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Type II string theory

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respectively. The numbers denote the dimension of the irreducible representation and equivalently the number of components of the corresponding fields. The various massless fields obtained are the
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are the irreducible representations with odd and even eigenvalues of the fermionic parity operator often called co-spinor and spinor representations. These three representations enjoy a
1231: 1773: 963: 1827: 1969: 1861: 1735: 1698: 1445: 1339: 2016: 1995: 1947: 1676: 1925: 1892: 1796: 1216: 1189: 1162: 1551: 2930: 1040:, and others) that the limit of type IIA string theory in which the string coupling goes to infinity becomes a new 11-dimensional theory called 2532: 2435: 2101: 342: 1971:
dimensional world-volume, Type IIA string theory naturally incorporates various extended objects like D0, D2, D4 and D6 branes (using
86: 58: 902: 1062: 39: 2445: 2392: 65: 1226:. The four sectors of the massless spectrum after GSO projection and decomposition into irreducible representations are 2525: 2346: 276: 72: 105: 2897: 1328:{\displaystyle {\text{NS-NS}}:~8_{v}\otimes 8_{v}=1\oplus 28\oplus 35=\Phi \oplus B_{\mu \nu }\oplus G_{\mu \nu }} 54: 3127: 2862: 1049: 281: 3489: 648: 43: 1701: 3069: 2575: 2518: 3514: 2839: 2570: 673: 2034: 1059:
The content of the massless sector of the theory (which is relevant in the low energy limit) is given by
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In the late 1980s, it was realized that type IIA string theory is related to type IIB string theory by
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The mathematical treatment of type IIB string theory belongs to algebraic geometry, specifically the
1805: 986: 876: 468: 3354: 1540:{\displaystyle {\text{R-NS}}:8_{c}\otimes 8_{s}=8_{s}\oplus 56_{s}=\lambda ^{-}\oplus \psi _{m}^{+}} 1434:{\displaystyle {\text{NS-R}}:8_{v}\otimes 8_{c}=8_{s}\oplus 56_{c}=\lambda ^{+}\oplus \psi _{m}^{-}} 508: 3534: 3454: 3269: 3203: 2565: 1033: 871: 693: 613: 428: 79: 3414: 2461:
Maldacena, Juan M. (1999). "The Large N Limit of Superconformal Field Theories and Supergravity".
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Maccaferri, Carlo; Marino, Fabio; Valsesia, Beniamino (2023). "Introduction to String Theory".
2274: 2109: 888: 598: 317: 234: 2057:=10 supersymmetry; the fact that the anomalies in this theory cancel is therefore nontrivial. 3294: 3234: 3175: 3142: 3137: 2935: 2925: 2892: 2756: 2608: 2598: 2050: 1897: 1864: 1053: 1010: 453: 393: 360: 337: 175: 3589: 748: 3679: 3464: 2677: 2662: 2618: 2480: 2286: 2244: 2060:
In the 1990s it was realized that type IIB string theory with the string coupling constant
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in ten dimensions which is a chiral theory (left–right asymmetric) with (2,0)
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gave some arguments indicating that type IIB string theory is equivalent to
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and type II coined to classify the three string theories known at the time.
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String Theory and Particle Physics: An Introduction to String Phenomenology
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theories. Type II string theory accounts for two of the five consistent
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Nawata; Tao; Yokoyama (2022). "Fudan lectures on string theory".
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The mathematical treatment of type IIA string theory belongs to
1799: 973:— in ten dimensions. Both theories are based on oriented 2235:
Duff, Michael (1998). "The theory formerly known as strings".
2781: 1949:-form gauge fields naturally couple to extended objects with 154: 2115: 1775:
which gives rise to local spacetime supersymmetry, a scalar
1130:{\textstyle (8_{v}\oplus 8_{s})\otimes (8_{v}\oplus 8_{c})} 969:
which is maximal amount of supersymmetry — namely 32
2387:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 444. 2078:
of type IIB string theory leads to type I string theory.
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String Theory: Volume 2, Superstring Theory and Beyond
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unique maximal supergravity theory in 11 dimensions
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2385:A Physicist's Introduction to Algebraic Structures 2010: 1989: 1963: 1941: 1919: 1886: 1855: 1821: 1790: 1767: 1729: 1692: 1670: 1646: 1539: 1433: 1327: 1210: 1183: 1156: 1129: 957: 2412: 3707: 1017:theory (i.e. left–right symmetric) with (1,1) 2526: 2275:"Kaluza-Klein supergravity in ten dimensions" 2108:; it was the first suggestion concerning the 896: 2463:International Journal of Theoretical Physics 2433: 2162: 2085:of complex structures originally studied by 1025:in this theory cancel is therefore trivial. 1164:is the irreducible vector representation, 2533: 2519: 2434:Ibåñez, Luis E.; Uranga, Angel M. (2012). 2334: 2272: 903: 889: 128: 2474: 2460: 2440:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2418: 2367: 2116:Relationship between the type II theories 2040: 1000: 106:Learn how and when to remove this message 2200: 1052:(low energy version of M-theory) via a 1044:. Consequently the low energy type IIA 3708: 2102:N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory 935:in ten dimensions. Both theories have 2514: 1021:=10 supersymmetry; the fact that the 923:is a unified term that includes both 2931:Bogomol'nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield bound 2408: 2406: 2404: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2268: 2266: 2234: 1048:theory can also be derived from the 981:, they differ only in the choice of 346:= 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory 44:adding citations to reliable sources 15: 2382: 2273:Huq, M; Namazie, M A (1985-05-01). 1222:symmetry which is evident from its 13: 2172:"Supersymmetrical string theories" 1785: 1290: 1032:(building on previous insights by 944: 277:Geometric Langlands correspondence 14: 3727: 2540: 2427: 2401: 2321: 2263: 2257:10.1038/scientificamerican0298-64 1013:in ten dimensions which is a non- 993:in 1982, with the terminology of 1975:) among the D-branes (which are 1768:{\displaystyle \psi _{m}^{\pm }} 1702:Ramond and Neveu–Schwarz sectors 1028:In the 1990s it was realized by 985:. They were first discovered by 958:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}=2} 20: 3128:Eleven-dimensional supergravity 2454: 2068:. This equivalence is known as 1822:{\displaystyle \lambda ^{\pm }} 31:needs additional citations for 2376: 2355: 2228: 2194: 2156: 1137:representation of SO(8) where 1124: 1098: 1092: 1066: 1: 2576:Second superstring revolution 2279:Classical and Quantum Gravity 2149: 3070:Generalized complex manifold 2571:First superstring revolution 2222:10.1016/0370-1573(82)90087-4 2188:10.1016/0370-2693(82)91110-8 1964:{\displaystyle {\text{p+1}}} 1856:{\displaystyle B_{\mu \nu }} 1730:{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }} 7: 2335:Polchinski, Joseph (2005). 2127: 2018:charged) and F1 string and 1693:{\displaystyle {\text{NS}}} 10: 3732: 2668:Non-critical string theory 2383:Pal, Palash Baran (2019). 2011:{\displaystyle {\text{R}}} 1990:{\displaystyle {\text{R}}} 1942:{\displaystyle {\text{p}}} 1671:{\displaystyle {\text{R}}} 3212: 3189: 3166: 3113: 2998: 2906: 2848: 2780: 2729: 2696: 2591: 2548: 2299:10.1088/0264-9381/2/3/007 3204:Introduction to M-theory 2898:Wess–Zumino–Witten model 2840:Hanany–Witten transition 2566:History of string theory 2035:Gromov–Witten invariants 202:Non-perturbative results 2883:Vertex operator algebra 2583:String theory landscape 2493:10.1023/A:1026654312961 1920:{\displaystyle C_{nmp}} 55:"Type II string theory" 3181:AdS/CFT correspondence 2936:Exceptional Lie groups 2878:Superconformal algebra 2850:Conformal field theory 2721:Montonen–Olive duality 2673:Non-linear sigma model 2110:AdS/CFT correspondence 2047:type IIB string theory 2041:Type IIB string theory 2012: 1991: 1965: 1943: 1921: 1888: 1857: 1823: 1798:with two superpartner 1792: 1769: 1731: 1694: 1672: 1648: 1541: 1435: 1329: 1212: 1185: 1158: 1131: 1007:type IIA string theory 1001:Type IIA string theory 959: 318:Conformal field theory 235:AdS/CFT correspondence 3176:Holographic principle 3143:Type IIB supergravity 3138:Type IIA supergravity 2990:-form electrodynamics 2609:Bosonic string theory 2051:type IIB supergravity 2022:among other objects. 2013: 1992: 1966: 1944: 1922: 1889: 1887:{\displaystyle C_{n}} 1858: 1824: 1802:—the dilatinos 1793: 1791:{\displaystyle \Phi } 1770: 1732: 1695: 1673: 1649: 1542: 1436: 1330: 1213: 1211:{\displaystyle 8_{s}} 1186: 1184:{\displaystyle 8_{c}} 1159: 1157:{\displaystyle 8_{v}} 1132: 1054:dimensional reduction 1011:type IIA supergravity 960: 921:type II string theory 361:Holographic principle 338:Twistor string theory 3095:Hoƙava–Witten theory 3042:HyperkĂ€hler manifold 2730:Particles and fields 2678:Tachyon condensation 2663:Matrix string theory 2206:"Superstring theory" 2000: 1979: 1953: 1931: 1898: 1871: 1837: 1806: 1782: 1747: 1711: 1682: 1660: 1552: 1446: 1340: 1232: 1195: 1168: 1141: 1063: 939: 933:superstring theories 313:Theory of everything 40:improve this article 3133:Type I supergravity 3037:Calabi–Yau manifold 3032:Ricci-flat manifold 3011:Kaluza–Klein theory 2752:Ramond–Ramond field 2658:String field theory 2485:1999IJTP...38.1113M 2291:1985CQGra...2..293H 2249:1998SciAm.278b..64D 2237:Scientific American 2027:symplectic topology 1833:spin-2 gauge field 1764: 1536: 1430: 917:theoretical physics 351:Kaluza–Klein theory 287:Monstrous moonshine 168:Perturbative theory 137:Fundamental objects 3100:K-theory (physics) 2977:ADE classification 2614:Superstring theory 2134:Superstring theory 2083:deformation theory 2031:algebraic geometry 2008: 1987: 1961: 1939: 1917: 1884: 1853: 1819: 1788: 1765: 1750: 1727: 1690: 1668: 1644: 1537: 1522: 1431: 1416: 1325: 1208: 1181: 1154: 1127: 991:John Henry Schwarz 955: 3703: 3702: 3485:van Nieuwenhuizen 3021:Why 10 dimensions 2926:Chern–Simons form 2893:Kac–Moody algebra 2873:Conformal algebra 2868:Conformal anomaly 2762:Magnetic monopole 2757:Kalb–Ramond field 2599:Nambu–Goto action 2447:978-0-521-51752-2 2394:978-1-108-72911-6 2176:Physics Letters B 2091:Donald C. Spencer 2045:At low energies, 2006: 1985: 1959: 1937: 1865:Kalb–Ramond field 1863:often called the 1688: 1666: 1558: 1452: 1346: 1245: 1238: 1005:At low energies, 913: 912: 644:van Nieuwenhuizen 116: 115: 108: 90: 3723: 3213:String theorists 3153:Lie superalgebra 3105:Twisted K-theory 3063:Spin(7)-manifold 3016:Compactification 2858:Virasoro algebra 2641:Heterotic string 2535: 2528: 2521: 2512: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2478: 2469:(4): 1113–1133. 2458: 2452: 2451: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2410: 2399: 2398: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2332: 2319: 2318: 2270: 2261: 2260: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2160: 2144:Heterotic string 2087:Kunihiko Kodaira 2049:is described by 2017: 2015: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2004: 1996: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1970: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1948: 1946: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1926: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1915: 1893: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1882: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1851: 1828: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1817: 1797: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1774: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1763: 1758: 1736: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1725: 1699: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1677: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1653: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1642: 1624: 1623: 1611: 1610: 1598: 1597: 1585: 1584: 1572: 1571: 1559: 1556: 1546: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1535: 1530: 1518: 1517: 1505: 1504: 1492: 1491: 1479: 1478: 1466: 1465: 1453: 1450: 1440: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1429: 1424: 1412: 1411: 1399: 1398: 1386: 1385: 1373: 1372: 1360: 1359: 1347: 1344: 1334: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1323: 1308: 1307: 1268: 1267: 1255: 1254: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1217: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1206: 1190: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1179: 1163: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1152: 1136: 1134: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1122: 1110: 1109: 1091: 1090: 1078: 1077: 1009:is described by 964: 962: 961: 956: 948: 947: 929:type IIB strings 925:type IIA strings 905: 898: 891: 307:Related concepts 132: 118: 117: 111: 104: 100: 97: 91: 89: 48: 24: 16: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3721: 3720: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3208: 3185: 3162: 3109: 3057: 3027:KĂ€hler manifold 2994: 2971: 2964: 2957: 2950: 2943: 2902: 2863:Mirror symmetry 2844: 2830:Brane cosmology 2776: 2725: 2692: 2648:N=2 superstring 2634:Type IIB string 2629:Type IIA string 2604:Polyakov action 2587: 2544: 2539: 2509: 2508: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2432: 2428: 2411: 2402: 2395: 2381: 2377: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2333: 2322: 2271: 2264: 2233: 2229: 2210:Physics Reports 2199: 2195: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2130: 2118: 2043: 2033:, particularly 2003: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1905: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1878: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1844: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1813: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1759: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1718: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1632: 1628: 1619: 1615: 1606: 1602: 1593: 1589: 1580: 1576: 1567: 1563: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1531: 1526: 1513: 1509: 1500: 1496: 1487: 1483: 1474: 1470: 1461: 1457: 1449: 1447: 1444: 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2650: 2645: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2624:Type II string 2621: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2563: 2561:Cosmic strings 2558: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2538: 2537: 2530: 2523: 2515: 2507: 2506: 2476:hep-th/9711200 2453: 2446: 2426: 2400: 2393: 2375: 2354: 2348:978-1551439761 2347: 2320: 2285:(3): 293–308. 2262: 2227: 2216:(3): 223–322. 2193: 2182:(6): 444–448. 2154: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2129: 2126: 2117: 2114: 2106:'t Hooft limit 2098:Juan Maldacena 2042: 2039: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1881: 1877: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1816: 1812: 1787: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1242: 1224:Dynkin diagram 1205: 1201: 1178: 1174: 1151: 1147: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1002: 999: 983:GSO projection 975:closed strings 954: 951: 946: 911: 910: 908: 907: 900: 893: 885: 882: 881: 880: 879: 874: 866: 865: 862: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 694:Randjbar-Daemi 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 375: 372: 371: 368: 367: 364: 363: 358: 353: 348: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 309: 306: 305: 302: 301: 300: 299: 294: 292:Vertex algebra 289: 284: 279: 271: 270: 266: 265: 264: 263: 258: 253: 245: 244: 240: 239: 238: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 204: 203: 199: 198: 197: 196: 178: 170: 169: 165: 164: 163: 162: 157: 152: 147: 139: 138: 134: 133: 125: 124: 114: 113: 28: 26: 19: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3728: 3717: 3716:String theory 3714: 3713: 3711: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3680:Zamolodchikov 3678: 3676: 3675:Zamolodchikov 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3199:Matrix theory 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3115:Supersymmetry 3112: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3052: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2965: 2958: 2951: 2944: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2767:Dual graviton 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2683:RNS formalism 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2619:Type I string 2617: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2542:String theory 2536: 2531: 2529: 2524: 2522: 2517: 2516: 2513: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2457: 2449: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2430: 2421: 2416: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2396: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2370: 2365: 2358: 2350: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2267: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2202:Schwarz, J.H. 2197: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2168:Schwarz, J.H. 2165: 2159: 2155: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2139:Type I string 2137: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2125: 2123: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2021: 1974: 1973:Hodge duality 1912: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1894:and a 3-form 1879: 1875: 1866: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1832: 1814: 1810: 1801: 1778: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1743: 1740: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1707: 1703: 1654: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1547: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1441: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1335: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1240: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1203: 1199: 1176: 1172: 1149: 1145: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1095: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1038:Paul Townsend 1035: 1031: 1030:Edward Witten 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 998: 996: 992: 988: 987:Michael Green 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 967:supersymmetry 952: 949: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 906: 901: 899: 894: 892: 887: 886: 884: 883: 878: 875: 873: 870: 869: 868: 867: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 844:Zamolodchikov 842: 840: 839:Zamolodchikov 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 376: 370: 369: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 345: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 328:Supersymmetry 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 310: 304: 303: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 274: 273: 272: 268: 267: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 251:Phenomenology 249: 248: 247: 246: 243:Phenomenology 242: 241: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 207: 206: 205: 201: 200: 194: 190: 186: 182: 179: 177: 174: 173: 172: 171: 167: 166: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 150:Cosmic string 148: 146: 143: 142: 141: 140: 136: 135: 131: 127: 126: 123: 122:String theory 120: 119: 110: 107: 99: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: 67: 64: 60: 57: â€“  56: 52: 51:Find sources: 45: 41: 35: 34: 29:This article 27: 23: 18: 17: 3225:Arkani-Hamed 3123:Supergravity 3090:Moduli space 2987: 2982:Dirac string 2908:Gauge theory 2888:Loop algebra 2825:Black string 2688:GS formalism 2633: 2628: 2623: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2436: 2429: 2384: 2378: 2357: 2337: 2282: 2278: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2213: 2209: 2196: 2179: 2175: 2158: 2119: 2095: 2080: 2074: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2054: 2046: 2044: 2024: 1927:. Since the 1739:superpartner 1655: 1548: 1442: 1336: 1228: 1058: 1046:supergravity 1034:Michael Duff 1027: 1018: 1006: 1004: 971:supercharges 928: 924: 920: 914: 384:Arkani-Hamed 343: 333:Supergravity 188: 102: 93: 83: 76: 69: 62: 50: 38:Please help 33:verification 30: 3585:Silverstein 3085:Orientifold 2820:Black holes 2815:Black brane 2772:Dual photon 2243:(2): 64–9. 2164:Green, M.B. 2076:Orientifold 1867:, a 1-form 1700:stands for 744:Silverstein 269:Mathematics 181:Superstring 3605:Strominger 3600:Steinhardt 3595:Staudacher 3510:Polchinski 3460:Nanopoulos 3420:Mandelstam 3400:Kontsevich 3240:Berenstein 3168:Holography 3148:Superspace 3047:K3 surface 3006:Worldsheet 2921:Instantons 2549:Background 2420:2208.05179 2369:2311.18111 2150:References 1742:gravitinos 979:worldsheet 764:Strominger 759:Steinhardt 754:Staudacher 669:Polchinski 619:Nanopoulos 579:Mandelstam 559:Kontsevich 399:Berenstein 356:Multiverse 96:April 2014 66:newspapers 3640:Veneziano 3520:Rajaraman 3415:Maldacena 3305:Gopakumar 3255:Dijkgraaf 3250:Curtright 2916:Anomalies 2795:NS5-brane 2716:U-duality 2711:S-duality 2706:T-duality 2315:250879278 2307:0264-9381 2122:T-duality 2070:S-duality 2020:NS5 brane 1849:ν 1846:μ 1815:± 1811:λ 1786:Φ 1761:± 1752:ψ 1737:with two 1723:ν 1720:μ 1626:⊕ 1600:⊕ 1574:⊗ 1524:ψ 1520:⊕ 1515:− 1511:λ 1494:⊕ 1468:⊗ 1427:− 1418:ψ 1414:⊕ 1405:λ 1388:⊕ 1362:⊗ 1321:ν 1318:μ 1310:⊕ 1305:ν 1302:μ 1294:⊕ 1291:Φ 1282:⊕ 1276:⊕ 1257:⊗ 1112:⊕ 1096:⊗ 1080:⊕ 1023:anomalies 977:. On the 965:extended 804:Veneziano 679:Rajaraman 574:Maldacena 464:Gopakumar 414:Dijkgraaf 409:Curtright 373:Theorists 261:Landscape 256:Cosmology 220:U-duality 215:T-duality 210:S-duality 193:Heterotic 3710:Category 3695:Zwiebach 3650:Verlinde 3645:Verlinde 3620:Townsend 3615:Susskind 3550:Sagnotti 3515:Polyakov 3470:Nekrasov 3435:Minwalla 3430:Martinec 3395:Knizhnik 3390:Klebanov 3385:Kapustin 3350:'t Hooft 3285:Fischler 3220:Aganagić 3191:M-theory 3080:Conifold 3075:Orbifold 3058:manifold 2999:Geometry 2805:M5-brane 2800:M2-brane 2737:Graviton 2653:F-theory 2501:12613310 2204:(1982). 2170:(1982). 2128:See also 2096:In 1997 1706:graviton 1220:triality 1042:M-theory 877:Glossary 859:Zwiebach 814:Verlinde 809:Verlinde 784:Townsend 779:'t Hooft 774:Susskind 709:Sagnotti 674:Polyakov 629:Nekrasov 594:Minwalla 589:Martinec 554:Knizhnik 549:Klebanov 544:Kapustin 514:Horowitz 444:Fischler 379:Aganagić 297:K-theory 230:F-theory 225:M-theory 3625:Trivedi 3610:Sundrum 3575:Shenker 3565:Seiberg 3560:Schwarz 3530:Randall 3490:Novikov 3480:Nielsen 3465:Năstase 3375:Kallosh 3360:Gibbons 3300:Gliozzi 3290:Friedan 3280:Ferrara 3265:Douglas 3260:Distler 2810:S-brane 2790:D-brane 2747:Tachyon 2742:Dilaton 2556:Strings 2481:Bibcode 2287:Bibcode 2245:Bibcode 2104:in the 1800:spinors 1777:dilaton 872:History 789:Trivedi 769:Sundrum 734:Shenker 724:Seiberg 719:Schwarz 689:Randall 649:Novikov 639:Nielsen 624:Năstase 534:Kallosh 519:Gibbons 459:Gliozzi 449:Friedan 439:Ferrara 424:Douglas 419:Distler 189:Type II 176:Bosonic 160:D-brane 80:scholar 3690:Zumino 3685:Zaslow 3670:Yoneya 3660:Witten 3580:Siegel 3555:Scherk 3525:Ramond 3500:Ooguri 3425:Marolf 3380:Kaluza 3365:Kachru 3355:Hoƙava 3345:Harvey 3340:Hanson 3325:Gubser 3315:Greene 3245:Bousso 3230:Atiyah 2782:Branes 2592:Theory 2499:  2444:  2391:  2345:  2313:  2305:  1829:, a 2- 1656:where 1244:  1015:chiral 995:type I 854:Zumino 849:Zaslow 834:Yoneya 824:Witten 739:Siegel 714:Scherk 684:Ramond 659:Ooguri 584:Marolf 539:Kaluza 524:Kachru 509:Hoƙava 504:Harvey 499:Hanson 484:Gubser 474:Greene 404:Bousso 389:Atiyah 185:Type I 145:String 82:  75:  68:  61:  53:  3630:Turok 3540:Roček 3505:Ovrut 3495:Olive 3475:Neveu 3455:Myers 3450:Mukhi 3440:Moore 3410:Linde 3405:Klein 3330:Gukov 3320:Gross 3310:Green 3295:Gates 3275:Dvali 3235:Banks 2497:S2CID 2471:arXiv 2415:arXiv 2364:arXiv 2311:S2CID 1237:NS-NS 794:Turok 699:Roček 664:Ovrut 654:Olive 634:Neveu 614:Myers 609:Mukhi 599:Moore 569:Linde 564:Klein 489:Gukov 479:Gross 469:Green 454:Gates 434:Dvali 394:Banks 155:Brane 87:JSTOR 73:books 3655:Wess 3635:Vafa 3545:Rohm 3445:Motl 3370:Kaku 3335:Guth 3270:Duff 2442:ISBN 2389:ISBN 2343:ISBN 2303:ISSN 2089:and 2029:and 1831:form 1678:and 1451:R-NS 1345:NS-R 1191:and 989:and 927:and 819:Wess 799:Vafa 704:Rohm 604:Motl 529:Kaku 494:Guth 429:Duff 59:news 3665:Yau 3590:SÆĄn 3570:Sen 2489:doi 2295:doi 2253:doi 2241:278 2218:doi 2184:doi 2180:109 2066:1/g 1958:p+1 1557:R-R 915:In 829:Yau 749:SÆĄn 729:Sen 42:by 3712:: 2966:, 2959:, 2952:, 2945:, 2495:. 2487:. 2479:. 2467:38 2465:. 2403:^ 2323:^ 2309:. 2301:. 2293:. 2281:. 2277:. 2265:^ 2251:. 2239:. 2214:89 2212:. 2208:. 2178:. 2174:. 2166:; 2124:. 2112:. 2093:. 2072:. 2037:. 1687:NS 1604:56 1498:56 1392:56 1285:35 1279:28 1056:. 1036:, 919:, 191:, 187:, 3056:2 3054:G 3023:? 2988:p 2973:) 2970:8 2968:E 2963:7 2961:E 2956:6 2954:E 2949:4 2947:F 2942:2 2940:G 2938:( 2534:e 2527:t 2520:v 2503:. 2491:: 2483:: 2473:: 2450:. 2423:. 2417:: 2397:. 2372:. 2366:: 2351:. 2317:. 2297:: 2289:: 2283:2 2259:. 2255:: 2247:: 2224:. 2220:: 2190:. 2186:: 2062:g 2055:d 2005:R 1984:R 1936:p 1913:p 1910:m 1907:n 1903:C 1880:n 1876:C 1842:B 1756:m 1716:G 1665:R 1640:p 1637:m 1634:n 1630:C 1621:n 1617:C 1613:= 1608:t 1595:v 1591:8 1587:= 1582:c 1578:8 1569:s 1565:8 1561:: 1533:+ 1528:m 1507:= 1502:s 1489:s 1485:8 1481:= 1476:s 1472:8 1463:c 1459:8 1455:: 1422:m 1409:+ 1401:= 1396:c 1383:s 1379:8 1375:= 1370:c 1366:8 1357:v 1353:8 1349:: 1314:G 1298:B 1288:= 1273:1 1270:= 1265:v 1261:8 1252:v 1248:8 1241:: 1204:s 1200:8 1177:c 1173:8 1150:v 1146:8 1125:) 1120:c 1116:8 1107:v 1103:8 1099:( 1093:) 1088:s 1084:8 1075:v 1071:8 1067:( 1019:d 953:2 950:= 945:N 904:e 897:t 890:v 344:N 195:) 183:( 109:) 103:( 98:) 94:( 84:· 77:· 70:· 63:· 36:.

Index


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"Type II string theory"
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String theory

String
Cosmic string
Brane
D-brane
Bosonic
Superstring
Type I
Type II
Heterotic
S-duality
T-duality
U-duality
M-theory
F-theory
AdS/CFT correspondence
Phenomenology
Cosmology

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