1107:. Thomas brought with him letters by Pius II who described him as "a prince who was born to the illustrious and ancient family of the Palaiologoi ... a man who is now an immigrant, naked, robbed of everything except his lineage". Like his father Manuel II and his brother John VIII before him, Thomas's possessed a certain royal charisma and good looks, which ensured that his appeals did not fall on deaf ears. The Mantuan ambassador to Rome described him as "a handsome man with a fine, serious look about him and a noble and quite lordly bearing" and Milanese ambassadors who encountered him in Venice wrote that Thomas was "as dignified as any man on Earth can be". Of the many courts Thomas visited, serious objections to his appeal was made only by Venice, where the local senate made it clear that they wanted nothing to do with him. Not only did they make Thomas leave the city, but they sent ambassadors to Rome to request that he not accompany the expedition because his presence would "produce terrible and incongrous scandals". The reason for Venice's wrath against Thomas might be his advances on Venetian territories during his time as despot, or the fact that his quarreling with his brother Demetrios effectively doomed the Morean despotate. Despite Thomas' hopes, no expedition set out for Greece. When the army was ready to set sail in 1464, Pius II travelled to Ancona to join the crusade, but died there on 15 August. Without Pius II's leadership, the crusade disbanded almost immediately, with all the ships returning home one by one.
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would find a following and return to reclaim the empire. Luckily for Mehmed II, the two despots in the Morea represented scarcely more than a nuisance and were allowed to keep their titles and lands. When emissaries of Thomas and
Demetrios visited the Sultan at Adrianople some months after Constantinople's fall, the Sultan demanded no surrender of territory, only that the despots were to pay an annual tribute of 10,000 ducats. Because the Morea was allowed to continue to exist, many Byzantine refugees fled to the despotate, which made it somewhat of a Byzantine government-in-exile. Some of these influential refugees and courtiers even raised the idea of proclaiming Demetrios, the elder brother, as the Emperor of the Romans and the legitimate successor of Constantine XI. Both Thomas and Demetrios might have considered making their small despotate the rallying point of a campaign to restore the empire, with considerable fertile and wealthy territory under the despotate's control, there did seem for a moment to be a possibility that the empire could live on in the Morea. However, Thomas and Demetrios were never able to cooperate and spent most of their resources fighting each other rather than preparing for a struggle against the Turks. Since Thomas had spent most of his life in the Morea, and Demetrios most of his life elsewhere, the two brothers hardly knew each other.
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Constantine had attempted to expand his control northwards and had refused the sultan's demands of dismantling the wall. Constantine and Thomas were determined to hold the wall and had brought all their available forces, amounting to perhaps as many as twenty thousand men, to defend it. Despite this, the battle by the wall in 1446 was an overwhelming
Turkish victory, with Constantine and Thomas barely escaping with their lives. Turahan Bey was sent south to take Mystras and devastate Constantine's lands while Sultan Murad II led his forces in the north of the Peloponnese. Although Turahan failed to take Mystras, this was of little consequence as Murad did not wish to conquer the Morea at the time, merely to instill terror, and the Turks soon left the peninsula, devastated and depopulated. Constantine and Thomas were in no position to ask for a truce and were forced to accept Murad as their lord and pay him tribute, promising to never again restore the Hexamilion wall.
638:, which Thomas made his new capital. Though relations between the three despots thus appears to have been good in 1432, they soon soured. John VIII had no sons to succeed him and it was thus assumed that his successor would be one of his four surviving brothers (Andronikos having died some time before). John VIII's preferred successor was Constantine and though this choice was accepted by Thomas, who had developed good relations with his older brother, it was resented by the still older Theodore. When Constantine was summoned to the capital in 1435, Theodore believed this was to appoint Constantine as co-emperor and designated heir, which was not actually the case, and he too travelled to Constantinople to raise his objections. The quarrel between Constantine and Theodore was not resolved until the end of 1436, when the future Patriarch
1260:(2 January 1455 – before 1512), the youngest of the four children, Manuel lived in Rome and lived off Papal money, much the same as his brother. As the pension deteriorated and Manuel (as second-in-line) did not have any titles to sell, he instead travelled Europe in search of someone to hire him in a military capacity. Failing to find satisfactory offers, Manuel surprised everyone else involved by travelling to Constantinople in 1476 and throwing himself on the mercy of Sultan Mehmed II, who graciously received him. He married an unknown woman and stayed in Constantinople for the rest of his life. Manuel had two sons, one of whom died young and another who converted to Islam and whose eventual fate is uncertain.
650:, which he had received after helping to deal with the rebellion of their younger brother Demetrios, to Theodore, who in turn abandoned his position as Despot of the Morea, making Constantine and Thomas the sole Despots of the Morea. Though this brought Theodore closer to Constantinople, it also made Constantine the ruler of the capital of the Morea and one of the most powerful men in the small empire. With Theodore and Demetrios out of their way, Constantine and Thomas hoped to strengthen the Morea, by now the cultural center of the Byzantine world, and make it a safe and nearly self-sufficient principality. The philosopher
699:(who also preferred Constantine), prevailed. Both Thomas, who had no intention of claiming the throne, and Demetrios, who most certainly did, hurried to Constantinople and reached the capital before Constantine. Though Demetrios was favored by many due to his anti-unionist sentiment, Helena reserved her right to act as regent until her eldest son, Constantine arrived, stalling Demetrios's attempt at seizing the throne. Thomas accepted Constantine's appointment and Demetrios, who soon thereafter joined in proclaiming Constantine as his new emperor, was overruled. Byzantine historian and Palaiologos loyalist
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powers in
Western Europe. Naval support for the plans was secured in 1463, when Venice formally declared war on the Ottomans as a result of Turkish incursions into their territories in Greece. In October 1463, Pius II formally declared war on the Ottoman Empire after Mehmed had refused his suggestion of converting to Christianity. While many of the Balkan exiles in the West were happy to live out their lives in obscurity, Thomas hoped to eventually restore control over Byzantine territory. As such, he staunchly supported the crusading plans.
1315:, who retired in Barbados in the late 17th century. The existence of a son of Thomas called John cannot be proven with any certainty as no mention is made of a son by that name in contemporary records. It is possible that John was a real historical figure, possibly an illegitimate son of Thomas, or perhaps his grandson through of either of his known sons, Andreas or Manuel. John's existence could be corroborated by the mention of a son by this name by Allatius in 1648 (though this is too late to act as an independent source)
857:, in Rome. From Rome, Argyropoulos also moved on to Milan, England and France and further envoys were sent to Aragon (because of Alfonso's involvement in the crusading plans) and Venice (since Thomas were hoping that he could secure refuge in Venetian territory in the event of an Ottoman attack on the Morea). A crusade seemed so imminent that even the decidedly anti-Western Demetrios softened his anti-Latin stance and sent envoys of his own. Argyropoulos probably arrived in Rome at around the same time as Demetrios's envoy,
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to the test when John, now
Emperor John VIII, appointed Constantine as Despot of the Morea in 1428. Since his brother Theodore refused to step down from his role as despot, the despotate became governed by two members of the imperial family for the first time since its creation in 1349. Soon thereafter, the younger Thomas (aged 19) was also appointed as Despot of the Morea, meaning that the nominally undivided despotate had effectively disintegrated into three smaller principalities.
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later
Italian genealogies dating to the 17th century and onwards give Thomas two more sons; a bastard son named Rogerio and a fourth legitimate son, also named Thomas. The existence of Rogerio and Thomas the Younger is overwhelmingly dismissed as fantasy in modern scholarship. There is some scant evidence of the existence of a second Thomas Palaiologos in the 15th century as a "Thomas Palaiologos, Despot of the Morea" is recorded as having married a sister of Queen
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892:, within the domain governed by Demetrios. Leaving his artillery to bombard and besiege that city, Mehmed left with most of his army to devastate and conquer the northern parts of the despotate, under Thomas's jurisdiction. Corinth at last gave up in August, after several cities in the north had already surrendered, and Mehmed imposed a heavy retribution on the Morea. The territory under the two brothers was drastically reduced, Corinth,
719:, who was determined above all else to take the city. In 1452, during the preparation stages of the Ottoman siege of Constantinople, Constantine XI sent an urgent message to the Morea, requesting that one of his brothers bring their forces to help him defend the city. To prevent aid coming from the Morea, Mehmed II sent Turahan Bey to devastate the peninsula once more. The Turkish attack was repelled by an army commanded by
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daughter Helena, whereas Thomas increasingly hoped for western aid as the regions of the Morea annexed by Mehmed had been almost the entire area ruled by Thomas, including his capital of Patras. In
January 1459, Thomas rebelled against Demetrios and the Ottomans, joining with a number of Albanian lords. They seized the fortress of Kalavryta and much of the land in the central Morea and besieged
1026:, but the city's senate firmly rejected his arrival. Around the same time, Mehmed II sent messengers to Thomas to implore him to enter into a "treaty of friendship", promising him lands in return for his return to Greece. Unsure of what to do, Thomas sent emissaries to both Mehmed and the Papacy (to tell the Pope of his predicament). The envoy to Mehmed found the sultan at
1240:(17 January 1453 – June 1502), the older of the couple's two sons and the third child overall, Andreas lived most of his life in Rome, surviving on a gradually declining papal pension. After Thomas's death, Andreas was recognized by the Papacy and others in Italy as the rightful heir to the Despotate of the Morea and he would later go on to claim the title
956:. Mystras thus fell into Ottoman hands on 29 May 1460, exactly seven years after Constantinople's fall. The few places in the Morea that dared resist the sultan's army were devastated as per Islamic law, the men being massacred and the women and children being taken away. As large numbers of Greek refugees escaped to Venetian-held territories such as
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rebellion in
December 1453. The rebellion was not fully crushed until October 1454, when Turahan Bey arrived to aid the despots in firmly establishing their authority in the region. In return for the aid, Mehmed demanded a heavier tribute from Thomas and Demetrios, amounting to 12,000 ducats annually rather than the previous 10,000.
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Ottomans. Thomas's many followers considered the money provided to him to be barely enough to support the despot, and certainly nowhere near enough to also support themselves. The Papacy recognized Thomas as the rightful Despot of the Morea and the true heir to the
Byzantine Empire, though Thomas never claimed the imperial title.
604:. With Centurione's death in 1432, Thomas could claim control over all of his remaining territories. By the 1430s, Thomas and Constantine had ensured that nearly the entire Peloponnese was once more in Byzantine hands for the first time since 1204, the only exception being the few port towns and cities held by the
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Relations between the
Palaiologos brothers were not always good. Though the young John and Constantine appears to have got on well with each other, relations between Constantine and the younger Demetrios and Thomas were not as friendly. The complex relationships between the sons of Manuel II were put
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Upon the death of his wife in August 1462, Thomas summoned his children (who still remained at Corfu) to Rome, but they only arrived in the city after Thomas had died on 12 May 1465. Though Thomas had been largely bypassed and forgotten by the Roman elite after Pius II's death in 1464, he was buried
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Determined to subjugate Greece, Mehmed decided that the destruction of the despotate and its full annexation directly into his empire was the only possible solution. The sultan assembled his army once more in April 1460 and led it in person first to
Corinth and then on to Mystras. Although Demetrios
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Although Demetrios had more soldiers and resources, Thomas and the Albanians were able to appeal to the West for aid. After a successful skirmish against the Ottomans, Thomas sent 16 captured Turkish soldiers, alongside some of his armed guards, to Rome to convince the Pope that he was engaging in a
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Shortly after Constantinople fell, a revolt broke out against the despots in the Morea, prompted by the many Albanian immigrants to the region being unhappy with the actions of the local Greek landowners. The Albanians had respected earlier despots, such as Constantine and Theodore, but despised the
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Sphrantzes wrote on the birth of Andreas Palaiologos on 17 January 1453 that the boy was "a continuator and heir" of the Palaiologan lineage, a phrase which makes little sense if Andreas was not Thomas's first-born son (if they would have existed, both Rogerio and Thomas the Younger would have been
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in 1444 (something Thomas could not have done as he was married at the time and ruling in the Morea). Rogerio's existence is based on a handful of unauthenticated documents and the oral tradition of his supposed descendants, the "Paleologo Mastrogiovanni". Though the individual documents themselves
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Genealogist Peter Mallat concluded in 1985 that this uncertainty, as well as the fact that Thomas's eldest known child, Helena, was born almost twenty years before his second eldest known child, Zoe, as meaning that it is possible that Thomas had more children than the generally accepted four. Some
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each month (for a total of 3600 annually). In addition to the papal pension, Thomas also received an additional 200 ducats a month from the cardinals and 500 ducats from the Republic of Venice, which also begged him not to return to Corfu as to not affect Venice's already tenuous relations with the
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Almost as soon as Mehmed had left the Morea, the two brothers began quarreling with each other again. Mehmed's victory had only increased the antagonism between Thomas and Demetrios. Demetrios had shifted to becoming even more pro-Ottoman after Mehmed had promised the despot that he would marry his
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Neither brother could raise the sum demanded by the Sultan and they were divided in their policies. While Demetrios, probably the more realistic of the two, had more or less given up hope of Christian aid from the west and thought it might be best to placate the Turks, Thomas retained hope that the
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In the 1460s, plans for a crusade against the Ottomans were once more underway. Pius II had made the recovery of Constantinople one of the primary goals of his pontificate and his 1459 council at Mantua had secured the promise of an army amounting to a total of 80,000 men from various of the great
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A few days later the envoy was set free and returned to Thomas at Corfu with a message; either Thomas was to come to Mehmed in person, or he was to send some of his children. In light of this, Thomas decided that he had no choice; the West was his only option. On 16 November 1460, he left his wife
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In the end, no crusade ever set out to combat the Ottomans. Due to their conviction that help would arrive, and being unable to pay, the two despots had not paid their annual tribute to the Ottomans for three years. With no money coming from the Morea, and the looming threat of Western aid, Mehmed
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Their former co-despot Theodore died in June 1448, and on 31 October of the same year, Emperor John VIII passed away. The potential successors to the throne were Constantine, Demetrios and Thomas. John had not formally designated an heir, though everyone knew he favored Constantine and ultimately,
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to aid Thomas. With these reinforcements, Thomas gained the upper hand and it looked as if Demetrios was about to be defeated, having retreated to the town of Monemvasia and having sent Matthaios Asan to Adrianople to beg Mehmed for aid. Thomas's pleas to the west represented a real threat to the
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on 29 May 1453, Constantine XI dying in its defense, ending the Byzantine Empire. In the aftermath of Constantinople's fall, and Constantine XI's death in defense of it, one of the most pressing threats to the new Ottoman regime was the possibility that one of Constantine XI's surviving relatives
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on ships provided by Venice, arriving there on 22 July 1460. Although Catherine and the children stayed on Corfu, the island was only a temporary refuge for Thomas, and the local government was unwilling to allow him to stay for too long in fear of antagonizing the Ottomans. Thomas was unsure of
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and much of the north-west of the peninsula were annexed into the Ottoman Empire and provided with Turkish governors, with the Palaiologoi only being allowed to keep the south, including the despotate's nominal capital, Mystras, on the condition that they paid their annual tribute to the sultan.
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then informed Sultan Murad II, who also accepted the ascension of Constantine, now Emperor Constantine XI. In order to remove Demetrios from the capital and its vicinity, Constantine made Demetrios Despot of the Morea, to rule the despotate together with Thomas. Demetrios was granted Mystras and
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Sphrantzes may not have been well acquainted with Thomas's family. He gives the age of Thomas's wife at time of her death as 70, which means that she would have given birth to Manuel at the unlikely age of 65. It is known that Thomas had at least one child who is not mentioned by Sphrantzes; a
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1347–1354). With no hope of defeating the Albanians on their own, the despots appealed to the only power near enough and strong enough to aid them; the Ottomans. Mehmed II did not wish to see the despotate pass into the hands of Albanians, and out of his control, and sent an army to quell the
1038:. In March 1461, Thomas arrived in Rome, where he hoped to convince Pope Pius II to call for a crusade. As the brother of the final Byzantine emperor, Thomas was the highest profile ruler in exile out of all the many Christians who escaped the Balkans over the course of the Ottoman conquest.
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with her husband (who eventually became the Despot of Serbia in 1456). Lazar died in 1458 and Helena was left to care for the couple's three daughters. In 1459, Mehmed II invaded Serbia and put an end to the despotate, but Helena was allowed to leave the country. After spending some time in
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Among the actions taken during the brothers' project of strengthening the despotate was to reconstruct the Hexamilion wall, destroyed by the Turks in 1431. Together, they completely restored the wall, which was finished in March 1444. The wall was destroyed by the Turks again in 1446 after
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in the north-west of the Morea, then under the rule of its Catholic Archbishop. The campaign, which was unsuccessful, possibly due to Theodore's reluctance to partake, was Thomas's first experience of war. Constantine later captured Patras on his own, ending 225 years of foreign ownership.
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in 1472, in the hope of converting the Russians to Roman Catholicism. The Russians did not convert, with the marriage being celebrated according to Eastern Orthodox tradition. Zoe was called "Sophia" in Russia and her marriage to Ivan III served to strengthen Moscow's claim to be the
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with honor in the St. Peter's Basilica, where his grave would survive the destruction and removal of the tombs of the Palaiologan emperors in Constantinople during the early years of Ottoman rule. Modern efforts to locate his grave within the Basilica have so far proven fruitless.
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Papacy might yet call for a crusade to restore the Byzantine Empire. Thomas's hopes were not ridiculous; the Fall of Constantinople had been received with as much horror in Western Europe as it had been in the few remaining Byzantine territories in the East. In September 1453,
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Both brothers fought against each other with all their resources. Lord Demetrios rested his hopes on the friendship and help of the sultan, and on his claim that his subjects and castles had been wronged, while Lord Thomas relied on the fact that his opponent had committed
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to wait and see how the invasion unfolded. Once it became clear that the Ottomans were marching towards Leontari and would soon arrive outside Mantineia, Thomas, his entourage (including other Greek nobles, such as George Sphrantzes), his wife Catherine and his children
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In March 1432, Constantine, possibly desiring to be closer to Mystras, made a new territorial agreement, presumably approved by Theodore and John VIII, with Thomas. Thomas agreed to cede his fortress Kalavryta to Constantine, who made it his new capital, in exchange for
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and Constantine, already governing the Morea. Though Theodore proved reluctant to cooperate with his brothers, Thomas and Constantine successfully worked to strengthen the despotate and expand its borders. In 1432, Thomas brought the remaining territories of the Latin
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as an envoy to the West to discuss the possibility of aid for the Morea. Argyropolous had been a carefully thought-out choice since he had been an ardent supporter of the Council of Florence, which meant that he was well received by Pope Nicholas V's successor,
337:, who himself desired the throne. After Constantine's rise to the throne, Demetrios was then assigned by Constantine to govern the Morea with Thomas but the two brothers found it difficult to cooperate, often quarreling with each other. In the aftermath of the
404:. His hopes of retaking the Morea never materialized and he died in Rome on 12 May 1465. After his death, his claims were inherited by his oldest son Andreas, who also attempted to rally support for a campaign to restore the fallen despotate and the
827:, which called on Christians throughout the west to take the cross and embark on a crusade to recover Constantinople. The response was enthusiastic; some of Europe's most powerful and influential rulers came forward to take the cross, including
913:
to make the two swear to keep the peace, but any truce lasted only briefly. Many of the Byzantine nobles in the Morea could only look on in horror as the civil war raged on. George Sphrantzes summed up the conflict with the following words:
909:, fortresses held by Demetrios. Demetrios responded by seizing Leontari and called for aid from the Turkish governors in the northern Morea. There were many attempts made to broker peace between the two brothers, such as Mehmed ordering the
1244:("Emperor of Constantinople") as well, hoping to one day restore the fallen Byzantine Empire. He attempted to organize an expedition to restore the empire in 1481, but his plans failed and he later ceded the rights to the imperial title to
591:
Thomas's early tenure as Despot of the Morea was not without acquisitions either. For years, Thomas and Constantine had been eating away at the last remnants of the Principality of Achaea, a crusader state established during the
618:, which occupied most of the Byzantine Empire's former territory and had relegated the empire and the despotate as effectively vassal states, felt uneasy about the recent string of Byzantine successes in the Morea. In 1431,
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at Belgrade in 1456. If the combined forces of Hungary, Aragon, Burgundy and the Holy Roman Empire had been unleashed to exploit the victory at Belgrade, Ottoman control of the Balkans would have been seriously threatened.
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daughter (whose name is unknown) who died in infancy, recorded in a funeral oration. Later sources other than the work of Sphrantzes differ considerably in the number of children ascribed to Thomas. Whereas some, such as
847:
Despite the Ottomans having secured the position of the two despots in the recent Albanian uprising, the possibility of Western aid to restore Byzantine territory proved too enticing to resist. In 1456, Thomas sent
1220:", the ideological and spiritual successor to the Byzantine Empire. Zoe and Ivan III had several children, who in turn had numerous descendants and though none carried the Palaiologos name, many of them used the
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two current despots and without central authority from Constantinople, they saw their opportunity to gain control of the despotate for themselves. In Thomas's part of the despotate, the rebels chose to proclaim
952:
had ostensibly been on the sultan's side, Mehmed invaded Demetrios's territory first. Demetrios surrendered to the Ottomans without a fight, fearing retribution and already having sent his family to safety in
861:, and the two envoys travelled through Europe, visiting the same courts, independently of each other. Thomas and Demetrios proved to be incapable of working together even with foreign diplomacy.
1248:, hoping to use him as a champion against the Turks. Andreas died poor in Rome, whether or not he had any children is uncertain. His will specified that his titles were to be granted to the
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as there was not sufficient land left to grant them. The younger children; Theodore, Andronikos, Constantine, Demetrios and Thomas were frequently described as having the distinction of
396:, where Catherine and the children stayed. In the hopes of raising support for a crusade to restore his lands in the Morea, and possibly the Byzantine Empire itself, Thomas travelled to
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In 1451, Sultan Murad II, by then old and tired and having let go of all intentions of conquering Constantinople, died and was succeeded as sultan by his young and vigorous son
583:
Shortly after being appointed as despots, Constantine and Thomas, together with Theodore, decided to join forces in an attempt to seize the flourishing and strategic port of
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eventually lost his patience with the Palaiologoi. The Ottoman army marched from Adrianople in May 1458 and entered the Morea, where the only real resistance was faced at
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507:("born in the purple"; born in the imperial palace during the reign of their father), a distinction that does not appear to have been shared by the emperor-to-be John.
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of Aragon and Naples in November 1455. Alfonso promised to personally lead a host of 50,000 men and 400 ships against the Ottomans. At Frankfurt, Holy Roman Emperor
1277:(1648) gives three sons (John, Andreas and Manuel). This means that even a relatively short time after Thomas's death, the number of children he had was unclear.
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have little questionable content, they are contradictory when examined as a whole and do not necessarily corroborate Thomas having a son by the name Rogerio.
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from 1428 until the fall of the despotate in 1460, although he continued to claim the title until his death five years later. He was the younger brother of
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was sent to reconcile them and prevent civil war. When Constantine was summoned to act as regent in Constantinople while John VIII was away at the
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had already worked to expand the despotate's (the southern territory on the map) borders somewhat. It would be expanded to cover almost the entire
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It is generally accepted that Thomas had four children with Catherine Zaccaria, the number given by George Sphrantzes. These four children were:
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dynasty came to feel that the only sure way to keep their remaining holdings intact was to grant them to their sons, receiving the title of
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in 1204 which had once governed almost the entire peninsula. It was Thomas who finally brought an end to the principality by marrying
353:. Thomas hoped to turn the small despotate into a rallying point of a campaign to restore the empire, hoping to gain support from the
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and contemporary documents in Pesaro discussing a Leone Palaiologos (the names Leone and John are similar in their Latin forms;
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assembled a council of German princes and proposed that 40,000 men be sent to Hungary, where the Ottomans had suffered a
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During his stay in Rome, Thomas, on account of his "tall and handsome appearance", served as the model of the statue of
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In early 1462, Thomas left to Rome to tour Italy and drum up support for a crusade, carrying with him papal letters of
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in Italy, claimed descent from Thomas through a supposed third son, called John. This family later mainly lived in
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from 1437 to 1440, Theodore and Thomas stayed in the Morea. In November 1443, Constantine gave over control of
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2169:"The Fair of Agios Demetrios of 26 October 1449: Byzantine-Venetian relations and Land Issues in Mid-Century"
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holy war against the Muslims. The scheme worked and the Pope sent 300 Italian soldiers under the Milanese
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and was, despite the sultan's words, immediately arrested and put in chains along with his entourage.
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and sent Bessarion and some others to preach for a crusade against the Ottomans throughout Europe.
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advocated that while Constantinople was the New Rome, Mystras and the Morea could become the "New
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The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans
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1449 – 7 April 1503), the younger daughter of Thomas and Catherine, Zoe was married off to
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Ottomans, a threat made even greater through the support of the plan by the vocal Cardinal
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1155:(1431 – 7 November 1473), the older of the couple's two daughters, Helena was married to
1135:
1014:
1006:
832:
774:, as their leader and in Demetrios's part of the despotate, the leader of the revolt was
643:
564:
480:
377:
373:
298:
286:
200:
195:
93:
61:
1185:
1134:
from 1547 to 1584. Thomas Palaiologos was Ivan's great-grandfather through his daughter
1119:
471:
1391–1425) had a total of six sons who survived infancy. Manuel's eldest surviving son,
3091:
2953:
2843:
2707:
2622:
2272:
2243:
1256:
1229:
1217:
1208:
1139:
1138:. Blood ties to Byzantine royalty allowed Russia to strengthen its claim to being the "
1131:
1085:
1010:
937:
854:
767:
605:
597:
385:
381:
369:
319:
205:
175:
1156:
626:, sent his troops south to demolish the Morea's primary defensive fortifications, the
3161:
2411:
2392:
2358:
2233:
2197:
2168:
1225:
1127:
957:
849:
806:
709:
700:
389:
182:
2184:
704:
primarily ruled the southern and eastern parts of the despotate, with Thomas ruling
538:. Meanwhile, Thomas was given lands in the north and based himself in the castle of
3156:
3096:
2330:
2264:
2180:
1173:
1164:
1077:
1000:
When Thomas had first heard of Mehmed's invasion, he had initially taken refuge at
985:
969:
771:
560:
504:
452:
fell apart and fragmented over the course of the 14th century, the emperors of the
449:
405:
342:
696:
430:
425:
Miniature from an early 15th-century manuscript depicting Thomas's father Emperor
240:
875:
828:
815:
671:
651:
627:
250:
53:
514:
Theodore did not make way for Constantine or Thomas in the despotate's capital,
3174:
2501:
1212:
819:
720:
683:
615:
593:
500:
315:
278:
136:
883:, Thomas's seat as despot from 1449 until it was taken by the Ottomans in 1458
3188:
2362:
1269:(1680), give the same four children mentioned by Sphrantzes, others, such as
2255:
Harris, Jonathan (2013). "Despots, Emperors, and Balkan Identity in Exile".
2247:
1274:
1089:
1069:
1061:
941:
488:
401:
349:
allowed Thomas and Demetrios to continue to rule as Ottoman vassals in the
45:
1041:
Upon arriving in Rome, Thomas met with Pius II, who bestowed him with the
782:(who had served as despot until 1384) and great-great-grandson of Emperor
736:
630:, in an effort to remind the despots that they were the Sultan's vassals.
3101:
2583:
2433:
1093:
1042:
929:
635:
619:
572:
453:
220:
2276:
2268:
980:
421:
2335:
2318:
1104:
953:
661:
318:
more than two hundred years earlier, into Byzantine hands by marrying
39:
2510:
2302:"A Famous 'Emperor in Exile': Thomas Palaiologos and His Descendants"
2194:
An Elizabethan Assassin: Theodore Paleologus: Seducer, Spy and Killer
1168:
1023:
1001:
906:
705:
647:
539:
535:
346:
2408:
Lost Capital of Byzantium: The History of Mistra and the Peloponnese
555:
2891:
2212:
1304:
902:
623:
611:
531:
527:
1167:. By the time of the Morea's fall, Helena had long since moved to
1177:
1017:
fled to Methoni. Thomas and his companions fled to the island of
964:, the Morea was slowly subdued, the last resistance being led by
920:
889:
523:
515:
215:
1034:
and children behind on Corfu and set sail for Italy, landing in
940:, a Byzantine refugee who had escaped the empire years earlier.
750:
1450, showing the areas under control by Thomas and his brother
1300:
1065:
1035:
961:
945:
893:
880:
666:
658:", a centralized and strong Hellenic kingdom in its own right.
655:
584:
361:, who supported the Ottomans instead, eventually led Mehmed to
354:
333:, to the throne despite the machinations of his other brother,
49:
1572:
1273:(1627) give only two children (the sons Andreas and Manuel).
1050:
1027:
1018:
864:
534:
in the west. Constantine made his capital as despot the town
519:
393:
350:
2213:"A Worthless Prince? Andreas Palaeologus in Rome, 1465-1502"
1084:. On 12 April 1462, Thomas gave the supposed skull of Saint
2581:
2357:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 497–515.
993:
397:
152:
2286:"Su alcune discendenze moderne dei Paleologi di Bisanzio"
2046:
2034:
1695:
1637:
1635:
1601:
1599:
1072:; Thomas is the figure in the blue hat in the bottom left
996:. Thomas served as the model of this statue in the 1460s.
2109:
2063:
2061:
2012:
2010:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1958:
1956:
1924:
1922:
1909:
1907:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1854:
1852:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1724:
1722:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
499:, and Thomas (the youngest, born in 1409), were kept in
491:
in 1408 at just eight years old. Manuel's younger sons,
2349:"Miscellanea from the Near East: Balkan Exiles in Rome"
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
416:
325:
In 1449, Thomas supported the ascension of his brother
1968:
1632:
1596:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1295:
In the late 16th century, a family with the last name
305:, in 1428, joining his two brothers and other despots
21:
For the Byzantine exile in the Kingdom of Naples, see
2058:
2007:
1980:
1953:
1919:
1904:
1883:
1864:
1849:
1837:
1799:
1763:
1751:
1719:
1707:
1676:
1664:
1427:
1425:
3225:
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy
2097:
2085:
2022:
1934:
1818:
1782:
1734:
1647:
1611:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1371:
1369:
731:
545:
2121:
1584:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1022:where to travel to next, he attempted to travel to
662:
Turkish attacks and the accession of Constantine XI
2145:
2133:
2073:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1311:, who worked as a soldier and hired assassin, and
1381:
1366:
1354:
797:
3186:
2166:
1578:
809:, sent as an envoy to the West by Thomas in 1456
1192:, none of them carried on the Palaiologos name.
923:and that he was waging war against the impious.
3215:Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Ottoman wars
726:
708:and the north-west, variously using Patras or
3082:Sophia Palaiologina, Grand Princess of Moscow
2567:
460:, as appanages to defend and govern. Emperor
357:and Western Europe. Constant quarreling with
400:, where he was received and provided for by
2844:Maria Palaiologina, Khatun of the Ilkhanate
1114:
2923:Theodora Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria
2574:
2560:
865:Moreot civil war and the fall of the Morea
550:
368:Thomas and his family, including his wife
38:
2391:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2334:
1080:which to this day stands in front of the
968:, a relative of Thomas and Demetrios, at
600:, daughter and heir of the final prince,
3177:who are independently notable are shown.
3077:Helena Palaiologina, Despotess of Serbia
2949:Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Trebizond
2405:
1641:
1605:
1518:
1118:
1056:
979:
874:
801:
735:
665:
554:
420:
2964:Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria
2819:Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria
2319:"The tombs of the Palaiologan emperors"
2316:
2283:
2103:
2091:
1974:
1252:in Spain (though they never used them).
3187:
3118:Maria Palaiologina, Princess of Vereya
2918:Anna Palaiologina, Despotess of Epirus
2343:
2299:
2254:
2227:
2210:
2067:
2052:
2040:
2016:
1989:
1962:
1928:
1913:
1898:
1877:
1858:
1843:
1812:
1776:
1757:
1728:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1670:
2928:Irene Palaiologina, Byzantine Empress
2892:Simonis Palaiologina, Queen of Serbia
2555:
2410:. New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks.
2386:
2369:
2160:
2115:
2028:
2001:
1947:
1831:
1793:
1745:
1658:
1626:
1590:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1506:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1375:
1360:
674:, restored by Thomas and his brother
16:Despot of the Morea from 1428 to 1460
3067:Helena Palaiologina, Queen of Cyprus
2232:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2191:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2079:
417:Early life and appointment as despot
73:(claimed in exile until 12 May 1465)
2933:Maria Palaiologina, Queen of Serbia
1047:Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia
563:in 1400. By the time Thomas became
107:Theodore II Palaiologos (1428–1443)
13:
2323:Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies
2173:Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies
1338:Succession to the Byzantine Empire
1096:) is depicted on Pius II's grave.
14:
3266:
3205:15th-century Despots of the Morea
2295:(in Italian): 77–90 (1–9 in PDF).
831:of Burgundy in February 1454 and
732:Initial tenure under Ottoman rule
622:, a Turkish general who governed
546:Despot under the Byzantine Empire
3235:Former Greek Orthodox Christians
2167:Gilliland Wright, Diana (2013).
1209:Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow
975:
966:Constantine Graitzas Palaiologos
264:
3220:Byzantine pretenders after 1453
3210:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica
2217:Orientalia Christiana Periodica
2185:10.1179/0307013112Z.00000000019
788:
466:
372:and his three younger children
322:, heiress to the principality.
301:by his oldest brother, Emperor
48:fresco of Pius II's arrival at
2777:Theodora Angelina Palaiologina
1307:and contained figures such as
1242:Imperator Constantinopolitanus
944:convened a council in 1459 in
798:The possibility of Western aid
433:and his three oldest brothers
1:
2724:Andronikos Doukas Palaiologos
2257:The Sixteenth Century Journal
2196:. Stroud: The History Press.
1343:
1201:
871:Ottoman conquest of the Morea
744:
682:in 1444 and destroyed by the
2293:Rassegna Storica Salernitana
1348:
411:
384:, escaped into exile to the
363:invade and conquer the Morea
7:
1331:
727:Continued rule in the Morea
567:in 1428, his older brother
437:(later Emperor John VIII),
10:
3271:
3255:Sons of Byzantine emperors
3036:Constantine XI Palaiologos
2913:Andronikos III Palaiologos
2793:Irene Komnene Palaiologina
2406:Runciman, Steven (2009) .
2354:Essays on the Latin Orient
2317:Melvani, Nicholas (2018).
2284:Maisano, Riccardo (1988).
1224:iconography of Byzantium.
868:
757:Constantinople ultimately
695:the will of their mother,
575:by Thomas and his brother
522:, fortresses and towns in
297:. Thomas was appointed as
291:Constantine XI Palaiologos
285:; 1409 – 12 May 1465) was
20:
3171:
3144:
3110:
3054:
3008:
2980:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
2972:
2941:
2905:
2852:
2824:Andronikos II Palaiologos
2811:
2785:
2764:
2748:
2732:
2716:
2700:
2684:
2594:
2540:
2525:
2516:
2509:
2468:
2460:
2455:
2427:
2387:Nicol, Donald M. (1992).
2370:Nicol, Donald M. (1974).
2228:Harris, Jonathan (2010).
2211:Harris, Jonathan (1995).
1228:, Russia's first crowned
1136:Zoe (Sophia) Palaiologina
780:Demetrios I Kantakouzenos
314:, established during the
282:
260:
246:
236:
226:
214:
181:
171:
158:
142:
130:
126:
100:
89:
78:
67:
60:
37:
32:
3062:Andronikos V Palaiologos
2798:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1232:, was Sophia's grandson.
1115:Children and descendants
345:in 1453, Ottoman Sultan
44:Thomas, detail from the
3124:Constantine Palaiologos
3026:Theodore II Palaiologos
2865:Constantine Palaiologos
2829:Constantine Palaiologos
2803:John Doukas Palaiologos
2487:Constantine Palaiologos
2480:Theodore II Palaiologos
2464:Theodore II Palaiologos
2372:"Byzantium and England"
879:Ruins of the castle at
859:Frankoulios Servopoulos
833:Alfonso the Magnanimous
551:Strengthening the Morea
111:Constantine Palaiologos
83:Theodore II Palaiologos
23:Thomas Asen Palaiologos
3152:Palaeologus-Montferrat
3031:Andronikos Palaiologos
2990:Theodore I Palaiologos
2880:Palaeologus-Montferrat
2860:Michael IX Palaiologos
2772:Andronikos Palaiologos
2692:Nikephoros Palaiologos
2504:conquest of the Morea
2300:Mallat, Peter (1985).
1246:Charles VIII of France
1143:
1073:
997:
925:
884:
810:
754:
742:Despotate of the Morea
687:
602:Centurione II Zaccaria
580:
483:and the third eldest,
445:
339:Fall of Constantinople
331:Emperor Constantine XI
312:Principality of Achaea
3240:Greek Roman Catholics
3175:male-line descendants
3041:Demetrios Palaiologos
3021:John VIII Palaiologos
2985:Manuel II Palaiologos
2887:Demetrios Palaiologos
2528:— TITULAR —
2494:Demetrios Palaiologos
1579:Gilliland Wright 2013
1122:
1060:
1049:and a pension of 300
983:
916:
878:
824:Etsi ecclesia Christi
805:
784:John VI Kantakouzenos
739:
669:
558:
487:, was made Despot of
462:Manuel II Palaiologos
427:Manuel II Palaiologos
424:
303:John VIII Palaiologos
231:Manuel II Palaiologos
117:Demetrios Palaiologos
3230:Despots of the Morea
3130:Fernando Palaiologos
3016:John VII Palaiologos
2875:Theodore Palaiologos
2839:Eudokia Palaiologina
2834:Theodore Palaiologos
2534:Despot of the Morea
2230:The End of Byzantium
1313:Ferdinand Paleologus
1290:older than Andreas).
1283:Isabella of Clermont
1130:, the first crowned
1082:St. Peter's Basilica
990:St. Peter's Basilica
911:Bishop of Lacedaemon
776:Manuel Kantakouzenos
526:(in the south), and
164:St. Peter's Basilica
3245:Palaiologos dynasty
3136:Andreas Palaiologos
3087:Andreas Palaiologos
3072:Helena Palaiologina
3000:Zampia Palaiologina
2995:Michael Palaiologos
2959:Michael Palaiologos
2756:Alexios Palaiologos
2544:Andreas Palaiologos
2471:Despot of the Morea
2429:Thomas Palaiologos
2269:10.1086/SCJ24244808
2192:Hall, John (2015).
2055:, pp. 142–143.
2004:, pp. 114–116.
1704:, pp. 233–234.
1309:Theodore Paleologus
1237:Andreas Palaiologos
1222:double-headed eagle
1152:Helena Palaiologina
644:Council of Florence
565:Despot of the Morea
481:Despot of the Morea
299:Despot of the Morea
287:Despot of the Morea
201:Andreas Palaiologos
191:Helena Palaiologina
94:Andreas Palaiologos
62:Despot of the Morea
3092:Manuel Palaiologos
3046:Thomas Palaiologos
2954:John V Palaiologos
2740:George Palaiologos
2708:George Palaiologos
2511:Titles in pretence
2336:10.1017/byz.2018.7
2161:Cited bibliography
2118:, p. 179–203.
2043:, p. 537–554.
1326:) as living there.
1257:Manuel Palaiologos
1144:
1126:reconstruction of
1086:Andrew the Apostle
1074:
998:
933:Gianone da Cremona
885:
855:Pope Callixtus III
811:
770:, son of the last
768:John Asen Zaccaria
755:
688:
606:Republic of Venice
598:Catherine Zaccaria
581:
479:was designated as
446:
329:, who then became
320:Catherine Zaccaria
275:Thomas Palaiologos
206:Manuel Palaiologos
176:Catherine Zaccaria
33:Thomas Palaiologos
3182:
3181:
3162:Paleologus-Pesaro
2882:
2653:(1390; 1403–1408)
2550:
2549:
2541:Succeeded by
2530:
2522:Loss of the Morea
1267:Charles du Fresne
1250:Catholic Monarchs
1226:Ivan the Terrible
1128:Ivan the Terrible
1045:, lodging in the
850:John Argyropoulos
807:John Argyropoulos
701:George Sphrantzes
295:Byzantine emperor
283:Θωμᾶς Παλαιολόγος
272:
271:
3262:
3250:Porphyrogennetoi
3157:Asen Palaiologos
3097:Hass Murad Pasha
2897:John Palaiologos
2878:
2870:John Palaiologos
2588:Byzantine Empire
2576:
2569:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2526:
2461:Preceded by
2451:
2444:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2402:
2383:
2366:
2340:
2338:
2313:
2296:
2290:
2280:
2251:
2224:
2207:
2188:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1951:
1945:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1911:
1902:
1896:
1881:
1875:
1862:
1856:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1816:
1810:
1797:
1791:
1780:
1774:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1732:
1726:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1645:
1639:
1630:
1624:
1609:
1603:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1379:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1206:
1203:
1197:Zoe Palaiologina
1190:Jerina Brankovic
1165:Despot of Serbia
988:in front of the
792:
790:
772:Prince of Achaea
749:
746:
712:as his capital.
614:, Sultan of the
561:Byzantine Empire
505:Porphyrogennetos
470:
468:
450:Byzantine Empire
406:Byzantine Empire
343:Byzantine Empire
284:
268:
196:Zoe Palaiologina
149:
74:
42:
30:
29:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3167:
3140:
3111:15th generation
3106:
3055:14th generation
3050:
3009:13th generation
3004:
2973:12th generation
2968:
2942:11th generation
2937:
2906:10th generation
2901:
2848:
2807:
2781:
2760:
2744:
2728:
2712:
2696:
2680:
2590:
2580:
2546:
2537:
2531:
2523:
2520:
2491:
2484:
2476:
2474:
2466:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2418:
2399:
2345:Miller, William
2306:The Genealogist
2288:
2240:
2204:
2163:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1935:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1884:
1876:
1865:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1819:
1811:
1800:
1792:
1783:
1775:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1735:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1648:
1640:
1633:
1625:
1612:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1382:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1334:
1271:Antonio Albizzi
1204:
1161:Đurađ Branković
1157:Lazar Branković
1117:
978:
873:
867:
841:crushing defeat
829:Philip the Good
816:Pope Nicholas V
800:
787:
747:
734:
729:
672:Hexamilion wall
664:
652:Gemistus Pletho
628:Hexamilion wall
553:
548:
465:
419:
414:
341:and end of the
210:
167:
151:
147:
135:
122:
72:
56:
54:Siena Cathedral
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3268:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3180:
3179:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3145:Cadet branches
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2853:9th generation
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2812:8th generation
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2786:7th generation
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2765:6th generation
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2749:5th generation
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2733:4th generation
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2717:3rd generation
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2701:2nd generation
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2685:1st generation
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2675:Constantine XI
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2634:
2626:
2620:
2617:Andronikos III
2614:
2608:
2602:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2524:
2521:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2456:Regnal titles
2453:
2452:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2417:978-1845118952
2416:
2403:
2398:978-0511583698
2397:
2384:
2376:Balkan Studies
2367:
2341:
2329:(2): 237–260.
2314:
2297:
2281:
2263:(3): 643–661.
2252:
2239:978-0300117868
2238:
2225:
2208:
2203:978-0750962612
2202:
2189:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2130:, p. 229.
2120:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2070:, p. 143.
2057:
2045:
2033:
2031:, p. 116.
2021:
2019:, p. 539.
2006:
1994:
1992:, p. 142.
1979:
1977:, p. 260.
1967:
1965:, p. 554.
1952:
1950:, p. 115.
1933:
1931:, p. 250.
1918:
1916:, p. 249.
1903:
1901:, p. 650.
1882:
1880:, p. 500.
1863:
1861:, p. 649.
1848:
1846:, p. 241.
1836:
1834:, p. 114.
1817:
1815:, p. 240.
1798:
1796:, p. 113.
1781:
1779:, p. 239.
1762:
1760:, p. 238.
1750:
1748:, p. 112.
1733:
1731:, p. 235.
1718:
1716:, p. 234.
1706:
1694:
1692:, p. 230.
1675:
1673:, p. 229.
1663:
1661:, p. 110.
1646:
1631:
1629:, p. 111.
1610:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1380:
1365:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1262:
1261:
1253:
1233:
1213:Pope Sixtus IV
1193:
1132:tsar of Russia
1116:
1113:
1064:'s arrival at
977:
974:
972:in July 1461.
869:Main article:
866:
863:
820:crusading bull
799:
796:
778:, grandson of
733:
730:
728:
725:
721:Matthaios Asan
663:
660:
640:Gregory Mammas
616:Ottoman Empire
594:Fourth Crusade
552:
549:
547:
544:
501:Constantinople
418:
415:
413:
410:
388:-held city of
316:Fourth Crusade
270:
269:
262:
258:
257:
248:
244:
243:
238:
234:
233:
228:
224:
223:
218:
212:
211:
209:
208:
203:
198:
193:
187:
185:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
162:
160:
156:
155:
150:(aged 56)
144:
140:
139:
137:Constantinople
132:
128:
127:
124:
123:
121:
120:
114:
108:
104:
102:
98:
97:
91:
87:
86:
80:
76:
75:
69:
65:
64:
58:
57:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3267:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3176:
3170:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2645:Andronikos IV
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2605:Andronikos II
2603:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2529:
2519:
2518:Loss of title
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2426:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2382:(2): 179–203.
2381:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2154:, p. 38.
2153:
2148:
2142:, p. 35.
2141:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2082:, p. 34.
2081:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2003:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1644:, p. 79.
1643:
1642:Runciman 2009
1638:
1636:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1608:, p. 78.
1607:
1606:Runciman 2009
1602:
1600:
1593:, p. 44.
1592:
1587:
1581:, p. 63.
1580:
1575:
1569:, p. 36.
1568:
1563:
1557:, p. 35.
1556:
1551:
1545:, p. 33.
1544:
1539:
1533:, p. 32.
1532:
1527:
1521:, p. 76.
1520:
1519:Runciman 2009
1515:
1509:, p. 31.
1508:
1503:
1501:
1494:, p. 24.
1493:
1488:
1482:, p. 22.
1481:
1476:
1470:, p. 21.
1469:
1464:
1458:, p. 19.
1457:
1452:
1446:, p. 14.
1445:
1440:
1434:, p. 13.
1433:
1428:
1426:
1419:, p. 12.
1418:
1413:
1407:, p. 11.
1406:
1401:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
995:
991:
987:
982:
976:Life in exile
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
949:
947:
943:
939:
934:
931:
924:
922:
915:
912:
908:
904:
898:
895:
891:
882:
877:
872:
862:
860:
856:
851:
845:
842:
838:
837:Frederick III
834:
830:
826:
825:
821:
817:
808:
804:
795:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
763:
760:
753:
743:
738:
724:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
702:
698:
697:Helena Dragaš
692:
685:
681:
677:
673:
670:Ruins of the
668:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
589:
586:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
463:
459:
455:
451:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:Helena Dragaš
429:, his mother
428:
423:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
280:
276:
267:
263:
259:
256:
252:
249:
245:
242:
241:Helena Dragaš
239:
235:
232:
229:
225:
222:
219:
217:
213:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
186:
184:
180:
177:
174:
170:
165:
161:
157:
154:
145:
141:
138:
133:
129:
125:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
103:
99:
95:
92:
88:
84:
81:
77:
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
28:
24:
19:
3045:
2657:Andronikos V
2636:
2628:
2599:Michael VIII
2533:
2532:
2527:
2517:
2500:
2492:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2447:
2440:
2432:
2407:
2388:
2379:
2375:
2353:
2326:
2322:
2309:
2305:
2292:
2260:
2256:
2229:
2220:
2216:
2193:
2179:(1): 63–80.
2176:
2172:
2147:
2135:
2123:
2111:
2106:, p. 6.
2104:Maisano 1988
2099:
2094:, p. 4.
2092:Maisano 1988
2087:
2075:
2048:
2036:
2024:
1997:
1975:Melvani 2018
1970:
1839:
1753:
1709:
1697:
1666:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1412:
1400:
1395:, p. 9.
1378:, p. 4.
1363:, p. 3.
1356:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1299:, living in
1294:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1275:Leo Allatius
1263:
1255:
1241:
1235:
1195:
1150:
1145:
1109:
1102:
1098:
1090:Ponte Milvio
1075:
1070:Pinturicchio
1062:Pope Pius II
1040:
1032:
999:
950:
942:Pope Pius II
926:
917:
899:
886:
846:
822:
812:
764:
756:
714:
693:
689:
632:
610:
590:
582:
513:
509:
489:Thessaloniki
447:
402:Pope Pius II
392:and then to
367:
324:
293:, the final
274:
273:
148:(1465-05-12)
46:Pintoricchio
27:
18:
3200:1465 deaths
3195:1409 births
3102:Mesih Pasha
2677:(1449–1453)
2671:(1425–1448)
2665:(1391–1425)
2659:(1403–1407)
2647:(1376–1379)
2640:(1353–1357)
2632:(1347–1354)
2625:(1341–1391)
2619:(1328–1341)
2613:(1295–1320)
2607:(1282–1328)
2601:(1259–1282)
2584:Palaiologoi
2496:, 1449–1460
2489:, 1428–1449
2482:, 1428–1443
2450:12 May 1465
2434:Palaiologos
2248:j.ctt1npm19
2068:Mallat 1985
2053:Mallat 1985
2041:Harris 1995
2017:Harris 1995
1990:Mallat 1985
1963:Harris 1995
1929:Harris 2010
1914:Harris 2010
1899:Harris 2013
1878:Miller 1921
1859:Harris 2013
1844:Harris 2010
1813:Harris 2010
1777:Harris 2010
1758:Harris 2010
1729:Harris 2010
1714:Harris 2010
1702:Harris 2010
1690:Harris 2010
1671:Harris 2010
1159:, a son of
1094:Saint Peter
1068:in 1464 by
1043:Golden Rose
930:condottieri
818:issued the
676:Constantine
620:Turahan Bey
577:Constantine
573:Peloponnese
559:Map of the
493:Constantine
454:Palaiologan
327:Constantine
221:Palaiologos
146:12 May 1465
119:(1449–1460)
113:(1428–1449)
79:Predecessor
3189:Categories
2611:Michael IX
2538:1460–1465
2312:: 141–147.
2223:: 537–554.
2116:Nicol 1974
2029:Nicol 1992
2002:Nicol 1992
1948:Nicol 1992
1832:Nicol 1992
1794:Nicol 1992
1746:Nicol 1992
1659:Nicol 1992
1627:Nicol 1992
1591:Nicol 1992
1567:Nicol 1992
1555:Nicol 1992
1543:Nicol 1992
1531:Nicol 1992
1507:Nicol 1992
1492:Nicol 1992
1480:Nicol 1992
1468:Nicol 1992
1456:Nicol 1992
1444:Nicol 1992
1432:Nicol 1992
1417:Nicol 1992
1405:Nicol 1992
1393:Nicol 1992
1376:Nicol 1992
1361:Nicol 1992
1344:References
1297:Paleologus
1218:third Rome
1140:third Rome
1124:Forensical
1105:indulgence
1078:Saint Paul
986:Saint Paul
984:Statue of
970:Salmenikon
954:Monemvasia
678:to defend
485:Andronikos
443:Andronikos
71:1428–1460
2669:John VIII
2663:Manuel II
2475:1428–1460
2363:457893641
2152:Hall 2015
2140:Hall 2015
2128:Hall 2015
2080:Hall 2015
1349:Citations
1169:Smederevo
1002:Mantineia
938:Bessarion
907:Mantineia
752:Demetrios
717:Mehmed II
706:Corinthia
680:the Morea
648:Selymbria
540:Kalavryta
536:Glarentza
497:Demetrios
412:Biography
370:Catherine
365:in 1460.
359:Demetrios
347:Mehmed II
335:Demetrios
261:Signature
101:Co-rulers
96:(titular)
90:Successor
52:, in the
2651:John VII
2347:(1921).
2277:24244808
1332:See also
1305:Cornwall
903:Kalamata
710:Leontari
684:Ottomans
624:Thessaly
612:Murad II
569:Theodore
532:Messenia
528:Kalamata
477:Theodore
439:Theodore
386:Venetian
307:Theodore
255:Orthodox
251:Catholic
247:Religion
2638:Matthew
2630:John VI
2586:of the
2502:Ottoman
2436:dynasty
1324:Ioannes
1205:
1178:Lefkada
1007:Andreas
958:Methoni
921:perjury
890:Corinth
791:
748:
686:in 1446
524:Laconia
516:Mystras
469:
448:As the
390:Methoni
378:Andreas
216:Dynasty
85:(alone)
2623:John V
2446:
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2246:
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1320:Leonis
1301:Pesaro
1186:Milica
1182:Jelena
1174:Ragusa
1066:Ancona
1051:ducats
1036:Ancona
1024:Ragusa
1011:Manuel
962:Koroni
946:Mantua
894:Patras
881:Patras
656:Sparta
585:Patras
458:despot
382:Manuel
355:Papacy
237:Mother
227:Father
172:Spouse
166:, Rome
159:Burial
50:Ancona
3173:Only
2478:with
2448:Died:
2441:Born:
2289:(PDF)
2273:JSTOR
2244:JSTOR
1211:, by
1028:Veria
1019:Corfu
520:Aigio
394:Corfu
351:Morea
279:Greek
183:Issue
68:Reign
2582:The
2443:1409
2412:ISBN
2393:ISBN
2359:OCLC
2234:ISBN
2198:ISBN
1322:and
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1188:and
1013:and
994:Rome
960:and
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759:fell
740:The
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