2008:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1943:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1891:
1884:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1790:. Retrieved
1770:
1761:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1669:
1647:. Retrieved
1635:
1607:. Retrieved
1595:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1561:
1550:
1531:
1527:
1496:. Retrieved
1482:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1418:
1406:
1331:Meles Zenawi
1306:Meles Zenawi
1281:Meles Zenawi
1261:Meles Zenawi
1227:
1218:
1202:
1190:
1170:
1167:2022âpresent
1161:
1157:
1126:
1107:
1098:You can help
1088:
1060:Arena Tigray
1045:
1018:
1010:Samora Yunis
1006:
980:
964:
955:Meles Zenawi
948:
925:
914:
892:
888:
876:
869:
866:
853:
843:
840:
829:
794:
786:
781:
777:
775:
760:
751:
747:
731:
727:
718:
704:
689:
685:Embay Mesfin
672:
660:
642:
633:
618:
594:
581:
554:
546:
532:against the
515:
496:
473:
454:
439:ruling party
435:paramilitary
426:
407:
403:
401:
278:
243:
179:
166:Headquarters
118:Abbreviation
78:
69:
53:
36:
4069:Addis Ababa
3477:16 December
3445:16 December
3358:21 November
3332:20 February
2890:|work=
2872:16 December
2619:30 December
2560:9 September
1923:ambassador.
1721:ankasam.org
1498:11 November
1430:Enver Hoxha
1396:Government
1370:Government
1344:Government
1319:Government
1294:Government
1269:Government
968:technocrats
917:Addis Ababa
899:Soviet bloc
822:during the
449:during the
300:(2019â2020)
295:(1988â2019)
279:Historical:
244:Historical:
193:Membership
72:August 2021
4595:Categories
4585:Philosophy
4390:Prosperity
4159:Fact Check
3616:8 February
3046:. MĂŒnster.
2795:. Trenton.
2669:29 October
2644:29 October
2593:19 January
2530:4 November
2281:. MĂŒnster.
2223:9 December
2132:21 January
1792:9 December
1726:elections.
1474:References
1386:2,590,620
1360:2,374,574
1356:Abay Weldu
1213:Abiy Ahmed
1197:Debretsion
1123:Tigray War
1041:Tigray War
996:Abiy Ahmed
949:Under the
763:Ogaden War
679:: Haylu),
601:Menelik II
557:Tigray War
451:Tigray War
364:Party flag
4117:2331-1886
4074:13 August
4042:15 August
4010:13 August
3979:13 August
3928:13 August
3900:15 August
3403:France 24
3261:cite book
3232:cite book
3203:cite book
3197:. Lanham.
3150:199170267
3103:cite book
3097:. Oxford.
3052:cite book
3029:153565062
2988:cite book
2954:cite book
2948:. London.
2892:ignored (
2882:cite book
2830:cite book
2801:cite book
2582:Bloomberg
2500:help page
2489:1024-6029
2439:2331-1886
2383:2331-1886
2339:0001-9909
2287:cite book
2212:Bloomberg
2087:0099-9660
1391:152 / 190
1365:152 / 152
1339:152 / 152
1314:152 / 152
1289:152 / 152
1238:Election
1102:talk page
1070:2020â2022
1003:2018â2020
905:1991â2018
757:1978â1990
737:(EDU) in
639:1974â1977
597:Tigrayans
392:Elections
275:Left-wing
250:Communism
176:Newspaper
148:Spokesman
4573:Politics
4561:Ethiopia
4404:Regional
4395:Balderas
4255:cite web
4214:Archived
4163:Archived
4034:BBC News
3892:BBC News
3649:24 March
3643:Archived
3639:BBC News
3584:Archived
3501:Archived
3471:Archived
3439:Archived
3407:Archived
3352:Archived
3326:Archived
3290:Archived
3075:Archived
2863:Archived
2613:BBC News
2587:Archived
2554:Archived
2524:Archived
2519:BBC News
2475:: 1â17.
2217:Archived
2188:14 April
2162:27 March
2156:Archived
2126:Archived
2097:27 March
2091:Archived
2047:Archived
2013:Archived
2009:Die Zeit
1963:scmp.com
1783:Archived
1677:Archived
1640:Archived
1600:Archived
1566:Archived
1562:Die Zeit
1492:Archived
1460:Ethiopia
1403:Ideology
1232:banner.
1209:Getachew
1062:and the
938:, and a
790:Khartoum
711:Tigrinya
665:Tigrinya
577:Pretoria
459:Tigrinya
443:Ethiopia
412:Tigrinya
283:Far-left
260:Hoxhaism
205:Ideology
127:Chairman
4547:Portals
4489:Baytona
4462:Wolaita
4368:Federal
4311:15 July
4305:AP News
4285:15 July
4279:AP News
4220:28 July
4169:28 July
3819:Reuters
3772:Reuters
3721:Reuters
3694:Reuters
3553:AP NEWS
3497:Reuters
2182:Reuters
1918:wsj.com
1876:4006983
1763:values.
1241:Leader
1205:Mekelle
1037:Mekelle
972:Mekelle
897:of the
895:breakup
801:Mekelle
771:Soviets
707:Dedebit
700:Eritrea
629:Marxist
591:Origins
586:History
518:Dedebit
478:Amharic
470:
423:
357:0 / 190
345:0 / 547
199:100,000
170:Mekelle
158:Founded
4474:Tigray
4445:Ogaden
4428:Oromia
4411:Amhara
4385:Meiben
4380:Medrek
4245:23 May
4115:
3850:10 May
3824:18 May
3777:10 May
3751:10 May
3726:10 May
3700:10 May
3674:10 May
3559:10 May
3533:10 May
3383:11 May
3296:26 May
3175:10 May
3148:
3138:
3027:
2487:
2437:
2381:
2337:
2085:
2056:30 May
2019:30 May
1874:
1812:dw.com
1649:30 May
1609:30 May
1572:30 May
1454:link).
1100:. The
1033:Tigray
983:Amhara
860:, the
803:. The
522:Tigray
474:Weyané
455:Woyane
324:Colors
305:(2021â
303:UFEFCF
195:(1991)
4494:SAWET
4484:Arena
4375:EZEMA
4239:(PDF)
4188:(PDF)
4141:(PDF)
4101:(1).
3590:5 May
3146:S2CID
3025:S2CID
2866:(PDF)
2859:(PDF)
2423:(1).
2367:(2).
2050:(PDF)
2039:(PDF)
1986:(PDF)
1901:Nega.
1896:(PDF)
1872:JSTOR
1786:(PDF)
1779:(PDF)
1643:(PDF)
1632:(PDF)
1603:(PDF)
1592:(PDF)
1449:TRAC:
1021:EPRDF
987:Oromo
739:Shire
605:Shewa
549:EPRDF
293:EPRDF
180:Weyin
4509:TPLF
4467:WPLM
4450:ONLF
4421:NaMA
4416:AAPO
4313:2023
4287:2023
4261:link
4247:2021
4236:"--"
4222:2021
4171:2021
4113:ISSN
4076:2024
4044:2024
4036:á”ááá
4012:2024
3981:2024
3930:2024
3902:2024
3894:á”ááá
3852:2022
3826:2022
3779:2022
3753:2022
3728:2022
3702:2022
3676:2022
3651:2021
3618:2022
3592:2021
3561:2022
3535:2022
3509:2020
3479:2020
3447:2020
3415:2020
3385:2022
3360:2019
3334:2021
3298:2020
3267:link
3238:link
3209:link
3177:2022
3136:ISBN
3109:link
3058:link
2994:link
2960:link
2901:link
2894:help
2874:2020
2836:link
2807:link
2732:2024
2699:2024
2671:2023
2646:2023
2621:2022
2595:2021
2562:2021
2532:2020
2485:ISSN
2435:ISSN
2379:ISSN
2335:ISSN
2293:link
2225:2021
2190:2023
2164:2021
2134:2021
2099:2021
2083:ISSN
2058:2020
2021:2020
1945:ago.
1794:2021
1651:2020
1611:2020
1574:2020
1500:2020
1444:The
1376:2020
1350:2015
1325:2010
1300:2005
1275:2000
1256:1995
1148:and
1146:Afar
985:and
854:Derg
649:Derg
534:Derg
468:lit.
421:lit.
408:TPLF
402:The
332:Gold
330:and
307:2022
298:CEFF
121:TPLF
4504:TIP
4499:TDP
4479:ADP
4438:OLF
4433:OFC
4103:doi
3128:doi
3017:doi
2927:doi
2923:103
2755:doi
2477:doi
2425:doi
2369:doi
2327:doi
2323:118
1839:doi
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