2409:. It has the shape of a classic bell curve with the tax rate on one axis (often a horizontal one) and the tax revenues on the other one. The theory says that with a continuous increase in the tax rate, at one point, the tax revenues start to decrease. This phenomenon can be explained by a decrease in the willingness of individuals to work as the government takes away their money. The apex point of the parabola represents the revenue-maximizing point for the government. The Laffer curve is often criticized for its abstractness as it is in reality very difficult to find the revenue-maximizing point. It is hugely dependent on society and its tastes which is mostly fluid while the model simplifies the reality into general tax revenues and tax rates. It also considers the single tax rate and single labor supply. Furthermore, it does not take into account that tax revenues are not often a continuous function, and with higher tax rates people try to avoid taxes through tax avoidance and tax evasion. All these facts bring uncertainty into the position of the revenue-maximizing point. Nevertheless, the theoretical ground of the Laffer curve is often used as the justification for tax increases or decreases.
2397:, a study by J. Whalen and F. Reichling (2015) focused on the short-term effects of tax cuts and the potential of the economy. The results showed that the tax cuts or spending increases are dependent on the economic situation. If the economy is close to its potential and the Federal Reserves were not affected by the zero interest rates, tax cuts had small short-run economic effects mostly because the fiscal stimulus was outperformed by interest rate hikes. On the other hand, if the economy performs further from the economic potential and is bounded by zero interest rates the effect of fiscal stimuli is much higher. Congressional Budget Office estimated that the weak economy's multiplier effect potential is three times higher than the one of a strong economy. The study has mostly shown the uncertainty about fiscal policies. The study has shown the large differences between the low and high estimates of the multipliers effect of tax cuts. On the other hand, the study indicated that government spending is a more reliable form of fiscal policy than tax cuts.
149:
2368:
state, and local coffers. Schröder's strategy involved paying for these tax cuts through a combination of measures: reducing subsidies, privatization revenues, and increasing state debt. His goal was to provide a signal of economic revival and boost consumer confidence. However, Schröder faced criticism and pressure to denounce his business and political ties to Russia, particularly in light of Moscow's war in
Ukraine. Despite the controversies, Schröder's tax policies left a lasting impact on Germany's fiscal landscape.
2423:
1752:
36:
1740:
2316:
during the pandemic. Under Biden's plan, the expanded CTC would provide $ 3,000 per child for kids six years and older and $ 3,600 for each child under six. Additionally, Biden supports continuing tax cuts for families making less than $ 400,000 but opposes extending tax cuts for higher earners. His goal is to pay for these tax breaks by raising taxes on corporations and the wealthy.
1981:
that the main drawback of a VAT reduction lies in the fact that suppliers are not obligated to pass those savings directly to consumers. Therefore, while a VAT cut may create a small hole in overall VAT revenue, its impact on prices remains uncertain. EU regulations also allow for reduced VAT rates, but several countries have maintained VAT levels above the minimum thresholds.
2384:'s tax cut policies were aimed at transforming the country's financial landscape. Milei proposed a tax reform known as the Ă“mnibus Law. One of its central tenets was the elimination of the maximum marginal tax rate. Over time, this would gradually reduce the tax burden for high-net-worth individuals, from 1.75% to 0.5% by 2027.
2511:
High taxes generally discourage work and investment. When taxes reduce the return from working, it is not surprising that workers are less interested in working. Taxes on income create a wedge between what the employee keeps and what the employer pays. Higher taxes encourage employers to create fewer
2484:
To begin with, money belongs to the person who possesses it, particularly if they earned it. Reducing the amount of money that is taken by the government can be seen as increasing fairness. However, if tax cuts are financed by cutting government spending, it can be argued that this disproportionately
2392:
With decreased cuts in tax rates, households earn higher disposable income. The final effect on the economy is the result of the ratio in which households tend to save and spend the additional after-tax money. Economists simply represent these phenomena by the multiplier effect. The effect represents
2336:
Income Tax
Reductions: Thatcher's government significantly lowered income tax rates. The top rate reduced from 83% in 1979 to 40% by 1988. The basic rate also decreased from 33% to 25% during the same period. These cuts aimed to encourage work, entrepreneurship, and investment, ultimately stimulating
2019:
The government may compensate for the loss in revenue by borrowing money and issuing bonds. The overall result of this type of compensation may vary based on the situation of the economy. In a recession, borrowing would probably result in higher aggregate demand. In the boom, the borrowing may result
2012:
The final equity and change in aggregate demand will be equal to zero as some individuals will be better of from tax cuts while others will have to cut their spending as the government decreases welfare payments. At the end of the day, there is no change in overall welfare circulating in the economy.
2502:
Tax cuts can serve to increase efficiency in the market. Cutting taxes can lead to more efficient allocation of resources than would have been the case with higher taxes. Generally, private entities are more efficient with their spending than governments. Tax cuts allow private entities to use their
2367:
implemented significant tax cut policies aimed at stimulating economic growth and improving the country's competitiveness. One notable move was the acceleration of income tax reductions in 2004, which lowered income tax levels by 10 percent. This reduction left approximately €18 billion in federal,
2315:
has proposed several tax policies during his tenure. His 2025 budget includes tax breaks for millions of families and low-income workers, as well as senior citizens. One significant proposal is the revival of the expanded Child Tax Credit (CTC), which helped lift millions of children out of poverty
1812:
How a tax cut affects the economy depends on which tax is cut. Policies that increase disposable income for lower- and middle-income households are more likely to increase overall consumption and "hence stimulate the economy". Tax cuts in isolation boost the economy because they increase government
2340:
VAT Changes: To offset the revenue loss from income tax cuts, Thatcher's administration raised the Value Added Tax (VAT) rate from 8% to 15%. VAT affected most goods and services purchased by consumers, becoming a crucial source of government revenue. The trade-off between income tax reduction and
1980:
One notable example of a focused VAT cut occurred in the UK during the pandemic. The standard rate of VAT dropped from 20% to 5%, specifically applying to the hospitality sector. This reduction aimed to support struggling businesses and boost consumer spending. However, it's essential to recognize
2256:
The $ 787 billion
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 promised $ 288 billion in tax cuts and incentives. Its taxation aspects included a payroll tax cut of 2%, health care tax credits, a reduction in income taxes for individuals of $ 400 and improvements to child tax credits and earned
2055:
Even though the tax cuts may increase the disposable income of high-income groups promoting services for lower-income individuals and increasing GDP, the income gap tends to increase. On the other hand, targeting middle-income groups may help in the fight against income inequality regarding lower
1961:
tax cuts only lead to a momentary boost to GDP and productivity, having no long-term effect on the GDP as they trigger extensive but short-lived response of capital expenditure, productivity and output. The key to evaluating the effect of personal income tax cut is the variable labor utilization.
2493:
There are two main concepts focused on equity in taxation - horizontal equity and vertical equity. The former focuses on the belief, that all individuals should be affected by the same tax burden. The latter highlights the importance of the equal relative tax burden, the so-called ability-to-pay
2045:
It seems, that when the middle or higher class has a bigger disposable income, they spend their money on the services which are mostly provided by low-income individuals. Wealthier people tend to spend higher ratios of income on services. With lower tax cuts the expenditures of wealthier people
1918:
If tax cuts are not financed by immediate spending cuts, there is a chance that they can lead to an increase in the national budget deficit, which can hinder economic growth in the long-term through potential negative effects on investment through increases in interest rates. It also decreases
1976:
Cutting Value Added Tax can have significant repercussions on a country's economy. While it may stimulate short-term consumer spending and encourage business investment, there are trade-offs. Lower VAT rates reduce immediate government revenue, potentially impacting public services and
3223:
2002:
Any tax cuts significantly reduce tax revenues in the first place. Subsequently, the gap needs to be compensated and financed by an increase in public debt, raising other taxes, or cutting spending. Usually, the cuts in income tax are compensated by an increase in consumption taxes.
1805:. Tax cuts decrease the revenue of the government and increase the disposable income of taxpayers. Tax cuts usually refer to reductions in the percentage of tax paid on income, goods and services. As they leave consumers with more disposable income, tax cuts are an example of an
2344:
Corporation Tax
Reforms: Thatcher's strategy included reducing corporation tax rates. By 1986, the rate had fallen to 35%, down from the 52% burden on businesses in the late 1970s. These cuts aimed to enhance the UK's competitiveness, attract investment, and foster business
1915:. This increase in aggregate demand can lead to an increase in economic growth, other things being equal. Tax cuts on income increase the after-tax rewards or working, saving and investing and thereby they increase work effort, contributing to economic growth.
1903:
Since a tax cut represents a decrease in the amount of tax a taxpayer is obliged to pay, it results in an increase in disposable income. This greater income can then be used to purchase additional goods and services that otherwise would not have been possible.
2912:
1977:
infrastructure. However, if managed well, such cuts can contribute to long-term economic growth and fiscal stability. Policymakers must carefully balance the benefits of VAT reduction with the need for sustainable revenue collection.
2264:
in 2013, Obama extended the Bush tax cuts on incomes below $ 400,000 for individuals and $ 450,000 for married couples. Incomes exceeding the threshold were taxed at the rate of 39.6% (the
Clinton-era tax rate), following the
1866:
A tuition tax credit reduces the amount of tax paid by the amount of the credit. Credits can be refundable, i.e., the credit is given to the taxpayer even when no actual taxes are paid (such as when deductions exceed income).
2221:
tax cuts were implemented to stop the 2001 recession. They reduced the top income tax rate from 39.6% to 35%, reducing the long-term capital gains tax rate from 20% to 15% and the top dividend tax rate from 38.6% to 15%.
1919:
national saving and therefore decreases the national capital stock and income for future generations. For this reason, the structure of the tax cut and the way it is financed is crucial for achieving economic growth.
1930:
tax cuts are designed to stimulate capital formation by lowering the price level of a good and therefore increasing the demand for the good, both aggregate supply as well as aggregate demand will be shifted.
2205:
Budget
Deficits: The tax cuts worsened budget deficits, however the economy experienced an expansion, eventually leading to lower deficits. After peaking in 1986, the federal deficit gradually declined by
2349:
While the tax cuts spurred economic activity, critics argued that they disproportionately benefited the wealthy. Poverty rates increased during
Thatcher's tenure, with child poverty more than doubling.
2030:'s tax cuts in 1988 occurred during a period of economic growth. These taxes led to a further increase in economic growth, however, also to an increase of inflation causing the boom-and-bust situation.
1821:
Tax cuts are typically cuts in the tax rate. However, other tax changes that reduce the amount of tax can be seen as tax cuts. These include deductions, credits and exemptions and adjustments.
2883:
2104:
Another way to analyze tax cuts is to have a look at their impact. Presidents often propose tax changes, but the
Congress passes legislation that may or may not reflect those proposals.
3224:"FACT SHEET: President Biden Is Fighting to Reduce the Deficit, Cut Taxes for Working Families, and Invest in America by Making Big Corporations and the Wealthy Pay Their Fair Share"
2520:
Tax burden refers to the indirect responsibility of paying taxes irrespective of the legal taxpayer. In the US, the overall tax burden in 2020 was equal to 16% of the total
2201:
While the tax cuts contributed to this growth, other factors, such as
Federal Reserve actions, increased federal spending, and business investment, also played roles.
3537:
2092:
3380:
2146:: The ERTA aimed to stimulate economic growth, incentivize investment, and reduce the tax burden on individuals and businesses. Key provisions included:
3102:
2238:
Apart from boosting the economy, these tax cuts increased the U.S. debt by $ 1.35 trillion over a 10-year period and benefited high-income individuals.
2684:
2485:
disadvantages low-income earners, as cuts in spending will affect services used mostly by low-income earners, who pay proportionately less tax.
2170:
Corporate Tax
Reforms: The corporate tax rate also decreased, benefiting businesses. In 1988, Reagan cut the corporate tax rate from 48% to 34%.
2785:
2433:
2393:
the relation between the money spent on economic activity and the quantitative money reduction in taxes or an increase in government spending.
2081:
2036:
If the economy has evidence of stable economic growth for several years it may step in for the tax cuts while maintaining stable tax revenues.
3433:
1434:
1813:
borrowing. However, they are often accompanied by spending cuts or changes in monetary policy that can offset their stimulative effects.
3406:
2299:
GDP growth rate increased by 0.7% in 2018, however, in 2019 it fell below 2017. In 2020, GDP took a sharp downturn, likely due to the
1291:
2934:
1156:
1151:
2126:
supported Kennedy's ideas and lowered the top income tax rate from 91% to 70%. He reduced the corporate tax rate from 52% to 48%.
597:
3249:
1505:
1098:
324:
3119:
1998:
The tax cuts can boost the economy in the short term however these effects are never strong enough to prevent loss of revenue.
592:
1973:(VAT) is a general, broadly based consumption tax assessed on the value added to goods and services collected fractionally.
2870:"Macroeconomic and Distributional Effects of Personal Income Tax reforms: A Heterogenous Agent Model Approach for the U.S."
2816:
2266:
2167:
Lower Personal Income Tax Rates: The highest personal income tax rate was reduced to 38.5% initially and eventually to 28%.
1950:. To evaluate the impact of appointed tax policy the variables R&D expenditure and technological adoption are crucial.
1705:
891:
2020:
in crowding out – a situation in which the private sector has fewer finances for their investments as they buy the bonds.
3355:
3196:
1580:
3103:"The Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act on New York City - Highlights from One Year of Implementation"
2228:
The American economy grew at a rate of 1.7%, 2.9%, 3.8% and 3.5% in the years 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005, respectively.
2153:
Capital Gains Tax Cut: The capital gains tax rate decreased from 28% to 20%, promoting investment in productive assets.
1782:
1645:
773:
285:
100:
2463:
2143:
1106:
859:
119:
2177:
While the TRA aimed for efficiency and fairness, it did not fully offset the revenue losses from previous tax cuts.
72:
576:
2157:
Despite the tax cuts, the ERTA did not fully pay for itself, leading to a decrease in federal revenues initially.
2631:
2583:
758:
354:
1895:
By expanding tax brackets, the government increases the amount of income that is subjected to lower tax rates.
1710:
1429:
79:
57:
2843:
2658:
2289:
2115:
plan was to lower the top rate from 91% to 65%, however, he was assassinated before implementing the change.
2074:
1715:
679:
148:
3197:"Biden budget would cut taxes for millions and restore breaks for families. Here's what to know. - CBS News"
3012:
1413:
709:
3282:
1907:
Tax cuts result in workers being better off financially. With more money to spend, we would expect to see
1990:
1655:
1625:
86:
2173:
Simplification of Tax Brackets: The TRA simplified the tax structure by reducing the number of brackets.
2261:
1041:
513:
2869:
1809:. Tax cuts also include reduction in tax in other ways, such as tax credit, deductions and loopholes.
2962:
2716:
1088:
666:
623:
474:
329:
178:
68:
2085:
1943:
1675:
1093:
582:
53:
17:
3083:
3308:
2077:
lowered the corporate tax rate to 20%, while also lowering income tax rates, among other changes.
1690:
1630:
1141:
1136:
763:
644:
295:
46:
3039:
Federal Individual Income Tax Brackets, Standard Deduction, and Personal Exemption: 1988 to 2024
2553:
2521:
2225:
These tax cuts may have boosted the economy, however, they may have stemmed from other causes.
2160:
1947:
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1600:
1485:
1480:
1081:
660:
479:
3133:
2494:
principle resulting in the belief that those with higher income should be taxed more heavily.
2948:
2041:
The tax cuts apparently help low-income groups even if they do not get the tax cuts directly.
1680:
1605:
1570:
1555:
1475:
1465:
714:
634:
629:
550:
2987:
2186:
GDP Growth: The 1980s witnessed economic expansion, often referred to as the "Reagan boom".
2150:
Top Income Tax Rate Reduction: The highest personal income tax rate dropped from 70% to 50%.
1700:
1665:
1640:
1520:
1500:
672:
349:
210:
2163:: The TRA built upon the ERTA, further reshaping the tax code. Notable features included:
8:
3560:
1720:
1620:
1615:
1560:
1545:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1470:
1460:
1455:
1439:
1309:
1255:
1063:
571:
3515:
2364:
2281:
signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which reduced the corporate tax rate from 35% to 20%.
3173:
3148:
3085:
An Economic Evaluation of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001
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2293:
2285:
1802:
1695:
1685:
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1660:
1635:
1585:
1550:
1540:
1510:
1495:
1490:
1345:
1260:
1053:
1017:
938:
817:
535:
173:
3451:
2129:
Federal tax revenue increased from 94 billion dollars in 1961 to 153 billion in 1968.
3471:
3467:
3257:
3178:
2609:
2329:
2123:
1927:
1908:
1806:
1768:
1610:
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1590:
1565:
1515:
1315:
1031:
983:
923:
839:
780:
492:
459:
265:
93:
2733:
2405:
The relation between the tax rate and overall productivity is often depicted by the
3463:
3168:
3160:
3065:
3051:"Capital Tax Reform and the Real Economy: The Effects of the 2003 Dividend Tax Cut"
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2548:
1912:
1650:
1575:
1181:
1146:
1126:
943:
911:
785:
639:
390:
3050:
3490:
2441:
2250:
2232:
2112:
2051:
The tax cuts of higher income individuals promote the raise in income inequality.
1970:
1958:
1889:
An inflation adjustment reduces the amount of tax paid by the rate of inflation.
1744:
1360:
1218:
1213:
953:
916:
827:
792:
694:
618:
454:
414:
380:
290:
280:
275:
270:
188:
1801:
represents a decrease in the amount of money taken from taxpayers to go towards
2218:
2140:'s policies included tax reforms. His administration implemented two tax acts.
1303:
1275:
1250:
1111:
958:
753:
689:
587:
525:
429:
424:
407:
385:
3554:
3475:
3333:
3261:
3164:
2558:
2137:
1939:
1844:
An income tax rate cut reduces the percentage of income that is paid in tax.
1375:
1048:
973:
864:
797:
731:
699:
566:
508:
469:
449:
419:
334:
255:
250:
225:
215:
157:
3356:"German Government Accelerates Tax Cuts to Boost Economy – DW – 06/29/2003"
3182:
3036:
2533:
2445:
2406:
2381:
2278:
2246:
2027:
1886:
A change in the amount of an item that is taxed based on an external factor
1756:
1270:
1058:
1027:
998:
978:
869:
854:
834:
748:
743:
545:
339:
308:
3452:"The nature of government expenditures and the shape of the laffer curve"
3434:"The Fiscal Multiplier and Economic Policy Analysis in the United States"
3069:
2543:
1863:
A reduction in the amount of tax paid. Credits are usually fixed amounts.
1265:
1008:
968:
886:
822:
768:
704:
530:
520:
464:
344:
245:
240:
198:
183:
3250:"Did Margaret Thatcher transform Britain's economy for better or worse?"
3381:"German Finance Minister Lindner wants to cut state funds for Schröder"
2563:
2538:
2395:
The Fiscal Multiplier and Economic Policy Analysis in the United States
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988:
963:
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849:
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439:
260:
220:
166:
1852:
A reduction in the amount of the taxed item that is subject to the tax
3309:"10 Reasons why Margaret Thatcher is Britain's most hated politician"
2312:
2006:
There are several ways how a government may compensate for tax cuts.
1203:
1121:
1116:
807:
802:
613:
540:
230:
2084:
included a tax credit of $ 400, lower payroll tax rates, and higher
35:
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203:
3149:"Implications of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act for Public Health"
2610:"What recent history teaches about recessions and economic policy"
2210:
Ronald Reagan's tax cuts significantly impacted the U.S. economy.
2868:
Lizarazo, Sandra; Peralta-Alva, Adrian; Puy, Damien (July 2017).
1176:
1003:
906:
896:
193:
1855:
An income tax deduction reduces that amount of taxable income.
1739:
1385:
1196:
1191:
1186:
993:
881:
2363:
During his tenure as Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005,
2935:"John F. Kennedy on the Economy and Taxes | JFK Library"
2284:
Other changes included income tax rate cuts, doubling of the
1400:
1395:
1390:
1380:
1355:
1350:
1297:
1169:
2786:"Why a cut in VAT would NOT solve the cost of living crisis"
1841:
A reduction in the fraction of the taxed item that is taken.
3334:"Margaret Thatcher: How her changes affected your finances"
2069:
Notable examples of tax cuts in the United States include:
1993:
showed some of the three takeaway key results of tax cuts:
1946:
expenditures, productivity and output, therefore increase
2093:
Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001
140:
2476:
Governments may cite several reasons for cutting taxes.
3120:"What did the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 do?"
2867:
2844:"The effect of tax cuts on economic growth and revenue"
2683:
G. Gale, William; A. Samwick, Andrew (September 2014).
2235:
lowered the benchmark fed funds rate from 6% to 1.75%.
1911:
to increase. Consumer spending is a large component of
3432:
Whalen, Charles J.; Reichling, Felix (February 2015).
3407:"El texto completo de la Ley Ă“mnibus de Javier Milei"
2180:
1100:
European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base
3491:"Laffer Curve: Definition, Diagram & Criticisms"
2963:"Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (ERTA): Overview"
2607:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3538:"Government Revenue | U.S. Treasury Data Lab"
3082:Gale, William G.; Potter, Samara R. (March 2002),
2685:"Effects of Income Tax Changes on Economic Growth"
2682:
3552:
2046:increase together with the demand for services.
3431:
2988:"Tax Reform Act of 1986: Overview and History"
2907:
1875:The exclusion of a specific item from taxation
2430:The examples and perspective in this section
1776:
2400:
2249:arranged for several tax cuts to defeat the
27:Reduction in the tax charged by a government
2332:'s policies included tax cuts implemented.
1984:
1934:
3081:
2817:"The Benefits and Costs of a U.S. Tax Cut"
2448:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
2023:c) By cutting taxes in boom
1953:
1783:
1769:
3172:
2841:
2760:"Cutting VAT to help consumers and firms"
2717:"Short=Term Tax Cuts, Long-Term Stimulus"
2464:Learn how and when to remove this message
2033:d) By improved productivity
1878:Food might be exempted from a sales tax.
1292:Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3037:https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL34498.pdf
3013:"What we learned from Reagan's tax cuts"
2949:"Happy Birthday to the Kennedy Tax Cuts"
2783:
2144:Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (ERTA)
2016:b) By government borrowing
3449:
3247:
2842:Pettinger, Tejvan (21 September 2022).
2512:jobs than they would with lower taxes.
1942:tax cuts generate sustained effects on
14:
3553:
3306:
2757:
2095:reduced business and investment taxes.
2082:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
1922:
3488:
3221:
3146:
3048:
2913:"Tax cuts can do more harm than good"
2811:
2809:
2807:
2656:
3134:"What is the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act?"
2901:
2884:"Tax Cuts, Types, and How They Work"
2734:"What is VAT? - European Commission"
2711:
2709:
2584:"Tax Cuts, Types, and How They Work"
2416:
2387:
2324:
2267:American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
3450:Gahvari, Firouz (1 November 1989).
3108:. NYC Mayor's Office of Operations.
2632:"Tax cuts, types and how they work"
2358:
24:
2881:
2804:
2608:Michael A. Meeropol (1 May 2001).
2601:
2581:
2503:money in a more efficient manner.
2181:Economic Implications and Outcomes
2009:a) By spending cuts
1965:
25:
3572:
3222:House, The White (7 March 2024).
3153:American Journal of Public Health
2784:Staunton, Richard (4 July 2022).
2706:
2319:
2213:
2118:
1107:Global minimum corporate tax rate
3518:. Merriam-Webster. 25 April 2024
2758:Davies, Richard (24 July 2020).
2421:
2132:
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1989:The working paper from 2017 for
1750:
1738:
577:Base erosion and profit shifting
147:
34:
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3508:
3489:Boyce, Paul (20 January 2021).
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3443:
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3373:
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3248:Elliott, Larry (8 April 2013).
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2861:
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2107:
355:Optimal capital income taxation
45:needs additional citations for
3413:(in Spanish). 28 December 2023
3307:Archer, Josh (18 March 2018).
3283:"Thatcher's Economic Policies"
3049:Yagan, Danny (December 2015),
2777:
2751:
2726:
2676:
2650:
2624:
2575:
1430:List of countries by tax rates
13:
1:
2738:taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu
2692:Economic Studies at Brookings
2569:
2515:
2506:
2497:
2488:
2290:state and local tax deduction
2075:Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
860:Natural resources consumption
3468:10.1016/0047-2727(89)90006-6
2371:
2306:
2161:Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA)
2059:
710:United States as a tax haven
7:
3456:Journal of Public Economics
3147:Glied, Sherry (June 2018).
2612:. Economic Policy Institute
2527:
2479:
2444:, discuss the issue on the
2341:higher VAT sparked debates.
10:
3577:
3516:"Definition of TAX BURDEN"
2412:
2353:
2099:
1898:
1807:expansionary fiscal policy
624:Offshore financial centres
514:Repatriation tax avoidance
2401:Tax Cuts and Productivity
2086:earned income tax credits
1089:Financial transaction tax
179:Property tax equalization
3336:. BBC News. 8 April 2013
3165:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304388
3058:American Economic Review
2659:"The effect of tax cuts"
1985:Costs and Benefits Study
1935:Corporate income tax cut
1816:
1435:Tax revenue to GDP ratio
1094:Currency transaction tax
680:Liechtenstein tax affair
3542:datalab.usaspending.gov
3091:, Brookings Institution
1954:Personal income tax cut
1142:Permanent establishment
1137:Exchange of Information
645:Financial Secrecy Index
296:Medical savings account
2554:Trickle-down economics
2522:gross domestic product
1042:Vehicle miles traveled
661:Ireland as a tax haven
475:Private tax collection
2277:On 22 December 2017,
715:Panama as a tax haven
667:Ireland v. Commission
635:Conduit and sink OFCs
630:Offshore magic circle
551:Unreported employment
3070:10.1257/aer.20130098
2915:. Al Jazeera America
2442:improve this section
2432:may not represent a
2257:income tax credits.
1706:United Arab Emirates
1448:Individual Countries
1157:Foreign revenue rule
954:Inheritance (estate)
673:Leprechaun economics
54:improve this article
2951:. 26 February 2013.
2657:Pettinger, Tejvan.
2294:personal exemptions
1923:Supply-side tax cut
1745:Business portal
1440:Tax rates in Europe
1310:Tax Justice Network
1256:Dhammika Dharmapala
764:Airport improvement
572:Transfer mispricing
363:Distribution of Tax
135:Part of a series on
2909:David Cay Johnston
2882:Amadeo, Kimberly.
2582:Amadeo, Kimberly.
2286:standard deduction
1803:government revenue
1346:Eight per thousand
1261:James R. Hines Jr.
1152:European Union FTT
174:Government revenue
2638:. Kimberly Amadeo
2474:
2473:
2466:
2388:Multiplier Effect
2330:Margaret Thatcher
2325:Margaret Thatcher
2056:dividend growth.
2049:3.
2039:2.
1996:1.
1909:consumer spending
1893:
1892:
1793:
1792:
1728:
1727:
1324:
1323:
1316:Tax Policy Center
1064:Negative (income)
840:Environmental tax
722:
721:
640:Financial centres
460:Tax investigation
398:
397:
266:Tax harmonization
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3568:
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3523:
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3144:
3138:
3137:
3136:. 20 April 2023.
3130:
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2872:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2823:. September 2017
2813:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2790:Evening Standard
2781:
2775:
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2772:
2770:
2755:
2749:
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2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2579:
2549:Starve the beast
2469:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2449:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2365:Gerhard Schröder
2359:Gerhard Schröder
2337:economic growth.
2292:and eliminating
2219:President Bush's
1940:Corporate income
1913:aggregate demand
1824:
1823:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1757:Money portal
1755:
1754:
1753:
1743:
1742:
1419:
1418:
1240:
1239:
1147:Transfer pricing
1127:Tax equalization
1101:
1049:Corporate profit
685:Luxembourg Leaks
619:Corporate havens
498:
497:
314:
313:
151:
132:
131:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
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3405:
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3400:
3390:
3388:
3387:. 30 April 2022
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3242:
3232:
3230:
3228:The White House
3220:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3203:. 12 March 2024
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2500:
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2422:
2415:
2403:
2390:
2379:
2374:
2361:
2356:
2327:
2322:
2309:
2279:President Trump
2275:
2260:To prevent the
2251:Great Recession
2244:
2233:Federal Reserve
2216:
2183:
2135:
2121:
2110:
2102:
2067:
2062:
1987:
1971:Value-added Tax
1968:
1966:Value-added Tax
1959:Personal income
1956:
1937:
1925:
1901:
1819:
1789:
1751:
1749:
1737:
1730:
1729:
1416:
1406:
1405:
1361:Fiscus Judaicus
1336:
1326:
1325:
1284:Advocacy groups
1237:
1229:
1228:
1219:Trade agreement
1214:Free-trade zone
1172:
1162:
1161:
1099:
1084:
1074:
1073:
734:
724:
723:
695:Paradise Papers
536:Debtors' prison
495:
485:
484:
455:Tax preparation
415:Revenue service
410:
400:
399:
311:
301:
300:
281:Double taxation
276:Tax withholding
271:Tax competition
189:Non-tax revenue
169:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3574:
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3563:
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3529:
3507:
3481:
3462:(2): 251–260.
3442:
3424:
3398:
3372:
3347:
3325:
3299:
3287:Economics Help
3274:
3240:
3214:
3188:
3159:(6): 734–736.
3139:
3125:
3111:
3094:
3074:
3041:
3029:
3004:
2979:
2954:
2940:
2926:
2900:
2874:
2860:
2848:Economics Help
2834:
2803:
2776:
2764:Richard Davies
2750:
2725:
2705:
2675:
2663:Economics Help
2649:
2623:
2600:
2573:
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2568:
2567:
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2514:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2436:of the subject
2434:worldwide view
2429:
2427:
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2411:
2402:
2399:
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2378:
2375:
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2342:
2338:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2320:United Kingdom
2318:
2308:
2305:
2288:, capping the
2274:
2271:
2243:
2240:
2215:
2214:George W. Bush
2212:
2208:
2207:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2134:
2131:
2124:Lyndon Johnson
2120:
2119:Lyndon Johnson
2117:
2113:John Kennedy's
2109:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2078:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
1986:
1983:
1967:
1964:
1955:
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1936:
1933:
1924:
1921:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1887:
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1760:
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1747:
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1723:
1718:
1713:
1711:United Kingdom
1708:
1703:
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1683:
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1337:
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1328:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1304:Tax Foundation
1301:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1276:Gabriel Zucman
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1251:Mihir A. Desai
1245:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
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1211:
1206:
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1200:
1199:
1194:
1184:
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1168:
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1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1112:Robin Hood tax
1109:
1104:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1054:Excess profits
1051:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1025:
1020:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
939:Gross receipts
936:
931:
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921:
920:
919:
914:
909:
904:
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889:
879:
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712:
707:
702:
697:
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690:Offshore Leaks
687:
682:
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655:
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653:Major examples
650:
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588:Dutch Sandwich
585:
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569:
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538:
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528:
526:Tax resistance
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502:
496:
491:
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487:
486:
483:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
430:Taxable income
427:
425:Tax assessment
422:
417:
411:
406:
405:
402:
401:
396:
395:
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388:
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378:
373:
365:
364:
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358:
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342:
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332:
327:
319:
318:
317:General Theory
312:
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288:
286:Representation
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137:
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128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3573:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3543:
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3533:
3517:
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3477:
3473:
3469:
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3461:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3435:
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3412:
3408:
3402:
3386:
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3288:
3284:
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3059:
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3033:
3018:
3014:
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2950:
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2679:
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2637:
2633:
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2589:
2585:
2578:
2574:
2565:
2562:
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2559:S corporation
2557:
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2547:
2545:
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2410:
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2268:
2263:
2258:
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2248:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:In 2001, the
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2211:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
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2165:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2138:Ronald Reagan
2133:Ronald Reagan
2130:
2127:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2105:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2065:United States
2057:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1963:
1960:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1929:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1896:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1837:
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1422:All Countries
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567:Tax inversion
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509:Tax avoidance
507:
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493:Noncompliance
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470:Tax collector
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450:Tax residence
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420:Revenue stamp
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256:Tax incentive
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251:Tax advantage
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211:Tax threshold
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158:fiscal policy
156:An aspect of
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71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3541:
3532:
3520:. Retrieved
3510:
3498:. Retrieved
3494:
3484:
3459:
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3445:
3427:
3415:. Retrieved
3410:
3401:
3389:. Retrieved
3384:
3375:
3363:. Retrieved
3359:
3350:
3338:. Retrieved
3328:
3316:. Retrieved
3312:
3302:
3290:. Retrieved
3286:
3277:
3265:. Retrieved
3254:The Guardian
3253:
3243:
3231:. Retrieved
3227:
3217:
3205:. Retrieved
3200:
3191:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3128:
3114:
3097:
3084:
3077:
3061:
3057:
3044:
3032:
3020:. Retrieved
3016:
3007:
2995:. Retrieved
2992:Investopedia
2991:
2982:
2970:. Retrieved
2967:Investopedia
2966:
2957:
2943:
2929:
2917:. Retrieved
2903:
2891:. Retrieved
2887:
2877:
2863:
2851:. Retrieved
2847:
2837:
2825:. Retrieved
2820:
2794:. Retrieved
2789:
2779:
2767:. Retrieved
2763:
2753:
2741:. Retrieved
2737:
2728:
2696:. Retrieved
2691:
2678:
2666:. Retrieved
2662:
2652:
2640:. Retrieved
2635:
2626:
2614:. Retrieved
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2587:
2577:
2534:Laffer curve
2519:
2510:
2501:
2492:
2483:
2475:
2460:
2451:
2431:
2407:Laffer curve
2404:
2394:
2391:
2382:Javier Milei
2380:
2377:Javier Milei
2362:
2348:
2328:
2310:
2298:
2283:
2276:
2273:Donald Trump
2262:fiscal cliff
2259:
2255:
2247:Barack Obama
2245:
2242:Barack Obama
2237:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2200:
2176:
2159:
2156:
2142:
2136:
2128:
2122:
2111:
2108:John Kennedy
2103:
2068:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2028:Nigel Lawson
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1957:
1938:
1926:
1917:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1820:
1811:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1676:South Africa
1271:Joel Slemrod
944:Hypothecated
912:Sugary drink
786:Expatriation
665:
583:Double Irish
546:Black market
391:Proportional
340:Laffer curve
325:Price effect
235:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3313:Josh Archer
3201:cbsnews.com
3064:: 3531–63,
2888:the balance
2636:The balance
2588:The Balance
2544:Reaganomics
2026:Chancellor
1928:Supply-side
1691:Switzerland
1656:Philippines
1631:New Zealand
1626:Netherlands
1266:Ronen Palan
1009:User charge
828:Value-added
793:Consumption
705:Swiss Leaks
593:Single Malt
531:Tax shelter
521:Tax evasion
480:Tax farming
465:Tax shelter
381:Progressive
345:Optimal tax
246:Tax amnesty
241:Tax holiday
199:Tax bracket
184:Tax revenue
110:August 2019
3561:Tax policy
2570:References
2564:Tax reform
2539:Rahn curve
2516:Tax burden
2507:Incentives
2498:Efficiency
2489:Tax Equity
2311:President
2303:pandemic.
2195:1985: 4.2%
2192:1984: 7.2%
2189:1983: 4.6%
1883:Adjustment
1830:Definition
1601:Kazakhstan
1486:Bangladesh
1481:Azerbaijan
1414:By country
1371:Temple tax
1341:Church tax
1224:ATA Carnet
1209:Free trade
1204:Tariff war
1132:Tax treaty
1018:Congestion
959:Land value
850:Eco-tariff
818:Television
774:Solidarity
754:Ad valorem
614:Tax havens
445:Tax shield
440:Tax refund
408:Collection
386:Regressive
261:Tax reform
80:newspapers
3495:BoyceWire
3476:0047-2727
3411:LA NACION
3262:0261-3077
3017:Brookings
2616:23 August
2446:talk page
2372:Argentina
2313:Joe Biden
2307:Joe Biden
2080:The 2008
2060:Countries
1872:Exemption
1849:Deduction
1681:Sri Lanka
1646:Palestine
1606:Lithuania
1571:Indonesia
1556:Hong Kong
1476:Australia
1466:Argentina
1334:Religious
1122:Spahn tax
1117:Tobin tax
974:Pigouvian
892:Cigarette
865:Severance
798:Departure
606:Locations
559:Corporate
541:Smuggling
309:Economics
231:Tax shift
226:Deduction
216:Exemption
69:"Tax cut"
3555:Category
3522:26 April
3417:26 April
3391:26 April
3385:POLITICO
3365:26 April
3340:25 April
3318:26 April
3292:25 April
3267:25 April
3233:26 April
3207:26 April
3183:29565668
3022:26 April
2997:26 April
2972:26 April
2919:30 April
2893:30 April
2796:26 April
2792:. London
2769:26 April
2743:26 April
2698:26 April
2668:25 April
2642:27 April
2593:25 April
2528:See also
2480:Fairness
2454:May 2021
2440:You may
2301:COVID-19
1838:Rate cut
1833:Example
1701:Tanzania
1666:Portugal
1641:Pakistan
1521:Colombia
1501:Bulgaria
1366:Leibzoll
1243:Academic
1236:Research
1059:Windfall
999:Turnover
979:Property
929:Georgist
875:Stumpage
870:Steering
855:Landfill
835:Dividend
759:Aviation
749:Per unit
744:Indirect
435:Tax lien
371:Tax rate
350:Theories
204:Flat tax
167:Policies
141:Taxation
18:Tax cuts
3500:7 April
3174:5944881
2853:7 April
2827:7 April
2413:Reasons
2354:Germany
2345:growth.
2100:History
1944:R&D
1899:Effects
1799:tax cut
1721:Uruguay
1621:Namibia
1616:Morocco
1581:Ireland
1561:Iceland
1546:Germany
1536:Finland
1531:Denmark
1526:Croatia
1471:Armenia
1461:Algeria
1456:Albania
1103:(CCCTB)
969:Payroll
924:General
917:Tobacco
887:Alcohol
823:Tourist
769:Landing
501:General
236:Tax cut
194:Tax law
94:scholar
3474:
3360:dw.com
3260:
3181:
3171:
1860:Credit
1696:Taiwan
1686:Sweden
1671:Russia
1661:Poland
1636:Norway
1586:Israel
1551:Greece
1541:France
1511:Canada
1496:Brazil
1491:Bhutan
1386:Kharaj
1294:(ITEP)
1197:Export
1192:Import
1187:Tariff
1177:Custom
1069:Wealth
994:Surtax
989:Single
964:Luxury
949:Income
882:Excise
845:Carbon
739:Direct
626:(OFCs)
579:(BEPS)
291:Unions
221:Credit
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3437:(PDF)
3106:(PDF)
3089:(PDF)
3054:(PDF)
2720:(PDF)
2688:(PDF)
2206:1989.
1817:Types
1611:Malta
1596:Japan
1591:Italy
1566:India
1516:China
1401:Zakat
1396:Nisab
1391:Khums
1381:Jizya
1356:Tithe
1351:Teind
1312:(TJN)
1298:Oxfam
1170:Trade
813:Stamp
808:Sales
803:Hotel
732:Types
101:JSTOR
87:books
3524:2024
3502:2023
3472:ISSN
3419:2024
3393:2024
3367:2024
3342:2024
3320:2024
3294:2024
3269:2024
3258:ISSN
3235:2024
3209:2024
3179:PMID
3024:2024
2999:2024
2974:2024
2921:2021
2895:2021
2855:2023
2829:2023
2798:2024
2771:2024
2745:2024
2700:2022
2694:: 16
2670:2022
2644:2021
2618:2021
2595:2022
2091:The
2073:The
1827:Term
1651:Peru
1576:Iran
1318:(US)
1306:(US)
1300:(UK)
1182:Duty
1037:Toll
1032:GNSS
1028:Road
1023:Fuel
934:Gift
902:Meat
598:CAIA
376:Flat
73:news
3464:doi
3169:PMC
3161:doi
3157:108
3066:doi
3062:105
2821:IMF
1991:IMF
1948:GDP
1506:BVI
1013:fee
1004:Use
907:Sin
897:Fat
56:by
3557::
3540:.
3493:.
3470:.
3460:40
3458:.
3454:.
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3311:.
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3151:.
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3015:.
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2886:.
2846:.
2819:.
2806:^
2788:.
2762:.
2736:.
2708:^
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2586:.
2524:.
2296:.
2269:.
2253:.
1797:A
3544:.
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108:(
98:·
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20:)
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